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LIBRARY 

;  in 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

GIFT    OF 

THE  BANCROFT  LIBRARY- 
Class 


POPULAR  BIOGRAPHY: 

BY 

PETER  PARLEY. 

EMBRACING  THE  MOST  EMINENT  CHARACTERS 

OF  EVERY  AGE,  NATION  AND  PROFESSION; 

% 

INCLUDING 

PAINTERS,   POETS,   PHILOSOPHERS,   POLITICIANS, 
HEROES,  WARRIORS,  &C.,  &C . 


ILLUSTRATED   vVlT^'^O  FIXE  POjiTEAITS. 


NEW    YORK: 

PUBLISHED    BY    LEAVITT    &    ALLEN, 
No.  379  F.  n  o  A  D  \v  A  Y  . 


Entered  according  to  act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1832,  by  S.  G.  Goodrich, 
in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  Massachusetts. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


THE  English  work,  of  which  this  is  substantially  a  reprint, 
was  prepared  with  care  and  accuracy,  and  brought  down  to 
the  end  of  the  year  1831.  Various  alterations  and  improve- 
ments have  been  made,  and  several  European,  and  about 
three  hundred  American  names  have  been  added  in  the  pres- 
ent edition  It  is  now  believed' to  be  a  correct  and  conveni- 
ent manual  of  biography,  and  weii  adapted  to  the  wants  of 
the  American 


DICTIONARY  OF  BIOGRAPHY. 


ABA 

AA,  VAN  DER,  the  name  of  an  ancient  and 
distinguished  family  in  the  Netherlands. 
Gerard  van  der  Aa,  and  his  sons  Adpiphus 
and  Philip,  bore  a  prominent  part  in  the 
noble  resistance  to  the  tyranny  of  Philip 
II.  and  his  agents,  and  contributed  greatly 
to  the  liberation  of  the  United  Provinces 
from  the  Spanish  yoke. 

AAGESEN,  SVEKD,  a  Danish  histori- 
an, better  known  by  his  Latin  name  of 
SUENO  AGONIS,  flourished  about  the  year 
1186  and  seems  to  have  been  secretary  to 
Arcnbishop  Absalom,  the  minister  of  state, 
who  directed  him  to  write  a  compendium 
of  the  history  of  Denmark.  Aagesen  is 
also  the  author  of  a  History  of  the  Military 
Laws  of  Canute  the  Great. 

AARON  of  ALEXANDRIA,  a  Christian 
priest  and  physician,  flourished  early  in 
the  seventh  century.  His  work,  entitled 
Pandects,  in  thirty  books,  is  a  commenta- 
ry, of  no  great  merit,  on  tha  writings  of 
the  Greek  physicians.  Aaron  was  the  first 
who  wrote  on  the  smallpox,  which  disease 
he  considers  to  be  of  Egyptian  origin. 

AARSENS,  FRANCIS  VAN,  a  Dutch 
sink-small,  the  son  of  the  secrelary  of  state 
to  the  United  Provinces,  was  born  at  the 
Hague,  in  1673,  and  was  early  placed  un- 
der the  care  of  Duplessis  Mornay.  He 
was  at  first  agent,  and  subsequently  am- 
bassador, from  Holland  to  the  court  of 
France  ;  but  after  having  resided  there  for 
fi;u>en  years,  and  been  fn  high  favour,  he 
cave  such  offence  that  he  was  recalled. — 
On  returning  to  his  own  country,  he  took 
a:i  active  and  dishonourable  part  in  the 
proceedings  against  Barneveldt.  The  re- 
mainder of  his  life  was  spent  in  diplomatic 
missions  to  Venice,  the  Italian  and  Ger- 
man princes,  England,  and  France.  In 
the  latter  country" he  gained  the  esteem  of 
•l,e  wily  Richelieu,  who  declared  that  he 
bad  never  known  more  than  three  great 
politicians,  Orenstiern,  Viscardi,  and  Aar- 
sens.  He  died  in  1741. 

ABAU/IT.  FIHMIX,  a  French  writer, 
was  born  *»  T"p-«5!.  in  1679,  and  c.i.,1  :.t 


ABB 

Geneva,  in  1767.  Though  he  published 
very  little,  he  acquired  an  extensive  scien- 
tific reputation,  and  was  esteemed,  for  his 
genius,  judgment,  and  profound  learning, 
by  the  most  eminent  men  of  the  age,  many 
of  whom  consulted  him  upon  difficult  ques- 
tions. "  You,"  said  Newton,  "  are  a  fit 
person  to  judge  between  Leibnitz  and 
me."  Rousseau  has  given  a  glowing 
panegyric  upon  him  in  the  Nouvelle  He- 
loise.  The  modesty  of  Abauzit  was  not 
less  conspicuous  than  his  erudition. 

ABBADIE,  JAMES,  a  Protestant  theo- 
logian, was  born  at  Nay,  in  Beam,  in 
1 657,  accompanied  Marshal  Schomberg  to 
England,  and  was  with  him  at  the  battle 
of  the  Boyne.  Till  he  was  promoted  to 
the  deanery  of  Killaloe,  he  officiated  at 
the  French  church  in  the  Savoy.  As  a 
preacher  he  was  much  admired ;  but  was 
at  length  obliged  to  quit  the  pulpit  by  the 
failure  of  his  memory.  He  died  in  Mary- 
lebone,  in  1727.  Abbadie's  principal  work 
is  his  Treatise  on  the  Truth  of  the  Chris- 
tian Religion,  which  has  been  equally  and 
justly  applauded  by  Protestants  and  Cath- 
olics. His  compositions,  though  formed  in 
his  mind,  were  sometimes  not  committed 
to  paper  till  the  moment  when  they  were 
sent  to  the  press. 


ABBOT,  GEORGE,  archbishop,  bom  »n 
1362,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  was  the 
.v<T<)'.>/l  son  <>f  a  clothworker,  at  Guildforrl 


2351 70 


in  S£nr" 

University    <  u    of  Wi5< 

rice-chancellor  ofQxford,  bishop  of  Likh- 
fieki,  and  of  London.  and  archbishop  of 
Canterbury'.  Of  Calvinism  he  was  a 
xealous  friend,  and  displayed  great  acri- 
mony against  V.c  followers  "of  Arminius. — 
James  I.  he  offended  by  opposing  the 
Boo^  of  Sports,  and  the  divorce  of  the 
countess  of  Essex ;  and  Charles  I.  by  re- 
fusing to  license  a  slavish  sermon  which 
Sihthorpe  had  preached  to  justify  one  of 
Charles's  unconstitutional  proceedings. — 
For  this  last  honourable  act  he  was  sus- 
pended from  his  functions,  but  was  soon, 
though  not  willingly,  restored  to  them. 
Laud  and  Buckingham  were  his  inveterate 
enemies. — A  case  of  deep  sorrow  to  him,  in 
his  latter  days,  was,  his  having  accident- 
ally, while  a'iming  at  a  deer,  shot  one  of 
Lord  Zouch's  keepers.  He  died  in  1633, 
and  was  buried  at  Guildford.  He  wrote 
several  theological  works,  among  which 
are  six  Latin  Lectures  on  Divinity,  and  an 
Exposition  of  the  prophet  Jonah.  " 

ABBOT,  ROBERT,  the  elder  brother  of 
the  archbishop,  was  born  in  1550,  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  and  soon  became  a 
very  popular  preacher,  and  acquired  the 
reputation  of  being  one  of  the  first  polemi- 
cal divines  of  the  age.  James  I.  whose 
chaplain  he  was,  did  him  the  honour  to 
print  his  own  Commentary  on  the  Apoca- 
lypse along  with  Abbot's  Antichristi  De- 
monstratio.  After  having  obtained  several 
valuable  preferments,  he  was  raised,  in 
1615,  to  be  bishop  of  Salisbury,  but  he 
enjoyed  his  elevation  little  more  "than  two 
years. 

ABBT,  THOMAS,  r  German  writer,  born 
in  1738,  was  a  nativi  of  Ulm,  and,  at  the 
a.ge  of  only  thirteen,  published  a  disserta- 
tion of  considerable  merit,  entitled  Histo- 
riae  Vitae  Magistrae.  Abandoning  theology, 
he  directed  his  studies  to  philosophy  and 
mathematics,  and  was  successively  profes- 
sor of  the  former  at  the  university  of  Frank- 
fort, and  of  the  latter  at  that  of  Renteln, 
in  Westphalia.  He  died  at  the  early 
age  of  twenty-eight,  universally  lamented. 
Among  his  numerous  works,  all  bearing 
the  stamp  of  genius,  his  Treatise  on  Merit 
is  conspicuous;  it  gained  him  the  friend- 
ship of  the  reigning  prince  of  Schaumburg- 
Lippe,  who  made  Tnim  one  of  his  counsel- 
lors, buried  him  in  his  own  chapel,  and 
wrote  his  epitaph. 

ABEILLE,  CASPAR,  a  French  dramat- 
ic writer,  was  born,  in  1648,  at  Riez,  in 
Provence,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1718.  He 
wrote  several  tragedies,  comedies,  and 
operas,  which  have  been  long  consigned 
to  oblivion.  His  poems  have  shared  the 
same  fate.  In  private  life  he  was  much 
Mteemed.  His  conversation  was  animated. 
and  he  had  »!  e  art  of  giving  piquancy 


ABE 

even  lo  the  commonest  bon-mots.  Hi* 
face,  which  was  ugly  and  wrinkled,  had 
such  an  extraordinary  flexibility,  that, 
when  he  was  reading  a  drama  or  a  Vile, 
lie  could  vary  his  features  to  suit  the  va- 
rious characters,  as  effectually  as  though 
he  had  assumed  a  mask  for  each  person 
age. 


ABELARD,  or    ABAILARD 

celebrated  for  his  erudition  and  his  unfof- 
tunate  love,  was  born  at  Palais,  near 
Nantes,  in  Britanny,  in  1079.  Devoted  to 
learning  from  his  infancy,  he  early  acquir- 
ed all  the  knowledge  and  science  of  the 
age ;  scholastic  philosophy  was  especially 
cultivated  by  him.  After  having  studied 
under  William  de  Champeaux,  and  other 
eminent  masters,  he  opened  a  school  of 
theology  and  rhetoric,  which  was  soon 
attended  by  more  than  three  thousand  pu- 
pils of  all  nations.  While  he  was  thus  in 
the  zenith  of  his  popularity,  he  became 
enamoured  of,  and  was  beloved  by,  hit 
pupil  Heloise,  the  young,  beautiful  and 
accomplished  niece  of  Fulbert,  canon  of 
Paris.  Their  imprudent  intercourse  gave 
birth  to  a  son.  They  were  at  length  pri- 
vately married ;  but  the  lady,  with  a  sin- 
gular perversion  of  judgment,  preferred 
being  considered  as  the  mistress  of  Abel- 
ard,  and  denied  the  marriage  to  her  uncle. 
Irritated  at  Abelard,  who  had  placed  his 
wife  in  a  monastery,  Fulhert  basely  hired 
ruffians,  who  broke  into  the  chamber  of 
the  husband  at  night,  and  emasculated 
him.  The  unfortunate  victim  then  hid  his 
sorrows  and  his  shame  in  a  cloister,  and 
Heloise  took  the  veil.  His  subsequent  lire 
was"  not  more  tranquil.  His  theological 
doctrines  were  censured  as  heterodoy ;  h« 
was  condemned  by  a  council ;  ivas  driven 
from  place  to  place ;  and  was  even  impris- 
oned. The  tempestuous  existence  of  Abel- 
ard was  closed  in  1142,  at  the  monpstery 
of  St.  Marcellus,  near  Chalons.  (See 
HEI.OIPE.) 

ABELL,  JOHN,  an  English  musician 
celebrated  for  his  vocal  powers,  and  hi« 
performance  on  the  lute.  Being  a  Cntho- 
l.c,  he  was  dismissed  from  the  Cbnpe 
Royal,  in  1638,  after  which  ho  went  abroad 


AI5E 

His  talt»nis  gained  him  large  rewards,  but 
i««?  squandered  his  money  so  rapidly,  that 
he  was  often  compelled  to  travel  on  foot, 
with  his  lute  at  his  hack.  Having  refused 
to  sing  to  the  king  of  Poland,  the  despotic 
monarch  ordered  rum  to  be  drawn  up  in  a 
chair  to  a  considerable  height,  while  seve- 
ral bears  were  turned  loose  into  the  hall 
below  him,  and  then  gave  him  his  choice 
of  singing  or  being  let  down  and  devoured. 
Abell  preferred  the  first;  he  returned  to 
England,  and  was  at  Cambridge  towards 
the  end  of  Queen  Anne's  reign;  but  the 
.ime  of  his  death  is  not  known. 

A  BEN-EZRA,  ABRAHAM,  a  rabbin,  sur- 
aained  the  Wise,  the  Great,  the  Admirable, 
was  born  at  Toledo,  in  111»,  and  is  be- 
lieved to  have  died  at  Rhodes,  in  1174. 
He  was  at.  once  an  able  astronomer,  phi- 
losopher, poet,  philologist,  grammarian, 
and  commentator  on  the  Scriptures.  He 
travelled  extensively  in  England,  Italy, 
and  Greece. 

ABERCROMBIE,  JOHX,  a  horticultu- 
rist, was  the  son  of  a  person  of  the  same 
profession,  near  Edinburgh.  At  the  age 
of  eighteen  he  came  to  London,  and  was 
employed  in  one  of  the  royal  gardens.  He 
died  in  1306,  aged  eighty.  Various  works 
on  gardening  were  published  by  him  ;  but 
the  most  popular  is  the  Gardener's  Calen- 
dar, which  was  originally  given  to  the 
world  as  the  production  of  Mr.  Mawe, 
who  was  at  that  time  better  known  to  the 
public  than  the  real  author  was. 

ABERCROJVLBY,  PATRICK,  a  physi- 
cian, was  a  native  of  Forfar,  born  in  1656, 
and  educated  at  St.  Andrew's.  He  abjur- 
ed the  Protestant  faith,  and  was  appointed 
physician  to  James  II.  The  date  of  his 
death  is  not  exactly  known ;  some  stating 
it  to  be  1716,  and  others  1726.  The  Mar- 
tial Achievements  of  Scotland,  in  two  vol- 
umes folio,  is  his  principal  work. 


ABERCROMBY,  SIR  RALPH,  was 
born  in  1738,  at  Tillibodie,  in  Clack- 
inannanshire,  entered  the  army  when  only 
eighteen,  and  served  with  honour  during 
the  seven  years'  war  and  the  American 
war.  In  1737,  he  attained  the  rank  of 


ABS  5 

major-general.  During  the  disastrous  ci  jn- 
paign  of  1794  and  1795,  in  Flanders  and 
Holland,  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
activity  and  skill,  and  was  rewarded  with 
the  order  of  the  Bath.  In  1796,  he  held 
the  chief  command  in  the  West  Indies, 
and  reduced  Grenada,  St.  Lucia,  St.  Vin- 
cent, Trinidad,  Demarara,  and  Essequibo. 
After  his  return,  he  commanded  in  Ireland 
and  Scotland,  and,  in  1799,  bore  a  con- 
spicuous part  in  the  expedition  to  Holland. 
Had  he  been  at  the  head  of  it,  that  ex- 
pedition would  most  probably  have  had  a 
less  disgraceful  termination.  His  last 
service  was  performed  in  Egypt,  which,  in 
1801,  he  was  sent  to  rescue  from  the 
French.  In  spite  of  a  vigorous  opposition, 
he  made  good  nis  landing,  and  also  defeat- 
ed the  enemy  on  the  13th  of  March.  The 
British  army  was  again  attacked,  on  the 
21st,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Alexandria, 
and  an  obstinate  battle  ensued,  which  end- 
ed in  the  total  defeat  of  the  French.  Un- 
fortunately, however,  the  victors  bought 
their  success  with  the  loss  of  their  general. 
In  the  course  of  a  charge,  Sir  Ralph  was 
unhorsed,  and  wounded  in  two  places,  but 
succeeded  in  disarming  his  adversary,  and 
remained  on  the  field  throughout  the  day. 
He  died,  however,  a  week  afterwards,  and 
was  interred  at  Malta.  Parliament  voted 
a  monument  to  his  memory,  which  has  been 
erected  in  St.  Paul's,  and  a  pension  to 
his  family ;  and  his  widow  was  created  a 
baroness,  with  reversion  of  the  title  to  his 
male  heirs. 

ABERNETHY,  JOHN,  a  dissenting  min- 
ister, born  at  Coleraine,  in  Ireland,  in  1 680, 
died  in  1740.  He  is  the  author  of  some 
controversial  tracts,  and  of  six  volumes  of 
sermons,  which  bear  testimony  to  his  tal 
ents  and  theological  knowledge. 

ABLANCOURT,  NICHOLAS  PERBOT 
D',  a  member  of  the  French  academy,  was 
born  at  Chalons  sur  Marne,  in  1606,  and 
died  in  1664.  Like  our  Philemon  Holland, 
d'Ablancourt  was  an  indefatigable  transla- 
tor. He  translated  several  of  the  classics, 
among  which  are  Lucian,  Xenophon,  Am- 
an,  Thucvdides,  Caesar,  and  Tacitus. 

ABSALOM,  ARCHBISHOP,  whose  real 
name  was  Axel,  was  born  in  the  Danish 
island  of  Zealand,  in  1128.  He  rose  to 
be  primate  of  Denmark,  Sweden  and  Nor- 
way, and  was  at  once  minister  and  general 
under  Waldemar  I.  and  Canute  VI.  As  a 
statesman,  a  churchman,  and  a  warrior, 
he  was  equally  estimable.  How  boldly 
he  maintained  the  independence  of  his 
country,  may  be  seen  in  his  answer  to  the 
Emperor  Frederic  Barbarossa's  ambassa- 
dor. "  Learn,  Count  Siegfrid,"  said  he, 
"  that  Denmark  is  not  Thuringia;  tell  thy 
master  that,  to  dispose  of  this  kingdom,  it 
must  be  conquered;  and  that  the  conquest 
can  be  achievrd  only  by  those  who  woai 


6  ABU 

coats  of  mail  and  steel  gauntlets  ;  let  him 
know  that  the  Danes  have  swords  by  their 
sides,  with  which  they  maintain  thei: 
liberty,  and  prove  their  right  to  their  con 
quests;  tell  him,  in  short,  that  the  king  nn 
master  cares  very  little  for  the  emperor 
of  Germany's  friendship,  and  has  no  fear 
at  all  of  his  anger."  This  spirited  prelate 
died  at  the  aue'of  seventy-lour. 

ABUBEKER,  or  ABU-BECR,  the  fa 
ther  of  Avesha,  the  favourite  wife  of  Ma 
hornet,  tie  was  a  steady  and  useful  fol 
lower  of  the  pseudo-prophet,  for  the  truth 
of  whose  revelations  and  pretended  mira- 
cles he  readily  vouched.  In  the  year  652 
he  was  chosen  to  succeed  him,  but  he  diec 
after  having  held  the  caliphate  only  two 
years,and  three  months. 

ABU-HANIFAH,  surnamed  AL  Noo- 
MAK,  the  founder  of  the  Hanefites,  one  of 
the  four  orthodox  sects  of  Islamism,  was 
born  at  Cufa,  in  699,  and  was  originally  a 
•weaver,  but  afterwards  studied  the  law. — 
Being  a  partisan  of  the  house  of  Ali,  he 
was  thrown  into  prison,  and  poisoned,  al 
Bagdad,  in  767,  by  Abdallah  II.  There 
is  an  anecdote,  which  testifies  strongly  to 
his  forbearance  and  forgiving  spirit.  Hav- 
ing received  a  blow  from  a  brutal  man,  he 
merely  said,  "  Were  I  vindictive,  I  should 
return  violence  for  Violence ;  were  I  an  in- 
former, I  should  accuse  you  to  the  caliph ; 
but  I  like  better  to  pray  to  God,  that  he 
will  allow  me  to  enter  "into  heaven  with 
you  at  the  dav  of  judgment.'' 

ABUL-FARAI,  or  ABULPHARAGI- 
US,  GREGORY,  was  born  in  1226,  at  Mala- 
tia,  in  Armenia.  He  was  of  the  Christian 
sect  of  the  Jacobites,  and  died  bishop  of 
Aleppo,  in  1268.  His  Universal  History 
was  translated  into  Latin,  by  Dr.  Pococke. 
ABUL-FAZEL,  deemed  the  best  and 
most  learned  writer  of  the  east,  of  whom 
it  was  said  that  monarchs  dreaded  his  pen 
more  than  they  did  the  sword  of  his  mas- 
ter, was  the  secretary  and  vizier  of  the 
Mogul  emperor  Akbar,  and  was  murdered 
in  1604,  by  order  of  Sultan  Selim,  son  of 
Akbar,  who  was  jealous  of  his  influence. 
His  loss  was  deeply  lamented  by  his  sove- 
reign. He  wrote  a  History  of  the  Mogul 
Emperors,  down  to  the  year  1594,  and 
superintended  the  compiling  of  the  Ayeen 
Akbery.  or  Institutes  of  the  Emperor  Ak- 
bar. 

.  ABUL-FEDA,  ISMAEL,  prince  of  the 
Syrian  city  of  Hamah,  was  born  in  1273, 
»nd  was  equally  remarkable  for  his  military 
ind  literary  talents,  and  for  his  love  of 
science.  In  early  life,  he  repeatedly  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  valour ;  and,  after 
bis  accession  to  his  principality,  from 
which  he  had  been  excluded  for  twelve 
years,  he  sedulously  cultivated  literature, 
and  patronized  learned  men.  His  death 
look  place  in  i:;'5l.  !;-•  \vn-te  many 


ACC 

works,  of  which  the  chief  are,  his  Abridjj 
ed  History  of  the  Human  Race,  and  his 
geography,  entitled  The  True  Situation  oi 
Countries. 

ABUL-GHAZI-BEHADER,  khnn  of 
the  Tartars,  descended  on  both  sides  in  a 
direct  line  from  (ienyfiis  Khan,  \v;is  born, 
in  the  capital  of  Kharism,  in  16f>5.  After 
having'  reigned  with  honour  for  twrv'y 
years,  he  resigned  the  throne  to  his  son, 
and  devoted  his  hours  of  retirement  to 
writing  a  Genealogical  History  of  the  Tar- 
tars. He  died  in  1663. 

ACACIUS,  bishop  of  Amida,  on  the 
Tigris,  immortalized  himself  by  an  act  of 
Christian  charity,  which  he  performed 
during  the  war  between  Theodosius  the 
Younger  and  Varanes,  king  of  Persia. 
About  the  year  420,  he  sold  the  church 
plate  of  his  diocess,  to  ransom  and  sei  A 
back  to  their  country  seven  thousand  Per- 
sian slaves.  Varanes  was  so  much  a  fleeted 
by  this  generosity,  that  he  requested  an  in- 
terview with  the  bishop,  and  subsequently 
concluded  a  peace. 

ACCIAJUOLI,  DONATCS,  sprung  from 
an  ancient  Florentine  family,  and  was  born 
at  Florence  in  1428.  The  most  eminent 
masters  were  employed  to  form  his  mind, 
and  he  soon  became  an  accomj-''  ?hed  man, 
and  one  of  the  first  hellenists  of  the  age, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  literary  conversa- 
tions which  were  held  under  the  auspice? 
of  Lorenzo  di  Medici.  He  filled  several 
offices  in  the  state,  and,  in  1473,  was  made 
gonfalonier  of  the  republic.  He  died,  in 
1478,  at  Milan,  while  on  an  embassy,  and 
his  body  was  transported  to  Florence,  and 
buried  at  the  public  charge.  So  disinter- 
ested was  Acciajuoli,  that  he  left  his  fivtr 
children  without  fortune;  but  his  grateful 
country  portioned  his  two  daughters,  and 
provided  for  his  sons.  His  principal  works 
are  his  Commentaries  on  the  Ethics,  and 
on  the  Politics,  of  Aristotle. 

ACCIUS,  or  ATTIUS,  Lccirr,  a  Ro- 
man tragic  poet,  was  born  in  the  year  of 
Rome  584.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
tragedies,  the  subjects  of  which,  with  a 
single  exception,  were  borrowed  from  the 
Greek  theatre.  His  style  was  n1  polished  ; 
yet  so  highly  was  he  esteemed  jat  a  citi- 
zen was  severely  reprimand.  •<)•  the  mag- 
strate, for  having  mentioned  hi.-  .lame  in"o 
disrespectful  manner.  Accius  was  also  (he 
author  of  Historical  Annals  in  verse,  and 
of  other  works.  Of  his  productions  only  a 
'ew  verses  are  now  extant. 

ACCORSO,  or  ACCURSIUS,  FRAX- 
cis,  an  Italian  lawyer,  born  et  Florence, 
but  whether  in  1151,  or  11S2,  i«  a  matter 
)f  dispute.  He  resigned  his  professorship 
it  I-!oi(i<rna.  to  devote  himsp'fto  the  com- 
tosing  of  a  work  explanato)  '('the  laws; 
ie  completed  it  in  seven  ye.,  s,  and  it 
•oars  the  name  of  The  G'jat'GlooS.  Thia 


ACH 

immense  collection,  which  contains  the 
decisions  of  preceding  jurists,  with  his 
comments,  occupies  six  folio  volumes,  and 
has  been  as  much  undervalued  by  some 
He  died 


2  was 
lured, 

in  the  university  of  Bologna,  on  the  Roman 
law. 

ACCORSO,  or  ACCURSIUS,  MARI- 
ANO ELUS,  an  eminent  critic,  who  flourish- 
ed in  the  early  part  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
was  born  at  Aquila,  in  the  Neapolitan 
territory.  Charles  V.  held  him  in  much 
esteem.  He  lived  thirty-three  years  at  the 
court  of  that  monarch,  who  employed  him 
01  various  missions  in  Germany,  Poland, 
and  other  northern  countries.  Collecting 
of  old  MSS.  was  his  predominant  passion, 
but  he  was  also  a  man  of  wit  and  of  elegant 
accomplishments.  Ammianus  Marcellinus, 
and  several  classic  authors,  are  indebted 
to  him  for  numerous  and  valuable  correc- 
tions. Having  been  wrongfully  accused  of 
plagiarism,  he  indignantly  asserted  his 
innocence,  by  a  singular  kind  of  oath, 
which  is  to  be  found  in  his  fable,  entitled 
Testudo. 

ACHARD,  FRANCIS  CHARLES,  an 
eminent  chemist,  a  native  of  Prussia,  was 
born  in  1754,  and  died  in  1821.  To  his 
experiments  and  exertions  the  manufacture 
of  sugar  from  the  beet  root  is  greatly  in- 
debted for  the  perfection  which  it  has  ac- 
quired. 

A  CHEN  WALL,  GODFREY,  a  celebrat- 
ed publicist,  was  born  in  1719,  at  Elbing, 
in  Prussia.  In  1746  he  taught  history, 
statistics,  and  the  law  of  nations,  at  Mar- 
burg, whence,  in  1743,  he  removed  to 
Gottingen,  where  he  became  a  professor, 
and  his  lectures  were  in  high  repute.  He 
died  in  1770.  Achenwall  was  tne  creator 
of  the  science  of  statistics.  Among  his 
chief  works  are  The  Elements  of  Natural 
Law,  and  the  Constitutions  of  the  European 
Kingdoms  and  States. 

ACHERY,  DOM  JOHN  LUKE  D',  a 
French  benedictine  and  antiquary,  was  a 
native  of  St.  Quentin,  born  in  1609,  and 
early  embraced  a  monastic  life.  Indefati- 
gable in  his  studies,  he  lived  perfectly  re- 
tired, seldom  indulging  in  visits,  or  even 
in  conversation.  His  works  are  numerous 
and  voluminous,  and  display  great  erudi- 
tion. The  best  known  of  them  is  his  Spici- 
legium,  in  thirteen  quartos,  which  contains 
an  immense  number  of  valuable  and  curious 
pieces  relative  to  the  middle  age.  He  died 
in  1635,  at  the  abbey  of  St.  Germain  de 
Pres. 

ACHILLES  TATIUS,  a  native  of 
Alexandria,  lived  about  the  end  of  the 
icc^nd  century.  He  was  converted  to 
Christianity,  and  became  a  bishop.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  History  of  Great  Men. 


ACU  7 

Treatises  on  the  Sphere  and  on  Tactic*. 
and  a  romance,  entitled  The  Loves  « 
Clitophon  and  Leucippe. 

AC1DALIUS,  V  A  LENS,  a  German  crit- 
ic, was  born  at  Wittstock,  in  1567,  and 
died  in  1595.  He  studied  medicine  in 
Italy,  but  never  practised.  He  wrote  com- 
ments on  Quintius  Curtius,  Paterculus, 
Plautus,  Tacitus,  and  other  classic  authors. 
A  short  time  before  his  death,  he  was  ex- 
posed to  much  odium,  as  the  .supposed 
author  of  a  satirical  tract,  denying  women 
to  be  rational  beings ;  which  tract,  howe- 
ver, he  appears  only  to  have  transcribed, 
and  recommended  to  his  printer  as  a  witty 
production. 

ACKERMANN,  CONRAD,  a  celebrated 
actor,  whom  the  Germans  consider  as  th« 
creator  of  their  stage,  was  born  in  the  be- 
ginning of  the  eighteenth  century.  In 
1765,  he  undertook  the  management  of  the 
Hamburgh  theatre ;  a  circumstance  which 
formed  an  epoch  in  the  dramatic  history  of 
Germany.  Lessing  aided  him  with  all  the 
weight  of  his  powerful  talents.  Ackermann 
excelled  in  comic  parts.  His  wife  also  was 
an  admirable  actress.  He  diea  at  Ham- 
burgh, in  1771. 

ACOSTA,  URIEL,  a  Portuguese  gentle- 
man, born  at  Oporto,  towards  the  end  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  of  a  family  origi- 
nally Jewish,  was  a  iran  of  learning  and 
talent ;  but  his  life  was  rendered  a  burthen, 
by  the  endless  persecutions  which  the  fickle- 
ness of  his  religious  opinions  brought  upon 
him.  Born  a  Christian,  he  apostatized  to 
Judaism,  and  ended  by  being  a  deist  and 
a  materialist.  He  shot  himself  in  1647. — 
In  his  Exemplar  Vitce  Humanse,  he  gives 
an  account  01  some  of  the  miseries  which 
he  had  suffered. 

ACROPOLITA,  GEORGE,  a  Byzantine 
statesman  and  historian,  was  born  at  Con- 
stantinople, in  1220,  filled,  with  Teat  rep- 
utation, some  ojf  the  highest  ofnc^s  of  the 
Greek  empire,  and  died  about  the  year 
1232.  Gregorius  Cyprius,  the  patriarch, 
says  of  him  that  "  he  was  equal  to  Aris- 
totle in  philosophy,  and  to  Plato  in  divine 
things  and  attic  eloquence."  This  praise 
is,  undoubtedly,  exaggerated,  but  it  proves 
that  Acropolita  was  no  ordinary  character. 
A  Chronicle  of  the  Bvzantine  Empire,  from 
1204  to  1260,  is  his  chief  work. 

ACUNA,  DON  ANTONIO  OSORIO  D',  a 
Spaniard,  of  a  noble  family,  was  bishop  of 
Zamora,  under  the  reigns  of  Ferdinand  th« 
Catholic  and  Charles  V.  When,  in  de- 
fence of  their  liberties,  the  Spanish  com- 
mons formed  the  union  which  was,  not  un- 
worthily, denominated  "  the  holy  league," 
he  became  one  of  its  most  distinguished 
leaders.  Though  in  his  sixtieth  year,  he 
fought  at  the  head  of  five  thousand  men 
with  all  the  ardour  of  youth.  After  tht 
fatal  defeat  of  the  army  of  the  commont 


f  ADA 

at  Villalar,  in  1321,  Acunn  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  beheaded  in  the  cast  It-  of  Si- 
mancas. 

ACUNA,  FERDINAND  D',  a  native  of 
Madrid,  was  born  in  the  beginning  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  died  in  1580,  bavin- 
acquired  reputation  in  amis  and  in  poetry. 
Mis  poems  gained  him  the  approbation  of 
his  contemporaries,  and  especially  of  the 
celebrated  Garcilaso  de  la  \  ega,  who  was 
his  friend. 

ADALBERT,  ST.  bishop  of  Prague,  is 
considered  as  the  apostle  of  Bohemia. 
Hun-ary.  and  Prussia.  He  was  martyred 
}iy  the  infidels  in  997,  and  Boleslaus,  prince 
(  j  Poland,  ransomed  his  body  with  an 
equal  weight  of  sold.  The  Polo*  venerate 
him  as  tiie  author  of  the  warlike  hymn 
ilodzica,  which  t'.iey  were  accustomed 
to  sing  before  a  battle. 

ADALBERT,  or  ADELBERT,  created 
archbishop  of  Bremen  and  Hamburgh,  in 
1043,  was  one  of  those  churchmen  of  a 
^•rk  age  who  employed  great  talents  in 
promoting  the  interests  of  their  own  order, 
at  the  expense  of  both  monarchs  and  peo- 
ple. Ambitious,  subtle,  magnificent,  and 
eloquent,  he  spent  his  whole  fife  in  endeav- 
ouring to  aggrandize  his  see,  which  he  as- 
pired to  raise  to  the  rank  of  a  patriarchate. 
Vet,  on  one  occasion,  he  refused  the  tiara. 
While  acting  as  regent,  during  the  minority 
of  Henry  IV.  of  Germany,  he  excited  uni- 
versal batted  by  his  despo'tic  conduct.  To- 
wards the  close  of  his  career,  he  lost  two 
thirds  of  his  domains  ;  and  he  at  length 
died,  in  1072,  when  he  was  beginning  to 
recover  his  ascendancy. 

ADAM  DE  LA  HALE,  supposed  to  be 
one  of  the  earliest  of  the  French  dramatists, 
lived  in  the  thirteenth  century.  Some  of 
his  pieces  are  extant.  He  lea  a  dissipated 
life,  and  ended  his  days  in  a  convent. 

ADAM,  ALEXANDER,  a  schoolmaster 
and  compiler,  was  born  at  Ruffbrd,  in  the 
shire  of  Moray,  in  1741,  and  died  in  1S09. 
He  obtained  the  degree  of  LL.D.^and  was 
for  many  years  head  master  of'the  high 
school  at  Edinburgh.  He  compiled  Ro- 
man Antiquities,  a  Latin  Lexicon,  and 
other  school  books. 

ADAM,  ROBERT,  an  architect,  was  born, 
in  1723,  at  Kirkaldy,  in  Fife,  was  educat- 
ed at  Edinburgh  university,  learnt  the 
principles  of  architecture  from  his  father, 
and  studied  the  art  in  Italy.  After  his  re- 
turn, he  published,  in  a  splendid  folio,  with 
engravings,  an  Account  of  Diocletian's  Pal- 
ace at  Spalatro,  was  appointed  architect  to 
his  majesty,  chosen  a  member  of  the  Royal 
and  Antiquarian  Societies,  and  subsequent- 
ly elected  M.  P.  for  the  shire  of  Kinross. 
Many  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  the  a_re 
were  his  friends.  In  conjunction  with  his 
brother  .»*mes.  he  erected  numerous  man- 
sions, awd  public  buildings,  among  which 


ADA 

is  the  Adclphi.     He  died  in  1792,  and  hit 
brother  in  1794. 

APA.MS,  JOHN,  a  distinguished  patriot 
of  the  American  revolution,  was  born,  in 
:;t  1'raintree,  Massachusetts.  He 
\v;is  educated  at  the  university  of  Cam- 
bridge, and  received  the  degree  of  mastei 
of  arts  in  1 758.  At  this  time  he  entered  the 
office  rvf  Jeremiah  Gridley,  a  lawyer  of  the 
highest  eminence,  to  complete  "his  legal 
studies  ;  and  in  the  next  year  he  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  of  Suffolk.  Mr.  Adams  at  an 
early  age  espoused  the  cause  of  his  country, 
and  received  numerous  marks  of  the  public 
confidence  and  respect.  He  took  a  prom- 
inent part  in  every  leading  measure,  and 
served  on  several  committees  which  report- 
ed some  of  the  most  important  Slate  papers 
of  the  time.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Congress,  and  was  among  the  foremost 
in  recommending  the  adoption  of  an  inde- 
pendent government.  It  has  been  affirmed 
by  Mr.  Jefferson  himself,  "  that  the  great 
pillar  of  support  to  the  declaration  of  in- 
dependence, and  its  ablest  advocate  ana 
champion  on  the  floor  of  the  house,  was 
John  Adams."  In  1777,  he  was  chosen 
commissioner  to  the  court  of  Versailles,  in 
the  plnce  of  Mr.  Dean,  who  was  recalled. 
On  his  return,  about  a  year  afterwards, 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  convention 
to  prepay  a  form  of  government  for  the 
State  of  Massachusetts,  and  placed  on  the 
sub-committee  chosen  to  draught  the  pro- 
ject of  a  constitution.  Three  months  altw 
his  return,  Congress  sent  him  abroad  with 
two  commissions,  one  as  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  negotiate  a  peace,  the  other  to 
form  a  commercial  treaty  with  Great  Brit- 
ain. In  June  1780,  he  was  appointed  in 
the  place  of  Mr.  Laurens  ambassador  to 
Holland,  and  in  1762  he  repaired  to  Paris, 
to  commence  the  negotiation  for  peace, 
having  previously  obtained  assurance  that 
Great  Britain  would  recognize  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States.  At  the 
close  of  the  war  Mr.  A.  was  appointed  the 
first  minister  to  London.  In  1789  he  \vns 
elected  vice-president  of  the  United  States, 
and  on  the  resignation  of  Washington,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  presidency  in  1797.  After 
his  term  of  four  years  had  expired,  it  was 
found,  on  the  new  election,  that  his  adver- 
sary, Mr.  Jefferson,  had  succeeded  by  the 
majority  of  one  vote.  On  retiring  to  his 
farm  in  Quincy,  Mr.  A.  occupied  himself 
with  agriculture,  obtaining  amusement  from 
the  literature  and  politics  of  the  day.  The 
remaining  years  of  his  life  were  passed  in 
almost  uninterrupted  tranquillity.  He  died 
on  the  fourth  of  July  lS2ti,  with  the  same 
words  on  his  lips,  "which  fifty  years  be- 
fore, on  that  glorious  day,  he  had  uttered 
on  the  floor  of  Congress — "  Independence 
forever."  Mr.  Adams  is  the  author  of 
An  Essay  on  Canon  and  Feudal  Law 


ADA 

ft  series  of  letters  published  under  the  sig- 
nature of  Novanglus;  and  Discourses  on 
Davila. 

ADAMS,  SAMUEL,  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable men  connected  with  the  Ameri- 
can revolution,  was  born  at  Boston  in  1722. 
He  was  educated  at  Harvard  College,  and 
received  its  honours  in  1740.  He  was  one 
of  the  first  who  organized  measures  of  re- 
sistance to  the  mother  country ;  and  for 
the  prominent  part  which  he  took  in  these 
measures  he  was  proscribed  by  the  British 
government.  During  the  revolutionary  war, 
he  was  one  of  the  most  active  and  influen- 
tial asserters  of  American  freedom  and  in- 
dependence. He  was  a  member  of  the 
legislature  of  Massachusetts  from  1766  to 
1774,  when  he  was  sent  to  the  first  Con- 
gress of  the  old  Confederation.  He  was 
one  of  Ithe  signers  of  the  declaration  of 
1776,  for  the  adoption  of  which  he  had  al- 
ways been  one  of  the  warmest  advocates. 
In  1781  he  retired  from  Congress,  but  only 
to  receive  fi>~n  his  native  state  additional 
proofs  of  her  confidence  in  his  talents  and 
integrity.  He  had  already  been  an  active 
member  of  the  convention  that  formed  her 
constitution ;  and  after  it  went  into  effect, 
he  was  placed  in  the  senate  of  the  state, 
and  for  several  years  presided  over  that 
body.  In  1789  he  was  elected  lieut.  gov- 
ernor, and  held  that  office  till  1794;  upon 
the  death  of  Hancock,  he  was  chosen  gov- 
ernor, and  was  annually  re-elected  till  1797, 
when  he  retired  from  public  life.  He  died 
in  1803.  .The  following  encomium  upon 
Mr.  Adams  is  from  a  work  upon  the  Amer- 
ican Rebellion,  by  Mr.  Galloway,  publish- 
ed in  Great  Britain  1780  :  "  He  eats  little, 
drinks  little,  sleeps  little,  thinks  much,  and 
is  most  indefatigable  in  the  pursuit  of  his 
object.  It  was  this  man,  who  by  his  supe- 
rior application,  managed  at  once  the  fac- 
tions in  Congress  at  Philadelphia,  and  the 
factions  of  New-England." 

ADAMS,  HANNAH,  a  native  of  New- 
Sngland,  whose  literary  labours  have  made 
ner  name  known  in  Europe,  as  well  as  in 
her  native  land.  Amang  her  works  are 
the  View  of  Religions,  Historv  of  the  Jews, 
Evidences  of  the  Christian  Religion,  and 
a  History  of  New-England.  She  was  a 

woman  of  high  excellence  and  purity  of  |  at  which  he  became  acquainted  with 
character.  She  died  in  1331,  at  the  age  i  Steele,  and  the  Colleges  of  Queen's  and 
of  76.  |  Magdalen  at  Oxford,  have  the  honour  of  his 

ADANSON,  MICHAEL,  a  celebrated  !  education.  The  first  written  proofs  which 
botanist,  was  born,  in  1727,  at  Aix,  in  j  he  gave  of  his  talents  were  Latin  poems, 
Provence.  His  whole  life  was  devoted  toj  of  very  superior  elegance.  Some  English 
ihe  improvement  of  botanical  science.  He  !  poems,  a  translation  of  the  fourth  Georgic, 
sacrificed  his  patrimonial  property,  for  the  and  a  Discourse  on  the  Georgics,  sustained 


ADD  9 

form  the  basis  of  an  immense  work  which 
he  had  planned.  The  revolution  reduced 
him  to  penury,  and  in  his  latter  days  ho 
was  partly  indebted  for  subsistence  to  the 
devoted  attachment  of  a  female  domestic 
and  her  husband.  Napoleon,  however, 
heard  of  his  situation,  and  snatched  him 
from  want.  Adanson  was  small  in  stature, 
and  at  first  sight  his  countenance  was  not 
pleasing.  He  was,  in  the  highest  degree, 
disinterested  ;  but,  towards  the  close  of  his 
life,  his  temper  was  somewhat  soured  by 
misfortune  and  age.  He  died  in  1806. 
His  chief  published  works  are  his  Voyage 
to  Senegal,  and  his  Families  of  Plants. 

ADDISON,  LANCELOT,  a  native  of 
Westmoreland,  born  in  1632,  was  educated 
at  Oxford,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
by  his  ability  and  application.  During 
the  period  of  the  Commonwealth,  he  lived 
retired  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Petwortii. 
but  was  active  in  disseminating  church  and 
king  principles.  After  the  restoration,  he 
was  chaplain  at  Dunkirk,  and  at  Tangier, 
and  subsequently  obtained  the  living  oi 
Milston,  in  Wilts,  and  was  made  a  prebend, 
a  dean,  and  an  archdeacon.  He  died  iu 
1703.  His  literary  talents  were  consider- 
able, and  he  published  several  works,  most- 
ly theological. 


ADDISON,  JOSEPH,  one  of  the  orna- 
ments of  English  literature,  was  the  sun 
of  dean  Addison,  and  was  born  at  Milston 
in  1672.  At  his  birth,  it  is  said  that  he 
was  supposed  to  be  dead  born,  and  was 
accordingly  laid  out.  The  Charter  House, 


purpose  of  exploring  Senegal,  where  he 
remained  five  years,  and  made  a  multitude 
nf  observations  in  all  the  departments  of 
natural  history.  In  1775,  he  presented  to 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  120  MS.  volumes, 
and  75,000  "figures  of  plants,  intended  to 


his  reputation,  and  his  praise  of  King 
William  gained  him  the  patronage  of  Lord 
Sprners.  In  1699,  Somers  obtained  for 
him  an  annual  pension  of  .£.300  to  enable 
him  to  travel  in  Italy.  In  that  country 
he  remained  nearly  three  years,  wher.,  hi* 


10 


ADD 


pension  being  lost  by  the  death  of  King 
William,  necessity  drove  him  home.  Dur- 
ing his  absence,  he  collected  materials  tor 
a  narrative  of  his  tour,  and  wrote  his  Let- 
ter to  Lord  Halifax,  his  Dialogues  on 
Medals,  anil  four  acts  of  Cato.  On  his 
return,  he  published  his  Travels.  It  was 
not,  however,  till  1704  that  fortune  began 
to  smile  upon  him.  At  the  suggestion  of 
Halifax,  he  was  then  employed  to  cele 
hrate  in  verse  the  splendid  victory  of 
Blenheim ;  and,  as  soon  as  he  had  shown 
hi*  patrons  the  simile  of  the  angel,  he  was 
rewarded  with  the  place  of  Commissioner 
of  Appeals.  In  1705,  he  attended  Lord 
Halifax  to  Hanover;  in  1706,  he  was  ap- 
jHiinted  under  secretary  of  state ;  and  in 
tie  went  over  to  Ireland  as  secretary 
to  the  lord  lieutenant,  the  Marquis  of 
W barton,  and  also  received  the  almost 
sinecure  office  of  keeper  of  the  records  at 
Dublin,  with  a  salary  of  .£.300  a  year. 
During  this  period,  he  wrote  the  opera  of 
Rosamond,  and  contributed  a  prologue 
and  some  scenes  to  Steele's  Tender  Hus- 
band. The  Taller  was  begun  by  Steele 
while  Addison  was  in  Ireland,  and  with- 
oul  ihe  knowledge  of  the  latter,  who,  how- 
ever, soon  detected  his  friend,  and  came 
forward  to  his  aid.  In  1711,  in  conjunction 
with  Steele,  he  began  the  Spectator, 
which  alone  would  immortalize  his  name. 
As  an  essayist,  he  subsequently  contribut- 
ed to  the  Guardian,  the  Lover,  the  Whig 
Examiner,  the  Freeholder,  and  the  Old 
Whig.  In  1713,  his  Cato,  to  which  Pope 
gave  a  prologue,  was  brought  upon  the 
stage,  and  the  state  of  parties  at  that  time, 
at  least  as  much  as  its  intrinsic  merit,  en- 
sured its  complete  success.  It  did  not, 
however,  escape  from  the  critics,  among 
whom  Dennis  was  conspicuous  for  his 
acuteness  and  bitterness.  This  tragedy, 
the  comedy  of  the  Drummer,  and  the  opera 
of  Rosamond,  constilule  the  whole  of  Ad- 
dison's  dramatic  efforts.  He  projected  a 
tragedy  on  the  death  of  Socrates,  but 
went  no  further.  In  1716,  after  a  long 
courtship,  he  married  the  countess  dowager 
of  Warwick ;  a  union  which  was  produc- 
tive of  nothing  but  one  daughter  and  infeli- 
city. The  lady  was  a  woman  vain  of  her 
rank,  who  had  'the  folly  to  think  that  she 
had  honoured  a  commoner  of  genius  by 
giving  him  her  hand ;  and  the  result  was 
such  as  was  naturally  to  be  expected. 
Though  Hymen  frowned  on  him,  his  ambi- 
tion was  gratified  in  the  following  year  by 
the  post  of  secretary  of  state.  But  the 
toil,  his  own  inaptilude  for  business,  and 
'lis  sufferings  from  asthma,  soon  compelled 
him  to  resign  it,  and  he  received  a  yearly 
pension  of  £.1500.  After  his  retirement, 
be'eoiipleted  his  Treatise  on  the  Christ- 
ian.Religion,  and  was  engaged  in  a  politi- 
cal content  with  his  old  friend  Steele  whom 


ADR 

he  treated  wtlh  a  contemptuous  asperitj 
thai  cannot  easily  be  defended.  He  died 
at  Holland  House,  on  the  l?th  of  June, 
1719.  in  his  last  moments,  he  sent  for 
Lord  Warwick,  whom  he  was  anxious  tc 
reclaim  from  irregular  habits  and  errone- 
ous opinions,  and,  pressing  his  hand,  faint- 
ly said,  "  I  have  sent  for  you  thai  you 
may  see  in  what  peace  a  Christian  can 
die."  As  a  man,  Addison  was  of  blame 
less  morals ;  as  a  statesman,  he  was  ill 
calculated  for  office,  for  he  had  not  the 
nerve,  promptitude  of  action,  and  readi- 
ness of  resource,  which  are  more  necessary 
in  such  a  character  than  even  the  loftier 
intellectual  powers;  as  a  poet  and  drama- 
tist, he  cannot  aspire  to  more  than  a  place 
in  the  second  class,  and,  perhaps,  not  a 
high  place  in  that  class ;  but  as  .an  essay- 
ist, he  stands  unrivalled  for  ethic  instruc- 
tiveness,  skill  in  delineating  life  and  man- 
ners, exquisite  humour,  fine  imagination^ 
and  a  dulcet,  graceful,  idiomatic  flow  01 
language,  which  amply  justifies  the  eulogi- 
um  of  Johnson,  that  "  whoever  wishes  to 
attain  an  English  style,  familiar  but  nol 
coarse,  and  elegant  out  not  ostentatious 
must  give  his  days  and  nights  to  the  vol- 
umes of  Addison." 

ADELARD,  or  ATHELARD,  an  Eng- 
lish  Benedictine  monk,  who  lived  under 
the  reign  of  Henry  I.  Already  possessed 
of  superior  knowledge  to  most  of  his  con- 
temporaries,  he  resolved  to  increase  it  by 
travelling,  and  accordingly  visited  not  on- 
ly various  parts  of  Europe,  but  also  Egypl 
and  Arabia.  From  the  Arabic,  he  tians- 
lated  into  Latin,  with  other  works,  th« 
Elements  of  Euclid,  before  any  Greek 
copy  had  been  discovered.  Some  of  his 
MSS.  on  mathematics  and  medical  sub- 
jects are  still  preserved  al  Oxford. 

ADELUNG,  JOHN  CHRISTOPHER,  an 
eminent  German  lexicographer  and  litera- 
ry character,  was  born,  in  1734,  at  Span- 
fekew  in  Pomerania,  became  professor  at 
tht  Erfurl  gymnasium,  removed  thence  to 
I  Leipsic,  and  was  subsequently  appointed 
librarian  to  the  elector,  al  Dresden,  where 
he  died  in  1806.  He  was  never  marritd ; 
it  was  said  of  him,  that  his  writing  desk 
was  his  wife,  and  the  seventy  volumes 
which  he  wrote  were  his  children.  Ade- 
lung  was  an  agreeable  companion,  and 
loved  good  cheer ;  he  was  so  fond  of  pro- 
curing a  variety  of  foreign  wines,  that  his 
cellar,  which  he  used  to  call  his  Bibliothe- 
ca  selectissima,  contained  forty  kinds.  In 
this  country  he  is  best  known  by  his  Gram- 
matical and  Critical  Dictionary  of  the 
German  Language,  in  five  vols.  4to.  As 
an  original  writer,  however,  he  is  of  no 
mean  class. 

ADRIAN,  PUBLIUS  JEtivs,  the  fii- 
teeuth  Roman  emperor,  was  of  a  Spanish 
family,  and,  according  to  some  historian* 


AET 


11 


was  a  nat'ive  of  Spain,  ihoflgh  others  affirm 
Rome  to  have  been  his  birth  place.  lie 
was  bora  A.  D.  76,  and  served  early  in 
Spain  and  Mresia.  Having  married"  the 
niece,  of  the  empress  Plotina,  he  rose  rap- 
idly by  the  aid  of  her  influence  and  his 
own  merit,  and  filled  the  offices  of  questor, 
consul,  tribune  of  the  people,  and  pretor. 
For  his  conduct  in  the  Dacian  war,  Tra- 
jan gave  him  the  diamond  which  he  him- 
self had  received  from  Nerva,  as  the  sign 
of  adoption.  On  the  death  of  Trajan,  in 
the  year  1 1 7,  Adrian  succeeded  to  the  em- 
pire. During  his  long  reign  of  twenty-one 
years,  he  visited  almost  every  part  of  his 
dominions.  While  in  Britain,  he  built  the 
famous  wall  between  the  Sol  way  and  the 
Tyne,  to  prevent  the  incursions  of  the 
Caledonians.  The  Jews  having  revolted, 
he  defeated  and  almost  exterminated  them. 
Adrian  had  a  robust  constitution,  went 
bareheaded,  and  usually  made  long  march- 
es on  foot ;  he  had  an  extraordinary  me- 
mory, was  condescending,  enacted  many 
good  laws,  and  loved  poetry  and  the  arts 
and  sciences.  On  the  other  hand  he  was 
suspicious,  not  unfrequently  cruel,  and  dis- 
graced himself  by  his  unnatural  passion 
for  AntinoQs.  He  died  at  Baise,  in  his 
sixty-second  year;  having,  for  some  time 
previously,  been  so  tormented  by  disease, 
as  to  entreat  his  friends  to  terminate  his 
existence.  A  few  days  before  his  death 
he  composed  the  Latin  lines  to  his  soul, 
which  have  been  often  translated  into  vari- 
ous language_s. 

^ELIAN,  CLAUDIUS,  ai  historical  wri- 
ter, born  at  Praeneste  about  the  year  160, 
was  a  teacher  of  rhetoric  at  Rome,  under 
the  emperor  Antoninus.  He  is  the  author  of 
Various  History,  and  a  History  of  Animals, 
in  Greek,  of  which  language  he  was  a  per- 
fect master. 

J5LIANUS,  MECCIUS,  a  Greek  physi- 
cian of  the  second  century,  was  the  master 
of  Galen,  who  mentions  him  in  terms  of 
high  praise.  He  was  the  first  who  made 
use  of  the  theriaca  as  a  remedy  and  pre- 
servative against  plague. 

^ESCHINES,  a  philosopher  of  Athens, 
a  disciple  of  Socrates,  by  whom  he  was 
much  esteemed,  visited  the  court  of  Dio- 
.lysius,  at  Syracuse,  and  was  rewarded  by 
him  for  his  Socratic  dialogues.  He  re- 
turned to  Athens,  and  taught  philosophy 
and  t  ratory.  Three  of  his  dialogues  on 
moral  philosophy  are  extant. 

/ESCHINES,  a  celebrated  orator,  the 
ival  of  Demosthenes,  was  born  at  Athens 
B.  c.  32  r  of  a  respectable  family.  Being 
worsted  in  his  struggle  with  Demosthenes. 
<ie  retired  to  Rhodes,  and  opened  a  school 
of  rhetoric.  He  died  at  Samos,  aged 
seventy  five.  Of  his  orations  only  three 
are  extant ;  twelve  epistles  are  also  attri- 
buted to  him. 


.ESCHYLUS,  one  of  Ue  three  giea* 
tragic  writers  of  Greece,  and  the  improve* 
of  die  scenic  art,  was  born  at  Athens  aboul 
400  years  B.  c.  With  his  brothers  Cyn- 
egirus  and  Aminius,  he  distinguished  him. 
self  at  Marathon,  Platsea,  and  Salamis. 
But  neither  his  valour  nor  his  transcend- 
ent genius  could,  at  a  later  period,  shield 
him  from  a  charge  of  impiety,  and  a  con- 
sequent sentence  of  death,  which  would 
have  been  executed,  had  not  his  brother 
Aminius  saved  him,  by  throwing  off  his 
own  cloak,  and  showing  to  the  judges  his 
arm,  reft  of  a  hand  at  the  battle  of  Salamis. 
JEschylus  was  pardoned ;  but,  disgusted 
with  the  manner  in  which  he  haoT  been 
treated,  and  perhaps  also  by  the  triumph 
of  his  rival  Sophocles,  he  withdrew  to  Si- 
cily. There,  in  his  Sk-ty-ninth  year,  he 
was  killed  by  an  eaale  etting  fall  a  t^r- 
toise  on  his  bald  head,  which  me  bird  mis- 
took for  a  stone.  Unfortunately,  of  ninety 
tragedies  which  he  wrote,  only  seven  have 
reached  us.  Sublimity  is  the  characteris- 
tic of  J2schylus. 


JESOP,  the  prince  of  fabulists,  and  of 
whom  so  many  fables  have  been  written, 
was  a  native  of  Phrygia,  who  flourished 
about  600  years  before  Christ.  The  ac- 
count which  is  given  of  his  repulsive  de- 
formity seems  to  be  entitled  to  no  credi 
It  appears  that  he  was  a  slave  at  Atheus. 
procured  his  freedom  by  his  virtue  and 
talents,  and  was  patronised  by  Croesus, 
who  sent  him  on  a  mission  to  Delphi,  the 
inhabitants  of  which  city,  in  revenge  for 
his  having  censured  and  ridiculed  them, 
brought  against  him  a  calumnious  charge 
of  sacrilege,  and  precipitated  him  from  a 
rock. 

jESOP,  CLODIUS,  a  Roman  actor,  the 
contemporary  and  rival  of  Roscius,  was, 
like  him,  the  friend  of  Cicero,  to  whom  he 
gave  lessons  in  oratorical  action.  He  was 
luxurious  and  extravagant,  yet  he  died 
worth  a  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  pounds. 
At  one  of  his  feasts  there  was  served  up  a 
pie  made  of  singing  birds,  which  cost  near- 
ly nine  hundred  pounds.  He  left  a  son. 
who  surpassed  him  in  profuseness. 

AETIUS,  a  physician,  who 


11 


wards  ihc  end  of  the  filth,  or  legitimist,  ,• 
the  suth  century,  was  a  native  of  Amid 
in    Mesopotamia.     He  is  the  nuthor  of  a 
work  in  Greek,  entitled  Tetrabiblos.  which 
is  a  sort  of  compendium  of  all  the  medica 
knowledge  of  that  period.     Aetius  excelled 
in  treating  disorders  nf  the  eyes.     He  has 
sometimes  heen  confounded  with  Aetius,  a 
heretic  of  the  fourth  century,  who  original- 
ly practised  medicine. 

HI'S,  a  Roman  general,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Moesia,  hut  of  Scythian  descent. 
He  learned  the  art  of  war  under  Alaric, 
to  whom  he  had  heen  given  as  a  hostage. 
When  the  usurper  John^attempted  to  seize 
the  throne,  Aetius  raised  for  him  an  army 
of  Huns,  hut  he  subsequently  submitted  to 
Valentinian,  who  took  him  into  favour,  and 
conferred  on  him  the  title  of  count.  A  ri- 
valship  for  power  ensued  between  him  and 
Count  Boniface,  which  terminated  in  the 
death  of  the  latter,  who  was  slain  in  hat- 
ile.  The  character  of  Aetius  was  stained, 
"in  this  struggle,  by  the  unworthy  means  to 
which  he  had  recourse.  He  soon,  howev- 
er, covered  himself  with  §r>ory  by  his  con- 
duct in  Gaul.  After  having  thrice  van- 
quished the  Burgundians  and  Franks,  he 
marched  against  the  terrible  Attila,  who 
kad  invaded  Gaul  with  innumerable  hordes 
of  Huns  A  decisive  battle  was  fought,  in 
45 lj  on  the  plains  of  Chalons,  in  which 
Attila  was  entirely  defeated ;  more  than 
three  hundred  thousand  men  fell  on  both 
sides.  The  fame  which  the  victor  thus 
acquired  excited  the  jealousy  and  fears  of 
the  dastardly  Valentinian,  who,  in  454,  in- 
vited him  to  the  imperial  palace,  and  sud- 
denly assassinated  him  with  his  own  hand. 

AFRANIUS,  Lucius,  a  Latin  comic 
poet,  lived  about  a  century  B.  c.  Cicero 
and  Quintillian  mention  him  with  praise  ; 
Horace  speaks  of  him  as  an  imitator  of 
Menander.  He  did  not,  however,  confine 
himself  to  subjects  borrowed  from  the 
Greek  theatre,  but  described  the  manners 
and  satirized  the  follies  of  his  country. 
Obscenity  was  the  fault  of  his  writings,  all 
of  which  are  now  lost. 

AGASIAS,  an  Ephesian  sculptor,  of 
whom  nothing  is  known  but  that  we  are 
indebted  to  his  chisel  for  the  fine  statue 
which  bears,  though  no  doubt  erroneously, 
the  name  of  the  dying  gladiator.  He  has 
been  said  to  be  the  disciple,  or  the  son,  of 
Pasitheus. 

AGATHIAS,  an  historian  and  poet  of 
L.e  sixth  century,  was  a  native  of  Myrine 
ia,  and  practised  as  a  barrister  at 
Constantinople.  He  wrote,  in  five  books, 
a  continuation  of  Procopius's  history,  and 
collected  the  works  of  the  Greek  epigram- 
matists who  lived  posterior  to  the  reign  of 
Augustus.  Many  of  his  own  epigrams  are 
preserved  in  the  third  volume  of  Drunk's 
Analects. 


.UlATilOri.Ms,  ivram  of  $n-ilv.  was 
tin-  sou  of  a  potter.  From  the  raii1<  of  a 
private  soldier  he  raised  himself  not  only 
to  that  of  general,  but  also  to  I  e  master  of 
Syrariise  and  of  the  whole  of  Sicily.  Heine 
defeated  in  Sicily,  and  his  capital  besieged 
by  the  Carthaginian*,  he  Conceived  the 
daring  project  of  attacking  Carthage  itself ; 
and  this  scheme  he  carried  into  effect  with 
such  spirit  and  military  gcnms,  that  he 
brought  Carthage  to  the  brink  of  ruin. 
After  bis  return  home,  ho  underwent  ninny 
vicissitudes,  and  was  at  length  poisoned, 
in  his  seventy-second  year,  B.  c.  '2^^,  by 
his  son  Arcagathus.  tic  was  a  sanguinary 
and  faithless  being,  but  of  transcendent 
talenis  and  popular  manners. 

f,  A  I)  AS,  or  AGKLAS,  a  celebrat- 
ed Grecian  sculptor,  a  native  of  Argos, 
flourished  in  the  fifth  century  B.  c.  An 
infant  Jupiter  and  a  beardless  Hercules 
\vere  among  the  most  admired  of*his  works. 
Myron  and  Polycletes  were  his  pupils.  He 
is  said  to  be  the  first  who  correctly  imitat- 
ed the  veins,  muscles,  and  hair. 

AGESANDER,  a  Rhodian  sculptor 
flourished  in  the  fifth  century  B.  c. ;  and, 
in  conjunction  with  his  son  Alhenodorus 
and  Polydorus,  produced  that  admirabl*; 
group  of  Laocoon  and  his  Children,  which 
is  a  masterpiece  of  art. 

AGES1LAUS  II.,  kine  of  Sparta,  the 
son  of  Archidemus,  was  lame,  deformed, 
and  of  diminutive  stature,  but  he  nobly 
redeemed  these  defects  by  the  qualities  of 
his  head  and  heart.  He  defeated  the  Per- 
sians, the  Athenians,  and  the  Boeotians,  and 
obtained  victories  in  Egypt.  He  died,  B 
c.  361,  at  Menelas,  on  the  African  coast, 
at  the  age  of  eighty-four,  having  reigned 
forty-four  years. 

AGIS  IV.,  the  greatest  of  the  Spartan 
kings,  was  the  son  of  Eudadimas  II.,  and 
ascended  the  throne  B,  c.  243.  Though 
brought  up  in  the  lap  of  ease,  he  relinquish- 
ed all  pleasures,  ana  endeavoured  to  restore 
the  laws  of  Lycurgus,  in  order  to  reinvigo- 
rate  the  declining  republic.  He  was  re- 
warded with  death  by  his  degenerate  and 
ungrateful  countrymen.  His  fate  has  heen 
the  subject  of  tragedies,  by  several  authors. 

AGLIOIVBY,  JOHN,  a*  divine,  a  native 
of  Cumberland,  was  educated  at  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  and  was  afterwards  chap- 
lain to  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  principal  of 
Kdniund  Hall.  He  died  in  1610,  aged 
forty-three,  at  Islip,  of  which  place  he  was 
rector.  He  was  one  of  the  translators  of 
the  New  Testament. 

AGNESI,  MARIA  GAETANA,  a  native 
of  Milan,  born  in  1718,  gave  early  indica- 
tions of  extraordinary  abilities,  devoted 
lierself  to  the  abstract  sciences,  and  at  the 
age  of  nineteen  supported  a  hundred  and 
ninety-one  theses,  which  were  afterwards 
published.  In  mathematics  she  attained 


AGR 

such  consummate skill,  that  the  pope  allowed 
her  to  succeed  her  father,  as  professor  a) 
BoJogna.  Her  knowledge  of  ancient  and 
modern  languages  was  also  extensive.  She 
died,  in  1799,  at  Milan,  where,  several 
years  before,  she  had  taken  the  veil.  Her 
great  work  is  intitled  Analytical  Institu- 
tions, and  has  been  translated  by  professor 
Colson. 

AGNOLO,    BACCIO  D\   a   Florentine 
sculptor  and  architect,  born  in  1460,  and 
diad  in  1543,  was  originally  a  ?ort  of  or- 
amental   carver   in  wood;    he  became  'a 
culptor  in   the  same  material,  and,  lastly, 
an  eminent  architect,  and  embellished  Flo- 
rence with  many  splendid  edifices. 

AGORACRITES,  a  Greek  sculptor, 
born  at  Puros  in  the  fifth  century  B.  c., 
was  the  favourite  pupil  of  Phidias,  and 
was  worthy  of  that  distinction.  One  of 
his  most  celebrated  works  was  a  statue  of 
Venus. 

AGRICOLA,  CNEIUS  JULIUS,  a  Ro- 
rna-j  general,  was  born  A.  D.  40,  at  Frejus, 
in  Gaid.  He  served  early  in  Britain,  un- 
der Suetonius  fyulinus,  and  filled  several 
higlj  offices  under  the  reign  of  Nero.  Ves- 
|.»'i<ia:i,  whose  cause  he  had  espoused,  sent 
him  i:ito  Britain  to  reduce  the  twentieth 
logion  to  obedience,  and  on  Agricola's  re- 
turn he  was  made  a  patrician,  and  governor 
of  Aquitania.  In  the  year  77  he  became 
consul  with  Domitian,  and  in  the  following 
year  he  was  appointed  to  command  in  Brit- 
ain. There  he  conciliated  the  natives,  ex- 
tended his  conquests,  built  a  line  of  forts 
from  the  Clyde  to  the  Forth,  and  defeated 
Galgacus,  the  champion  of  Caledonian  in- 
dependence. Jealous  of  his  successes,  Do- 
mitian recalled  him,  defrauded  him  of  the 
triumph  which  was  his  due,  and  is  said  at 
last  to  have  put  an  end  to  the  hero  by  poi- 
son, A.  D.  93.  Tacitus,  the  son-in-law  of 
Agrippa,  wrote  a  life  of  him  which  is  wor- 
thy of  its  subject. 

AGRICOLA,  GEORGF  a  physician, 
and  the  most  eminent  metallurgist  of  his 
age,  was  born  in  1494  at  Glauchen,  in 
Misnia.  Several  works  on  mineralogy  and 
metallurgy  proceeded  from  his  pen,  but  the 
chief  of  them  is  in  twelve  books,  and  is  in- 
titled  De  re  metallica.  He  was  the  first 
mineralogist  who  appeared  after  the  revi- 
val of  ecience.  He  died  at  Chemnitz  in 
1555,  and  as  he  had  been  hostile  to  the 
Lutherans,  they  revenged  themselves  by 
refusing  him  a  grave  among  them;  so  that 
he  was  buried  at  Ziest. 

AGRICOLA,  JOHN,  a  German  divine, 
whose  real  name  was  Schnitter,  was  born 
*t  Eisleben,  in  1490  or  1492,  and  was  a 
disciple  of  Luther,  and  a  popular  minister. 
The  sect  of  the  Antinomians  was  founded 
by  him;  but  it  appears  to  be  a  calumny 
i hat  he  taught  the  inutility  of  good  works. 
His  opinions  gave  extreme  ofience  to  Lu- 


AGU 


11 


ther  and  other  reformers.  Agricola  was 
one  of  the  divines  whom  Charles  V.  em- 
ployed in  composing  the  Interim.  Besides 
his  controversial  and  theological  works,  he 
left  a  Collection  of  seven  hundred  and  fifty 
German  proverbs,  with  a  commentary.  }  le 
died  at  Berlin  in  1566. 

AGRICOLA,  RODOLPH,  whose  real 
name  was  Huessman,  was  born,  in  1443, 
near  Groningen,  studied  under  Thomas  a 
Kempis,  travelled  into  Italy,  and  acquired 
such  a  mastery  of  languages,  literature,  and 
the  elegant  arts,  as  was  very  uncomfnou  in 
that  age.  He  returned  in  1477,  became 
professor  at  Heidelberg,  and  contributed 
greatly  to  spread  classical  taste  and  knowl- 
edge throughout  Germany.  He  died  in 
1485. 

AGRIPPA,  MEN  EMUS,  named  consul 
in  the  year  of  Rome  251,  is  celeuated  for 
having  defeated  the  Sabines,  and  still  more 
for  having,  by  means  of  the  ingenious  apol- 
ogue of  the  belly  and  the  members,  appear- 
ed the  anger  of  the  Plebeians,  who,  indig- 
nant at  the  tyranny  of  the  Patricians,  had 
withdrawn  to  the  Mons  Sacer. 

AGRIPPA,  MARCUS  VIPSANIUS,  a  Ro- 
man general,  the  friend  of  Augustus,  was 
born  in  the  year  of  Rome  690.  He  fought, 
with  great  valour,  at  Actium  and  Philippi, 
and  obtained  several  victories  in  Gaul  and 
Germany,  for  which  he  refused  the  honours 
of  a  triumph.  Rome  was  embellished  by 
him  with  magnificent  edifices,  one  of  which, 
the  Pantheon,  is  still  an  object  of  admira- 
tion. He  married  first  the  niece,  and  af- 
terwards the  daughter,  of  Augustus;  and 
died,  universally  lamented,  in  the  fifty-first 
year  of  his  age. 

AGRIPPA,  HENRY  CORNELIUS,  a 
man  of  extraordinary  abilities,  born  a» 
Cologne,  in  1486,  was,  by  turns,  a  soldier, 
philosopher,  physician,  chemist,  lawvei , 
and  writer,  and  in  all  these  discordant  char- 
acters displayed  eminent  talent.  So  su- 
perior in  knowledge  was  he  to  iiis  contem- 
poraries, that  he  was  believed  to  be  a  ma- 
gician, and  to  be  accompanied  by  a  famil- 
ar  spirit  in  the  shape  of  a  black  dog.  Yet, 
notwithstanding  his  intellectual  superiority, 
lie  lived  an  unquiet,  embarrassed,  wandei- 
ing  life,  often  persecuted,  and  often  involv- 
ed in  quarrels,  and  is  said  to  have  at  length 
died  in  a  hospital  at  Grenoble,  in  1535. 
The  most  celebrated  of  his  works  are  his 
Vanity  of  the  Sciences,  and  his  Occult 
Philosophy. 

AGUESSEAU, HENRY  FRANCIS  u',a 
native  of  Limoges,  born  in  1668,  was  a  sou 
of  the  intendant  of  Languedoc,  and  early 
distinguished  himself  at  the  bar  bv  his  elo 
quence  and  legal  knowledge.  After  hav- 
ing, with  honour  to  himself,  and  great  ad- 
vantage to  the  interests  of  justice,  filled  tlia 
offices  of  advocate  and  procurator  general, 
he  was  raised,  in  1717,  to  be  chancellor. 


II  AIK 

From  that  office  he  was  twice  remored, 

and  wai  even  exiled,  but  was  finally  re- 
ft..red  in  1727,  and  held  the  seals  till  his 
death,  \\hieh  took  |  lace  in  17~>1.  It  was 
.ui,  that  lie  thought  like 
a  philosopher,  and  spoke  like  an  orator. 
lli>  foiviibic  and  other  works  form  13  vuls. 
in  4to. 

A11KKNDT,  an  eminent  antiquary  and 
jraphcr,  was  a  native  «>f  llolstein, 
and  journeyed  on  font  through  .Norway, 
Sweden,  DeMMUrkj  France,  Spain,  and 
Italy,  to  study  Scandinavian  and  Runic 
remain*,  and  "the  alphabets  of  the  ninth, 
tenth,  and  eleventh  centuries.  He  was  con- 
tinually travelling,  and  the  singularity  of 
/us  manners  and  appearance  involved  him 
ral  unpleasant  adventures.  He  died 
i  1*-1M.  U  he  was  returning  from  Italy. 

AIGNAN,  STKPHKN,  a  member  of  the 
French  Academy,  was  born,  in  1773,  at 
Beaugencv  sur  Loire.  He  adopted  the 
principles  of  the  revolution,  and  when  only 
nineteen,  held  a  legal  situation  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Orleans.  Subsequently  he  filled 
\arious  offices  under  Napoleon.  He  died 
in  1824.  He  is  the  author  of  several  dra- 
mas and  poems,  and  of  a  verse  translation 
of  the  Iliad,  which  was  severely  handled 
by  the  critics.  He  also  translated  the  Vi- 
car of  Wukefield,  and  other  workj  from 
the  English. 


AIKIN,  JOHN,  M.  D.  (the  brother  of 
Mrs.  Barbanld)  was  born  at  Kibworth,  in 
Lancashire,  in  1747,  educated  at  Warring- 
ton  and  Edinburgh,  and  took  hi*  degree  at 
Ley  den,  in  1784.  He  first  settled  as  a  sur- 
geon at  Chester,  whence  he  removed  to 
\\  in  ington.  It  was  at  the  latter  place 
tint  he  commenced  his  career  as  an  author, 
by  publishing,  in  conjunction  with  hi:- 
»."  \olume  of  Miscellanies.  Aft'-r  having 
laken  his  degree,  he  fixed  his  residence  at 
Yarmouth,  where  he  remained  for  some 
NeaiB  He  then  removed  to  the  metropo- 
lis, in  winch,  or  its  vicinity,  he  continued 
till  In-  .  Dec. -nib -r, 

1822,  HI  Stoke  Newington.  Dr.  Aikin 
was  a  man  ot  erudition  and  an  elc -gant 
writer.  Bennies  producing  a  Life  of  Hnet, 
•  Medical  Biography,  and  other  original 


AKI: 

works,  he  edited  the  first  twenty  volun»i?i 
of  the  Monthly  Magazine;  the  Atheir.vuin  ; 
and  various  eiliii  -;  and  was 

one  of  the  writers  of  a  tu-ncral  i'ii"gia- 
phical  Dictionary,  in  10  volumes  4to. 

A1KM  A  N  ,  \\  n. 1. 1  \  M,a  Scotch  painter, 
born  in  lti>2,  \\as  originally  intended  for 
the  law,  but  \\as  all,»wed' to  follow  the 
beotofhifl  inclination  for  painting.  After 
having  travelled  in  Italy,  Tin  key,  and  the 
Levant,  he  returned  home  in  1712,  was 
patronised  by  the  Duke  of  Arg\le  and 
Lord  Burlington,  and  became  fashionable 
as  a  delineator  of  portraits.  He  died  in 
1731.  Aikman  was  the  friend  of  Allan 
Ramsay  and  of  Thomson,  the  latter  of 
\\hom  he  as>istt  d  with  his  interest;  and 
Thomson,  in  return,  bewailed  the  artist's 
death  in  an  elegy  which  contains  some 
lines  of  exquisite  pathos. 

AITON,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent  gar- 
dener and  botanist,  was  born,  in  1731, 
near  Hamilton,  in  Lanarkshire.  The  cel- 
ebrated Millar  obtained  him  a  place  in  one 
of  the  royal  gardens,  and  in  1759  he  was 
appointed  l>otanical  superintendent  at  Kew. 
In  1789,  he  published,  in  3  volumes  8vo., 
his  Hortns  Kewensis.  He  died  in  1793. 

Al.NSWORTH,  ROBERT,  a  gramma- 
rian,  born  in  1660,  at  Woodyale,  in  Lan- 
cashire, kept  a  boarding  school  at  Bolton, 
and  at  various  villages  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  London.  His  exertions  being 
rewarded  by  a  competency,  he  retired  from 
business,  and  amused  his  leisure  by  col- 
lecting old  coins  and  curiosities  at  brokers' 
and  other  shops.  Ainsworth  was  a  Fellow 
of  the  Antiquarian  Society,  and  published 
some  tracts  on  antiquities;  but  his  princi- 
pal and  most  useful  work  is  his  Latin  and 
English  Dictionary,  which  has  passed 
through  numerous  editions.  He  died  in 
1743. 

AKBAR,  MOHAMMED,  one  of  the 
greatest  of  the  Mogul  sovereigns,  was  only 
fourteen  years  of  age  when,  in  1555,  he 
succeeded  his  father  Humaoon.  The  tota1 
defeat  of  the  Patans,  in  the  following  \ear 
was  one  of  the  first  events  that  signalized 
his  reign.  He  held  the  throne  for  fitK 
years,  during  a  considerable  part  of  whi<r. 
time  he  had  to  contend  against  insurrec- 
tions and  foreign  enemies.  His  arms 
were,  successful  in  all  quarters.  Akbar 
was  valiant,  generous,  and  the  friend  and 
liberal  patron  of  learning;  he  displayed  a 
clemency  uncommon  in  AH  oriental  mon- 
arch; and  a  freedom  from  bigotry  which 
was  equally  surprising  in  a  Mn.-'siihnan. 
He  died  in  1605.  and  his  death  was  caused- 
or  accelerated,  by  grief  for  the  loss  of  a 
favour  i;> 

AKKNSIDK,  MARK,  born,  in  1721,  at 
Newcastle  upon  Tyue,  was  the  son  of  a 
respectable  butcher,  who  sent  him  tc  etudy 
divinity  -  •  Edinburgh,  to  qualify  hinj  fof 


ALA 

becoming  a  dissenting  minister.     Prefer- 
ring  Uowever,  the  medical  profession,  he 


nwrt  to  Leyden,  where,  in  1744,  he  took 
h.,8  doctor's  degree.  In  that  year  he  pub- 
lished the  Pleasures  of  Imagination,  for 
vhich  Pope  is  said  to  have  advised  Dods- 
ley  not  to  make  a  niggardly  offer,  as  the 
author  was  no  every-day  writer.  His 
Epistle  to  Curio  (Pulteney),and  ten  Odes, 
appeared  in  the  following  year.  He  first 
settled  as  a  physician  at  "Northampton; 
but,  being  unsuccessful  there,  he  removed 
first  to  Hampstead,  and  next  to  London; 
his  friend  Mr.  Dyson  generously  allowing 
him  three  hundred  pounds  a  year,  to  ena- 
ble him  to  make  the  necessary  appearance. 
Gradually  he  rose  in  reputation,  and  would, 
perhaps,  have  succeeded  to  the  full  extent 
of  his  wishes,  had  he  not  been  carried 
off  by  a  putrid  fever  in  1770.  Akenside 
was  a  learnethman,  and  an  advocate  for 
civil  and  religious  liberty;  but  he  is'accu- 
sed  of  having  been  vain  and  irritable, — a 
charge  which  has  often  been  brought 
against  men  of  genius,  conscious  of  their 
own  worth,  and  repelling  the  insolence  of 
dunces.  His  Pleasures  of  Imagination 
will  be  read  as  long  as  the  English  lan- 
guage endures;  it  is  a  poem  which  clothes 
lofty  thoughts  in  highly  poetical  diction, 
and"  masterly  blank  verse.  His  Odes, 
th  nigh  not  equal  to  his  great  work,  have 
been  unjustly  depreciate?  by  Johnson.  It 
is  unnecessary  to  say  any  thing  of  his  pro- 
fessional productions. 

AKER^LAD,  a  Swedish  philologist, 
died  at  Rorr-c,  in  1819,  in  the  prime  of 
Jfe.  He  had  an  extensive  knowledge  of 
Egyptian  antiquities,  discovered  the  key  to 
some  Coptic  characters,  and,  had  he  lived, 
would  perhaps  have  deserved  to  rank  with 
Or.  Young  and  M.  Champollion,  those  able 
slucidators  of  hieroglyphic  lore. 

ALAMANNI,  Louis,  a  poet,  born  at 
Florence,  in  1495,  of  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished families  of  the  republic.  He 
was  compelled  to  fly  from  his  country,  in 
consequence  of  having  conspired  to  kill 
Cardinal  Julio  de  Medici,  returned  in  1527, 


ALB 

restoration  of  the  Medici. 


15 

Francis  I.  of 


France  gave  him  an  asylum,  and  even  ap- 
pointed him  his  ambass'ador  to  Charles  V. 
after  the  peace  of  Crcpy.  Alamanni  had 
previously  addressed  Francis  in  a  poem, 
in  which,  alluding  to  the  imperial  eagle, 
he  said, 


-"  rapacious  eagle  he, 


Two  beaks  who  bears,  that  more  he  may 

i '  •«  * 

devour. 

In  his  speech,  on  being  presented,  he  com- 
menced several  of  his  periods  with  the 
word  Eagle,  on  which  Charles  repeated 
aloud  the  above  cited  verses.  Alamanni, 
however,  without  hesitation,  made  such  a 
reply  as  won  for  him  the  esteem  of  Charles. 
He  died,  at  Amboise,  in  1566.  Of  his  nu- 
merous works,  among  which  are  two  heroic 
poems,  each  in  twenty-four  books  (Giron 
the  Courteous  and  the  Avarchide),  his  di- 
dactic poem  on  Agriculture  is  the  most 
popular. 

•ALAND,  SIR  JOHN  FORTESCUE,  an 
eminent  lawyer,  was  born  in  1670,  anf1 
educated  at  Oxford.  In  1714  ne  was  ap- 
pointed solicitor  general  to  the  prince  of 
Wales,  and,  the  next  year,  to  the  king. 
He  was  successively  a'jndge  in  the  ex- 
chequer, the  king's  bench,  and  the  common 
pleas.  In  1746,  he  resigned  his  office  in 
the  common  pleas,  and  was  created  an 
Irish  peer,  under  the  title  of  Lord  For- 
tescue.  He  died  soon  after.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Pope,  to  whom  he  furnished  the 
burlesque  case  of  Stradling  versus  Styles. 
His  nose,  which  was  remarkable  for  its  flat- 
ness, drew  down  on  him  a  repartee  from 
a  one-armed  sergeant.  "  You  argue  this 
matter  rather  lamely,"  said  Aland.  "  I 
will  make  it  as  plain  as  the  nose  on  your 
lordship's  face,*'  retorted  the  counsel. 

ALARIC  I.,  king  of  the  Visigoths,  de 
scended  from  the  noble  family  of  the  Balti, 
served  for  some  years  in  the  Roman  ar- 
mies, but,  in  consequence  of  being  refused 
preferment,  he  revolted  A.  r».  396,  and 
.ravaged  Pannonia,  Dacia,  and  Greece. 
After  a  short  pause  from  hostilities,  he  in- 
vaded Italy  in  the  year  400,  and  carried 
off  an  immense  spoil  and  many  captives. 
This  predatory  incursion  he  several  times 
renewed,  and,  though  more  than  once  de- 
feated, he  at  length,  in  410,  compelled  Rome 
to  open  its  gates.  He  died  in  the  following 
year,  while  he  was  meditating  the  conquest 
of  Sicily  and  Africa.  • 

ALBA  NO,  FRANCIS,  denominated  the 
painter  of  the  Graces,  and  the  Anacreon 
of  painting,  was  born,  at  Bologna,  in  1578, 
and  was  a  pupil  of  Calvart  and  the  Ca- 
rar-ci.  Guido  was  his  fellow  student,  and 
aided  him  by  his  counsels.  Albano  excels 
n  the  delineation  of  female  and  infantine 
scanty;  in  every  thing  that  requires  soft- 


«md  M'as  again  forced  to  withdraw  on  the  !  ness  and  clcjance.     Tne  landscape  scenery 


16  ALB 

of  his  pictures  is  also  admirable.     He  died 
in  1660 

ALBEROM.  Jri.irs,  Cardinal, 


though  not  fortunate  statesma-i,  was  the 
5011  of  a  gardener,  and  \vas  ln>rn,  in  1664, 
At  Firen/uola,  a  village  in  the  Parmesan. 
Ho  had  risen  in  the  church  to  the  dignity 
nf  canon,  \\lien  he  became  known  to  the 
duke  of  Vend  me,  the  French  general,  who 
,nrk  with  his  manners  and  conver- 
sation, made  him  his  secretary,  and  took 
him  to  the  army  in  Spain,  where  he  em- 


.  him 
the    sei  \ ico 


various   secret    missions  for 
of    Philip    V.      The    duke  of 


Parma  afterwards  appointed  him  hi?  polit- 
ical auent  at  .Madrid.  While  tilling  that 
post,  he  acquired  the  confidence  of  Philip, 
and  succeeded  in  bringing  about  a  marriage 
ln'twcen  that  monarch  and  the  prin< 
Parma.  His  subsequent  rise  was  rapid. 
He  was  made  archbishop  of  Valencia,  car- 
dinal, and  prime  minister.  Ambitious  of 
restoring  Spain  to  her  pristine  glory,  he 
introduced  many  domestic  reforms,  i§- 
creased  and  re-inspirited  the  naval  and 
military  force,  planned  confederacies  with 
oilier  powers,  wrested  Sardinia  from  the 
emperor,  invaded  Sicily,  and  projected  the 
dethroning  of  George*  1.,  and  tho  expul- 
sion of  the  duke  of  Orleans  from  the 
French  regency.  The  union  of  England 
and  France,  and  the  invasion  of  Spain  by 
the  latter  in  1720,  compelled  his  sovereign 
to  dismiss  him,  as  the  price  of  peace.  Al- 
beroni  retired  to  Italy,  where  he  was  per- 
se.'-utcd  for  three  years,  and  even  imprison- 
ed ;  but  he  at  length  recovered  his  liberty 
and  his  clerical  dignities,  and  was  more 
th;ui  once  neat  being  elevated  to  the  papal 
throne.  He  died  in  1752.  Shallow  per- 
sons have  laughed  at  the  projects  of  Alber- 
oni;  but  those  projects  could  have  been 
conceived  only  by  a  man  of  genius,  would 
have  raised  Spain  in  the  eyes  of  the  world, 
and  were  frustrated  by  circumstances  which 
coula  neither  be  foreseen  nor  controlled. 

ALBERTI,  or  DE  ALBERTIS,  LEO, 
B  APT IST,  an  eminent  writer,  painter,  sculp- 
tor, and  architect,  denominated  the  Floren- 
tine Vitruvius,  sprung  from  one  of  the  oldest 
families  of  Florence,  was  born  in  that  city, 
in  1398  or  1400,  took  orders,  and  became 
a  canon  and  abbot.  At  the  age  of  twenty 
he  wrote  a  Latin  comedy,  which  was  at 
first  believed  to  be  the  work  of  Lepidus, 
an  ancient  dramatist.  But,  though  his  abil- 
ities as  a  writer,  painter,  and  sculptor, 
were  great,  he  is  principally  indebted  for 
his  fame  to  his  architectural  talents,  of 
which  many  striking  proofe  remain  at  Flo- 
~ence,  Rome,  Mantua,  and  Rimini.  He 
died  in  1490.  Alberti  was  an  indefatiga- 
ble student,  amiable,  generous,  and  entirely 
free  from  envious  feelings. 

ALBERTI,  ARISTOTLE,  a  Bolognian 
architect  and  engineer,  of  thi  fifteenth  cen- 


ALB 

tury,  >vho  is  said  to  have  removed  entire 
the  tou.-r  (,f  St.  Mary,  with  all  its  bell?, 
to  a  distance  of  thirty  pares,  and  «et  upright 
another  which  leaned  ii\o  f-et.  For  hi* 
services  in  Hungary  he  was  knighted,  and 
had  the  extraordinary  privilege  of  coining 
money  in  his  own  name. 

ALBERTINELLI,  M  A  RIOTTO,  a  cele- 
brated Florentine  painter,  died  in  1520, at 
the  aije  of  forty-live.  He  was  a  fellow  pu- 
pil, and  inclose  friendship,  with  Baccio 
della  Porta.  and  so  identical  was  their 
stylo,  that  Baccio  Inning  left  unfinished 
his  picture  of  the  Last  Judgment,  hi*  friend 
Completed  it  in  such  a  manner  that  it 
seemed  to  be  entire  y  by  one  hand.  Al- 
bertinelli  was  of  a  changeful  disposition, 
and  was  too  much  addicted  to  pleasure. 

ALBERTTS  MAG  NTS,  whose  epithet 
of  great  was  given  him  for  his  extraordi- 
nary acquirements,  was  of  a  noble  family, 
was  born  at  Lauingen,  in  Swabia,  either 
in  1193  or  1205,  and  studied  at  Pavia. 
After  entering  the  Dominicans,  he  lectured 
on  the  philosophy  of  Aristotle  with  unpre- 
cedented success,  was  made,  in  1254,  pro- 
vincial of  his  order  in  Germany,  and  set- 
tled at  Cologne,  where  he  die'd  in  1280. 
Albertua  constructed  an  automaton,  said  to 
be  capable  of  moving  and  speaking,  which 
was  destroyed  by  his  disciple  Thomas 
Aquinas,  who  imagined  it  to  be  a  work  of 
the  devil;  and  he  performed  many  curious 
experiments,  which  in  that  agr  of  dark- 
ness were  attributed  to  magic.  His  phi- 
losophical and  other  compositions  have 
been  collected  in  21  folio  volumes  ;  many 
of  the  pieces  in  this  enormous  mass  are, 
however,  erroneously  ascribed  to  him. 

ALBINOVANUS,  C.  PEDO,  a  Latin 
poet,  a  friend  of  Ovid,  by  whom,  and  by 
Martial  and  Seneca,  he  is  highly  praised*. 
He  composed  elegies,  epigrams,  and  othei 
poems  ;  but  nearly  the  whole  of  his  works 
are  lost.  Of  the  iwo  elegies  that  remain, 
there  is  a  tame  English  translation. 

ALBINUS,  BERNARD,  a  German  phy- 
sician, whose  real  name  was  Weiss,  was 
born  at  Dessau,  in  1653,  and,  after  study- 
ing at  Leyden,  where  he  took  his  degree, 
and  travelling  through  France  and  Flan- 
ders, was  made  professor  at  Frankfort  on 
the  Oder,  and  afterwards  physician  to  the 
elector  of  Brandenburg,  who  heaped  wealth 
and  honours  on  him.  In  1702  he  berime 
professor  at  Leyden,  where  he  died  in  1721. 
His  medical  works  are  numerous,  and  were 
much  esteemed.  Afbinoi  had  the  merit  of 
resigning  a  rich  sinecure  canonship,  b«- 
eimse  it  so  increased  his  fortune,  that  he 
feared  dissatisfaction  and  envy  might  be 
excited  among  the  members  of  hia  profes- 
sion. 

ALBINUS,  BERNARD  SIOFRIED,  a 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  bom  at  Frank- 
fort  on  the  Oder,  in  1697,  and  died  al 


ALB 

Leyden,  in  1750.  Educated  under  men  of 
great  anatomical  knowledge,  he  became 
one  of  the  most  eminent  anatomists  of  the 
age;  and  when  only  twenty-two,  he  was 
appointed  professor  at  Leyden.  Am  >ng 
his  excellent  works  may  be  distinguished 
his  History  of  the  Bones,  and  his  History 
of  the  Muscles.  His  brother,  CHRISTIAN 
BERNARD,  was  also  eminent  in  the  same 
tcience. 

ALBIZZI,  BARTHOLOMEW,  known 
also  as  Bartholomew  of  Pisa,  was  a  Fran- 
5,?can  monk,  born  in  the  fourteenth  centu- 
ry, and  is  indebted  for  a  somewhat  sinister 
celebrity  to  his  absurd  volume  on  The  Con- 
formities of  St.  Francis  with  Jesus  Christ, 
i;i  which  he  places  the  actions  of  his  fa- 
vourite saint  on  an  equality  with  those  of 
•he  Saviour.  As  a  testimony  of  their  ap- 
probation, the  order  made  him  a  present 
of  the  dress  worn  by  St.  Francis  when 
tilive.  Albizzi  died  in  1401.  His  volume 
is  rarely  to  be  found  unmutilated. 

ALBUQUERQUE,  ALPHONSO  D',  de- 
nominate*, the  Great,  and  the  Portuguese 
Mars,  was  born  at  Lisbon,  in  1452,  of  a 
family  which  drew  its  origin  from  the  kings 
of  Portugal.  Having  previously,  by  his 
valour,  twice  acquired  honour  on  the  Mo- 
zambique coast,  and  in  India,  he  was,  in 
150S,  appointed  viceroy  of  the  settlements 
in  the  latter  country.  With  a  very  inade- 
quate foice  he  reduced  Goa,  Malacca,  Or- 
muz,  and  various  other  places,  and  raised 
die  Portuguese  oriental  empire  to  a  height 
of  power  which  it  had  never  attained  be- 
fore. In  spite,  however,  of  his  splendid 
services,  he  was  doomed  to  experience  the 
proverbial  ingratitude  of  monarchs.  Lopez 
Soarez,  his  personal  enemy,  was  appointed 
to  replace  him,  and  this  disgrace,  which  he 
keenly  felt,  seems  to  have  aggravated  a  dis- 
order under  which  he  was  labouring,  and 
thus  to  have  hastened  his  death.  He  died 
at  Goa  in  1515,  and  "his  last  sighs  re- 
proached'the  faith  of  kings."  Emanuel, 
when  too  late,  bitterly  regretted  the  loss  of 
such  a  servant,  and,  as  a  proof  of  his  re- 
pentance, lavished  favours  on  Blaise,  the 
son  of  Alphonso,  and  made  him  assume  his 
lather's  Christian  name.  Blaise  published 
Memoirs  of  his  illustrious  parent. 

ALBUQUERQUE,  MATTHIAS  D',  a 
Portuguese  general,  wa?  sent  to  Brazil  in 
1628,  and  successfully  defended  the  prov- 
ince of  Pernambuco  against  the  Dutch,  but 
was  recalled  in  1635.  He  embraced  the 
party  of  Braganza,  wa?  made  commander 
of  the  army  in  1643,  obtained  various  ad- 
vantages, and,  the  next  year,  gained  the 
decisive  victory  of  Campo  Mayor,  for 
which  he  was  created  count  of  Alegrete, 
ind  a  grandee  of  Portugal.  Being  thwarted 
by  his  officers  in  the  ensuing  campaign,  he 
repaired  to  court  to  make  complaints,  was 


ALC 


17 


coldly  received,  and  died   soon  after  of 
vexation. 

ALBUQUERQUE  COELHO,  ED. 
WARD  D',  marquis  of  Basto,  a  native  of 
Portugal,  fought  with  great  bravery  against 
the  Dutch  in  the  Brazilian  war,  continued 
faithful  to  Spain  after  Brazil  was  repoa 
sessed  by  the  Portuguese,  retired  to  Mad- 
rid, where  he  wrote  a  history  of  the  con 
test  in  the  colony,  and  died  in  1C'68. 

ALC.EUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  lyric 
poet,  who  flourished  about  600  years  E,  c 
at  Mitylene,  in  the  isle  of  Lesbos,  was  a 
contemporary  of  Sappho,  of  whom  he  is 
said  to  have  been  also  a  rejected  lover.  As 
a  poet,  he  was  worthy  of  the  highest  praise ; 
as  a  man,  he  had  few  claims  to  esteem.  In 
a  battle  against  the  Athenians,  he  threw 
away  his  arms,  and  took  flight;  and,  after 
having  brutally  lampooned  Pittacus  for  per- 
sonal defects,  and  raised  against  him  an 
insurrection,  he  was  reduced  to  accept  a 
pardon  from  him.  Of  his  works,  only  a 
few  fragments  remain.  He  was  the  invent- 
of  of  the  Alcaic  measure. 

ALCALA  Y  HENARES,  ALPHONSO 
DE,  a  Spaniard,  born  in  1599,  who  settled 
at  Lisbon,  where  he  died  in  1682,  was  by 
profession  a  merchant,  but  amused  himself 
with  literature.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
work  intitlcd  Viridiarum  Anagrammati- 
cum,  and  of  five  Tales,  in  the  latter  of 
which  productions  he  has  displayed  much 
perverse  ingenuity,  each  tale  having  one  of 
the  five  vowels  wholly  excluded  from  it. 

ALCAMENES,  a  statuary,  the  pupil 
and  rival  of  Phidias,  was  a  native  of  Ath- 
ens. His  most  celebrated  works  were,  a 
Venus  Aphrodite,  a  Juno,  a  Vulcan,  and 
the  Battle  of  the  Centaurs  and  Lapithae,on 
the  pediment  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Olyin- 
piu?. 

ALCAZARA,  BARTHOLOMEW  DE,  a 
Spanish  poet,  born  at  Seville,  was  a  con- 
temporary of  Cervantes.  He  particularly 
excelled  in  epigrams.  His  compositions 
of  that  kind  were  collected,  in  1605,  by 
Peter  Espinosa,  in  his  Flowers  of  Illustri- 
ous Poets. 

ALCIATI,  ANDREW,  an  eminent  civil- 
ian, was  born  at  Milan  in  1492.  So  early 
did  he  acquire  a  consummate  knowledge  of 
jurisprudence,  that  at  the  age  of  fifteen  he 
wrote  a  work  of  great  merit  on  the  sub- 
ject. He  was  appointed  law  professor  at 
Avignon,  and  afterwards  at  Milan,  in  which 
city  jealousy  of  his  success  excited  such  a 
host  of  persecuting  enemies. that  he  was 
obliged, to  take  refuge  in  France,  where 
Francis  I.  gave  him  the  professional  chair 
at  Bourges.  Alciati,  however,  was  re- 
called to  his  country  by  Francis  Sforza. 
He  successively  taught  at  Pavia,  Bologna, 
and  Ferrara,  and  died  at  Pavin  in  1550. 
He  was  greedy  of  money ,  and  wo*  equally 


18  ALC  ALD 

greedy  of  good  cheer.     His  numerous  pro- 1 A ix  la  Chapelle,  and  other  places.    He 
auction!,  in  law  and  literature,  occupy  four  .died  in  S04,  aged  nearly  seventy. 
folio  volumes  in  the  last  edition.  AI.DKKKTK.  PIK<;O  GRACIAIC  DE,a 

Al.Cll'.l  AIM'.S,  a  famous  Athenian  ge-  learned  Spaniard,  born  toward?  the  close 
neral  and  statesman,  born  B.  c.  450,  the  of  the  fifteenth  century,  died,  aged  nearly 
«on  of  (Mini  Dionomache,  the  ninety,  under  the  reign  of  Philip  II.,  to 


nister   of  Pericles,  was  a    disciple  of  Soc- 
rates.      In    41b'    In-  was   charged    with  the 
expedition   to   Sicily,    of  the  conquest    of 
hich    is.iud  ho  wa<  himself  the   adviser. 


whom,  as  well  as  to  Charles  V.,  he  was 
private  secretary.     He    was   a  good  man, 
in  great  credit  with  his  sovereign*,  and 
much  respected  at  court.     Spanish   litera- 
Reing  accused    of  impiety  during    his  ah-  ture  is  indebted  to  him  for  elegant  trans- 
wenre,  his  property  wa*  confiscated,  and  he   lations    of    Xenophon,    Thucydides,    and 


compelled  to  seek  refuge  at  Sparta. 
H.'  \\as  subsequently  obliged  to  lly  from 
thence  to  Tissaph-  f  the  Persian 

satraps.      In    407    he  was   recalled  by    his 
oountrymen,  and,  under  his  command,  they 
•  rd  tln-ir  ascendency  over  the  Spar- 
Having,  however, "again  become  an 
.  b      '   of  popular    displeasure,   he   sought 
the    protect  i  Hi    of  Pharnaba/us,     another 
Persian   satrap,  by  whom,  at   the   instig;*- 
tion  of  Lysander,  he  was    put  to  death   in 

404. 

ALCIPHROX,  a  Greek  writer,  of  the 

third   century    B.  c.       His   letters,    which 

have  been  translated  by  Beloc  and  .Monroe, 

i  excellent    picture   of  Grecian  crs- 

t  id  manners.     It  lias,  however,  been 


oilier  Greek  writers. 

ALDHELM,  or  ADELM,  ST.,  an  emi- 
nent scholar  of  the  seventh  century,  rela- 
ted to  king  Ina,  was  born  at  Mulmesbnry, 
where  he  built  a  stately  monastery,  of 
which  he  was  abbot  more  than  thirty  yean. 
In  705  he  was  consecrated  bishop  of  Shcr- 
burne,  and  died  in  709.  He  was  a  man  of 
extensive  learning,  the  first  Saxon  who 
wrote  prose  and  verse  in  Latin,  was  skilled 
in  music  and  mathematics,  and  was  de- 
clared by  king  Alfred  to  be  the  best  of  all 
the  Saxon  poets. 

ALDKICH,  HENRY,  a  learned  divine, 
born  at  London  in  1647,  was  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford, 
and  became  D.  D.  in  1681.  As  a  contro- 


Mispected  that  they  are<in    reality,  a  pro-   versialist  against   the  catholics,  he  so  dis 


duction  of  the  fourth  century  of  the  Chris- 
tian era. 

ALCMAN,  an  ancient  Greek  lyric  poet, 
wss  b;>rn  ai  Sardis,  in  Lydia,  about  the 
year  670  B.  c.,  and  was  admitted  a  citizen 
of  Sparta.  Of  his  works,  consisting  of  a 
drama,  and  six  books  of  verses  in  the 
Doric  dialect,  only  a  few  lines  are  preserv- 
ed. He  died  of  the  morbus  pediculosus. 

ALCOCK,  JOH.V,  an  English  prelate, 
born  atBeverley,  in  Yorkshire,  and  educa- 
ted at  Cambridge.  He  obtained  a  deanery 
•n  1461,  and  rapidly  rose  to  the  highest 
offices  in  church  and  state.  He  was  bish- 
op of  Rochester,  Worcester,  and  Ely,  and 
twice  lord  chancellor;  was  a  man  of  infi- 
nite liberality  and  learning,  and  an  ex- 
cellent architect.  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  a  grammar  school  and  chapel 
at  Hull,  were  founded  by  him;  and  he 
erected  various  elegant  edifices.  He  died 
in  1500.  Alcock  wrote  several  theological 
works,  and  was  famous  for  preaching  long 
•ermonn. 

ALCUIN,  or  ALCUINUS,  FLACCUS 
ALBINUS,  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  one  of 
the  most  learned  men  of  his  age,  at  once 
a  theologian,  philosopher,  orator,  historian, 
poet,  mathematician, and  linguist,  was  sent 
on  411  embassy  from  OlVa  tn  Charlemagne, 
w(v>  t'>ok  him  into  his  service  and  friend- 
ship, and  rewanie,,!  him  immiliceiitly.  Al- 
cui.'i  was  ernplne.l  by  that  sovcieign  in 
negotiations,  and  in  disseminating  knc^v- 
e.igf.  ai"!  f  'tin  \<-  \  ma".y  schools  it  Pan.*, 


tinguished  him.-elf  that,  at  the  Revolution, 
he  was  rewarded  with  the  deanery  of  Christ 
Church.  In  that  station  his  conduct  was 
exemplary.  In  1702  he  was  chosen  prolo- 
cutor of  the  Convocation.  He  was  one  of 
the  joint  editors  of  Clarendon's  History 
He  died  in  1710.  Aldrich  was  a  good 
Latin  poet,  was  skilled  in  musical  compo- 
sition, and  has  left  striking  proofs  of  archi- 
tectural talent  in  his  designs  of  Peckwater 
Square,  All  Saint's  Church,  and  Trinity 
College  Chapel. 

ALDROVANDUS,  ULYSSES,  a  natu- 
ralist, born  in  1527,  at  Bologna,  in  which 
city  he  became  professor  of  philosophy  and 
physic.  He  spent  nearly  his  whole  life 
and  fortune  in  collecting  materials  for  his 
Natural  History,  in  13  vols.  folio,  of  which, 
however,  only  four  were  published  by  him- 
self. It  is  "said  that  he. died  poor  and 
blind,  in  1605,  at  a  hospital  in  Bologna; 
but  the  truth  of  this  is  now  doubted.  The 
senate  of  his  native  city  subsequently  voted 
a  considerable  sum  to  continue  the  publi- 
cation of  his  work. 

ALDRUDE,  countess  of  Bertinoro,  a 
native  of  Italy,  rendered  herself  celebrated 
towards  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century  by 
her  eloquence  and  her  courage.  She"  was 
left  a  widow  in  the  bloom  of  youth,  and 
her  court  became  the  resort  of  all  the 
Italian  chivalry.  Ancona  \\a.-  besieged  by 
the  imperial  troops,  and  was  reduced  tu 
extremity.  Aldrude,  howeTer,  harangued 
her  courtier  knights,  led  them  to  the  relief 


ALE 

of  the  place,  and  succeeded  in  saving  An- 
cona. 

ALEMAN,  MATTHEW,  a  native  of  Se- 
ville, was  born  about  the  middle  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  was  one  of  the 
superintendents  and  comptrollers  of  the 
finances  to  Philip  II.  He  is  the  author 
of  several  works,  but  his  fame  rests  upon 
his  life  of  Gasman  d'Alfarache,  which 
baa  been  translated  into  several  languages. 


ALEMBERT,  JOHN  LK  ROND  D',born 
at  Paris  in  1717,  was  the  natural  son  of 
M  Destouches  and  the  celebrated  Madame 
de  Tencin.  He  was  left  on  the  steps  of  a 
church  by  his  unworthy  parents,  and  was 
BO  weak  that,  instead  of  sending  him  to  the 
Foundling  Hospital,  the  commissary  of  po- 
lice intrusted  him  to  the  care  of  a  poor 
glazier's  wife.  Repenting  of  his  barbarity, 
his  father  subsequently  settled  on  him  an 
annuity  of  fifty  pounds.  D'Alembert  was 
brought  up  at  Mazarin  College,  where  IK. 
made  surprising  progress  in  mathematics. 
On  his  quitting  the  college  he  went  to  re- 
side with  his  nurse,  with  whom  he  continu- 
ed for  forty  years,  and  loved  her  with  filial 
affection.  He  was  admitted  a  member  of 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  in  1741,  and  soon 
acquired  a  distinguished  reputation  by  se- 
veral mathematical  works.  His  merit  at 
length  obtained  for  him  a  pension  from 
the  government.  He  next  cooperated  with 
Diderot  in  compiling  the  Encyclopaedia, 
for  «vhich  he  composed  the  preliminary 
discourse.  Nor*  was  he  only,  celebrated  as 
a  mathematician;  for  he  gave  to  the  world 
seveml  »aluable  historical  and  philosophi- 
cal productions.  Among  them  are  the 
Eulogies  on  the  Members  of  the  French 
Acade:ny,  o(  which  body  he  became  secre- 
tary in  1772.  Splendid  offers  were  made 
to  hun  by  the  empress  Catherine  and  the 
king  of  Prussia,  if  he  would  quit  his  coun- 
try; but  they  were  refused.  D'Alembert 
died  in  1783. 

ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT,  son  of 

Philip  of    Macedon,  was   born    at    Pella, 

B.  c    356,  and  very  early  gave  indications 

of  that    spirit  which  blazed  forth  in    his 

•per   years.     Leonidas,  Lysimaclms,  and 


ALE  if 

Aristotle,  were  his  instructors,  but  prin- 
cipally the  last,  who  poured  forth  to  hi« 


eager  pupil  ail  the  treasures  of  a  nngruj 
mind.  From  Lysimachus  the  youthful  hero 
received  only  injury,  his  disposition  being 
corrupted  by  the  mercenary  adulation  ol 
his  tutor.  During  the  life  of  his  father, 
his  undaunted  courage  was  displayed  on 
various  occasions,  particularly  at  Cbero- 
mea.  Alexander  ascended  the  throne  in  hia 
twentieth  yfAr,  and  immediately  prepared 
to  execute  his  father's  projected  invasion  of 
Persia.  It  was  previously  necessary,  how- 
ever, to  chastise  the  neighbouring  barbari- 
ans, and  to  rivet  the  chains  of  the  Greeks, 
and  this  he  rapidly  accomplished.  Thebes, 
having  revolted,  was  destroyed,  with  the 
exception  of  the  house  of  Pindar.  At  the 
head  of  nearly  forty  thousand  men,  Alex- 
ander now  (B.  c.  334)  crossed  the  Helles- 
pont, defeated  the  forces  of  Darius  on  the 
banks  of  the  Granicus,  and  in  one  cam- 
aaig^n,  reduced  Asia  Minor.  In  the  fol- 

owing  year  a  dangerous  illness  for  a  time 
arrested  his  arms;  but,  on  his  recovery,  he 
utterly  routed  the  Persians,  to  the  number 

f  six  hundred  thousand  men,  at  the  buttle 
of  Issus,  and  took  prisoners  the  whole 
family  of  Darius.  He  then  subdued  Tyre, 
where  he  disgraced  himself  by  his  baiba- 
rity;  Egypt,  where  he  ordered  Alexandria 
to  be  built;  and  penetrated  into  Libya, 
where  he  caused  the  Ammonian  oracle  to 
declare  him  the  son  of  Jupiter.  Resuming, 
next  year,  his  operations  against  the  Per- 
sian monarch,  he  completely  defeated  him 
at  Arbela,  and  this  battle  decided  the  fate 
of  Persia.  Pausing  awhile  from  conquest, 
he  indulged  in  cruelty  and  debauchery, 
burned  Persepolis,  to  gratify  the  courtesan 
Thais,  murdered  his  veteran  general  Par- 
menio,  and  shortly  after,  in  a  fit  of  intoxi- 
cation, stabbed  his  friend  Clytus.  Having 
put  down  some  insurrections,  he  pursued 
his  course  to  India,  crossed  the  Indus,  and, 
after  many  sanguinary  contents  with  Porus 
and  other  kings,  he  pushed  forward  beyond 
the  Hydaspes,  where,  at  length,  his  'pro- 
gress was  stopped,  by  the  refu.ii!  of  hit 
soldiers  to  advance  any  furthor.  On  th« 


20  ALE 

Iwnks  of  the  Hydaspes  he  built  the  cities 
of  Nica-a  and  Bucephala,  and  then  began 
nis  retrograde  movement  ;  dispatching 
Neari-hns,  with  the  licet,  down  tin1  Indus, 
to  'he  Persian  gulf.  After  a  toilsome 
march  ho  reach. -d  Susa,  \\henee  ho  pro- 
lo  Eebatana,  and  la.-tlv,  to  Babylon. 
In  the  latter  city  his  ca;.  > d.  A 

fever,  said  to  In-  caused,  or  atri:i'a\ated,  by 
.if  drinking,  cai  ried  him  off,  on  the 
12th  of  April,  B.  c.  323,  in  the  thirty - 
Jiird  year  ot  li:<  ago,  and  the  thirteenth 
of  his  reign.  His  remains  were  interred 
at  Alexandria.  The  praise  of  \almir,  mili- 
tary genius,  extensive  view.",  a  !<>\e  of 
learning,  and,  occasionally,  noble  feelings, 
must  be  awarded  to  Alexander;  but  his. 
character  is  deeply  stained  with  vanity, 
arrogance,  and  cruelty,  and  with  a  reckless 
luM  df  victory,  dominion,  and  fame,  to 
gratify  which  the  blood  and  tears  of  millions 
of  his  fellow  beings  were  nnspari ugly  shed. 

ALEXANDER  SLVICRUS,  one  of  the 
l>est  of  the  lloman  emperors,  was  a  native 
of  Aera,  in  Phoenicia,  born  about  A.  D.  209, 
and  was  caretully  educated  by  his  mother 
Mam-oca.  Adopted  by  his  cousin  Helioga- 
balus,  he  soon,  by  his  popularity,  excited 
the  hatred  of  that  despicable  being,  who 
made  a  fruitless  attempt  to  poison  him. 
When  the  tyrant  was  slain  by  the  pretorian 
guards,  they  elevated  Sevenis  in  his  stead. 
Though  in  a  few  instances  he  displayed 
weakness,  the  youthful  monarch  adorned 
the  throne  by  his  virtues  and  his  love  of 
literature;  but,  in  the  year  235,  he  was  un- 
fortunately murdered  in  a  mutiny  of  the 
army,  occasioned  by  his  efforts  for  the  res- 
toration of  discipline. 

ALEXANDER,  NEVSKOI,  i  Russian 
paint  and  hero,  the  son  of  tlw  ^rand  duke 
Jaroslaf,  was  born  in  1218.  it  the  battle 
of  the  Neva,  he  was  victorious  over  the 
combined  Swedes,  Dai^rs,  and  Teutonic 
knights;  he  defeated  the  Tartars;  and  he 
emancipated  Russia  from  the  tribute  paid 
by  her  to  the  successors  of  Genghis  Khan. 
He  died  at  Gorodetz,  in  1262.  National 
gratitude  enrolled  him  among  the  saints, 
and  Peter  tt-s  Great  instituted  an  order  of 
knighthood,  which  bears  his  name. 

ALEXANDER  VI.,  POPE.  This  dis- 
grace to  the  papal  chair,  whose  family 
name  was  Borgia,  was  born  at  Valencia, 
in  Spain,  in  1431,  and  succeeded  Pope 
Innocent  VIII.  in  1492.  His  life  was  a 
series  of  crimes.  By  his  concubine  Va- 
nozzi,  ne  had  five  children,  worthy  of  svch 
a  father,  and  of  these  Caesar,  the"  most  in- 
famous, was  his  favourite.  In  all  his  poli- 
tical connexions  he  was  treacherous,  be- 
yond the  usual  measure  of  treachery  in 
politicians.  The  pontifical  claims  to  su- 
premacy lost  nothing  in  his  hands.  It  was 
he  who  divided  between  the  Spaniards  and 
r*-lugt>e.«tt  th*  rrrently  diccovered  realms 


ALE 

of  America,  by  drawing  a  line  from  pulf 
to  pole,  a  hundred  leagues  to  the  westward 
of  the  A /.(ires,  and  a-.-igning  to  the  for 
mer  people  all  the  realms  to  the  v\»  >t  of  it 
and  to  the  latter,  all  I'm  >e  to  the  ea->t 
This  hateful  pontili"  died  in  the  >  raj 
1503;  and  is  said  to  have  fallen,  by  mis 
lake,  a  victim  to  poison,  which  he  and  his 
Mm  ( 'a-sar  had  prej 

ALEXANDER,  PoLTHlSTOR,  a  philo 
?oplier,  geographer,  and  historian,  a  nativj 
of  Phngia,  lived  eailv  in  the  lirsl  cmt-jij 
B.  c.,  was  made  prisoner  in  tl.e  wars 
against  Mithridates,  and  \\u.«  b.mglu  by 
Cornelius  Lentulus,  who  confided  to  I  nn 
the  education  of  his  children,  and  af.ti- 
wards  liberated  him.  He  was  burnt  in  his 
house  at  Laurentum,  and  his  wife  destrv  jed 
herself  from  grief  for  his  loss.  Forty-two 
works  were  written  by  him,  none  of  which 
are  extant. 

ALEXANDER,  PSF.UDOM  ANTIS,  n 
celebrated  impostor,  was  born  at  Abonoti- 
chos,  in  Asia  Minor,  and  flourished  in  the 
reign  of  Marcus  Aurelius.  Bv  dint  of 
boundless  impudence,  and  such  tricks  as  ev- 
ery slight-of-hand  man  can  now  excel,  he 
contrived,  for  twenty  years,  to  have  innu- 
merable devoted  admirers,  and  to  raise  an 
enormous  income  from  their  credulity.  He 
died  of  an  ulcer  in  his  leg,  at  the  age  cf 
seventy  years. 

ALEXANDER,  TRAI.LIANUS,  a  na- 
tive of  Tralles,  in  Asia  Minor,  was  cele- 
brated, as  a  philosopher  and  a  prof 
the  medical  art,  in  the  middle  of  the  sixth 
century.  Dr.  Friend  regards  him  as  one 
of  the  best  practical  physicians  of  antiqui- 
ty. He  was  among  the  first,  perhaps  the 
first,  who  made  a  liberal  internal  use  of 
preparations  of  iron. 

ALEXANDER,  SIR  WILLIAM,  a 
Scotch  poet  and  statesman,  born  in  1580, 
was  made  a  knight,  and  gentleman  usher 
to  Prince  Charles,  in  1613  ;  received  a 
grant  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  1621 ;  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  state  for  Scotland,  in 
1626;  and,  in  *1630  and  1633,  was  cre- 
ated viscount  and  earl  of  Stirling.  He 
died  in  1640.  His  poems  and  tragedies 
have  considerable  merit,  and  were  |  raix-d 
by  contemporary  poets,  and  also  by  iddi- 
son. 

ALEXANDER,  NOEL,  a  learned  Do- 
minijan.  professor  of  theology,  and  dcctor 
of  the  Sorbonne,  was  born  at  Rouen,  in 
1639,  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1724,  after 
having  been  for  some  years  blind.  He  la 
the  author,  among  other  works,  of  an  Ec- 
clesiastical  History,  in  26  vols.  Svo.  and 
of  a  History  of  the  Old  Testament  ;  the 
former  of  which,  being  favourable,  to  the 
liberties  of  the  Gallican  church,  was  pro- 
scribed by  Innocent  XI. 

ALEXANDER  I.  emperor  of  Ruwua 
and  king  of  Poland,  was  born,  December 


ALE 

22   1777,  and,  on  the  murder  of  his  father, 
in  1801 ,  he  succeeded  to  the  throne.     Till 


1805,  his  attention  was  confined  to  his  own 
dominions;  but,  in  that  year,  he  coalesced 
with  Austria  against  France.  The  coali- 
tion, however,  was  broken,  by  the  success 
of  Nanoleon  at  Austerlitz.  In  the  follow- 
ing year,  he  joined  with  Prussia  ;  but,  in 
1807,  after  having  been  defeated  at  Fried- 
land,  he  signed,  at  Tilsit,  a  peace  with  the 
French  emperor,  very  soon  after  which  he 
became  one  of  his  closest  allies.  The  in- 
terval between  1807  and  1812,  was  filled 
up  with  the  seizure  of  Finland,  and  a  war 
against  Turkey.  In  the  latter  year  hostili- 
ties were  again  commenced  between  France 
and  Russia,  and  were  actively  continued 
till  the  downfal  of  Napoleon.  During  the 
campaigns  of  1813  and  1814,  Alexander 
bore  a  share  in  the  dangers  of  the  field. 
On  the  conclusion  of  peace,  he  visited 
England.  As  the  reward  of  his  military 
assistance,  Poland  was  erected  into  a  king- 
dom by  the  congress  of  Vienna,  and  he 
was  crowned  in  1815.  He  died  at  Tagan- 
rok,  in  November,  1825.  His  talents  were 
above  mediocrity ;  and  he  did  much  to  ame- 
liorate the  condition  of  his  subjects. 

ALEXANDER,  WILLIAM,  a  majer- 
peneral  in  the  American  army,  during  the 
revolutionary  war,  was  born  in  the  city  of 
New-York,  but  passed  a  portion  of  his 
life  in  New-Jersey.  He  acted  an  impor- 
tant part  throughout  the  revolution,  and 
distinguished  himself  particularly  in  the 
battles  of  Long  Island,  Germantown,  and 
Monmouth.  He  died  at  Albany,  in  1783, 
at  the  age  of  fifty-seven  years,  leaving  be- 
hind him  the  reputation  of  a  brave  officer 
and  a  learned  man. 

ALEXANDRINI,  JULIUS,  a  physician, 
who  died  at  Trent,  in  1590,  aged  eighty- 
five,  was  the  author  of  various  medical 
works,  some  of  which  are  in  verse.  He 
was  the  first  who  endeavoured  to  show  the 
connexion  between  the  passions  of  the  mind 
and  the  diseases  of  the  body. 

ALEXIS  DEL  ARCO,  a  Spanish 
,  known  also  inder  the  name  of  cl 


ALP  11 

Sordillo  de  Pereda,  because  he  was  (leaf 
and  dumb,  and  the  pupil  of  Pereda.  He 
was  born  at  Madrid,  in  1625,  and,  in  spite 
of  his  natural  defects,  acquired  considera- 
ble reputation,  especially  in  portraits.  His 
drawing  and  colouring  "are  good.  Alexis 
died  at  Madrid,  in  1700. 

ALFARABI,  or  ALFARABIUS,  qp 
called  from  Farab,  his  birth  place,  but 
whose  real  name  was  Mohammed,  was 
born  in  the  tenth  century.  lie  studied  at 
Bagdad,  travelled  through  many  countries, 
and  became  the  most  eminent  of  Arabic 
philosophers.  He  is  said  to  have  spoken 
seventy  languages ;  many  of  them,  no  doubt, 
were  only  dialects.  He  died,  in  950,  at 
Damascus;  the  sultan  of  which  city  was 
his  patron.  Among  his  works  are  several 
treatises  on  Aristotle ;  a  Treatise  on  Mu- 
sic;  and  an  Encyclopaedia,  the  MS.  of 
which  is  in  the  library  of  the  Escurial. 

ALFIERI,  VICTOR,  the  most  eminent 
of  Italian  tragic  poets,  was  born  at  Asti, 
in  Piedmont,  in  1749.  His  family  was  rich 
and  noble.  In  his  early  youth  he  gave  no 
promise  of  that  talent  which  he  finally  dis- 
played; he  learned  little  or  nothing,  and 
the  violence  of  his  temper  was  a  bar  to  his 
obtaining  esteem.  At  the  age  of  sixteen, 
he  became  his  own  master,  and  the  seven 
succeeding  years  were  spent  in  travelling, 
as  fast  as  horses  could  carry  him,  over  the 
greatest  part  of  Europe,  and  in  adventures) 
which  were  marked  only  by  dissipation  and 
licentiousness.  After  his  return  to  Turin, 
love  inspired  him  with  the  spirit  of  poetry; 
and,  in  1775,  he  produced  his  tragedy  of 
Cleopatra,  and  a  burlesque  upon  it.  Thence- 
forth he  continued  constant  to  the  Muses 
and  to  study;  and  the  result  was  no  less 
than  fourteen  dramas  in  seven  years,  be- 
sides many  compositions  in  verse  and  prose. 
He  mastered  Latin,  French,  and  other  lan- 
guages, of  which  till  then  he  had  been  ut- 
terly ignorant;  and,  even  at  the  late  age  of 
forty-eight,  he  began  Greek,  and  acquired 
such  a  knowledge  of  it  as  to  translate  se* 
eral  works.  In  France,  where  he  ne.\( 
settled  with  the  Pretender's  widow,  the 
countess  of  Albany,  whom  he  married,  he 
composed  five  more  tragedies.  The  fall  of 
the  throne,  in  1792,  drove  him  from 
France;  his  property  there  was  unjustly 
confiscated ;  and  Alfieri  ever  after  enter- 
tained a  deadly  hatred  of  that  country. 
Worn  out  by  hij>  incessant  literary  labours, 
he  died  at  Florence,  in  1803,  and  over  hii 
remains  his  widow  erected  a  monument  bv 
Canova.  In  the  following  year  came  forth 
his  posthumous  works,  iii  thirteen  vol- 
umes, two  of  which  are  occupied  by  his 
auto-biography.  As  a  tragic  writer,  Alfieri 
has" had  many  imitators  in  Italy,  but  his 
throne  is  still  unshared  by  any  rival,  no 
one  has  yet  equalled  him  in  nervous  dia* 


AI.G 


ALI 


logue,  in  grandeur  of  style,  or  in  the  delta- 1  sciences,  were  all  known  to  him.     At  the 
ration  of  strong  pMMOM    and    energetic  age  of  twenty-one,  he  wrote  his  Newtorii- 

Ladies,    intended    to    render 


characters. 


ALFRED,  justly  denominated  the 
GREAT,  the  youngest  son  of  Fthelwolf, 
was  born  at  Wantage,  in  Berkshire,  in 
849,  and  succeeded  to  the  English  throne, 
in  871,  on  the  death  of  Ethetred,  the  last 
survivor  of  his  brother.  From  his  acces- 
sion to  the  year  877.  he  was  engaged  in 
almost  continual  contests  with  the  Danes', 
who,  at  last,  compelled  him  to  abandon  the 
throne,  and  conceal  himself,  in  disguise,  in 
the  cottage  of  one  of  his  herdsmen.  It  was 
while  he  was  thus  concealed,  that  he  was 
harshly  reproved  by  his  hostess,  for  having 
allowe'd  some  cakes  to  be  burned,  the  bak- 
ing of  which  she  had  directed  him  to  watch. 
He  next  retired,  with  a  few  followers,  to 
die  isle  of  Athelney,  where  he  remained  till 
he  was  called  again  into  the  field  by  a  vic- 
tory  which  the  earl  of  Devonshire  had  ob- 
tained over  the  enemy.  Summoning  round 
him  his  nobles,  he  completely  routed  the 
Danes  at  Eddington,  and  recovered  his 
throne.  During  a  part  of  the  remainder 
f  his  reign,  he  had  to  contend  against  re- 


inisin  for  the 
the  discover!'  :i  comprehensible 

o  the  fair  5cx.  lie  was  as  much  beloved 
or  his  manners  and  virtue?  as  admired  for 
nis  abilities.  Frederick  the  Great  made 
him  his  chamberlain,  and  pave  him  the  title 
of  count,  the  king  of  Poland  appointed  him 
a  pi  iw  counsellor,  and  the  Pope  and  many 
Italian  princes  highly  distinguished  him. 
He  died  at  Pisa,  in  1764.  The  first  edi- 
tion  of  his  works  is  in  four  volume*  8vo. 

ALHAZEN,  an  Arabian  astronomer,  of 
the  tenth  and  eleventh  centuriefl,  was  a  na- 
tive of  P>assora.  Having  vaunted  that  he 
could  render  regular  the  inundations  of  the 
Nile,  the  caliph  Hakem  employed  him  to 
accomplish  that  purpose,  and  rewarded 
him  beforehand.  Alhazen,  however,  Hav- 
ing examined  the  course  of  the  river,  jis- 
covered  the  folly  of  his  scheme,  and  feigned 
madness  to  avert  the  wrath  of  the  caliph. 
He  died  at  Cairo,  in  1038.  His  Treatise 
on  Optics  has  been  translated  by  Rismer, 
and  that  on  Twilight  by  Gerard  of  Cremo- 
na. KepU-r  is  said  to  have  taken  many 
ideas  from  the  latter  work. 

ALI,  the  cousin,  son-in-law,  and  fast 
friend,  of  Mahomet,  distinguished  himself 
so  greatly,  bv  his  aothity  and  valour  in 
the  service  of  that  impostor,  that  he  gave 
him  his  daughter  in  marriage.  After  the 
death  of  the  pseudo-prophet,  Ali  was  ex- 
cluded from  the  caliphate,  by  the  intrigues 
of  Ayesha.  He  succeeded  to  it,  however, 
in  655,  on  the  death  of  Othman;  but  hit 
reign  was  a  perpetual  struggle  against  his 
enemies  in  the  field  ;  and  at  the  end  of  four 
years  he  was  assassinated.  By  the  Per- 
sians, who  venerate  him  as  a  martyr,  he  is 
considered  as  the  only  successor  of  Ma- 


ft 


hornet,  for  which  the  Turks  detest  them  as 


peated   invasions,  but   was  uniformly  sue-  heretics.     Ali  had  a  well  informed  mind, 
cessful  in  repelling  them.     By  sea  and  land  j  aiid  was  brave,  generous,  and  a  hater  of 
he  fought  no    less    than    fifty-six    battles,  treachery. 
As  soon  as  he  resumed  his  authority,  he 
began  to  cultivate  the  arts  of  peace. 


He 

reformed  the  laws;  established  trial  by 
jury;  divided  the  country  into  shires  and 
hundreds  ;  encouraged  commerce  and  mar- 
itime discovery;  invited  learned  men  from 
all  quarters;  endowed  seminaries ;  restor- 
ed, if  not  founded,  the  university  of  Oxford; 
and  gave  lustre  to  literature,  in  the  eyes 
of  the  people,  by  himself  composing  and 
translating  numerous  works,  on  a  variety 
of  subjects.  This  exemplary  sovereign 
died  A.  D.  900  (or  901),  and  was  succeed- 
ed by  his  son,  Edward  the  Elder. 

ALGAROTTI,    FRANCIS,    an    Italian 
author,  of  multifarious  knowledge  and  tal- 


ALI  BEY,  born   in  the  neighbourhood 


of  the  Caucasus,  about  1728,  was  sold  into 
Egypt,  at  the  age  of  twelve  or  fourteen 
years,  as  a  slave;  became  one  of  the  twen- 
ty-four beys  who  governed  that  country; 
and,  in  1756,  attained  the  supreme  power, 
and  threw  off  his  obedience  to  the  Porte. 
In  conjunction  with  Shiek  Daher,  who  had 
also  revolted  in  Syria,  he  several  times  de- 
feated the  Turkish  armies;  but,  at  length, 
he  was  overthrown,  by  the  treason  of  one 
of  his  own  generals,  and  was  either  pois- 
oned or  died  of  his  wounds.  Among  other 
plans,  formed  during  his  success,  Ali  med 
itated  the  revival  of  the  ancient  mode  of 
carrying  on  the  commerce  of  Europe  with 


ent,  was  the  son  of  a  merchant,  and  was   India,  bv  way  of  the  Red  Sea. 

born  at  Venice,  in  1712.     The  learned  Ian-       ALI,TEPELiNi,Pachaof  Jannina.  Thii 

(uafes,  die  elegant  aru,  and  the  abstruse  i  extraordinary    man  waa    descended  frort 


ALK 

»n  ntustriouR   Albanian  family,  and  was 
uorn  at  Tepelini,  in  Albania,  in  1744.  He 


lost  his  father  when  he  was  only  sixteen, 
and  made  brave  but  fruitless  efforts  to  de- 
fend his  paternal  inheritance  against  the 
neighbouring  pachas.  After  having  sus- 
tained «everal  defeats,  he  was  taken  pris- 
oner; but,  at  length,  recovered  his  liberty, 
and  withdrew  into  a  solitary  retreat.  This 
latter  circumstance  is  said  to  have  led  to 
his  subsequent  greatness.  While,  lost  in 
reverie,  he  was  one  day  involuntarily  push- 
ing a  stick  backward  and  forward  in  the 
•and,  his  attention  was  roused  by  the  stick 
meeting  with  resistance  from  a  solid  body. 
He  looked,  and  saw  in  the  sand  a  box, 
which  proved  to  be  filled  with  gold.  With 
this  treasure  he  was  enabled  to  raise  two 
thousand  men,  and  take  the  field  against 
his  enemies.  He  was  victorious,  and  en- 
tered triumphantly  into  his  native  place. 
From  that  period,  during  fifty  years  of 
constant  warfare,  he  was  uniformly  suc- 
cessful, and  he  brought  under  his  sway  a 
wide  extent  of  territory,  which  the  Porte 
sanctioned  his  holding,  with  the  title  of 
pacha.  He  received  agents  from  foreign 
powers,  and  alternately  intrigued  with 
England,  France,  and  Russia.  At  length, 
in  the  spring  of  1820,  he  threw  off  the 
mask,  and  declared  himself  king  of  Epi- 
rus.  After  a  brief  struggle,  however,  he 
was  deserted  by  the  majority  of  his  troops, 
and  even  by  his  sons,  and  was  compelled 
to  take  refuge  in  a  fort,  which  he  had  con- 
structed in  an  island  of  the  lake  of  Jannina. 
From  that  retreat  he  was  at  last  decoyed, 
by  the  Turkish  general,  under  pretence 
that  the  Porte  had  pardoned  him,  and  he 
was  then  assassinated ;  but  not  till  he  had 
slain  two  of  his  assailants,  and  dangerously 
wounded  a  third.  He  perished  on  the  5th 
of  February,  1822.  Ali  was  brave,  intel- 
ligent, and  active ;  but  sanguinary  and  per- 
fidious in  the  highest  degree. 

ALKMAAR,  HENRY  OF,  whose  real 
name  is  believed  to  be  Nicholas  Biuiman, 
and  who  flourished  towards  the  latter  end 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  is  the  author  of 


ALL  tt 

he  popular  German  satire  of  Reynard  the 
Fox,  which  Goethe  has  deemed  worthy  of 
'>eing  modernized,  and  paraphrased  in 
hexameters  It  has  been  translated  into 
several  languages.  Bauman  is  said  to  have 
aeen  an  East  Frieslander,  and  a  civilian, 
and  to  have  died  in  1501. 

ALLEGRI.     See  CORREG1O. 

ALLEN,  ETHAN,  a  brigadier  general 
in  the  revolutionary  army,  was  born  in 
Salisbury,  Connecticut,  but  was  educated 
principally  in  Vermont.  In  1775,  soon 
after  the  battle  of  Lexington,  he  collected  a 
body  of  about  three  hundred  Green  Moun- 
tain boys,  as  they  were  called,  and  march- 
ed against  the  fortresses  of  Ticonderoga 
and  Crown  Point;  and  in  each  of  these 
enterprizes  he  was  successful.  He  was 
shortly  after  taken  prisoner  and  sent  to 
England;  of  the  events  of  his  captivity  he 
has  himself  given  an  interesting  narrative. 
On  releiiBe  from  his  confinement  he  repahvJ 
to  the  head  quarters  of  general  Washing- 
ton, where  he  was  received  with  much 
respect.  As  his  health  was  much  injured, 
he  returned  to  Vermont,  after  having  made 
an  offer  of  his  services  to  the  commander 
in  chief  in  case  of  his  recovery.  He  died 
suddenly  at  Colchester,  in  17.89.  Among 
other  publications  Allen  was  the  author  of 

work  entitled  Allen's  Theology,  or  the 
Oracles  of  Reason,  the  first  formal  at- 
tack upon  the  Christian  religion  issued  in 
the  United  Statei.  He  was  a  man  of  an 
exceedingly  strong  mind,  but  entirely  rough 
and  uneducated. 

ALLEN,  or  ALLEYN,  THOMAS,  an 
eminent  mathematician,  was  born,  in  1542, 
at  Uttoxeter,  in  Staffordshire,  and  educat- 
ed .it  Oxford.  Selden  and  Camden  speak 
in  the  highest  terms  of  his  extensive  know 
ledge.  Such  was  his  mathematical  skill, 
that  the  vulgar  regarded  him  as  a  magician 
His  acquaintance  was  courted  by  the  great, 
and  the  earl  of  Leicester,  who  always  con- 
sulted him  on  important  affairs,  offered 
him  a  bishopric,  but  his  love  of  study  an«i 
retirement  induced  him  to  decline  tht 
tempting  offer.  He  died  in  1632.  He 
published,  in  Latin,  the  Second  and  Third 
Books  of  Ptolemy  on  the  Stars,  with  a& 
expos  i  ion 

ALLEYN,  EDWARD,  a  celebrated  act- 
or, was  born  in  London,  in  1566,  and,  after 
having  acquired  both  popularity  and  riches, 
became  proprietor  of  the  Fortune  play- 
house, and  joint  proprietor  of  the  Royal 
Bear  Garden,  by  which  his  fortune  was 
still  further  increased.  The  wealth  thus 
obtained,  he  noblv  devoted  to  the  founda- 
tion of  Dulwich  College,  which  was  com- 
pleted in  1617,  and  in  which  he  and  his 
wife  resided  till  their  decease.  He  died  in 
1626.  Vulgar  credulity  long  believed,  thai 
the  charitable  Allevn  was  induced  to  found 


S4  ALO 

this  college  in  consequence  of  hii  having 
been  terrified  by  the  appearance  of 
tleinon,  while  he   was   playing  the   part  of 
one. 

AI.I.IOM.  CHARI.KS  a  Piedmontcse 
physician  and  botanist,  was  born  in  17~">. 
and  died  in  1804,  a  man  of  extensive 
knowledge,  and  a  member  of  many  learned 
societies  His  works,  chiefly  botanical, 
are  numerous,  but  the  most  prominent  of 


ALP 

wrested  from  them  some  of  their  pr  mnces 
and  was  bfjSjiegiag  Siani  when  dea.h  put 


stop  to  his 


lie  died  in  1760,  in 


the  fiftieth  yc.ir  ol 

ALPHONSO  III.  (called  the  GREAT) 
king  of  Leon  and  Asturias,  was  born  in 
id  succeeded  hi?  father,  Ordogno,  in 
his  eighteenth  year.  The  early  part  of  his 
reign  was  spent  in  repressing  liis  factious 
nobles.  This  being  accomplished,  he  at- 


ihem    is  his   Piedmonti-sc    Flora,    in    three  •  tacked  tlie  Moors,  gained  numerous  \icto- 
folio  volumes,  with  plates.      His  name  was   lies,  and  considerably  enlarged   his   king- 


given,  by  Leoffling,  to  a  genus  of  plants. 

ALMAGRO,DiFc,o  D',  one  of  the  Spa- 
nish conquerors  of  America,  born  about 
the  year  1463,  is  believed  to  have  been  a 
foundling.  Though  an  uneducated  man, 
he  rose  in  the  military  service,  acquired 
wealth  and  influence  at  Panama,  and,  in 
conjunction  with  Pizarro,  conquered  the 
empire  of  Peru.  A  contest  for  supremacy 
soon,  however,  took  place  between  him 
and  Pizarro,  which  ended- in  his  downfall. 
He  was  strangled  in  prison,  in  1538.  His 
son,  DIE  GO,  avenged  his  father's  death,  by 
the  assassination  of  Pi/arro,  but  was  ulti- 
mately overcome,  in  1542,  and  beheaded 

n>  de  Vaca. 

"  ALMUDOVAR,  the  duke  of,  a  native 
of  Spain,  was  successively  ambassador  to 
the  courts  of  Russia,  Portugal,  and  Eng- 
land. On  his  retirement  from  public  life, 
he  devoted  himself  to  the  cultivation  of 
literature.  He  published,  at  Madrid,  a 
species  of  literary  journal,  and  translated 
llaynal's  history  of  the  Indies.  He  died, 
at  Madrid,  in  1794. 

ALMON,  JOHN,  born  at  Liverpool,  in 
1738,  served  his  apprenticeship  to  a  book- 
seller, went  to  sea,  and,  lastly,  settled  it 
London,  hi  1759,  and  became  a  politica 
writer,  and  afterwards  a  bookseller.  He 
died  in  1805.  His  principal  works  are 
Reviews  of  the  Reign  of  George  II.,  and 
of  the  first  Mr.  Pitt's  Administration ; 
Anecdotes  of  Lord  Chatham;  and  Biogra- 
phical Anecdotes  of  eminent  Persons.  The 
first  regular  publication,  in  numbers,  of 
the  Parliamentary  Debates,  was  begun  bv 
Almon,  in  1774. 

ALOMPRA,  ALOMPRAW,  or  LI  - 
ONG-PRAW,  a  Birman  of  low  extrac- 
tion, known  by  the  humble  name  of 
Aumd/ea,  or  the  huntsman,  gained  a 
crown,  and  immortalized  his  memory,  by 
delivering  his  country  from  the  yoke  of  the 
Peguans.  About  the  year  1753,  though 
only  the  chief  of  an  inconsiderable  village. 
he  took  up  arms  against  the  Peguan  mon- 
arch. The  flames  of  insurrection  were 
rapidly  spread  by  him,  his  valour  and  pru- 
dence were  conspicuously  displayed,  and, 
after  a  desperate  struggle  of  four  years, 
the  sovereign  of  Pegu  was  dethroned. 
Abnapi-a  afterwards  attacked  the  Siamese, 


dom.  The  taxes,  however,  which  his  wars 
ned,  excited  revolt,  in  which  his 
wife  and  eldest  ton  joined,  and  Alphonso 
was  compelled  to  abdicate.  He  (lied  at 
Zamora,  in  912.  A  Chronicle,  from 
Wamba'c  reign  to  Ordogno's,  is  attribu- 
ted to  him. 

ALPHONSO  X.  (surnamed  the  Ah- 
TRONOMKR  and  the  PHILOSOPHER)  w-.s 
l>orn  in  1203,  succeeded  to  the  tirone  ->f 
L«on  and  Castile  in  1253,  and  imlae  vam 
efforts  to  ascend  the  imperial  throne,  to 
which  he  had  been  elected  by  a  faction. 
After  a  stormy  reign,  he  was  deposed,  in 
1282,  by  the  nobles  and  his  own  sun,  and 
he  fruitlessly  endeavoured  to  recover  liis 
authority  by  the  aid  of  the  Moors.  He 
died  in  1284.  Alphonso  was  by  far  1 1n- 
most learned  prince  of  his  age.  Spain  is 
indebted  to  him  for  the  Alphonsine  Tal;lf-s, 
and  the  code  of  laws  denominated  Laa 
Partidas. 

ALPHOXSO  V.  (snrnamed  the  MAG- 
NAMMOi's)  king  of  Arragon,  Naples,  and 
Sicily,  succeeded  his  father  in  1416,  and 
almost  his  first  act  was  the  generous  one 
of  destroying,  without  reading  it,  a  list  of 
nol.'les  who  had  conspired  against  him. 
He  died  in  1458,  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
four,  after  an  active  and  brilliant  reign. 
HIE  valour  was  often  proved  in  his  con- 
tinual wars;  lie  was  eloquent,  courteous, 
and  humane;  loved,  understood,  and  pro- 
tected literature  and  the  sciences ;  abhorred 


dupl 


md  had  but  one  defect,  that  of 


an  immoderate  fondness  for  women. 

ALPHONSO  I.  Hi  NRICUK/.,  the 
founder  and  legislator  of  the  Portuguese 
monarchy,  was  lx,rn  in  1094,  and  assumed 
the  title  of  king  after  the  celebrated  battle 
of  Onrique,  or  Castro  Verde,  which  he 
gained  over  the  Moors,  in  1139.  He  died 
in  1185,  and  was  buried  at  Coimbra.  Al- 
phonso was  of  extraordinary  stature,  being 
seven  feet  high 

ALPIM,  PROSPER,  a  celebrated  bot- 
anist, was  born  at  Marostica,  in  the  Ve- 
netian states,  in  1553,  and  quitted  the 
army  to  studv  physic  and  botany.  In  these 
sciences,  especially  in  the  latter,  he  ac- 
quired much  celebrity.  He  resided  three 
years  in  Egypt,  with  the  Venetian  consu., 
and  gained  an  intimate  knowledge  of  ever > 


ALT 

thing  relative  to  that  country.  For  soina 
years  before  his  death,  which  took  place  in 
1616,  he  was  professor  of  botany  at  Padua. 
He  wrote  several  valuable  medical  and 
botanical  works.  A  genus  of  plants  takes 
from  him  the  name  of  Alpinia. 

ALSTEDIUS,  JOHN  HENRY,  aGerman 
divine,  was  born,  in  1588,  at  Herborn,  in 
Nnssau,  was  professor  of  philosophy  and 
theology  in  his  native  town,  and,  subse- 
f|innfly,  at  Weissemberg,  in  Transylvania. 
II?  died  at  the  latter  place  in  1638.  Als- 
tedius  was  such  an  indefatigable  writer, 
that  his  name  was  anagramnfotized  into 
icdulitas  (activity)  by  some  of  the  word- 
di*torters  of  that  age.  Among  his  numer- 
ous works  may  be  mentioned,  a  Treatise 
on,  the  Millenium,  asserting  that  it  will 
commence  in  1694;  an  Encyclopaedia;  and 
a  Biblical  Encyclopaedia,  in  which  he  ab- 
surdly attempts  to  prove,  that  the  princi- 
ples and  materials  of  all  the  arts  and 
sciences  should  be  sought  for  in  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

ALSOP,  RICHARD,  a  man  of  letters, 
was  born  at  Middlctown  in  Connecticut, 
and  resided  in  that  place  during  most  of 
his  life.  His  works  are  numerous,  and 
embrace  a  great  variety  of  subjects.  He 
was  one  of  tho  contributors  to  the  Echo, 
a  journal  that  obtained  considerable  ce- 
lebrity in  it.s  «!ay  lor  humour  and  smart- 
ness. He  published  various  translations 
from  the  French  and  Italian,  a  ul  left  in 
manuscript  a  poem  of  considerable  length 
railed  the  Charms  of  Fancy.  He  died  in 
1815,  at  the  age  of  57, 

ALSTON,  CHARLES,  a  Scotch  physi- 
cian, born  in  1683,  was  educated  at  Glas- 
gow and  Leyden,  and  settled  at  Edinburgh, 
where  he  lectured  on  botany  and  the  ma- 
teria  medica.  His  lectures  on  the  latter 
subject  were  published  by  Dr.  Hope,  i;i 
1770,  in  two  quarto  volumes.  Alston  is 
also  the  author  of  Tirocinium  Botanicum 
Edinburgense,  in  which  he  makes  a  formi- 
dable attack  on  the  Linnsean  system.  He 
died  in  1760.  Mutis  has  given  the  name 
of  AL-tonia  to  a  new  genus  of  plants. 

A'.STROEMER,  JONAS,  a  Swede,  who 
deserves  to  be  numbered  among  national 
benefactors,  was  born,  in  1685,  of  poor 
parents,  in  the  province  of  Westrogothia, 
wade  a  fortune  in  England,  by  commercial 
•peculations,  and  then  returned  to  his  na- 
tiie  land.  He  introduced  into  Sweden 
impioved  breeds  of  sheep,  the  use  of  pota- 
toes, and  the  cultivation  of  dying  drugs, 
established  refineries  of  sugar,  and  con- 
tributed to  the  formation  of  the  Levant  and 
Ea*t  India  companies.  For  these  services 
he  was  ennobled,  and  had  a  statue  erected 
to  hia  on  the  Exchange.  He  died  in  1761. 
Claade,  one  of  his  sons,  was  a  pupil  of 

LillMBUM. 

ALTHUSEN,orALTHUSIUS,JoH.N, 


ALV  n 

a  German  civilian,  was  born  nboui  the 
middle  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  died 
early  in  the  seventeenth.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  law  at  Herborn,  and  syndic  of 
Bremen.  In  1603,  he  published"  his  Po- 
litica  Method  ice  Digesta,  in  which  h<; 
boldly  taught  that  kings  are  nothing  mon- 
than  magistrates,  that  to  the  people  belongs 
the  sovereignty,  and  that,  as  a  natura 
consequence,  they  may  change  and  evo 
punish  their  rulers.  Althusen  is  the  au 
thor  of  several  other  works,  the  principa  •• 
of  which  is  a  Latin  Treatise  on  Roman 
Jurisprudence. 

ALVA,  FERDINAND  ALVAREZ  DE 
TOLEDO,  duke  of,  a  descendant  of  one 
of  the  most  illustrious  families  in  Spain, 
which  he  disgraced  by  his  crimes,  was 
born  in  1508,  entered  the  army  early,  and 
served  in  Italy,  Hungary,  and  Africa.  He 
became  a  general  in  1538;  but  hit  first 
marked  exploit  was  his  gaining,  in  1547, 
the  battle  of  Muhlberg.  From  that  time, 
he  distinguished  himself  as  a  warrior  and 
a  statesman.  In  1566,  he  was  sent  into 
Flanders,  as  viceroy,  to  crush  the  rising 
spirit  of  the  Flemings ;  and  he  exercised 
his  authority  with  the  most  infamous  bar- 
barity. Eighteen  thousand  individuals 
perished  on  the  scaftbld,  and  more  than 
one  hundred  thousand  emigrated.  After 
his  recall,  he  was  sent  forawnile  into  exile, 
but  was  soon  restored  to  favour,  and  em- 
ployed in  reducing  Portugal  to  subjection. 
This- sanguinary  monster  died  in,  1582. 

ALVARADO,  DON  PEDRO,  one  of  the 
conquerors  of  Spanish  America,  was  born 
at  Badajoz.  He  accompanied  Cortes  in 
his  Mexican  expedition,  produced  an  in- 
surrection in  Mexico,  by  his  cruelty  and 
rapacity,  and  narrowly  escaped  with  life. 
He  was  subsequently  appointed  to  the 
government  of  Guatimala;  had  violent 
contests  with  Pizarro;  made  discoveries 
on  the  Californian  coast;  and  was,  at 
length,  killed  in  1541. 

ALVARADO,  ALPHONSO  D',  born  at 
Burgos,  accompanied  Pizarro  in  his  expe- 
dition against  Peru,  distinguished  himself 
greatly  on  various  occasions,  particularly 
at  the  battle  of  Salinas,  was  appointed 
captain-general,  acted  with  such  cruelty 
that  he  excited  a  revolt,  was  defeated  by 
the  revolters,  and  died,  in  1553>  partly 
-from  vexation  that  he  had  been  vanquished. 

ALVAREZ,  FRANCIS,  a  native  of  Por- 
tugal, born  at  Coimbra,  towards  the  end 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  was  almoner  to 
King  Emanuel,  and  was  sent,  in  1515,  as 
secretary,  with  Galvao,  on  an  embassy  to 
Abyssinia.  After  residing  in  that  country 
twelve  years,  he  returned,  was  rewarded 
with  a  rich  benefice,  afld,  in  1540,  pulv- 
lished  a  folio  volume,  bearing  the  title  of 
True  Informatior  concerning  the  Comitry 
of  Prester  John,  according  to  what  was 


»  AMD 

seen  by  Francis  Alvarez.     His  wink  con- 
tains ranch  curious  information. 

ALXINGER,  JOHN  BAPTIST  D',  a 
German  poet,  born'at  Vienna,  in  17 
a  rich  family,  early  acquired  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  classics.  Though  lie  lx>- 
came  a  doctor  of  laws,  and  held  the  title 
of  court  advocate,  lie  availed  himself  of 
his  le^ul  stati'in  only  to  make  up  disputes, 
or  plead  for  the  poor.  Poetry  was  his  fa- 
Tourite  pursuit.  Resides  minor  pieces,  he 
wrote  Doolin  of  Went/,  and  Bliomberis, 
two  chivalresqne  epics,  in  Wieland's  style. 
Alxinger  was  liberal,  and  firmly  attached 
to  his  friends.  He  died  in  1797. 

AMAK,  a  Persian  poet  of  the  eleventh 
century,  is  believed  to  h.ixe  been  a  native 
of  Bokhara,  and  was  patronised  by  Sulta 


AMF 

"Let  Ambrose  be  our  bishop!*1  nnd  (i* 
multitude,,  who  locked  upon  tins  as  a  sug- 
gestion from  Heaven,  accordingly  elected 
him.  IN  or  did  lie  prove  himself  unworthy 
of  the  episcopal  dignity.  His  firmness  was 
nobly  displaced,  in  refusing  to  allow  tbf 
Emperor  Theodosins  to  enter  the  rhurch, 
till  he  had,  as  far  as  possible,  atoned  foi 
the  massacre  of  Tbessalonica.  He  died  at 
Milan,  in  387.  His  works  form  two  folio 
volumes.  He  is  the  author  of  the  Te  Deuin 
Laudamus. 

AMEILIION,  HI-BFRT  PASCAL,  a  jn- 
dicious  French  historian,  and  a  member  of 
the  Academy  of  Inscriptions,  and  of  th« 
Institute,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1730,  and 
died  in  1811.  Besides  many  minor 

dissertations,  he  wrote  the  History  of 


Khedar  Khan,  who  placed  him  at  the  hear 'the  Commerce  of  the  Egyptians  under  th« 


of  a  poetical  academy.    His  in  >?t  celebrated 
work  is,  The  Loves  of  Josepl.  and  Zuleika. 
adva  iced  age,  and 
fortiiitc  than  bards 


Amak    lived   to  a  very 
".-as  more  favoured  by 


in  general  are;  his  slaves  were  numerous, 
an  j  he  possessed  thirty  riding  horses,  rich- 
ly caparisoned. 

'  AMALTHvEUS,  J  F.ROME,  a  member 
of  a  family  which  produced  many  literary 
men,  was  born  in  Frinli,  in  1506,  and  be- 
came eminent  as  a  physician,  philosopher, 
and  Latin  poet.  For  many  ve.irs  he  taught 
medicine  and  moral  philosophy  at  Padua. 
He  died  in  1574.  Of  the  merit  of  his  po- 
etry a  judgment  may  be  formed  from  his 
beautiful  epigram  on  Aeon  and  Leonilla, 
which  has  been  so  often  translated. 


Ptolemies,  and  a  continuation  of  Le  Beau's 
History  of  the  Lower  Empire. 

AMELOT  DE  LA  HOUSSAYE, 
ABRAHAM  NICHOLAS,  was  born  at  Or- 
leans, in  1634,  and  died  poor  at  Paris,  in 
1706.  At  the  age  if  thirty-live  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  to  the  Fiench  ambassa- 


dor  at  Venice,   in    which 


he  resided 


several  years.  He  translated  Tacitus,  Vel- 
ferus's  History  of  the  Government  of  Venice, 
and  other  works,  published  ihe  Letters  of 
Cardinal  d'Ossat,  and  wrote  ••<>  original 
pieces,  which  are  now  forgott. 

AMELUXGHI,  JEROME,  surnamed, 
from  his  deformity  and  the  place  of  his  birth, 
the  Hunchback  of  Pisa,  an  Italian  poet, 
appears  to  have  been  the  inventor  of  bur- 
lesque  poetry  among  his  countrymen.  Ht 


AMBOISE,    GEORGE     D',     cardinal, 

born  in  1460,  of  a  noble  French  family,  at  published  his  War  of  the  Giants,  in  1566, 
Cb,aumont  sur  Loire,  was  a  bishop  at  four-  'under  the  name  of  Forabosco.     It  was  ao 


teen,  and  was  successively  archbishop  <f 
IVarbonne  and  of  Rouen.  "Louis  XII.  ob- 
tained for  him  the  rank  of  cardinal,  and 
appointed  him  his  prime  minister,  in  which 
post  he  maintained  domestic  tranquillity, 
diminished  the  taxes,  improved  the  manner 
of  administering  justice,  and  reformed  the 
religious  orders.  As  papal  legate,  he  act- 
ed with  equal  uprightness.  D'Amboise  as- 
pired to  be  pope,  but  was  defeated  by  a 
Ftratageti  of  Julian  de  la  Rovere.  He  died, 
in  1510,  at  Lyons,  and  is  said,  on  his  death 
bed,  to  have  often  exclaimed  to  the  friar, 
his  attendant,  "  Brother  John!  why  have  I 
not  all  my  life  been  brother  John1.''  Prob- 
ably he  then  repented  of  having  incited  his 
master  to  war  against  the  Venetians,  in 
revenge  for  their  having  contributed  to  ex- 
clude him  from  the  papal  throne. 

AMI'.KOSK.  ST.,  a   son    of  the  prefect 


companied  by  the  War  of  th«  Dwarfs,  at- 
tributed to  Francis  Aminta,  but  which, 
most  probably,  was  by  Amelunghi. 

AMERBACH,  JOHN,  acelebra'ed  print- 
er of  the  fifteenth  century,  was  born  al 
Rutlingen,  in  Swabia,  but'settled  at  Basil. 
His  editions  are  much  valued  for  their  cor- 
rectness. Ameibach  was  the  inventor  of 
the  Roman  type,  which  he  substituted  for 
the  old  gothic  and  italic.  It  was  first  used 
in  a  reprint  of  St.  Augustine's  works.  He 
died  in  1515. 

AMERICUS  VESPUCIUS.    See  VE»- 

PUCCI. 

AMES,  FISHER,  one  of  the  most  elo- 
quent of  American  writers  and  statesmen, 
was  born  at  Dedliam  in  Massachusetts,  in 
the  year  1758.  He  was  educated  at  Harr- 
ard  College,  where  he  received  his  degre* 
in  1774.  About  seven  years  afterwards  h« 


of  Gaul,  was  born  at  Aries,  in  340,  and  began  the  practice  of  the  law,  and  an  op- 
received  an  excellent  education.  Being  i  portmiitv  soon  recurred  for  the  display  of 
made  g(,\ernor  of  Liguria,  he  lived  his  re-  .his  superior  qualifications  both  as  a  epeak- 
eidence  at  Milan.^  Auxentius,  the  Li.-hop  er  and  essay  writer,  lie  distinguUhcd 
of  that  city,  having  i!i«-l,  an  asse.nblv  wa-  himself  as  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts 
lieid  to  elect  a  snece^snr.  :it  which  a  tumult  eonxenti  u  fir  nuifu'g  the  Con.-titutio* 
look  place.  All  at  once  ;i  rhii.l  rx.-l.,i,i.f<l,  in  17*rS,  and  from  lliis  b«.d>  passed  to  tl»« 


AMI 

house  .Y  representatives  in  the  State  legis- 
lature. Soon  after  he  was  elected  the  first 
representative  of  the  Suffolk  district  in  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  where  he 
remained  with  the  highest  honour  during 
the  eight  years  of  Washington's  administra- 
tion. On  the  retirement  of  the  first  Presi- 
dent, Mr.  Ames  returned  to  the  practice 
of  hi.?  profession  in  his  native  town.  Dur- 
ing the  remaining  years  of  his  life  his  health 
was  very  much  impaired,  but  his  mind  still 
continued  deeply  interested  in  politics,  and 
he  published  a  considerable  number  of  es- 
says on  the  most  stirring  topics  of  the  day. 
He  died  in  1808.  In  the  following  year 
his  works  were  issued  in  one  volume  octa- 
vo, prefaced  by  a  biographical  notice  from 
the  pen  of  his  friend,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Kirk- 
.and. 

AMES,  JOSEPH,  a  typographical  anti- 
quary, was  born,  in  1689,  at  Yarmouth, 
in    Norfolk,   served  his    time    to    a  plane 
maker    in 
came  an  ironmon^e 


AM.tl 


27 


London,  and  subsequently  be- 
nmonger and  ship-chandler  in 
Wapping.  He  died  in  1759.  Ames  was 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian 
Societies,  and  secretary  of  the  latter  socie- 
tv.  His  principal  works  are,  his  Typo- 
graphical Antiquities  (which  has  since 
been  greatly  enlarged  by  Herbert  and 
Dibdin),  and  the  Parentalia,  or  Memoirs 
of  the  Family  of  Wren,  the  latter  of  which 
he  drew  up  from  the  MSS.  of  Wren. 

AMHERST,  JEFFREY,  lord,  born  in 
1717,  at  Riverhead,  in  Kent,  was  a  de- 
scendant of  an  ancient  family.  At  the  age 
of  fourteen  he  entered  the  army,  and,  at 
the  battles  of  Roucoux.  Dettingen,  and  Fon- 
tenoy,  was  aid-de-camp  to  Lord  Ligonier. 
In  1758,  being  then  a  major-general,  he 
reduced  Louisbourg  and  its  dependencies. 
Being  appointed  chief  commander  in  Amer- 
ica, he  took  several  forts,  and  contributed 
to  the  conquests  of  Canada,  and  was  re- 
warded with  the  order  of  the  Bath  and  a 
peerage.  Between  1763  and  1795,  he  held 
many  high  military  situations,  among 
which  was  that  of  commander  in  chief. 
In  1796  he  was  made  field  marshal,  and 
in  the  fallowing  year  he  died. 

AMIIURST,  NICHOLAS,  a  political 
writer,  was  born  at  Marden,  in  Kent,  and 
educated  at  Oxford,  whence  he  was  ex- 
pelled, for  which  he  •jvenged  himself  by 
bitterly  satirising  that  universky,  in  his 
Terrae  Filius.  He  then  settled  in  London, 
and  published  a  volume  of  Miscellanies, 
and  a  poem  called  The  Convocation.  He 
was  next  engaged  in  The  Craftsman,  and 
carried  it  on  for  many  years,  with  infinite 
spirit  an;'  success.  When  his  party  made 
theii  peace  with  the  crown,  they  deserted 
him,  and  he  soon  afti>r  died  cf  a  broken 


heart,  in  1742. 

AMll.CAR,  surname!  BART  \ 
thaginian   g^nsra!,    ?pnr><r    fmni 


Car- 


anciently the  kings  of  Tyre.  He  was  c«.riy 
entrusted  with  military  command,  and  for 
five  years  distinguished  himself  in  Sicily, 
against  those  universal  robbers  the  Romans. 
The  defeat,  however,  of  Hanno,  by  the 
consul  Lutatius,  induced  Carthage  to  make 
peace.  On  Amilcar's  return  he  quelled 
the  formidable  rebellion  of  the  mercenary 
troops,  defeated  the  Numidians,  and  re- 
stored tranquillity.  Spain  was  the  next 
scene  of  his  serv  ices.  There,  he  conquer- 
ed several  nations,  and  founded  Barcelona 
After  having  remained  in  that  country  nin* 
years,  he  was  slain  in  a  battle  against  the 
Vettones.  He  was  the  father  of  Anntbal. 

AMIOT,.  Father,  a  Jesuit  missionary, 
was  born  at  Toulon,  in  1718,  and  died 
at  Pekin,  in  1794.  During  a  residence  of 
forty-three  years  in  China,  he  obtained  a 
profound  knowledge  of  the  arts,  antiquities, 
and  history  of  that  empire,  and  of  the  Chi- 
nese and  Tartar  languages.  On  these  sub- 
jects he  wrote  many  valuable  dissertations. 
He  is  also  the  author  of  a  Life  of  Confucius, 
and  of  a  Tartar-mantcheou  Dictionary,  in 
three  quarto  volumes. 

AMMIANUS,  MARCELLINUS,  a  Latin 
listorian,  was  a  native  of  Antioch,  born  in 
the  fourth  century,  and,  in  his  youth,  serv- 
d  with  distinction  in  Germany,  Gaul,  and 
Persia.  Retiring  from  a  military  life,  he 
went  to  reside  at  Rome,  where  he  wrote  a 
valuable  History  of  the  Roman  Emperors, 
'rom  Nerva  to  Valens.  It  consisted  of 
hirty-one  books,  of  which  the  first  thirteen 
are  lost.  He  was  also  the  author  of  a  work 
in  Greek,  on  the  Grecian  orators  and  his- 
torians, of  which  only  a  fragment  remains. 
He  died  A.  D.  390. 

AMMIRATO,  SCIPIO,  a  Neapolitan, 
born  at  Lecce,  in  1531,  was  designed  for 
the  law,  but  abandoned  it  for  literature. 
After  many  adventures  and  wanderings,  he 
settled  at  Florence,  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Grand  Duke  Cosmo,  who  employed 
him  to  write  the  History  of  Florence. 
This  is  his  principal  work.  He  died  in 
1601. 

AMMONIUS,  a  peripatetic  philosopher, 
who  was  one  of  the  masters  of  Plutarch. 
He  endeavoured  to  reconcile  the  doctrine 
of  Aristotle  with  that  of  Plato.  Plutarch 
wrote  his  life,  which  is  lost. 

AMMON1US-SACCAS,  or  SACCO- 
PHORUS,  a  philosopher  of  Alexandria, 
lived  towards  the  end  of  the  second  centu- 
ry. Though  born  in  poverty,  and  earning 
a  subsistence  by  carrying  sacks  of  wheat 
(whence  his  name  of  Saccophorus),  he  stu- 
died philosophy  with  ardour.  He  is  con- 
sidered as  the  founder  of  the  mystic  philos- 
ophy, known  as  the  Alexandrian,  or  neo- 
plutonio.  Plotinus,  Lofiginus,  and  Origen, 
were  among  his  pupils.  His  system  was, 
in  fact, a  jmnble  of  heterogenou*  opinions, 
!> 'in-owed  from  vnrimis  schools.  He  ie  «aid 


AMY 


ANA 


to  have  apostatized  from  Christianity,  bul[  Auxerre,  in    1593..      Among  his    various 


n-.-rks,  chiefly  translations,  the  most  cele- 
brated  is  his  version  of  Plutarch,  which 
remains  unsurpassed  in  the  French  Ian 

AMYRAUT,  MOSES,  a  French  Trot- 

e.-ta;it  divine,  born  at   Bourgeiiil,  in    1596, 

iucatcd    for    the   civil    lav,  hut  pre- 


thia is  denied  by  some.     There  was  anoth- 
er Amman  ins,  an  eclectic  philosopher,  who 
Jived  about  tin;  middle  of  the  fifth  century. 
AMO,  AWTHOHY  WILLIAM,    a    negro. 

born  on  the  Gold  Coast,  about  the  begin- 
ning of  the  eighteenth  century,  was  brought 
to  Holland,  in  1707,  and  presented  to  the 

duke  of  Brunswick,  who  sent  him  to  the  fcrred  theology,  and  became  professor  of 
university  of  Halle,  whence  he  removed  to  divinity  at  Saumur.  In  that  profession* 
Wittenln-rg.  He  had  a  perfect  knowledge  he  acquired  the  highest  reputation.  Such 
of  astronomy,  and  spoke  Hebrew,  GreA,  was  his  influence  that  he  succeeded  in 
Latin,  German,  Dutch,  and  French.  Af-  introducing  the  doctrines  of  Arminius  into 
ter  his  patron's  death,  lie  fell  into  a  deep  the  French  reformed  churches,  to  the  great 
melancholy,  and  at  length  quitted  F.i'rope,  displeasure  of  the  zealous  ('alvinists.  Be- 
to  lead  a  solitary  life  in  his  own  country. 
He  died  in  one  of  the  Dutch*  company's 


forts. 


inij  a  friend  to  the  doctrine  of  passive  obe- 
dience, he  was  looked  on  with  a  favourable 
c\e  by  Richelieu  and  Ma/.arine. 


Amy- 


AMONTONSy  WlLLlAM,  waa  born  at  rant  was  a  man  of  moderation  and  can- 
Paris,  in  1663.  Earlv  in  youth,  h?  be-  dour,  and  had  the  rare  fortune  to  be 
came  deaf,  and,  being  thus  partly  cut  oli  esteemed  by  men  of  all  sects.  His  theo- 
from  society,  he  sought  for  resources  in  logical  works  are  numerous.  He  died  in 
.he  cultivatfon  of  his  talents.  He  leanu  d  Hit '4. 

drawing1  and  architecture,  and  was  <  in-  ANACHARSISf  a  Scythian  philoso- 
ployed  on  several  public  works.  Hut  his  ]  her,  was  sent  on  an  embassy  to  Athens, 
attention  was  principally  directed  to  me-  about  592  B.  c.,  became  the  friend  and 
rhanics  and  natural  philosophy.  Svveivd  disciple  of  Solon,  and  was  the  first  for- 
improvements  were  made  by  him  in  tin-  cigner  who  was  made  a  citizen  of  Athens, 
construction  of  barometers,  thermometers,  After  he,  quitted  Athens,  he  travelled  into 
and  hydrometers,  and  he  was  the  original  otl,<  r  countries,  and  then  returned  to 
inventor  of  the  telegraphic  art.  Amon-  Sex  thia,  where  he  was  killed  by  some  of 
tons  died  at  Paris,  at  the  age  of  forty-  his  « wn  countrymen.  There  is  considera- 
two.  ble  |  ith  and  point  in  some  of  his  recorded 

A.MORY,  THOMAS,  DR.,  a  dissenting  sayiues. 
divine,  born  at  Taunton,  in  1700,  was  an 
active  and  valuable  minister.  He  diec\  in 
1774.  He  wrote  two  volumes  of  sernv  ns, 
and  the  Lives  of  Grove,  Benson,  jnd 
Chandler. 

AMORY,  THOMAS,  a  son  of  cou jai 
Amorr,  secretary  for  the  forfeited  Wtatea 
in  Ireland,  is  supposed  to  ha*  *  been 
brought  up  to  the  medrcal  prrieuio.,  but 
he  never  practised.  His  character  was 
singular  one;  he  lived  leclar*;,  shunned 
tompany,  and  never  kft  lx-/r.e  till  the 
evening  Ke  died  m  1?3*?,  aged  ninety- 
seven.  Amcrv  is  the  author  of  Memoirs 
.•oneernin^  the  Li*cs  of  certain  Ladies  of 
Sreat  Britain,  &nd  ct  the  Life  of  John 
Bunch. 


AMY  OT,  JAM  is,  was  born  at  Melun, 
m  1513.  His  parents  were  so  poor  that, 
while  he  was  finishing  his  education  at 
Paris,  all  the  aid  they  could  give  him  was 
H  weekly  loaf.  It  is  said,  also,  that,  unable 
to  purchase  oil  or  candles,  he  studied  by 
fire  light.  On  leaving  college,  liowevri  , 
his  merit  gained  him  friends,  and  he  at 
l:-ir_nh  rose  to  l>e  preceptor  of  the  king's 
children.  Francis  I.  gave  him  an  abbey; 
Charles  IX.,  his  pupil,  appointed  him 
grand  almoner  of  France;  and  Henry  III. 


A \ACREON,  a  celebrated  Greek  poet, 
born  alwut  5.30  B.  c.  at  Teos,  in  Ionia, 
was,  according  to  Plato,  of  a  family  which 

reckoned  Codriis,  the.  last  king  of  Athens, 
unong  its  ancestors.  Polycrates,  of  Sa- 
mos,  invited  him  to  his  court,  and  granted 
him  his  friendship.  On  the  death  of  Poly- 
crates,  the  poet  went  to  Athens,  and  resided 
w;th  Hippaichus,  till  the  latter  \\ as  assassi- 
nated ;  Me  then  returned  to  Teos,  where 


he  continued 


the    revolt    of    HistKUi 


Compelled  him  to  remove  to  Al  .dera,  \\Vre 
he  finally   settled.  ' me   choked 

him,  in  his  eighty-filth  \ear,  while  he   wag 


Viadc   him    a    commander    of  the  order  of 

ihe   llolv  Ghost.      One  of  his   drfects   was    in  the  act  of  drinking.      Only  a  part  of  his 

in  except! ire  love  of  money.     He  di«;d  at  j  works  is  extant;    but  the  OdW  which  timt 


ANA 

ha*  spared,  are  masterpieces  of  their  kind 
No  one  has  ever  equalled  Anacreon  in  sweet- 
ness and  elegance.  Of  his  morals  little  that 
is  favourable  can  be  said ;  they  were  tainted 
by  intemperance  and  impurity  of  the  worst 
kind.  His  poeais  have  been  often  translated 
into  English,  but  the  version  by  Moore  is 
far  superior  to  every  other. 

ANAXAGORAS,  a  Grecian  philoso- 
pher, born  at  Clazomene,  in  Ionia,  B.  c. 
500,  became  a  disciple  of  Anaximenes,  at 
Miletus,  and  next  settled  at  Athens,  where 
lie  taught  philosophy,  and  numbered  the 
most  eminent  men  of  the  age  among  his 
pupils.  Being  falsely  accused  of  impiety, 
he  was  condemned  to  death;  but  the  sen- 
tence was  commuted  for  banishment,  and 
he  retired  to  Lampsacus,  where  he  died 
428  years  B.  c.  His  philosophical  doc- 
trines, though  in  some  points  erroneous, 
were  far  superior  to  those  of  his  contem- 
poraries. It  was  he  who  first  assigned  the 
creation  of  all  things  to  a  purely  spiritual 
cause. 

ANAXARCHUS,a  philosopher  of  Ab- 
dera,  accompanied  Alexander  the  Great  in 
bis  Asiatic  expedition,  and,  on  various  oc- 
casions, reproved  the  pride  and  presumption 
of  that  conqueror.  Yet  his  enemies  have 
not  scrupled  to  accuse  him  of  adulation. 
It  is,  however,  not  probable  thut  he  could 
be  a  sycophant,  who  is  acknowledged  to 
have  sometimes  spoken  the  honest  truth ; 
and  who  taught  that  virtue  is  the  sovereign 
good,  and  that  the  happiness  of  a  real  sage 
is  independent  of  external  objects.  Nico- 
creon,  tyrant  of  Cyprus,  whom  he  had 
offended,  is  said  to  have  pounded  him  to 
death  in  a  mortar,  after  the  death  of 
Alexander;  but  the  truth  of  this  story  is 
doubtful 

ANAXIMANDER,  a  Grecian  philoso- 
pher, born  at  Miletus,  610  years  B.  c.,  was 
the  disciple  and  successor  of  Thales,  the 
founder  of  the  Ionic  sect.  He  is  said  to 
have  discovered  the  obliquity  of  the  eclip- 
tic, fixed  the  epoch  of  the  equinoxes  and 
solstices,  invented  the  sphere  and  -the 
pnomon,  and  taught  that  the  earth  re- 
volves, and  that  the  sun  is  a  globe  of  fire. 
Some  of  his  philosophical  opinions,  how- 
ever, were  grossly  absurd.  He  died  547 
years  B.  c. 

ANAXIMENES,  a  philosopher  of  Mi- 
letus was  the  disciple  and  successor  of 
Anaximander.  According  to  his  system, 
all  t  lings  originated  from  the  air;  the  sun, 
moon,  and  stars  were  formed  from  detached 
parts  of  the  earth ;  the  earth  was  a  plain 
figure,  and  the  heavens  were  a  solid  con- 
cave one,  in  which  the  stars  were. fixed 
like  nail*.  He  died  504  years  B.  c. 

AN  AXLMEN  ES,  a  native  of  Lampsa- 
cus, was  a  phil«.sM|  her,  orator,  and  histo- 
rian, un*l  one  a  tut-  preceptors  of  Alcxan- 
Jer  the  Great,  lid  wrote  lives  of  Philip  1 


AND  29 

and  Alexander,  am*  A  History  of  Greece, 
all  of  which  are  lost.  By  a  stratagem,  he 
saved  his  natal  city  from  ruin.  Lawpcacus 
having  sustained  a  long  siege  against  Alex- 
ander, he  resolved  on  its  destruction,  and 
foreseeing  that  Anaximenes  would  plead 
for  it,  he  positively  swore  to  do  the  con- 
trary of  what  his  preceptor  should  desire, 
Aware  of  this,  Anaximenes  requested  him 
to  destroy  it;  and  the  necessary  conse- 
quence was,  that  Larnpsacus  was  saved. 

ANCHIETA,  JOSKPH,  a  Portuguese 
Jesuit,  denominated  the  Apostle  of  the 
New  World,  was  born  in  1533,  in  the 
island  of  Tenerifie.  In  1553  hs  landed  in 
Brazil,  an'd  there,  in  conjunction  with 
Nobrega,  he  for  many  years  exerted  him- 
self strenuously  in  converting  and  civiliz- 
ing the  Indian  tribes;  displaying  a  cour- 
age, fortitude,  and  Christian  spirit  which 
lave  seldom  been  equalled.  He  died  in 
1597. 

ANDERSON,  EDMUND,  SIR,  a  native 
of  Lincolnshire,  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
went  from  thence  to  the  Inner  Temple, 
was  made  a  judge  about  1571,  and  chief 
justice  of  the  Common  Pleas  in  1582,  and 
died  in  1605.  He  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  trying  the  Queen  of  Scots. 
Anderson  was  of  an  intolerant  spirit,  and 
an  inveterate  enemy  to  the  principles  of 
iberty.  His  Reports  of  Cases,  and  his 
Resolutions  and  Judgments  in  the  Courts, 
were  published  after  his  death. 

ANDERSON,  ALEXANDER,  a  native 
f  Aberdeen,  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Palis,  flourished  in  the  seventeenth  ceii- 
tury,  and  published  several  mathematical 
works;  among  which  may  be  mentioned 
Supplementum  Apollonii  Redivivi,  and 
some  of  Vieta's  posthumous  productions. 

ANDERSON,  JAMES,  a  Scottish  ad- 
vocate,  eminent  as  an  antiquary,  was  born 
at  Edinburgh,  in  1662,  and  died  in  1728. 
He  published  Collections  relative  to  the 
History  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scotland,  four 
vols.  quarto;  Selectus  DSplomatum  et  Nu- 
mismatum  Scotiao;  and  other  works. 

ANDERSON,  ADAM,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, was  for  forty  years  a  clerk  in  the 
South  Sea  House;  he  was  also  a  trustee 
for  establishing  the  colony  of  Georgia,  and 
one  of  the  court  of  assistants  of  the  Scotch 
Corporation.  He  died  in  1765.  He  id  the 
author  of  that  laborious  and  useful  work, 
the  Historical  and  Chronological  deduction 
of  the  Origin  of  Commerce,  the  best  edi- 
tion of  which  is  in  four  volumes  quarto. 

ANDERSON,  WALTER,  a  Scottish 
clergyman  and  historian,  who  died  in  1800. 
at  his  liv,ing  of  Churnside,  whirh  he  had 
hi- Id  for  linlT  a  century.  In  1769,  he  pub 
lished  a  History  of  France,  during  th« 
reigns  of  Francis  I.  and  Cliai  los  IX., 
which,  in  1773  and  1783,  he  continued 
down  to  tlio  peace  of  Mum-tcr.  lie  13  aim 


»  ANH  AM) 

the   author  of   the   Philosophy   of   ancient   the  first   Eun  pean  fleet  which  e>er  visited 

.ted  ;    and  of  a  Life  of  Cru>-   the  coast  of  China.     Wht  n  he  wa<  depart- 

«us.   ^  i  ing  from  a  port,  he  proclaimed  thai  if  any 

ANDERSON,  JAMES,  a  Scotch  agri-  native  bad  been  injured  bv  a  Portuguese, 

cnUurist,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  and  would  come  forward,  lie  should  receive 
born  at  HermutoA,  near  Edinburgh,  in  reparation,  and  the  offender  should  b«» 
17:59,  and  commenced  farmin-,  as  master,  puni.-hed.  His  equity  and  moderation  weie 
•t  the  6arly  age  of  fifteen.  His  exertions  on  the  point  of  being  rewarded,  by  the 
were  sucres.-fal.  He  was  as  active,  though  general  opening  <  f  the  Chinese  ports  to  hia 
not  quite  as  precociously,  with  his  pen  as  countrymen,  when  all  his  ho|  es  were  fi  us. 
wUh  his  aratory  instruments,  and  produc-  tratcd,  by  the  arrival  of  another  tieet,  un- 
cd  many  valuable  works.  His  first  produc-  der  his  brother  Simon,  a  man  of  an  opj  o- 
tion  was  a  series  of  Essay*  on  Planting,  site  character,  w  ho  excited  universal  di«- 
collected  into  a  vol.ime  in  1777,  which  as-  gust  by  his  rapacity  an.!  \i  .lence. 
fisted  to  obtain  for  hiiii  the  degree  of  j  ANDREINl,  Is  A  R  KM,  A,  an  eminent 
LL.  D.  from  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  comic  actress,  but  still  more  celebrated  for 
Be.-ides  his  original  compo.-it inns,  chiefly  ag-  her  literary  talents  and  acconij  IL-hmen'g, 
ricultural,  he  edited  the  Bee  and  the  Kecre-  was  barn  at  Padua,  i:i  1502,  and  disj  lay- 
ations  in  Agriculture,  and  contributed  to  ed  such  extraordinary  prcsvciiv  of  genius, 
the  Encvclopa'dia  Britunnica,  and  the  that  she  composed  a  pastoral  when  she  was 
Monthly  Review,  lie  died  in  1808.  [scarcely  able  to  read.  She  was  well  vers- 

ANDERSON,  GF.ORGK,  born  at  Wes- '  ed  in  philosophy  and  languages,  sang  and 
ton,  in  Buckinghamshire,  in  1769,  was  'played  divinely  ,"was  beautiful,  and  crowned 
originally  a  day  labourer;  but,  in  conse-  the" whole  by  irreproachable  morals.  She 
quence  of  his  displaying  great  skill  in  died  at  Lyons,  in  1G04.  Her  compositions 
arithmetic,  the  Rev.  Mr.  King  sent  him  to  '  consist  of  poems,  letters,  and  dialogues. 
Wadham  College,  and  afterwards  procured  FRANCIS,  her  husband,  an  actor,  was  in 
him  a  situation  under  the  Board  of  Con-  consolable  for  her  loss;  he  was  a  man  of 
troul.  He  rose  to  ba  accomptant  general,  considerable  abilities,  and  was  the  author 
His  death  took  place  in  1796.  He  trans- 1  of  three  dramas,  and  of  some  miscellaneous 
lated  the  Arenarius  of  Archimedes;  and  pieces. 

wrote  A  General  View  of  the  East  India       A.XDREIM,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  the  son 
Company's  Affairs.  of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Florence,  in 

ANDRADA,  THOMAS  i>»,  a  Portu-i1578.  Like  his  parents,  he  was  on  the 
guese,  better  known  under  the  name  of  j  stage  ;  and,  like  them,  he  possessed  talents. 
Thomas  of  Jesus,  was  the  reformer  of  the  |  As  an  actor  he  was  admired  in  Italy  and 
barefooted  Augustine  friars,  and  belonged  France.  His  poems  and  dramas  are  not 
to  a  family  which  numbered  literary  men  without  merit,  but  they  betray  a  deficiency 
and  learned  theologians  among  its  mem-  of  judgment,  and  their  style  'is  deplorably 
bers.  His  claim  to  biographical  notice  vitiated  by  the  bad  taste  which  the  exam- 
rests,  however,  on  still  higher  grounds  than  j  pie  of  Marino  rendereil  prevalent  at  that 
theirs.  He  was  t:«ken  prisoner  in  Sebas-  i  perio«'.  Ilis  Adamo,  a  sacred  drama,  has 
tian's  fatal  expedition  to  Africa;  and  j  acquired  celebrity,  from  the  circumstance 
though  money  was  sent  over  for  his  ran- j  of  some  persons  having  maintained  that  it 
som,  he  applied  it  to  the  benefit  of  his  com-  gave  Milton  the  first  idea  of  Paradise  Lost. 
panions  in  misfortune,  and  voluntarily  re- 


mained  in  slavery,   that  he   might  console 


ANDREOSSI,  FRANCIS,  a  mathema- 
tician and  engineer,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 


and  support  them.  In  the  performance  of;  1633,  and  died  in  1688.  He  was  emplo?'- 
this  pious  ortice  he  died.  While  in  captiv-  ed  by  Riquet,  to  assist  in  forming  the  cana 
ity  he  wrote  a  work  intitled  the  Suffer-  of  Languedoc ;  and,  after  the  lapse  of  mor« 
ings  of  Je.-us.  J  than  a  century  and  a  quarter,  a  strenuouf 

ANDRE,  JOHN,  an  adjutant  genera!  in  but  ineffectual  attempt  was  made,  by  one 
the  British  army  in  North  America  during  of  his  descendants,  to  claim  for  hin  the 
the.  revolutionary  wai .  Being  employ-  honour  of  having  projected  that  magnifi- 
ed to  negociate  with  Arnold  the  delivery  cent  work.  He  was,  however,  a  man  of 
of  the  works  at  West  Point,  he  was  appre-  talent,  and  succeeded  to  the  superintend- 
hended  in  disguise  within  the  American  ance,  on  the  death  of  Riquet.  He  publish- 
lines.  He  was  condemned  as  a  spy  from  ed  a  map  of  the  canal  in  three  folio  sheets. 


the  enemy,  and,  according  to  the  establish- 
ed usages  of  war,   was  executed   in   1780, 


ANDREOSSI,  Count  ANTHONY  FRAN- 
CIS, eminent  as  a  soldier,  diplomatist,  and 


at  the  age  of  twenty-nine  years.      A  monii-    writer,  was  born  at  Castlenaudary,  jn  Lan- 
ment   has   b.jen   erected  to   his   i!icmor\    in   gin-doc,  in  1761,  was  a  lieutenant  of  artil- 
He  i>  the  author  of    lery  at  twenty,  and  served  vvilh  distinction 

-  poem  e::tit!i-.l   Tlir  Cuu-  C/iase.  j  in  Italy  and  Egypt.      Aapoleon  raised  him 

A.NDREADA,  FKRDIN  AND,  a  Pcntu-  to  the  ranks  of  general  and  count.     He  wai 

gucM!  admiral      IU  command**!,   in   1-313,  successively  ambassador  to  London,  Vt«*> 


AND 

na,  and  "Conttantinople.  On  the  return  of 
Napoleon  from  Elba,  Andreossi  espoused 
his  cause;  and  lie  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners chosen  to  treat  with  the  allies  by 
the  provisional  government.  He  died  in 
1827.  Among  his  works  are,  a  History  of 
the  Canal  of  La.igue.loc ;  the  Campaign  of 
the  Gallo-Batavian  Army  oit  the  Mayn  and 
Rednitz;  and  Constantinople  and  the  Thra- 
cian  Bosphorua. 

ANDREW  OF  CYRENE,  a  Jew, 
whom  Eusebius  surnames  LUCUAS,  was 
an  impostor,  who,  under  the  reign  of  Tra- 
jan, ha  1  the  art  to  persuade  his  fellow  coun- 
trymen, that  he  was  ordained  to  be  their 
liberator.  He  incited  the  Jews  to  a  revolt, 
which  extended  through  Egypt,  Libya,  and 
the  island  of  Cyprus,  anJ  during  which  the 
most  h>rrible  cruelties  were  committed  on 
both  sides.  It  was  not  suppressed  till  after 
many  sanguinary  battles  had  been  fought. 

ANDREWS,  LANCELOT,  an  eminent 
divine,  born  at  London,  in  1565,  was  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge,  where  he  became  so 
celebrated  for  his  preaching  and  his  theo- 
logical acquirements,  that  he  obtained  thej 
patronage  of  the  Earl  of  Huntingdon  and| 
Sir  Francis  Wal.-jingh.am;  and,  in  no  long 
time,  rose  to  be  master  of  Pembroke  Hall 
(his  own  college),  chaplain  to  Queen  Eliza- 
beth, and  dean  of  Westminster.  He  might 
have  had  a  bishopric  from  Elizabeth,  if  he 
would  have  submitted  to  the  spoliation  of 
its  revenues.  Under  her  sucoessor  he  at- 
tained that  dignity.  James  was  pleased 
with  his  preaching,  and  still  more  with  his 
defence  of  him  against  Bellarmin,  who  had 
attacked  the  monarch's  book  on  the  Rights 
of  Kings.  The  divine  was  successively 
raised  to  the  sees  of  Chichester,  Ely,  and 
Winchester,  and  was  appointed  lord  almo- 
ner, and  a  privy  counsellor  of  England  and 
Scotland.  He  died  in  1626.  Milton  wrote 
a  Latin  elegy  on  his  death.  His  works 
attest  his  erudition;  but  are  deformed  by 
the  bad  taste  and  pedantry  of  the  age  in 
which  he  lived.  Andrews  was  charitable, 
raun-ficent,  and  a  patron  of  learning.  Wal- 
ler has  recorded  an  instance  of  this  pre- 
late's wit.  Neile,  bishop  of  Durham,  and 
Andrews,  were  standing  behind  the  king's 
chair  at  dinner,  when  James  suddenly  turn- 
ed to  them,  and  said,  "  My  lord?,  cannot  I 
take  my  subjects'  money  when  I  vtant  it, 
without  all  xhis  formality  in  parliament!" 
Bishop  Neile  quickly  replied,  "  God  for- 
bid, sir,  but  you  should ;  you  are  the  breat1* 
of  our  nostrils."  On  this  the  king  said  io 
the  bishop  of  Winchester,  "  Well,  my  T:rd, 
and  what  say  you!"  "  Sir,"  replied  An- 
drew*, "  I  have  no  skill  to  judge  '/f  par- 
liamentary cases."  The  king  ar^wered, 
"  No  puts  off',  my  lord ;  answer  IP?  present- 
ly." "  The:i.  sir,"  s^id  V,  «'  I  think  it 
lawful  f  jr  yo'  •  .  »  J-e  My  '*v  nor  Neile's 
aioney,  fur  I/  .  **  *  * 


AM) 


81 


AN  DREW,-?,  J  A M KS  PKTTIT,  was  born 
at  Shaw-bouse,  near  Newbury,  in  Berk- 
shire, in  1737,  and  died  at  Broinpton  in 
1797.  In  his  youth,  he  was  an  officer  in 
the  Berks  militia,  and  was  a  police  magis- 
trate at  the  time  of  hi*  decease.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  History  of  Great  Britain,  con- 
nected with  the  Chronology  of  Europe; 
a  Continuation  of  Henry's  English  History; 
and  other  works  of  merit.  A  pamphlet 
from  his  pen  occasioned  the  first  statute 
that  was  passed  for  the  protection  of  chim- 
ney-sweepers. 

ANDREWS,  MILES  PETER,  was  the 
second  son  of  an  eminent  London  merch- 
ant, and  became  principal  proprietor  of  the 
lucrative  Dartford  Powder  Mills,  on  the 
death  of  his  brother.  On  receiving  this 
accession  of  fortune,  he  purchased  a  splendid 
mansion  in  Cleveland  Row,  mingled  with 
the  circles  of  fashion,  and  devoted  his  leis- 
ure hours  to  writing  for  the  stage;  theatri- 
cals being  his  favourite  amusement.  Of 
his  nine  comedies  not  one  is  now  acted. 
Many  prologues  and  epilogues  were  contri- 
buted by  him  to  other  dramatists.  An- 
drews was  of  a  hospitable  disposition,  and 
kind  to  men  of  letters.  He  died  in  1814. 

ANDRIEU,  BERTRAND,  was  born  at 
Bordeaux  in  1761,  and  died  at  Paris  in 
1822 ;  he  distinguished  himself  greatly  as 
an  engraver  of  medals,  of  which  art  he  is 
considered  as  the  restorer  in  France.  A 
large  part  of  the  meda's  in  the  royal  cabi- 
net and  library,  whicl.  are  looked  upon  a» 
masterpieces,  are  the  work  of  Andrieu. 

ANDROMACHUS,  head  physician  of 
Nero,  was  the  inventor  of  that  heterogene- 
ous and  absurd  composition  the  Theriaca, 
known  by  the  moderns  as  Venice  treacle, 
and  which  was  lo.ig  supposed  to  be  a  sove- 
reign antidote" against  poison.  The  Greek 
verses,  addressed  to  Nero,  in  which  he 
describes  the  composition  of  this  boasted 
remedy,  are  ar.ill  in  existence. 

ANDRONICUS,  of  Cyrresthes  in  Ma- 
cedonia, a  i  architect,  built  the  octagonal 
Tower  of '.he  Winds  at  Athens,  and  invent- 
ed weat'jarcocks.  The  tower  is  now  con- 
verted .into  a  mosque  for  dervises.  It  has 
more  <!ian  once  been  imitated  in  modern 
buildings. 

'iNDROIf  ICUS,  LIVIUS,  the  most  an- 
cient of  the  Latin  comic  poets,  lived  about 
340  years  B.C.  He  is  said  to  have  been  a 
Greek  slave,  and  to  have  acted  in  his  own 
pieces.  Andronicus  aL>o  composed  hymns 
in  honour  of  the  gods.  Nothing  remains  of 
his  works,  except  some  insulated  verses. 

ANDRONICUS,  of  Rhodes,  a  peripate- 
tic, philosopher,  who  flourished  at  Rome  63 
years  B  c.,  was  the  first  who  arranged  the 
medited  ttorks  of  Aristotle,  and  composed 
suinmai  ir^  and  tables  of  the  different  books 
1  le  also  wrote  commentaries  on  them,  which 
are  lost. 


82  ANG 

ANDROUETDUCERCEAU,  JAMES, 

an  eminent  French  architect  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  \v:is  a  native  of  Orleans, 
or,  as  !"  Paris  lie  began  die 

Pont  Neuf  in  1;">7S,  built  several  niagnili- 
cent  nnns'uns,  and  was  chosen  !A  llc,;rv 
I\".  t->  continue  tlie  gallery  of  the  Louvre. 
Anclrouct,  however,  did  not  complete  the 
latter  undertaking;  he  being  eotii[)ellcd  to 
leave  France  bei-aiiM.1  he  was  a  prote.-tant. 
rl'he  |)lacc  and  time  of  his  death  are  un- 
known. He  left  several  works  on  his  art, 
ol  M  hich  the  engravings  were  executed  by 
himself. 

i.TRIX,  a  British  poet  and  chief- 
tain, wh  >  was  called  the  prince  of  the 
hards.  He  distinguished  himself  at  the 
battle  of  Cattraeth,  which  conllict  he  made 
the  subject  of  a  poem.  None  of  his  compo- 
sitions are  extant,  except  that  piece,  and 
another,  intitled  the  Odes  of  the  Montis. 
Ancurin  died  about  A.  D.  570.  He  has 
been  supposed  to  be  the  same  ])erson  with 
Gildas. 

A.NGELIO,  or  DEGLI  ANGELI,  PE- 
TEK,  a  modern  Latin  poet,  born,  in  1517, 
ut  Barga,  in  Tuscany,  was  master  of  Greek 
and  Latin  at  ten  years  of  age,  relinquished 
the  st'uly  of  law  for  literature,  was  obliged 
to  quit  Bologna  in  consequence  of  having 
written  some  satirical  verses,  and  became, 
during  three  years,  a  copyist  of  Greek 
MSS.  for  the  French  ambassador  at  Ven- 
ice. He  visited  Constantinople,  Asia  Mi- 
nor, and  Greece,  passed  through  several 
adventures,  in  which  he  manifested  his  cour- 
age, and  was,  from  1546  to  1575,  profes- 
sor of  Greek  and  Latin  at  Reggio,  and  at 
Pisa.  He  subsequently  resided  at  Rome, 
and  at  Florence,  under  the  liberal  patron- 
age of  Ferdinand  de  Medicis,  and  at  length 
died  at  Pisa,  in  1596.  His  principal  works 
are  the  Cynogeticon,  a  poem  in  six  books, 
and  the  Syrias,  in  twelve  books,  on  the  de- 
liverance of  the  holy  land. 

A. \GOSCIOLA,  or  ANGUSSALA, 
j-  IPHONISBA,  an  Italian  lady,  of  a  noble 
Creinoness  family,  born  in  1535,  manifest- 
ed an  early  love  of  drawing,  and  was  put 
under  the  tuition  of  G.atti.  In  a  short 
time  she  became  a  complete  mistress  of 
painting,  and  acquired  a  high  reputation. 
Philip  II.  invited  her  to  Spain,  patronised 
her  liberally,  and  gave  her  in  marriage  to 
Don  Fabricio  de  Moneada,  who  took  her 
to  Sicily,  his  native  country.  After  his 
death,  she  married  a  noble  Genoese.  At 
the  age  of  sixty-seven,  she  lost  her  sight; 
but  she  continued  to  be  the  charm  of  the  en- 
lightened s  K-iety  which  she  collected  around 
her.  She  died"  at  Genoa,  about  1G20. 

.  M'lLLAKA,      .!  ."TU-.w 

DgLL*,  one  of  the  most    celebrated    Italian 

-f  the  sixteenth  eenturv,  was  born  .it 
Sum,  in  Tu-.-a-iv,  I'miit  1-"17;  the  |rri.>! 
»f  bis  dc-.iili  '•*  i.uU.i.nv!).  Uit  iuit:-t  Lue 


ANN 

been  subsequent  to  1564.  Ills  t>rincij<aJ 
work  is  his  Translation  of  Ovid  s  .Mela- 
morphoMB,  \\hicb,  though  often  unfaithful, 
and  shining  against  good  tn>to,  has  great 
merit.  For  the  representation  of  his  trag- 
edy of  (Kdipus,  a  theatre  was  built  at  Vi- 
eeiv.a  by  the  celebrated  Palladio.  Auguil- 
lara,  however,  lived  and  died  in  poverty. 

A  MCI  I.  I'KI  KK,  the  son  of  a  peasant, 
near  Inspruck,  in  the  Tyrol,  was  born  in 
172.'5,  and  his  early  youth  was  spei  t  in  ag- 
ricultural labours."  "At  the  age  of  twenty- 
eight,  however,  his  thirst  for  knowledge 
induced  him  to  go  to  the  college  of  Insprurk, 
where,  under  the  tuition  of  the  Jesuits,  he 
soon  became  an  excellent  geometer  and 
astronomer,  and  one  of  the  first  mechani- 
cians in  Europe.  He  constructed  globes 
and  mathematical  instruments,  and  at  EeQg%h 
undertook  a  general  survey  of  the  T\iol, 
on  an  extensive  scale,  which  he  completed 
in  an  admirable  manner.  The  empress 
granted  him  a  trilling  pension,  but  he  did 
not  enjoy  it  more  than  two  months,  lie 
died  in  1766. 

AMELLO,  THOMAS,  commonly  called 
M  A  s  \  NI  KLLO,  a  native  of  Amalli,  born 
in  1623,  though  only  an  humble  seller  of 
fish  at  .Naples,  shook  to  its  basis  the  au- 
thority of  the  Austrian  government  over  his 
native  country.  After  having  long  oppres- 
sed the  people,  the  duke  of  Arcos,  die  Aus- 
trian viceroy,  imposed,  in  1646,  a  tax  upon 
all  sorts  of  fruit;  an  onerous  impost  on  the 
poor,  as  fruit  constituted  nearly  their  sole 
food.  Stimulated  by  AnieUo,  the  multi- 
tude rose,  destroyed  the  toll-houses,  and 
rilled  the  palace  of  the  viceroy,  who  with 
diliiculty  made  his  escape  to  a  church.  All 
power  remained  in  the  hands  of  Aniello, 
who  was  at  the  head  of  more  than  an  hun- 
dred and  fifty  thousand  men,  besides  vast 
numbers  of  armed  women;  and  the  vice- 
roy was  at  length  under  the  necessity  of 
yielding  to  the  demands  of  the  populace. 
Aniello,  however,  did  not  long  enjoy  his 
triumph,  for  he  was  shot  by  four  assassins, 
who  were  employed  by  the  viceroy. 

A.N.NA  COMNENA,  daughter  of  the 
Greek  emperor  Alexis  I.,  was  born  in  1083, 
and,  after  her  father's  death,  conspired  to 
place  the' crown  on  her  husband's  head,  to 
the  prejudice  of  her  brother  John.  Her 
scheme  was  frustrated,  but  her  brother 
treated  her  with  lenity,  and  she  spent  the 
rest  of  her  days  in  retirement  and  literary 
pursuits.  Her  death  took  ulace  in  1148. 
She  is  the  author  of  the  Alexiad,  in  fifteen 
books,  a  history  of  her  father's  reign;  a 
work  of  merit,  but  in  which  filial  alTecti*  ii 
times  d.n-s  violence  to  truth. 

A.X.NK'JT,  PI:TKK,  a  (!eist'.f-i.  v.i're., 
said  to  l/e  a  native  of  Liverpool,  and  edu- 
cated as  a  prot::staiit  dissenting  minister 
!!••  is  i!if  author.  ,nnong  oth«-r  thinjj.-,  of 
Y'.ic  llii-t.irv  ol  the  Man  af'rr  Gc<i'»  owp 


ANN 

Heart,  and  the  Free  Inquirer,  for  which 
latter  work  he  was  pilloried  and  imp..son- 
ed.  While  Annett  was  in  the  King's 
Bench,  his  necessities  were  relieve  1  by 
archbiehop  Seeker.  He  died  in  1778, 


ANNIBAL,  one  of  the  greatest,  perhaps 
the  greatest,  general  of  antiquity,  was  a 
Carthaginian,  the  son  of  Amilcar  Barcas, 
and  was  born  247  years  B.C.  When  he 
was  only  a  child,  his  father  made  him 
swear  at  the  altar  eternal  enmity  to  the 
Romans,  and  never  was  vow  better  kept. 
At  the  age  of  twenty-five,  he  succeeded  to 
the  command  of  the  army  in  Spain,  on  the 
death  of  Asdrubal.  In  three  years  he  re- 
duced Spain  to  subjection,  and  completed 
his  achievement  by  the  destruction  of  Sa- 
gunturn,  an  ally  of  the  Romans.  Hence 
arose  the  second  Punic  war.  Having 
conceived  the  daring  scheme  of  attacking 
Rome  in  the  very  centre  of  her  power,  An- 
nibal  passed  the  Pyrenees  with  a  formida- 
ble army  (B.  c.  218),  traversed  Gaul,  cros- 
sed the  Alps,  in  spite  of  almost  insurmount- 
able obstacles,  and  penetrated  into  Italy, 
where,  at  the  outset,  he  vanquished  Scipio 
on  the  Ticino,  and  Sempronins  on  the 
Trebbia.  In  the  following  year,  he  entire- 
ly defeated  Flaminius,  at  the  battle  of 
Thrasymsne.  Fabius,  by  his  prudent  ma- 
meuvres,  for  a  while  held  him  at  bay;  but 
the  battle  of  Cannae,  brought  on  (B.  c.  216) 
by  the  presumption  of  Varro,  reduced  Rome 
to  the  verge  of  ruin.  ,  More  than  forty 
thousand  Romans  perished  on  that  terrible 
day  The  fores  of  Annibal,  however,  not 
beuvj  sufficient  for  the  reduction  of  the 
city  of  Rome,  he  bent  his  march  to  Ca- 
pua, which  opened  its  gates  to  Hin,  and 
he  there  took  up  his  winter  quarters.  It 
has  been  idly  said,  that  the  luxury  of  Ca- 

1>ua  proved  fatal  to  Annibal  and  his  army. 
Jut  this  ridiculous  assertion  is  refuted  by 
the  fact  that,  though  faction  deprived  him 
of  succours  from  home,  he  kept  his  ground 
in  Italy  for  more  than  twelve  years  after 
the  battle  of  Cannse,  and  did  not  quit  it  till 
he  was  recalled  to  defend  Carthage  against 
Scipio.  The  decisive  battle  of  Zama, 
which  was  fought  B.  c.  201,  compelled  the 
ft 


ANQ  83 

Carthaginians  to  submit  to  a  humiliating 
peace.  His  countrymen  now  conferred  on 
Annibal  the  pretorship,  and  he  began  to 
introduce  the  reforms  which  were  necessa- 
ry to  give  vigour  to  the  state;  but  the 
mean  dread  and  hatred  of  the  Romans  pur- 
sued him,  and  they  sent  commissioners  to 
insist  on  his  being  delivered  into  their 
hands.  He  was  compelled  to  fly ;  and  the 
remainder  of  his  life  was  spent  in  almost 
continual  wanderings:,  and  endeavours  to 
excite  hostility  against  the  Roman  domi- 
nation. Having  faile/.  in  inspiring  Anti- 
ochus,  king  of  Syria,  with  his  own  spirit 
and  fortitude,  he  lastly  took  refuge  with 
Prusias,  king  of  Bithynia,  and  at  the 
court  of  that  contemptible  monarch  he 
poisoned  himself,  B.  c.  183,  in  the  sixty- 
fourth  year  of  his  age,  to  avoid  being  sur- 
rendered up  to  those  whom  he  had  so  often 
vanquished. 

ANN  I  US,  of  Viterbo,  whose  real  name 
was  JOHN  NANNI,  was  a  Dominican, 
born  at  Viterbo,  about  1  432,  and  died  at 
Rome,  in  1502.  He  was  a  learned  man, 
but  disgraced  his  learning  by  applying  it 
to  purposes  of  deception.  He  forged  vari- 
ous works,  which  he  pretended  to  be  the 
compositions  of  Berosus,  Fabius  Pictor, 
and  many  other  ancient  writers.  These  he 
published  with  a  commentary,  and  it  was 
some  time  before  the  cheat  was  discovered. 

ANQUETIL,  Louis  PSTER, a  French 
historian,  born  at  Paris,  in  1723,  was  edu- 
cated for  the  church,  and  obtained  much 
celebrity  as  a  theologian.  Under  the  reign 
of  Napoleon,  he  was  a  member  of  the  In- 
stitute, and  was  employed  by  the  minister 
of  the  foreign  department.  Anquetil  was 
an  indefatigable  student;  ten  hours  of  each 
day  were  devoted  to  study.  He  was  more 
than  eighty  when  he  began  his  History  of 
France,  which  extends  to  fourteen  volumes. 
He  died  in  1808.  Of  his  works,  the  prin- 
cipal are,  the  Spirit  of  the  League ;  the 
History  of  France;  and  a  Summary  ot 
Universal  History. 

ANQUETIL  DU  PERRON,  ABRA- 
HAM HYACINTH,  the  brother  of  Louis 
Peter,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1731,  and 
was  intended  for  the  church,  but  devoted 
himself  almost  solely  to  the  study  of  th« 
oriental  languages  Such  was  his  fondnesa 
for  those  languages,  that,  a  Zend  MS.  hav- 
ing fallen  into  his  hands,  he  actually  enlist- 
ed as  a  common  soldier,  in  an  expedition 
,to  India,  in  order  to  have  an  opportunity 
of  learning  the  Zend,  Pehlevi,  and  San- 
scrit. He  remained  in  India,  encountering 
many  hardships,  till  1762,  when  he  return- 
ed to  Europe,  with  one  hundred  and  eightj 
MSS.  A  pension  and  the  situation  of 
oriental  interpreter  in  the  king's  library 
were  given  to  him.  He  died  in  1805 
His  productions  consist  of,  a  Translation 
of  <hc  ZondaTCrtta ;  and  of  a  Persian  work, 


VI  ANS 

entitled  Secrets  not  to  In?  rex eu led;  Oi  i- 
fntal  Legislation;  Historical  and  Geo- 
graphical Researches  in  India;  India  as 
connected  xvith  Europe;  and  a  Treatise  on 
the  Dignity  of  Commerce. 

ANSELM,  a  native  of  Aoste,  in  Pied 
mont,  xvas  born  in  10o.'".  He  xvas  arch 
oishop  of  Canterbury  in  the  reigns  of  Wil 
liam  Rufus  and  Richard  I.  He  w.is  ; 
strenuous  supporter  of  Papal  supreme  %x 
and  was  the  first  xvho  enforced  cleir  :.a 
Celibacy  in  England.  Anselm  xvas  a  learn 
ed  man,  ar cording  to  the  learning  of  th< 
age  in  xxhich  he  lived,  and  his  xvorks  dis 
plav  acuteness  of  intellect.  He  was  canon 
izeil  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VII. 

AN  SON",  GEORGE,  Lord,  was  born,  ii 
1697.  at  his  father's  seat  in  Staffordshire 
and  manifested  early  an  inclination  to  the 
sea.  He  first  obtained  a  command  in  1722 
but  did  not  acquire  celebrity  till  he  xvas 
placed  at*  the  head  of  an  expedition  to  the 
South  Sea,  in  1740.  After  losing  all  his 
ships  but  one,  and  encountering  many 
difficulties,  but  not  xvithout  having  severely 
harassed  the  Spanish  settlements,  he  was 
so  fortunate  as  to  capture  a  rich  galleon, 
on  her  passage  from  Acapulco  to  Manilla, 
and  to  reach  England  in  safety,  after  an 
absence  of  nearly  four  years.  He  was 
successively  made  rear-admiral  of  the  blue, 
a  lord  of  the  admiralty,  rear-admiral  of 
the  white,  and  vice-admiral  of  the  blue.  In 
1747,  he  defeated  a  French  squadron,  and 
captured  six  men  of  war,  and  four' East 
Indiamen.  He  was  rewarded  with 
barony,  and  rose  through  all  the  inter- 
mediate ranks  of  the  navy  till  he  became 
admiral,  and  commander  in  chief  of  the 
British  fleet.  Lord  Anson  died  in  1762. 
He  was  a  brave  and  skilful  seaman,  but 
had  little  knowledge  of  the  world,  and  his 
love  of  play  made  him  the  dupe  of  sharp- 
ers. 

AXSPACH,  the  Margravine  of,  Lady 
Elizabeth  Berkeley,  the  youngest  daughteV 
of  the  Earl  of  Berkeley,  xvas  born  in  1750, 
and  at  the  age  of  seventeen  was  married 
to  the  Hon.  Mr.  Craven,  afterwards  Lord 
Craven.  After  a  union  of  thirteen  years, 
the  ill  conduct  of  her  husband  compelled 
her  to  separate  from  him.  She  travelled 
on  the  continent,  and  an  attachment  took 
place  between  her  and  the  Margrave  of 
Anspach,  wrho  married  her  in  1791,  and 
came  to  reside  vith  her  in  England.  The 
Br'tish  court,  however,  refused  to  receive 
her,  and  she  xvas  disowned  by  her  daugh- 
ters. She  died  in  1827  The  Margravine 
-ed  considerable  talents.  Among  her 
literary  productions  are  her  oxvn  Memoirs  ; 
her  Travel.- ;  and  some  dramatic  oieces  and 
poems 

AXSTEY,  CHRISTOPHER,  a  poet, 
born  in  1721,  vas  educated  at  Bury  St. 
(ulward'i,  Etor,  and  King's  College,  Cam- 


ANT 

I  bridge.  At  college  he  obtained  a 
ship,  which  lie  resigned  in  1754,  on  hii 
succeeding  to  his  patrimonial  property. 
me  time  he  blended  the  occupation! 
of  a  country  ;:rntlcnian  xx  ith  literary  pur- 
suits; but/afterxvards,  resided  principally 
at  Bath.  In  17(i()  appeared  his  .\exv  Bath 
Guide,  xxhich  obtained  lapid  and  deserved 
popularity.  It  has  been  often  imitated, 
but  its  xvlt,  humour,  and  playfulness,  have 
not  xet  been  equalled.  Anstey  produced 
several  other  poems,  all  of  considerable 
merit,  but  inferior  to  the  New  Bath  Guide, 
lie  di.-d  in  1805. 

A! NSTIS,  JOHN,  an  antiquary,  wa« 
born  at  St.  Neots,  in  Cornwall,  in  16G9, 
and  xvas  educated  at  Exeter  College,  Ox- 
ford, whence  he  removed  to  the  Middle 
Temple.  In  1702,  he  xvas  elected  M.  P 
for  St.  Germain's,  and  in  1713  was  ap- 
pointed garter  king  at  arms.  He  died 
in  1744.  Of  his  works,  all  of  which  are 
heraldic,  the  principal  is  the  Register  of 
the  Order  of  the  Garter,  in  txvo  folio  vol- 
umes. 

AXTHEMIUS,  a  native  of  Tralles,  iu 
Lydia,  xx-as  at  once  an  architect,  sculptor, 
and  able  mathematician.  Justinian  em- 
ployed him  to  rebuild  the  church  of  Saint 
Sophia,  at  Constantinople,  which  still  re- 
mains a  magnificent  monument  of  his 
talents,  though  he  did  not  live  to  finish  it. 
From  certain  facts,  which  history  has  pre- 
served respecting  Anthemius,  it  appears 
that  he  had  no  slender  portion  of  chemical 
knoxvledge,  and  that  he  must  have  invented 
a  composition  closely  resembling,  if  not  the 
same  with,  jrunpoxvder.  He  died  in  534. 

ANTHIXG,  FREDERIC,  known  by 
is  biography  of  the  famous  field-marshai 
Suwarrof,  xxhose  companion  in  arms  he  had 
jeen.  He  was  born  in  Gotlm,  travelled 
hrough  Europe,  and  went  to  St.  Peters- 
)urgh,  where  he  supported  himself  by  cut- 
ting profiles  on  paper,  and  died  in  1805. 

ANTHONY,  ST.,  the  founder   of  mo- 
laslic  institutions,  xvas  an  Egyptian,  born 
near  Heraclca,  in  the  year  251.     Taking 
iterally  the  scriptural   injunction  to  give 
ill  to  the  poor,  he  distributed  to  them  the 
whole  produce  arising  from  the  sale  cf  his 
property,  and  then  retired  into  the  desert, 
whither  his   reputation  for   sanctity  drew 
rowels  of  disciples.     He  died  at   the  ad- 
anced  age  of  one  hundred  and  fixe. 

ANTIGONUS,  one  of  the  generals  of 
Alexander  the  Great,  xvas  the  son  of 
'hilip,  a  Macedonian  nobleman.  On  the 
jartition  of  Alexander's  entire,  Pamphy- 
ia,  Lycia,and  Phrygia  Major  were  assign- 
ed to  Antigonus,  to  which  Lycaonia  xvas 
ubsequently  added.  After  having  dc- 
troyed  Eumenes,  he  reduced  Asia  Minor 
nd  Syria,  and  assumed  the  title  of  king 
)f  Asia.  Several  leagues  were  formed 
against  nim.over  which  nc  triumphed;  but 


ANT 


ANT 


ke  war  '.  ength  defeated  and  slain,  at  jverv  white.  The  mind  of  Antoinette  waa 
the  batt'e  A  Ipsus,  which  he  fought  with  I  naturally  powerful,  and  had  been  caiefuily 
Seleucus,  Cassander,  and  Lysiniachus,  cultivated. 


801  years  B.  c.  Anttgonas  was  a  man  of 
frer.t  talents,  and  amiable  in  domestic 
iie. 


A NT OXIDES,  JOHN,  sur named  Van- 


der  Goes,  fi\ 


his  native   town   of  Goes, 
He  dis- 


in  Zealand,  was    born   in   1647. 

ANTIGONUS    SOCH^EUS,    a    Jew,  played  an  early  talent  for  poetry,  and  soon 
ived  in  the  time  of  the  hijjh  priest  Elea-jrose  to  a  high  rank  among  the  poets  of  his 

He 


priest  , 

.ar,  about  300  years  B.  c.,  was  a  disciple  ;  country.       Me    is 

)f  Simeon  the  Just,  and,  in  contradiction  I  work?,  the  most  celebrated  of  which  is  a 


among  the  poets  of  his 
the    author    of    several 


iO  the  Pharisees,  held  that  men  ought  to 
reivo  God  solely  for  the  1  >ve  of  him,  with- 
out the  h  >pe  of  temporal  reward;  a  doc- 
trine whicn  his  followers  Sadoc  and 
Bahhos'.is  pushed  so  far,  as  to  teach  that 


Descriptive  Poem,  in  four  cantos,  on  the 
River  Y.  He  died  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
eight. 

ANTONINUS  PIUS,TiTus  AURELI- 
us  Fui,vius,a  Roman  emperor,  was  born 


n  >  future  recompense  ought  to  be  expected,  at  Lanuvium,  A.  D.  86,  raised  to  the  consul  - 
nnd,  consequently,  that  there  would  be  no  ship  in  120,  and  in  138  succeeded  Adrian, 
re.surrecti.jn.  Hence  arose  the  sect  of  the  by  whom  he  had  been  adopted.  His  reign, 
SadJi 


A.NTISTHENES,  founder  of  the  sect 


which    lasted   twenty-three   years,  \vas    a 
happy  period  for  the  Roman  people.    Cle- 


of  Cynics,  was  born  at  Athens,  B.  c.  423,  jment,  equitable,  modest,  and  virtuous,  he 
and  was  first  instructed  by  the  sophist ,  was  a  model  for  sovereigns,  and  his  death, 
Gorgias,  and  afterwards  "by  Socrates.  [  which  took  place  A.  D.  161,  was  justly  re- 
The  lessons  of  the  latter  he  nobly  repaid  '•  garded  as  a  public  calamity. 
Ly  avenging  him,  it  being  he  who  procured  j  ANTONINUS,  MARCUS  ANNIUS  Au- 
the  death  of  Melitus,  and  the  banishment  j  RELIUS,  surnamed  the  Philosopher,  was 
of  Aiiytus,  the  two  accusers  of  Socrates,  iborn  A.  D.  121,  and  adopted  by  Antoninus 
His  works  are  lost,  with  the  exception  of  j  Pius,  who  gave  him  his  daughter  Faustina 
a  few  apophthegms;  for  two  declamations  |  to  wife.  At  a  very  early  age  he  was  deep- 
and  some  letters,  which  are  attributed  to  j  ly  imbued  with  the  stoical  philosophy.  On 
him,  are  believed  to  be  spurious.  From 'hi's  accession,  he  associated  Lucius  Verus 
his  book  on  physics  Cicero  quotes  a  re-  with  himself  in  the  government  of  the  em- 
markable  sentence — "  The  gods  of  the  pire.  After  the  death  of  Verus,  in  169, 
people  are  many,  but  the  God  of  nature  is  I  Marcus  Aurelius  carried  on  the  Pannonian 


one."     Diogenes  was  his  disciple. 

ANTOINETTE,    MARIA,   arch-duch- 
ess of  Austria,  daughter  of   the  emperor 


war  In  person,  during  five  campaigns,  in 
which  he  endured  the  toils  of  a  military 
life,  and  the  rigour  of  the  climate,  without 


Francis   I.  and  of    Maria  Theresa,  was  I  a  murmur.      From  this  war  he  was  called 
born  at  Vienna  in  1755.     On  the   16th  of 
May,  1770,  she   married    the    dauphin  of 
France,  afterwards  Louis  XVI.,   and  her 


arrival    in  France    was    celebrated 
every  demonstration   of  public   joy. 


away   by    tlie  revolt  of  Avidius 

which,  however,  was  soon  ended  by  Avidius 

falling  a  victim  to  a  conspiracy  of  his  ovtn 


ferocious  events  of  the  revolution  brought 
on  the  memorable  sixth  of  October,  when 
the  sanjainary  mob  of  Paris  appeared  at 
Versailles,  threatening  aloud  that  they 
would  tear  her  to  pieces.  Forced  to  ac- 


with  i  officers.     After  an  absence  of  eight  years, 
The  Marcus  returned   to   Rome,  where   he  re- 


mained but  a  short  time,  and  then  departed 
to  take  the  field  against  the  Marcomanni. 
On  this  expedition  he  died,  of  a  pestilential 
disorder,  at  Vindobonum,  now  Vienna,  A. 
D  180.  The  whole  Roman  empire  mourned 


company  the  king  to  Paris  in  a  journey  j  his  death,  and  his  name  was  enrolled  among 
of  six  hours,  while  the  heads  of  two  of  I  its  tutelary  deities.  The  sorrow  which 
her  murdered  bodv-gnards  were  raised  on  his  loss  excited  was  but  a  just  tribute  to 
pikes  by  the  side  of  her  carriage,  and  his  public  and  private  virtues.  His  Medi- 
while  insults,  threats  and  blasphemies  tations,  which  do  honour  to  his  heart,  have 
every  moment  rent  the  air,  she  preserved  descended  to  us,  and  have  been  translated 
a  singular  and  noble  p«"-wnitv.  On  the  into  many  languages, 
twentieth  i-f  June,  and  the  tenth  of  Au- 
gust, 1792,  those  days  of  horror  and  an- 

.archy,  sheajain  saw  herself  insulted,  and!  was  in  the  service  of  Alphonsoof  Arra^on. 
ea\eU  v'*t\\  difficulty  from  the  hands  of  as-!  He  composed  various  pieces  in  prose  and 
sassins;  and  in  the  assembly  she  heard  Iverne;  and  is  said  to  have  sold  one  cl  his 
unmoved,  the  decrees  which  robbed  the  i  2states,  to  procure  money  for  the  purchase 
monarch  of  his  throne.  She  was  executed  of  a  manuscript  Livy,  copied  by  Poggio. 
>n  1793,  by  order  of  the  revolutionary  tri-  ANTONIUS,  MARCUS,  commonly  cU- 
bunal.  She  was  then  near  thirty-eight,  i  led  MARK  ANTHONY,  was  grandson  of 
but  it  is  remarkable  that  her  misfortunes  j  the  celebrated  orator  of  the  same  name, 
bad  changed  tht.  colour  of  her  hair  to  a  sil-' Anthony  was  left  tin  orphin  when  voting, 


ANTONIO,  of  Palermo,  was  born  in 
1394,  and  died  at  Naples,   in  1471.     H« 


86 

an-i  he 


APC 

wasted  his  whole  fortune 


in  riotouw  excesses.  After  having  served 
in  Syria  ami  Egypt,  he  joined  Ciesar  in 
Gaul,  bv  wh»m  lie  was  .-upj  lied  wilh  the 
means  of  returning  to  Rome,  ud  obtaining 
tlie  qoMtorship,  an<l  subsequently  the  tri- 
hunr.-hip.  lie  aMjMOOltded  Ciesar  inliis 
-upreme  power,  and  was  made 
nsnl  will)  him.  It  was  IIP  who,  at 
-;i\al  of  the  Lupercalii,  thrice  offered 
Ca-sar  the  imprrjal  diadem,  lie  hoped, 
on  the  Heath  of  tl.e  dictator,  to  obtain  the 
n  power,  and  he  succeeded  in  pro- 
curing the  expulsion  of  Brutus  and  Cassius 
from  11  >i'.>e.  They,  however,  formed  a 
union  with  Oetavius.  and  a  contest  ensued, 
winch  ended  in  Octavius  joining  him,  and, 
.vith  Lepidus,  forming  the  second  triumvi- 
rate. A  bloody  proscription  followed,  of 
which  Cicero  was  one  of  the  victims.  — 
The  defeat  of  Brutus  and  Cassius,  at  Phil- 
ippi,  which  was  chiefly  occasioned  by  the 
talent  and  valour  of  Anthony,  left  the  tri- 
umvirs uncontrolled  masters  of  the  world. 
In  the  east,  which  was  his  portion  of  the 
spoil,  he  reigned  with  exceeding  splendour. 
There  he  became  enamoured  of  Cleopatra, 
queen  of  Egypt,  and  his  passion  led  him 
to  divorce  Octavia,  the  sister  of  Octavius, 
whom  he  had  married  after  the  death  of 
Kivlvia.  A  war  was  the  consequence,  in 
which  he  was  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Ac- 
tium,  and,  being  eventually  almost  wholly 
deserted  by  his  troops,  lie  fill  upon  his 
pword,  in  the  fifty-sixth  year  of  hia  age,  B. 
c  30. 
ANVARI, 


celebrated  Persian  poet,  a 


API 

ever,  he  quitted  for  the  church.  He  rot* 
to  be  bishop  of  Dijon,  and  archbishop  of 
Audi,  and  was  a  Bright  example  of  virtue 
and  charity.  In  a  violent  Conflagration, 
he  intrepidly  risked  his  own  life  to  snatrS 
two  children  from  the  llames.  Thisexce'- 
lent  prelate  died  at  Paris,  in  1783,  in  h.* 
sixtieth 

APELLE8,  the  most  celebrated  of  a» 
c'u-nt  painters,  ir  said  bv  Pliny  to  hair 
been  born  at  Cos,  but  others  assign  Ephe 
sus  as  his  birthplace.  He  was  contempo 
rary  with  Alexander  the  Great,  who  heh 
his  talents  in  such  estimation,  thai  lit 
would  permit  no  other  artist  to  paint  hit 
picture;  and  even  gave  up  to  him  the  beau- 
tiful Cauvpaspe,  his  mistress,  with  whom 
the  painter  had  fallen  in  love.  Exquisite 
grace  was  the  principal  characteristic  of 
his  style.  The  time  and  place  of  his  death 
are  unknown. 

APER,  MARCUS,  a  Latin  orator,  was  « 
Gaul  by  birth,  and  distinguished  himself 
as  an  advocate  at  the  Roman  bar.  He 
also  took  a  part  in  politics,  and  was  suc- 
cessively senator,  questor,  tribune,  and 
pretor.  The  celebrated  Dialogue  of  Ora- 
tors, which  has  been  attributed  to  Tacitus 
and  Quintilian,  is  now  generally  believed 
to  be  of  his  composition.  He  died  about 
A.  P.  51. 

APIAN,  PKTFR,  a  mathematician  and 
astronomer  of  eminence,  was  born  in  Mis- 
ilia,  in  1495,  and  became  professor  of  ma- 
thematics at  Ingolstadt.  Charles  V.  es- 
teemed his  talents  so  highly  that  he  knight- 
ed him,  and  made  him  a  present  of  three 


native  of  Khorasan,  was  patronised  bv  thousand  pieces  of  gold.  Hedied  in  1552, 
Sultan  Sangiar;  but,  being  a  dabbler  in  and  his  son,  Philip,  succeeded  him  as  ma- 
:i.-:nd'  gy,  he  had  the  folly  to  predict  that  thematical  professor.  Alpian  was  the 
a  destructive  tempest  would  happen  en  a  first  to  make  known  that  the  tails  of  corn- 
certain  day,  which  day,  however,  proved  j  ets  are  always  projected  in  an  opposite  di- 
to  be  unusually  calm.  This  unluckv  prog-  i  rection  from  the  SUH,  and  to  propose  the 


nostication,  which  had  spread  universal 
terror  among  the  people,  lost  him  the  fa- 
Tour  of  the  sultan,  and  he  retired  to  Balk, 
where  lie  died  in  the  year  1200. 

A.XV1LLE,     JOHN    BAPTIST    BOUR- 
D',  one  of  the  most  eminent  of 
geographers,    was  b.irn    at  Paris, 


modern 


discovery  of  the  longitude  by  lunar  obser- 
vations. 

APlCIUS,a  name  which  seems  to  have 
been  consecrated  to  gluttony.  There  were 
three  Romans  who  bore  it ;  the  first  under 


Sylla,  the  second  under  Augustus  and  Ti« 

0     »--r-     •-•  -—*  berius,  the  third  under  Trajan.    ^The  sec- 

in  1G97,  anoi  lus  attention  was  first  attract-  ond  is  the  most  notorious  ;  he  is  comiuem 
ed  to  geographical  studies  by  a  map  convng  orated  by  Seneca,  Pliny,  Juvenal,  and 
into  his  hands  when  he  was  only  twelve  Martial."  The  treatise  De  Re  Culinu;  a 
!  !.  Prom  that  time,  all  the  tenure  is  attributed  to  him.  He  poisoned  him- 
moments,  of  his  youth  were  em;  l«\ed  in  self,  on  discovering  that  his  fortune  waa 
tracing  out  on  charts  the  march  of  armies. '  too  much  diminished  to  allow  of  his  indulg- 
and  the  boundaries  of  empires.  As  he  yi^  in  tlie  luxury  of  the  table  to  the  same 
grew  up,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  sci-  extent  that  he  had  done.  The  third  Api- 
ence  of  geography,  a:id  the  numerous  a'id  cius  is  more  advantageously  known  as  th« 
valuable'  maps  and  works  which  he  pub-  inventor  of  a,  mode  of  pickling  oysters, 
tislied  left  him  without  a  rival.  For  fifty,  APION,  an  Egyptian  grammarian,  of 
years  he  is  said  to  have  lab'mred  fifteen  considerable  talents,  but  full  of  boastful 


hours  a  dav.     He  (Ked  in  1782. 


vanity  (f°r 


latter  quality  Tiberiui 


APCHON,  CL.  MATIK  A.vr.  i>',  a  na-  called  him  the  drum  of  the  world),  was 
live  of  Montbrison,  in  France,  was  brought  born  in  Egypt,  during  the  first  century  of 
«p  to  the  military  profc.<.»ion,  which,  ROW-lOOT  era,  and  was  a  b'tter  enemy  of  UM 


APO 

ews  He  u>'  only  r'diculed  them  in  his 
writings,  but  is  also  said  to  have  stinuila- 
ted  Caligula  to  persecute  them.  His  mis- 
representations were  refuted  by  Josephus. 

APOLLODOaUS,  an  Athenian  paint- 
er, flour  i.she  I  about  403  years  B.  c.  Me 
was  the  firs',  wlv:  blended  and  Harmon  tied 
the  colours,  and  made  a  proper  distribu- 
tion of  the  shadows.  He  considered  him- 
self as  the  prince  of  pa;nters;  but,  in  his 
litter  days,  his  glory  was  eclipsed  by  that 
of  Zeiixis. 

APOLLODORUS,  a  native  of  Damas- 
cus, was  celebrated  as  an  architect,  in  the 
reigns  of  Trajan  and  Adrian.  He  con- 
structed Trajan's  forum,  the  gigantic 
bridge  over  the  Danube,  and  many  other 
admirable  structures.  His  plain  speaking 
cost  him  his  life.  A  temple  of  Venus  hav- 
ing been  erected,  from  a  faulty  de/ig.i  by 
Adrian,  Apollodorus  criticised  it,  and  ex- 
claimed, that  if  the  goddess  should  wish  to 
go  out,  she  could  not  do  it  without  break- 
ing her  head  against  the  door  frame.  To 
avenge  himself  for  this  sarcasm,  the  des- 
pot put  him  to  death,  about  th.-»  year  ISO. 

APOLLONIUS,  an  Athenian  sculptor, 
said  to  have  lived  soon  after  Alexander  the 
Great,  produced  the  statue,  believed  to  be 
a  reposing  Hercules,  of  which  the  body, 
all  that  remains,  is  known  by  the  'name  of 
the  Belvedere  Torso.  Mutilated  as  this 
statue  is,  it  is  one  of  the  finest  remains  of 
a-t  that  has  descended  to  us  from  ancient 
times.  • 

APOLLONIUS,  of  Rhodes,  an  emi- 
nent statuary,  who  sculptured,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Tauriscus,  the  fine  group  which 
is  railed  the  Farnese  Bull,  the  remains  of 
which  were  found  in  the  baths  of  Caracal- 
la.  He  is  supposed  to  have  lived  some 
vears  subsequently  to  Alexander  the  Great. 

APOLLONIUS,  a  native  of.Perga,  in 
Pamphyiin,  is  one  of  the  four  authors  who 
have  a  title  to  be  considered  as  the  fathers 
of  the  science  of  mathematics.  Euclid, 
Archimedes,  and  Diophantus  are  the  other 
three.  He  flourished  at  Alexandria,  under 
the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Philopator,  200  years 
B  c.  The  only  part  of  his  woiks  which 
has  survived  is  a  Treatise  on  Conic  Sec- 
tions, in  eight  books,  of  which  only  the 
first  four  are  extant  in  the  original  lan- 
guage; three  have  been  translated  from 
the  Arabic,  and  the  fourth  was  restored  by 
Ha] ley,  from  other  sources. 

APOLLONIUS,  surnamed  RHODIUS, 
a  Greek  poet,  was  a  native  of  Alexandria, 
or,  as  some  say,  of  Naucrate*,  and  was 
born  about  194  years  B.  c.  Callimachus 
was  his  tutor,  and,  conceiving  himself  to 
have  been  treated  ungratefully,  he  took 
his  revenge  by  satirising  his  pupil.  Apol- 
lonius  taught  rhetoric  at  Rhode?,  and  \\as 
subsequently  made  librarian  at  Alexandria. 
His  poem  on  the  Argonaiuic  expelition 


APU  87 

has  many  beauttes,  some  of  which  Virgil 
did  not  disdain  to  copy 

APOLLONIUS,  TYASEUS,  a  native 
of  Tyana,  in  C;ippadocia,  a  follower  of  the 
doctrine  of  Pythagoras,  was  born  r.bout 
the  commencement  of  the  Christian  era. 
His  history  is  so  interwoven  with  fa'olcs, 
that  it  is  difficult,  if  11.0 1  impossible,  to 
separate  the  true  from  the  false.  That  ho 
must  be  called  an  impostor  is  certain,  for 
he  pretended  to  divine  attributes:  but  his 
doctrines  and  his  morals  were,  neverthe- 
less, pure.  Several  of  the  Roman  emperors 
honoured  him,  temples  were  erected  to 
him,  and  his  memory  was  revered  till  t!ie 
downfall  of  paganism.  He  is  saxd  to  have 
travelled  into  Asia  Minor,  Persia,  India, 
and  Egypt,  and  to  have  settled  at  Ephesu.*, 
where  he  is  supposed  to  have  died,  at  the 
age  of  ninety-seven,  during  the  reign  of 
Nerva.  The  miracles  which  he  was  pre- 
tended to  have  performed  were  opposed  by 
the  pagans  to  those  of  Jesus  Christ.  Of 
the  works  of  Apollonius  nothing  remains 
but  his  Apology  to  Domitian,  and  eighty- 
four  epistles. 

APOLLONIUS,  surnamed  DYSCOLUS, 
from  his  moroseness,  was  a  native  of  Alex- 
andria, flourished  about  A.  D.  136,  and  is 
the  author  of  dip  first  extant  Treatise  on 
Syntax.  He  was  the  father  of  Herodian, 
a  famous  grammarian. 

APPIAN,  a  Greek  historian,  born  at 
Alexandria,  lived  under  the  emperors  Tra- 
jan, Adrian,  and  Antoninus,  and  was  a 
pleader  at  Rome.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
Roman  History,  originally  consisting  of 
twenty-four  books,  a  work  of  great  merit, 
but  of  which,  unfortunately,  only  a  part 
has  escaped  the  ravages  of  time. 

APPIANI,  ANDREW,  a  celebrated 
Italian  painter,  was  born  in  the  Upper 
Milanese,  in  1754.  He  died  in  1818, 
while  executing  an  immense  work  in  the 
palace  of  Milan.  Appiani  often  proved 
himself  no  unworthy  rival  of  Corregio,  and 
particularly  excelled  in  fresco  paintings. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Italian  Institute, 
and  was  patronised  by  Napoleon,  who  gave 
him  the  cross  of  the  legion  of  honour  and 
nominated  him  his  paintet. 

APRES  DE  MANNEVILLETTE, 
JOHN  BAPTIST  NICHOLAS  DKNIS  D% 
a  French  hvdrographer,  was  born  at  Havre, 
in  1707,  and  brought  up  to  the  naval  ser- 
vice. He  died  in  1780.  To  him  the  naval 
profession  is  indebted  for  the  Oriental 
Neptune,  an  excellent  collection  of  charts 
of  the  eastern  seas,  the  first  edition  of 
which  appeared  in  1743.  A  supplement 
was  published  after  his  death.  He  de 
rived  much  valuable  assistance  from  the 
friendship  of  Dalrymple. 

APULEIUS,  Lucius,  a  philosopher  of 
the  Platonic  school,  was  born  at  Madaura, 
in  Africa,  in  the  seervwd  century.  His 


ARA 


ARA 


Uiiist  uf  knowledge  led  him  to  travel  much, '  surely  to  a  comprehension  of  the  most  Jiffi 
nnd  this,  and  his  lil>erality  to  his  teachers,  j  cult  authors  in  the  deck  and  Latin  lilera 
having  exhausted  his  fortune,  ho  settled  at  tures.  He  also  studied  anil  made  himself 
Rome,  and  practised  at  the  liar.  Theme  perfect  in  Hebrew,  and  with  the?e  great 
he  returned  to  Cai  tha-^e,  where  he  married  ae(|iiirements  he  gained  h>s  livelihood,  l>y 

south    >i' 


a  rich  widow  named  Pudentiila.  Enraged 
at  being  thus  shut  out  from  Mianng  in  her 
pro|XMty,  her  iclations  accu.-ed  h  -n,  before 
the  proconsul,  of  having  won  h -r  by  ma- 
gical art?  He-,  however,  refuted  them  in 
an  eloquent  defence,  which  is  still  extant. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown.  Of 
th.it  part  of  his  works  which  has  l>ecn  pre- 
served, The  Golden  Ass,  in  eleven  books, 
is  lli»:  most  celebrated. 

AQl.'INAS,  ST. THOMAS,  a  celebrated 
theologian,  to  whom  the  hyperbolical  ad- 
miration of  the  dark  a<jes  gave  the  sound- 
ing titles  of  the  Angelical  Doctor,  the  l-'ifth 
Doctor  of  the  Church,  the  Eagle  of  Divines, 
and  the  Angel  of  the  Schools.  He  was 
descended  from  the  counts  of  Aquino,  in 
Calabria,  born  in  1224,  and  educated  at 
tne  university  of  Naples.  At  the  age  of 
seventeen  he  entered  into  the  Dominican 


eir,M_,Mng  in  several  schools  in  the 
England. 


school    at 


I  i    IT.'.T,   lu-    came   to   tlut   free 
Lynn,   a  perfect    master    of  tho 


most  abstruse  studies,  ami  i.equ. tinted  with 
heraldry  and  botany.  He  had  begun  to 
make  collection.--  £-*•  radical  comparisons 
between  tne  modern  and  ancient  languages, 
and  already  more  than  three  thousand  words 
were  vfleeted  to  establish  this  surprising 
affinity  in  a  comparative  lexicon,  when  hi» 
labour!  were  arrested  by  the  hand  of  jus- 
tice. He  was  taken  up  at  Lynn  in  1758, 
for  the  murder  e.f  Daniel  Clark,  a  hhoema- 
ker  ofKnaresborough,  who  had  disappeared 
thirteen  years  before,  Mid  after  a  trial  in 
which  he  defended  himself  with  singular 
coolness  and  ability,  he  was  found  guilty 
of  the  crime,  and  after  attempting  to  com. 
mil  suicide,  he  was  executed  at  York  in 
1759.  He  acknowledged  the  justice  of 


order,  contrary  to  the  wishes  of  his  mother;  |  the  sentence,  and  alleged  his  suspicion  of 
and  when  only  twenty-four  he  taught  dia-'au  unlawful  intercourse  between  Clark  and 
lectics,  philosophy,  and  theology,  in  the  |  his  wife,  as  his  motive  for  the  commission 
university  of  Paris,  with  great  applause. 
After  having  lectured  on  divinity  in  several 
universities,  he  settled  at  Naples,  the  arch- 
bishopric of  which  citv  he  refused.  Heiof  Vesalius  and  of  Maggius,  was  born,  in 
died  in  1274,  and.  was  canoni/ed  in  1323. 1 1530,  at  Bologna,  in  which  city  he  became 
The  Roman  Catholic  Church  considers  his  professor  of  surgery  and  anatomy.  He  held 

the  professional  chair  for 


of  the  murder. 

ARANZI,    or    ARANTIUS,   JULIU. 

,  a  celebrated   anatomist,  a   pupi. 


thirty-two  years, 

and  greatly  distinguished  himself.     Aranzi 
w    light  on    the   muscular   system,  the 


threw 


ing  him  in  his  closet  a  heap  of  wealth,  the 
pope  said,  "  You  see  the  time  is  gone  by 


writings    as    of   high    authority;    and  the} 
gave  rise  to  a  sect  which  l>orc  the  name  of 
the    Thomists.     They   form  seventeen  vol- 
umes;   the  most  celebrated  of  them  is  the  i  theory  of  the  circulation,  and  the  structure 
Summa  Theologhe.     One  anecdote   is  re-|of  the  ff-tus  and  its  appendages.     He  died 
corded  of  his  readiness  of  repartee.     Show-pin  15S9- 

ARATUS,  a  Greek  poet,  bom  at  Soles, 
in  Cilicia,  is  the  author  of  a  Greek  astro- 

when  the  church  could  say  '  silvet  and  gold  nomical  poem,  intitled  Phenomena,  which 
have  I  none.'" — "True,  holy  father,"!  was  translated  into  Latin  by  Cicero,  and 
replied  Aquinas;  "and  so  is  the  time  quoted  by  St.  Paul.  His  other  works  aro 
when  she  could  say  to  the  palsied,  '  take  up  lost.  He  was  patronised  by  Ptolemy  Phi- 
;hy  l)ed  ami  walk."'  "  ladelplu.s. 

ARAGON,  TIJLMA  I)',  a  descendant  ARATfJS,  of  Sicyon,  one  of  the  great 
of  an  illegitimate  branch  of  the  regal  house  i  men  of  the  declining  age  of  Greece,  was 
of  Aragon,  was  celebrated  in  Italy,  towards  born  B.  c.  273.  At  the  age  of  only  twenty, 
tlir  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century,  for  her  he  delivered  Sicyon,  his  native  place,  from 


beauty,  wit,  learning  and  varied  accom- 
plishments. Her  merits  were  the  favourite 
theme  of  the  most  eminent  men  of  the  age. 
She  is  the  author  of  Poems,  a  Dialogue  of 
Love,  and  II  Meschino,  a  poem  in  thirty- 
six  cantos. 

AR  AM,  Euc  KN  K,  a  native  of  Yorkshire, 


the  tyranny  of  Nieocles,  but  would  not 
allow  a  drop  of  blood  to  be  shed.  Being 
entrusted  with  the  government,  he  joined 
the  Ac  luean  league,  and  was  advanced  to 
be  general  of  the  confederacy.  In  thi» 
capacity,  he,  by  an  admirable  stratagem, 
recovered  the  citadel  of  Corinth  from  the 


and  son  of  a  gardener,   was  born  in  1704.  |  Macedonians.       Circumstances,    however, 
His  genius  displayed  itself  while  he  follow-:  subsequently  rendered  it  necessary  for  him 
f   his   father,   to   unite    w'ith    Macedon,  and    he",  accord- 


ed    the    humble    occupation  of 

He  rapidly  acqu'ucd   a   knowledge  of  ma- 
thematics,   and   with    the   most    unwearied 


stered  tin  Latin  of  Lilly's  grammar, 
and  afterwards   Jamden's  Creek,    till    this 


real  mastered  ti 
and  afterwards 
•elf-  Ui  ugh  I  i  l.'-.r  «  advanced  gradn;.l!y  but  I 


'y,  became  the  ally  of  Antigonus,  and, 
next,  of  Philip.  The  latter  monarch  i» 
suspected  to  have  caused  his  death  by  slow 
poison  He  died  n.  c.  216,  sincerely 
lamented  by  hi*  fellow  citi/.eiis.  His  Coin 


ARC 

mentnfies,  containing  the  history  of  his 
own  actions  and  ti.ues,  are,  unfoi tunately, 
lost. 


ARBUTHNOT,  JOHN,  Dr.,  was  the 
•on  of  a  Scotch  episcopal  clergyman,  and 
was  born  at  Arbulhnot,  near  Montrcse, 
soon  after  the  Restoration.  Having  com- 
pleted his  studies,  and  taken  his  medical 
degree,  at  Aberdeen,  he  proceeded  to  Lon- 
don, where,  for  some  time,  he  supported 
himself  by  teaching  the  mathematics.  In 
1704,  the  merits  of  his  paper,  On  the  Re- 
gularity of  the  Births  of  the  two  Sexes, 
procured  his  admission  into  the  Royal 
Society.  He  rose  in  his  profession  to  be 
the  queen's  physician  in  ordinary,  and  a 
fellow  of  the  College  of  Physicians;  but 
his  practice  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
extensive.  Acquainted  with  Pope,  Swift, 
and  the  other  wits  of  the  age,  lie  took  a 
phare  in  their  literary  enterprises,  and 
contributed  largely  to  the  Memoirs  of 
Martinu*  Set  ihlerus.  The  History  of  John 
Bull,  A  Treatise  on  the  Scolding  of  the 
Ancients,  and  The  Art  of  Political  Lying, 
with  many  other  pieces  of  wit  and  humour, 
were  the  offspring  of  his  pen.  After  long 
lingering  under  asthma  and  dropsy,  which 
he  bore  with  exemplary  patience,  he  died 
in  February,  1735.  Swift  gave  his  cha- 
racter ia  few  words — "He  has,"  said  he, 
"  more  wit  than  all  our  race,  and  his  hu- 
manity is  equal  to  his  wit."  Nor  is  there 
any  tiling  of  the  exaggeration  of  friendship 
in  this  praise.  Among  his  serious  works, 
part  of  which  are  medical,  may  be  named 
his  Tables  of  Ancient  Coins,  Weights,  and 
Measure*. 

ARCHIAS,  AULUS  LICINIUS,  a  Greek 
poet,  a  native  of  Antioch,  the  contemporary 
and  friend  of  Cicero  a;:d  Lucullus,  the 
former  of  whom  pronounced  on  his  behalf 
the  eloquent  oration  Pro  Archia  Poeta 
Archias  wrote  a  verse  History  of  the  Cim- 
bnc  war,  and  other  works ;  but  only  a  few 
epigrams  of  his  are  extant. 

AllCHILOCHUS,  a  G  eek  poet  and 
musician,  born  about  the  y:ar  '00  B.C., 
mas  tiie  son  of  Telesicles  <  f  Paros,  a  man 
of  high  rank  !!<.>  u?  e*l;  braled  f..r  hii 


ARC  ^        30 

talent-?,  the  bitterness  of  his  satire, 
;  the  invention  of  iambic  ve.-se,  and  his  cow- 
ardice. In  battle  he  threw  away  his  shield, 
to  fly  more  expeditiously ;  an  ac-tion  which 
he  defended  by  saying,  that  "  it  was  easiei 
to  get  a  new  buckler  than  a  new  exist- 
ence." Such  was  the  deadly  virulence  ot" 
his  invective,  that  Lycambes  hinged  him- 
self  in  consequence  of  having  been  exposed 
to  it;  a  visitation,  however,  which  he 
brought  on  his  own  head,  by  marrying  his 
daughter  to  a  rich  suitor,  after  he  had 
promised  her  to  Archilochus.  The  poet 
was  at  last  killed,  by  Corax  of  Naxos. 

ARCHIMEDES,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated geometricians  and  mechanicians  of 
antiquity,  was  born  at  Syracuse,  about  the 
year  287  n.  c.,  and  was  related  to  King 
Hiero.  He,  tvjwever,  took  no  part  in 
state  affairs,  but  devoted  himself  to  the 
cultivation  of  the  sciences.  As  a  mathe- 
matician he  had  few  rivals ;  as  a  mechani- 
cian he  had  none.  The  combination  of  pul- 
leys for  raising  vast  weights,  the  endless 
screw,  and  the  screw  which  bears  his 
nam?,  were  invented  by  him.  He  is  also 
said  to  have  constructed  a  machine,  which 
represented  the  motions  of  the  heavenly  bod- 
ies. But  it  was  in  defence  of  Syracuse, 
when  that  city  was  besieged  by  Mareellus, 
that  his  inventive  genius  was  the  most 
splendidly  displayed.  By  his  mechanical 
inventions  the  besieging  force  was  long 
held  at  bay.  Among  these  was  a  burning 
glass,  composed  of  reflecting  mirrors,  by 
which  he  h'red  the  hostile  fleet.  The  city 
was  at  last  taken  by  storm,  and  Archi- 
medes fell  by  the  hand  of  a  soldier,  u.  c. 
212,  in  the  seventy-fourth  year  of  his  age. 
Several  of  his  works  are  extant. 

ARCHYTAS,  a  Pythagorean  philoso- 
pher, born  at  Tarentum,  about  408  years 
B.  c.,  was  at  once  a  mathematician,  a 
general,  and  a  statesman,  and  was  eminent 
in  each  (if  these  pursuits.  He  was  seven 
times  at  the  head  of  the  government,  and 
often  commanded  the  army,  without  ever 
being  vanquished.  As  a  mechanician,  he 
invented  the  screw,  the  crane,  and  various 
hydraulic  mechanics.  To  the  philosophy 
of  Archytas,  Aristotle  was  indebted  for 
many  idea?.  He  was  shipwrecked  on  the 
coast  of  Apulia.  His  only  extant  produc- 
tion is  a  metaphysical  work.  On  the  Uni- 
verse. 

ARCON,  LF.MICEAUU  i>',  a  French 
general  and  engineer,  was  born  at  Pontar- 
jier,  in  1733,  and  died  in  1800.  H«  was 
intended  for  the  church ;  but,  from  an  early 
ago,  the  time  that  he  should  have  dedicated 
to  languages  and  'theology,  he  spent  in 
drawing  plans  of  fortifications.  His  pictura 
having  been  painted  as  an  abb?,  he  oblite- 
rated the  clerical  dress,  and  replaced  it  by 
that  of  a.n  engineer;  and  this  silent  hint 
induced  his  parent  to  comply  with  htl 


40  ARE 

wishes.  I)'Arc.on  distinguished  himself, 
during  the  seven  years  \v:ir,  in  the  defence 
of  Cassel.  In  17K),  he  invented  tho  float- 
ing batteries,  which  we-e  intended  to  re- 
duce  Gibraltar.  They  failed;  not.  howev- 
er, hv  iiis  f.iul;  ;  •  r.i  object  ef 
\\  in>  n:. a.-ure  merit  by 

success:   they.  nevertl:cl.  ,-s,  did   honour   to 
the   genius   ct"  the   pi •oj-vfoi •.      ]>'Arc;on  is 
the  author  of  several  woiks  on  his   pn  (Vs- 
sion,  which,  though  faulty  in  style, 
i>id  skill. 

ARDERN,  JOHN,  an  En<rl:sh  surgeon, 
settled  at  Nevvaik,  in  13-19,  and  removed 
to  Lorelon,  in  1370,  in  consequence  of  his 
extensive  reputation.  The  title  <,{  re\iver 
of  surgery  in  England  in  Kie  fourteenth 
century  has  been  given  to  him.  He  WHS 
particularly  successful  in  the  cure  of  fistula, 
the  mode  of  operating  for  which  he  much 
improved. 

ARETAPHILA,  a  female  of  Cyrene, 
jdio  lived  about  the  time  of  the  wars  be- 
tween Mithridates  and  the  Romans,  deliv- 
ered her  country  from  the  tyranny  of  Nico- 
crates,  and  of  his  brother  Lysander,  the 
former  of  whom  had  murdered  her  hus- 
band. After  having  given  wise  laws  and 
institutions  to  the  Cyreneans,  she  refused 
to  accept  the  sovereign  authority,  and  re- 
tired to  a  private  station. 

ARETINO,GuiDo,orGunJOD'AREz- 
ZO,  born  at  Arezzo,  in  Tuscany,  about  the 
year  995,  was  a  Benedictine  monk.  To 
him  music  is  indebted  for  the  invention  of 
the  gamut,  and  other  discoveries.  His 
merit  excited  such  envy  among  his  confra- 
ternity, that  he  was  obliged  to  quit  his 
convent;  but  for  this  he  was  amply  indem- 
nified by  the  praise  and  the  patronage  of 
the  pope.  The  time  of  his  death  is  not 
recorded. 

ARETINO,  LEONARD,  so  called  from 
Arezzo,  where  he  was  born  in  1S69,  but 
whose  real  name  was  Bruni,  was  an  Italian 
historian,  of  considerable  merit,  and  es- 
teemed for  his  virtues.  He  was  secretary 
to  several  popes,  and  chancellor  to  the 
Florentine  republic.  lie  dier"  •.  r  lorence, 
in  1444.  His  principal  works  '-ire,  a  His- 
tory of  his  own  Times;  a  History  of  Flo- 
rence; and  his  Letters,  which  contain 
much  informal!  "\  respecting  the  literature 
of  that  age 

ARCT1NO,  PETER,  a  celebrated  satir- 
ist, or  lather  'ibeller,  was  a  native  of  Arex- 
zo,  in  Tuscany,  and  was  born  in  1492.  He 
acquired  the  title  of  the  Scourge  of  Prin- 
ces, and  was  KO  A  am  of  his  power,  that  he 
caused  a  medal  to  be  struck,  on  which  he 
etvl»'d  himself  the  divine  Aretino.  and  re- 
presented himself  seated  on  a  throne  re- 
ceiving the  envoys  of  sovereigns.  By  some 
monarchs,  among  whom  was  Charles  V. 
and  Francis  I.  he  was  bribed  to  silence; 
but  others  insured  his  forbearance,  or  pun- 


ARG 

Uhed  his  accession,  by  the  more  propot 
means  ofcoiporeal  chas' ise-.aent.  Such  was 
his  propensity  t.>  it;-]  a  irr;ck,  that  he  was 
said  I.)  !;»\r  tj  ared  il'.r  I'eity  in  his  satire 
only  because  he  <ii<i  noi  k"eu  him.  Some 
tif  his  n  m;-i':-i:iou.-  aie  i  f  :t<e  i;r:\-s.vt  <  b- 

seetiity.     Yet  he  wrote  hvmn?,  dwotional 

.    a:id    li\<  s  .  f  suiais!      lie   died  at 

AU(;i:.\S,  JOHN  BAPTIST  i>r.  BOY- 
y  K.  Mar(|ris  d',  burn  nt  Aix,  i;i  I'ro\ence, 
in  1704,  was  the  SDH  of  the  solicitor  gr-nri  al 
to  the  parliament,  and  t.is  in'tended  f.»r  thr* 
law,  but  enteic-d  (lie  army  against  (lie  wish 
of  his  father,  and,  after  many  curious  ad- 
ventures, was  disinherited.  A  fa1.!  tVom 
liis  hoischaviiir  incapacitated  him  for  mil- 
itary service,  lie  settled  in  Holland,  took 
up  the  pen  for  his  livelihood,  and  produced 
his  Jewish,  Chinere,  and  Cabalistic  Let- 
ters. Frederic  the  Great  invited  him  to 
Potsdam,  made  him  his  chamberlain,  and 
gave  him  his  friendship  and  a  pension.  He 
died  at  Aix,  in  1771,  while  on  a  visil  to 
his  family.  His  numerous  works,  once 
popular,  are  fallen  into  greater  neglect 
than  they  deserve,  considering  the  talent 
and  erudition  which  they  display. 

ARGENSOLA,  LUPKRCIO  LEONAU- 
DO  D',  a  Spanish  historian  and  poet,  born 
at  Balbastro,  in  Aragon,  about  1565,  was 
secretary  of  war  and  state  at  Naples,  un- 
der the  viceroy  count  <!c  Lemos.  He  died, 
in  1613,  in  the  Neapolitan  capital  He  is 
the  author  of  poems,  and  of  three  tragedies, 
Isabella,  Philip,  and  Alexander. 

ARGENSOLA,  BARTHOLOMEW,  bro- 
ther of  Lupercio,  born  in  1566,  was  canon 
of  Saragossa  and  chaplain  of  the  Empress 
Maria  of  Austria,  accompanied  his  brother 
to  Naples,  was  appointed,  after  his  return, 
historiographer  of  Aragon,  and  died  at  Sa- 
ragossa, in  1631.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
History  of  the  Conquest  of  the  Moluccas, 
and  a  Continuation  of  Zurita's  History  of 
Aragon.  It  was  said  of  the  two  brothers, 
that  the  perfect  resemblance  of  their  tal- 
ents made  their  countrymen  believe  them 
to  be  twins  of  Apollo  and  a  Muse. 

ARGOLI,  JOHN,  the  son  of  a  celebra'ed 
mathematician,  was  bora  in  1009,  at  Tag- 
liacozzo,  in  the  Neapolil&n  territory,  and 
lied  about  the  year  1C(:0.  Several  philo- 
logical nad  archaeological  works  proceeded 
from  his  pen,  but  he  is  best  known  as  a 
poet.  When  only  fifteen,  he  wrote  his 
Id\l  on  the  silkworm,  and  two  years  sub- 
sequently his  Eudymion,  in  twelve  cantos, 
which  he  complete:!  in  seven  months,  during 
which  period  he  shut  himself  up,  and  suf- 
fered no  one  to  enter  his  room,  except  to 
bring  Ins  food. 

ARGONNE,  NOEL,  called  Dom  Bona- 
venture  d',  born  at  Paris,  in  1634,  died 
in  1704.  He  was  originally  a  barrister, 
but  at  the  nge  of  twenty-eight  entered  tb« 


ARI 

Caucasian  oruVr.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
Treatise  on  the  Reading  of  the  Fathers, 
ami  of  another  intitled  E.W.ation,  Max- 
ims and  Reilections  of  JY1  de  Moncada, 
&c. ;  but  he  is  best  known  .  y  his  Histori- 
cal and  Literary  Miscellanies,  published 
under  the  name  of  Vignenil  Marvillo 

ARGUIPO,  DON  JUAND',  a  Spanish 
]>oet,  and  the  Maecenas  of  his  literary  con- 
temporaries, was  born  at  Seville,  in  the 
seventeenth  century.  Lopez  de  Ve^a  ded- 


A  111  41 

AiioPto  in  various  embassies,  and  nomi- 
nated him  to  the  government  of  Grafignana. 
While  holding  the  latter  office,  he  is  said 
to  have  fallen  in  with  a  party  of  banditti, 
who  infested  the  Apennines,  but  who,  on 
hearing  his  name,  conducted  hinj  to  his 


•astle  with  the  utmost  respect. 


H< 


died 


at  Ferrara,    in    3533.     Besides  his  great 
work,  he  is  the  author  af  satires,  dramas, 


and  miscellaneou 


s  poems. 


wever, 


on  the  Orlando   that    his  fame  principally 


his  only  bed  was  a  cloak  spread  upon  the 
bare  boards.  Among  his  most  esteemed 
works  is  his  Treaties  on  Jewish  Antiqui- 
ties. 


icated  to  him  many  of  his  works.  So  lib- 1  rests;  and,  while  the  most  splendid  fancy, 
eral  was  Arguipo,  to  men  of  talent,  that  land  the  most  exqui.-ire  powers  of 
his  fortune,  though  large,  was  insufficient 
to  keep  pace  with  his  excess  of  generosity. 
ARIAS  MONTANUS,  BENEDICT,** 
Spanish  orientalist,  born  in  Estrcmadura, 
in  1527,  died  in  1598.  In  addition  to  his 
thorough  knowledge  of  the  oriental  and 
classical  languages,  he  spoke  fluently  the 
German,  Flemish,  French,  and  Portuguese. 
Philip  II.  of  Spain  confided  to  him  the 
editing  of  the  Polyglot  Bible,  which  is 
known  as  the  Antwerp  or  Royal  Bible. 
Arras  was  as  remarkable  for  his  modesty 
and  disinterestedness  as  for  his  learning; 
a  bishopric  was  o tiered  to  him,  but  he  pre- 
ferred the  retirement  of  his  hermitage,  and 


tion,  continue  to  charm  mankind,  that  fa-ne 
can  never  die. 

ARISTJ3NETUS,  a  Greek  writer  of 
the  fourth  century,  the  friend  of  the  rheto- 
rician Libanins,  w  is  born  at  IN  ic;na,  and 
perished  at  Nicomerlia,  in  the  earthquake 
of  A.  D.  358.  He  is  the  author  oi  two 
books  of  Love  Epistles,  part  of  which 
were  translate:!  by  Tom  Brown,  and,  more 
recently,  by  Halhed  and  Sheridan. 

ARI^TARCHUS,  a  native  of  Samos, 
supposed  to  have  flourished  about  230 


years 


B.  c.  was  the  firs*  who  asserted  the 


double  motion  of  the  earth,  round  its  axis 
and   round  the  sun.     He  also   invented  a 


particular  kind  of  sun  dial.  A  treatise  of 
his  is  extant,  on  the  dimensions  and  dis- 
tance of  the  sun  and  moon. 

AR1STARCHUS,  the  grammarian  and 
critic,  was  a  native  of  Samothrace,  corn 
ICO  years  B.-c.,  resided  at  Alexandria,  and 
was  tutor  to  the  children  of  Ptolemy  Phi- 
lometer,  by  which  monarch  he  was  much 
esteemed.  He  revised  Homer's  poems, 
and  scrutinized  each  verse  with  such  critical 
rigour,  that  his  name  has  evor  shire  been 
applied  to  all  very  rigid  censors.  Finding 
himself  attacked  by  a  cureless  dropsy,  he 
starved  himself  to  death,  in  the  isle  of 
Cyprus,  at  the  age  of  seventy-two. 

AltlSTIDES,  an  Athenian, whose  equity 
and  integrity  gained  for  him  the  glorious 
appellation  of  the  Just,  was  the  son  of 
Lysimachus.  Being  an  admirer  of  the  laws 
I  of  Lycurgu.s,  he  preferred  an  oligarchy  to 
AR1OSTO,  LEWIS,  a  poet,  one  of  the  I  a  democracy,  and  was,  consequently,  the 
Coasts  of  Italian  literature,  was  of  a  family  |  great  opponent  of  Themistocles,  the  head 
allied  to  the  dukes  of  Ferrara,  and  was  j  of  the  democratical  party.  The  di&sensioni 
born  at  Rcg'io,  in  Lombardy,  in  1474.  j  between  these  two  eminent  men  were  so 
His  father  wishing  him  to  follow  the  pro-' prejudicial  to  the  common  weal  that  Aris- 
lession  of  the  civil  law,  he  studied  live  i  tides  himself  once  exclaimed  that  '•' the 
years  at  Padua;  but  was  at  length  allowed !  Athenians  would  never  prosper  till  he  and 
to  follow  the  bent  of  his  own  inclinations.!  Themistocles  were  consigned  to  the  dungeon 
The  duke  of  Ferrara  invited  him  to  his  |  for  condemned  criminals."  Thesclldeni.il 
court,  where  he  became  a  favourite  of  car-  and  patriotism  of  Aristides  were  strongly 
dinal  Hippolito  of  Este,  who  retained  him' manifested  by  his  giving  up  his  share  uf 
fifteen  years  in  his  service.  While  thus  the  command  to  Miltiades,  before  the  battle 
engaged,  he  began  his  Orlando  Furioso J  of  Marathon;  and  his  conduct  after  the 
Cardinal  Bembo  had  advised  him  to  com-  battle,  when  entrusted  to  divide  the  spoils, 
pose  only  in  Latin;  hut,  luckily,  Ariosto  was  equally  praiseworthy.  In  the  ycai 
declined  to  follow  h.3  advice.  It  was  in  491  B.  c.  he  was  archon,  or  chief  magis- 
lf'15  that  the  Orlando  was  given  to  the  f rate ;  an  oftir-e  which  he  filled  with  lii^h 
%orid.  The  dr.ke  of  Ferrara  employed  reputation.  ThemistorU:*,  however,  sue 


43  ATtl 

eeeded  in  having  him  sentenced  to  Ian  ali- 
ment by  ostracism.  On  this  occasion,  a 
voter  who  could  not  write,  and  did  not 
know  him,  met  him,  and  asked  him  to  in- 
scribe the  name  of  Ari.-tidcs  on  il.e  shell 
for  him.  "  Did  Aristides  over  injure  yon  I  " 
said  the  patriot.  "  No,"  replied  the  man, 
"  I  ut  1  am  weary  (.f  hearing  him  called 
tlie  Just."  Aristides  wrote  his  own  name, 
and  returned  the  shell.  Hcing  reralled 
from  banishment,  when  Xerxes  \\  as  pre- 
paring to  invade  Greece,  he  laid  all  private 
ditVerences  aside,  and  acted  in  perfect  con- 
cert wiih  Themistocles.  At  the  battle  of 
Plata-a  he  commanded  the  Athenian  forces, 
and  fought  bravely,  and,  subsequent  to  the 
battle,  his  wisdom  put  an  end  to  a  danger- 
ous quarrel  which  arose  between  the  con- 
federates. He  died  of  old  age  alxjut  467 
years  B.  c.,  and  did  not  leave  sufficient 
property  to  defray  the  expense  c.f  his 
funeral.  He  was  buried  at  the  public  cost, 
a  pension  and  an  estate  were  given  to  his 
son,  and  suitable  portions  to  his  daugh- 
ters. 

ARISTIDES,  of  Miletus,  a  Greek  wri- 
ter, who  flourished  in  the  second  century 
before  the  Christian  era,  is  the  author  o"f 
various  historical  works  blended  with  fable  ; 
but  is  better  known  as  the  author  of  The 
Milesiacs,  a  collection  of  obscene  tales. 
Plutarch  tells  us,  that  Surena,  after  his 
victory  over  Crassus,  found  these  tales  in 
the  baggage  of  Rustius,  and  sent  them  to 
the  senate  of  Seleucia,  as  a  proof  of  the 
dissolute  manners  of  the  Romans. 

ARISTIDES,  ^ELius,  an  orator  and 
sophist,  was  born  at  Adriani,  in  Mysia, 
A.  D.  129,  travelled  four  times  through  the 
whole  of  Egypt,  penetrated  into  Ethiopia, 
and  at  last  settled  at  Smyrna,  where  his 
eloquence  gained  him  high  reputation. 
Smyrna  having  been  destroyed  by  an  earth- 
quake, A.  D.  178,  he  so  pathetically  de- 
Bcribe  '  the  calamity  to  Antoninus,  that  the 
emperor  instantly  ordered  the  city  to  be 
rebuilt.  For  this  service  the  grateful  in- 
habitants erected  a  statue  to  Aristides,  in 
the  temple  of  Esculapius.  His  works  were 
published  at  Oxford,  by  Jebb,  in  two 
quarto  volumes. 

ARISTIPPUS,  a  native  of  Gyrene, 
whence  the  sect  which  he  founded  was 
called  the  Cyrenaic,  flourished  about  400 
years  B.  c.  He  quitted  his  native  place 
to  become  the  disciple  of  Socrates;  but  he 
•oon  found  the  doctrines  of  his  master  too 
ri^id,  and  deviated  widely  from  them. 
His  extravagance  having  injured  his  for- 
tune, he  opened  a  school  of  rhetoric,  and 
was  the  first  of  the  Socratists  who  taught 
for  gain.  After  several  adventures  at 
^Egina,  Coiinth,  and  Rhodes,  he  visited 
the  court  of  Dionysitis  at  Syracuse,  and 
appears  to  hai  j  resided  there  for  a  con- 
uderabJe  time  He,  however,  returned  to 


AR1 

Athens.  The  time  of  his  death  fas  unknown 
but  must  have  been  subsequent  to  B.C.  3b6. 
Aristippus  was  a  man  of  wit  and  elegant 
manners,  but  is  charged  with  having  been 
too  marli  addicted  to  pleasure. 

AlilSTOGFFO.V  an  Athenian,  who,  in 
conjunction  with  his  friend  Haimodius, 
formed  a  conspiracy  against  the  tyrants 
Hipparclms  and  Hip'pias,  B.  c.  516."  Hip- 
parchus  was  slain,  but  Hippias  escaped, 
and  caused  them  to  be  put  to  death.  The 
Athenians,  afterward-,  p.mi  almost  divine 
honours  to  their  mcmnrv. 

A  KIST(  ).M  i:.\  F.S,  a'Grerk  warrior  and 
patriot,  was  the  son  of  Nicomedes,  a  Je- 
scendant  of  tljn  ancient  Messenian  kings- 
Imli^nant  at  the  subjection  in  which  his 
countrymen  were  held  by  the  Spartans, 
he  raised  the  banner  of  freedom,  E.  o  685, 
and,  by  acts  of  almost  romantic-,  valour, 
long  made  head  against  the  oppressors. 
He  died  at  Rhodes,  while  on  a  visit  to  his 
son-in-law.  A  colony  of  Messenians,  under 
his  son,  founded  Messina,  in  Sicilv,  B.C. 
668. 

ARISTOPHANES,  an  Athenian  comic 
dramatist,  lived  about  the  middle  of  the 
fifth  century  B.  c.  and  was  contemporary 
with  Euripides,  Plato,  and  Socrates.  The 
latter  philosopher  he  attacked  in  his  com- 
edy of  The  Clouds,  and  is  therel>y  supposed 
to  have  contributed  to  the  unjust  death  ol" 
the  object  of  his  satire  This  popular  idea, 
however,  appears  manifestly  alnurd,  when 
we  consider  that  twenty  years  elapsed  be- 
tween the  representation  of  The  Clouds 
and  the  death  of  Socrates.  Aristophanes 
was  the  author  of  fifty-four  comedies,  of 
which  only  eleven  have  descended  to  us. 
His  style  has  always  been  admired  for  itM 
Attic  elegance;  his  wit  for  its  poignancy 
and  his  delineation  of  manners  for  its  per- 
fect fidelity. 


A RISTOTLE.often  called  the  Staginte, 
a  Grecian  philosopher,  was  the  son  of 
Nicomachus,  phvsician  to  Amvntas,  king 
of  Maccdon,  and"  was  born  at  Stagyra,  in 
Thrace,  B.  c.  384.  He  lost  his  parent! 
while  in  his  childhood,  and  at  the  age  of 
seventeen  became  the  disci  pie  of  Plata, 


ARL 

nliti  valued  him  highly,  and  with  whom 
he  remained  for  twenty  years.  During 
this  period  he  was  unwearied  in  his  atten- 
tion to  study,  and  his  acquirements  were 
commensurate  with  his  diligence.  Such 
waj  his  fame  for  learning  that,  B.  c.  341, 
he  was  chosen  by  Philip  of  Macedon  to 
educate  Alexander,  who  was  then  fourteen 
years  of  age,  and  in  this  occupation  he 
epcut  eight  years.  After  the  departure  of 
Alexander  on  his  Asiatic  expedition,  Aris- 
totle ~eturned  to  Athens,  where  he  opened 
his  school,  in  a  building  called  the  Lyceum, 
and  fourded  the  sect  of  Peripatetics,  so 
called  ir.-iii  his  having  walked  about  while 
he  lectan\'.  When  he  had  pursued  this 
course  lev  thirteen  years,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  m  '(  Athens,  in  consequence  of  a 
frivolous  a.v' '.  ilumnious  charge  of  impiety 
being  broug'M  against  him.  He  withdrew 
to  Chalcis,  is  Eubaea,  where  he  died  in 
the  sixty-third  year  of  his  age.  Aristotle 
was  versed  in  i«.very  science  then  known  ; 
and  he  illustrated  "them,  in  his  writings, 
with  all  the  resources  of  a  •nighty  mi  ml. 
Though  his  works  have  lost  much  of  the 
authority  which  they  once  possessed,  yet 
his  name  will  ever  be  venerated  as  that  of 
onp  of  the  greatest  philosophers  of  ancient  j 
times. 

ARIUS,  a  presbyter  of  the  church  of 
Alexandria,  the  founder  of  the  Arian  sect, 
flourished  in  the  beginning  of  the  fourth 
century ;  whether  he  was  a  nathe  of  Alex- 
andria, or  of  Libya,  is  not  ascertained. 
His  disputes  with  bishop  Alexander,  res- 
pecting the  second  .person  in  the  Trinity, 
gave  rise  to  a  schism  in  the  church,  and  to 
infinite  persecution.  He  owned  Christ  to 
be  God;  but  denied  him  to  be  coequal 
and  co^ternal  with  the  Father.  This  opinion 
was  pronounced  heretical  by  the  Nicene 
council,  and  Arius  was  banished.  He  was, 
however,  ultimately  recalled;  but  there 
eeems  to  be  every  reason  to  believe  that 
his  opponents  cut  short  his  triumph  by 
poisoning  him,  A.  D.  336. 

ARKWRIGHT,  SIR  RICHARD,  an 
English  manufacturer,  to  whom  his  country 
is  highly  indebted  for  improvements  in  cot- 
ton spinning,  was  born  at  Preston,  in  Lan- 
cashire, in  1732,  and  was  originally  in  the 
humble  situation  of  a  country  barber.  He 
afterwards  became  a  travelling  hair  mer- 
chant. Having  a  talent  for  mechanics,  he 
turned  his  attention  to  the  inventing  a  ma- 
chine for  spinning  cotton;  or,  as  his  oppo- 
nents contended,  availed  himself  of  tiie  ideas 
of  others;  and,  after  many  trials  and  fail- 
ures, succeeded  in  accomplishing  his  pur- 
pose. His  patent  was,  indeed,  ultimately 
Bet  aside ;  but  not  before  he  had  amassed  a 
orincely  fortune,  as  the  proprietor  of  im- 
mense cotton  worKs,  ai  Cromford,  in  Der- 
wshir*.  He  died  in  1792. 

ARLOTTO-MAL\AR1K),  a  Florentine, 


ARM  48 

born  in  1395  died  in  1433,  was  a  parish 
minister  in  the  bishopric  of  Fiesole.  His 
fame,  which  was  extensive,  was  not  ac- 
quired by  any  thing  connected  with  his  pro- 
fession, but  by  his  jests  and  facetious 
speethes,  which  were  in  every  body's 
mouth,  and  gained  him  large  presents  from 
several  princes.  Arlotto,  however,  was 
not  a  mere  joker;  he  nrngled  good  sense 
with  his  wit,  and  performed  benevolent 
actions.  A  collection  of  his  witty  saying* 
\vas  published  after  his  death. 

ARMLMUS,  or  HERMANN,  the  de- 
liverer of  Germany,  was  the  son  of  Sigl- 
mer,  a  chief  of  the  Cherusci.  Sent  to 
Rome  as  a  hostage,  he  was  educated  there, 
served  with  distinction  in  the  Roman  ar- 
mies, and  was  made  a  citizen  and  .knight 
by  Augustus.  He  was  not,  however,  to  be 
seduced  by  benefits  received  from  the  op- 
pressors of  his  country.  Having  incited 
the  Germans  to  revolt,  he  defeated  and 
slew  Varu*,  and  jieurly  exterminated  the 
Roman  arrny,  in  the  defiles  of  Teutberg, 
A.  1>.  9;  and  he  subsequently  battled  all  the 
efforts  of  Germanicus  to  subdue  him.  He 
was  assassinated  in  the  thirty-ninth  year 
of  his  age,  A.  D.  20. 

ARMLMUS,  JAMES,  whose  real  name 
wus  HARMENSF.N,  a  celebrated  divine, 
was  born  in  the  year  1560,  at  Oudewater, 
in  Holland.  He  lost  his  father  in  infancy; 
and  his  mother,  sister,  and  brother  were 
put  to  the  sword  by  the  Spaniards,  while 
he  wa?  at  the  university  of  Marpurg.  In 
1588,  he  became  a  preacher  at  Amsterdam, 
and,  afterwards,  was  appointed  professor 


of  divinity  at  Leyden. 
refute  a  work  against 


Being  engaged  to 
Beza's    doctrine  of 

predestination,  he  was  converted  by  the 
writer's  arguments;  and  his  teaching  the 
new  doctrines  that  he  had  espoused  gave 
such  deadly  offence  to  the  bigoted  Calvin- 
ists,  that  they  spared  no  pains  to  embitter 
his  existence.  He  died  in  1609,  worn  out 
by  continued  persecution.  Arminiuswas 
learned,  eloquent,  amiable,  tolerant,  and 
virtuous.  His  motto  was  "  a  good  ron- 
science  is  paradise."  His  followers  bear 
the  name  of  Arminians;  and  in  Holland 
that  of  Remonstrants;  the'  latter  appella- 
tion they  derive  from  a  remonstrance  ad- 
dressed  to  the  states  of  Holland,  in  1610. 
ARMSTRONG,  JOHN,  a  poet  and  phy- 
sician, was  born  at  Castleton,  in  Roxburgh- 
shire, about  1709,  was  educated  and  took 
his  degree  at  Edinburgh,  and  settled  in 
London.  In  1760,  he  was  appointed  phy- 
sician to  the  army  in  Germany,  whence  he 
returned  in  1763.  He  made  the  tour  of 
Italy,  with  Fuseli,  the  painter,  in  17J1, 
and  died  in  1779.  His  practice  was  lu.uted, 
but  he  contrived  to  save  a  considerable 
sum  of  money.  He  is  the  author  of  sev- 
eral poems  and  prose  compositions,  some 
of  the  latter  of  which  are  on  medical  iub» 


44  A  UN 

Jects.  The  work  to  which  he  owes  hta  per- 
manent reputation  is  The  Art  of  preserv- 
ing Health,  a  p-  om.  which  is  superior  to 
any  other  didaiic  production  in  VCIM-. 

ARNALL,  \V it.  1.1  AM.  a  political  \\ritor, 
jndcr  the  adnv.nistration  of  Sir  Rol  ert 
NValpolr,  of  which  minister  he  was  one  of 
the  hired  defenders,  was  In-ril  an  attorney, 
but  turned  to  literature,  and  succeeded 
•en  in  the  British  Journal.  I'ut  his 
principal  engine  in  the  premiers  l;chalf 
was  The  True  Triton.  Though  he  is  paid 
•o  have  received  from  the  treasury  ele\en 
Jiousand  pounds  in  four  years,  he  fell  into 
want,  and  put  an  cud  to  his  existence  in 
17-11,  when  only  twrntv-six  \c;u>  . 

AKNAri),  '!)>  M  i  i'.,  a  troubadour  of 
the  twelfth  century,  was  horn  of  noble  pa- 
rents in  the  province  of  Perigord.  Dante 
praises  his  prose  ns  well  as  his  verse  pro- 
ductions, and  Petrarch  styles  him  ''•  the 
g.-and  master  of  love."  He  was  a  musi- 
cian also,  and  the  inventor  of  a  species  of 
c<  r.i-.Msition  named  sestino. 

A  UN  A  I"  D ,  D  K  V 1 1.  T.  i •:  ,\  F.  r  v  r. ,  so  ral led 
from  the  place  of  his  birth,  believed  to  be- 
near  Montpelier,  was  a  highly  talented 
physician  ami  philoso|  her,  born"  about  the 
middle  of  the  thirteenth  century.  In  pur- 
suit of  knowledge  he  travelled  into  Italy 
and  Spain,  in  which  latter  country  he  ac- 
quired, from  the  Arabian  doctors,  profound 
skill  in  medicine.  Being  suspected  of  her- 
esy, he  was  compelled  to  quit  France,  and 
retire  into  Sicily.  He  perished  by  ship- 
wreck in  1310. 

ARNAUD,  FRANCIS  BACULARD  D', 
a  dramatist  and  poet,  born  at  Paris  in 
1718,  died  in  that  city  in  1805.  He  was 
of  a  noble  Provencal  family,  and  was  early 
countenanced  by  Voltaire,  who  gave  him 
both  money  and  advice.  Before  he  was 
seventeen  he  wrote  three  tragedies.  After 
having  resided  for  some  time  at  Berlin,  a? 
the. friend  of  the  great  Frederic,  he  re- 
turned to  Paris,  where  he  applied  himself 
wholly  to  literature,  and  at  length  became 
indigent.  Of  his  tragedies  only ; the  Count 
de  Comminges  was  acted.  His  poems  and 
romances  are  numerous. 

ARNAULU;  HENRY,  a  French  eccle- 
siastic, the  son  of  an  eminent  advocate, 
v.-as  born  in  1597,  and,  after  having  been 
entrusted  with  important  missions  to  Rome, 
and  oth»r  Italian  courts,  was  made  bishop 
of  Angers,  in  1649,  and  thenceforth  de- 
voted himself  strictly  to  the  performance  of 
his  episcopal  duties.  His  piety  and  char- 
ity were  exemplary,  and  the  only  time, 
during  nearly  half  a  century,  that  he  quit- 
led  hi.'  diocese,  was  to  reconcile  the  prince 
of  Tarento  with  his  father.  Anders  having 
revolted,  the  queen  mother  th.eatencd  that 
city  with  se\<  .<•  •  :i,l  vvas  long 

indexible.  Aruaiild  at  ie.igth  saved  it,  by 
saying,  uhen  he  adro  in  littered  to  her  the 


A  UN 

sacramtnt,  "  Receive,  madam,  your  Oo<V 
wlh>  pardoned  his  enemies,  even  when  hr 
was  d\iii£  on  the  cross."  To  a  friend, 
who  told  him  that  he  on^ht  to  take  ore  day. 
in  the  week  fi  r  i  eci  cat  i,.n,  lie  replied,  '•  I 
will  readily  do  so,  if  yon  will  point  out  any 
(lay  on  Ahich  I  am  not  a  bi.-lmp."  This 
worthy  prelate  died  in  1W2,  deeply  la- 
mented by  his  dock,  who  considered  him 
as  a  saint,  and  ea»erly  sought  to  obtain 
oven  the  merest  trifles  that  had  or.rr  I  e- 
l.ui^ed  to  him.  His  Negotiation*  in  Italy 
\\eio  publi.-hed,  in  17-1S,  in  five  voli:n.es.' 
AliNAl'Ll),  ANTHONY,  brother  of 
Henry,  was  born  at  l'ari>,  in  1612,  studied 
in  the  colleges  of  Calvi  and  the  Soi  bonne, 
and  took  his  doctor's  decree  in  1(1-11.  llip 
publiMiing,  in  16-13,  of  his  work  < .n  l'ie- 
Iquent  Communion,  which  was  \iru!ently 
I  attacked  by  the  Jesuits,  was  his  first  ap- 
pearance on  the  arena  of  controversy, 
I  where,  during  the  remainder  of  his  life,  he 
made  so  conspicuous  a  figure.  He  next 
espoused  the  cau.-eof  Jansenius,  for  which 
he  was  expelled  from  the  Sorbonne.  The 
result  of  this  was,  that  he  was  compelled 
to  live  in  retirement  till  the  year  1GGS,  and, 
while  thus  secluded,  he  produced  many 
treatises.  The  Calvinists  were  the  next 
objects  of  his  attack;  after  which  he  had  a 
contest  with  Malebranche.  The  intrigues 
of  his  enemies  having  rendered  itneces.-ary 
for  him  to  quit  France,  he  withdrew  to  the 
Netherlands,  where  he  continued  hostili- 
ties against  the  Jesuits  and  Protestan^. 
He  died  at  Brussels,  in  1694.  Arnauld 
was  a  man  of  extensive  erudition,  and  an 
indefatigable  and  excellent  writer  on  a  va- 
riety of  subjects,  literary  and  philosophical 
as  well  as  theological.  1 1  is  works  extend 
to  no  less  than  forty-five  quarto  volumes. 
Though  in  social  life  his  manners  were  mild 
and  simple,  he  was  of  an  impetuous  dispo- 
sition. Nicole,  his  fellow  labourer  in  some 
of  his  controversies,  having  declared  to  him 
that  he  was  tired  of  ceaseless  warfare,  and 
wished  to  rest,  "  Rest  !''  exclaimed  Ar- 
nauld,  "  will  you  not  have  all  eternity  to 
rest  in  1" 

ARNE,  THOMAS  AUGUSTUS,  the  s^n 
of  an  upholsterer,  was  born  in  1710,  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  and  brought  up  to  the  law; 
but,  during"  his  clerkship,  he,  by  stealth, 
made  far  greater  progress  in  the  principles 
of  harmony  *,han  in  the  legal  drudgery  to 
which  he  was  condemned.  Finding  it  in 
vain  to  contend  against  nature,  his  father 
allowed  him  to  pursue  the  study  of  music. 
Arne  first  came  before  the  public,  as  a 
composer,  in  Addison's  opera  of  Rosamond, 
which  was  acted  in  1783  His  next  great 
effort  was  the  settirg  of  Miltoirs  Coi  ins, 
in  1728.  From  that  pci  iod  his  popularity 
continued  to  increase;  an.l  in  son^s  lu> 
vrM  confessedly  without  n  rival.  In  !"."/), 
tho  university  <>(  Oxford  conferred  <<u  hy* 


ARN 

ilie  rlcjfree  of  doctor  in  imi*ic.  He  died 
in  1778.  Arne  composed  at  least  thirty 
pierps  for  tlie  stag?,  among  which,  besides 
those  already  mentioned,  may  be  noticed 
the  opera  of  Artaxerxes,  and  the  masque 
of  Alfred.  In  the  latter,  was  first  gi\cn 
to  the  world  the  spirit  stirring  song  of 
Rule  Britannia. 

A  RN  OB  I  US,  (denominated  the  Elder, 
to  distinguish  him  from  a  bishop  of  Gaul) 
taught  rhetoric  at  Siren,  i:i  Africa,  add 
was  originally  a  zealous  idolater.  During 
the  persecution  under  Diocletian,  however, 
he  was  converted  to  the  Christian  faith,  in 
dcifuuce  of  which  he  wrote  an  animate.! 
lreati.-;e,  in  seven  book?,  which  is  still  ex- 
tant. The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown. 
Lactantitn  was  his  disciple. 

ARNOLD,  of  Brescia,  an  Italian  monk, 
pf  the  t \velfdi  century,  was  a  dLscij  le  of 
Ytxdard.  lie  was  charged  with  heresy; 
o  it  it  is  probable  his  real  crime  was  his 
having  taught  that  the  church  ought  to  be 
divested  of  its  worldly  possessions,  aid 
reduced  to  its  primitive  simplicity.  Being 
condemned  by  the  council  of  Latcran,  he 
fled  to  Switzerland  ;  but ,  some  years  af.er, 
he  went  to  Rome,  hoisted  there  the  stand- 
ard of  civil  and  clerical  reform,  accom- 
plished his  purpose,  and  for  ten  years  pos- 
sessed the  chief  power.  Adrian  IV.  suc- 
ceeded in  expelling  him,  and  he  retired 
.o  Tuscany;  there,  however,  he  was 
sei/.ed,  and  was  taken  back  to  Rome, 
where  he  died  by  the  hands  of  the  cxecu- 
ioner,  A.  D.  1155.  AraolJ  was  a  man 
of  great  eloquence  and  erudition,  and  of 
an  irreproachable  character. 

ARNOLD,  BENKDICT,  known  for  his 
listinguisbed  services,  and  daring  ti each- 
cry  in  the  American  Revolution,  was  born 
n  Connecticut  of  an  obscure  parentage, 
tnd  received  an  education  suitable  to  his 
nimble  condition.  Eager  for  renown,  ami 
jfrendy  of  money,  he  embraced  the  cause 
of  his  countrymen  at  an  early  period,  and 
took  the  command  of  a  company  of  volun- 
teers at  New  Haven.  He  soon  won  a  high 
military  reputation,  and  was  employed  by 
Washington  in  expeditions  that  required 
the  h-ghest  skill  and  courage,  and  placed 
i'i  £>2  command  of  posts  of  the  highest  im- 
poi  -.ance.  When  the  English  evacuated 
rYiv.'adelphia,  Arnold  was  directed  to  take 
possession  of  that  city  with  some  troops 
of  the  Pennsylvania  line.  Here  he  was 
guilty  of  the  most  profligate  extravagance 
and  the  meanest  peculation*.  Charges  were 
preferred  against  him,  he  was  tried  before 
a  court  martial,  and  condemned  to  be  re- 
primanded by  the  commander  in  chief. 
He  immediately  quitted  the  army,  and 
thenceforth  nourished  an  implacable  hatred 
against  the  cause  which  he  had  so  bril- 
liantly defended.  Having  subsequently 
entered  into  a  corresuorideuce  with  Sir 


ARR  43 

Ilenrj  Clinton,  and  a  direct  communica- 
tion with  the  English  general  having  been 
established,  it  was  agreed  between  them 
that  Arnold  shot:!.!  dissemble  his  real  feel- 
ings aad  make  every  effort  to  obtain  a 
comma-id  from  general  Washington.  He 
was  but  too  successful,  and  the  fortress  of 
West  Point,  a  military  etation  of  very 
great  importance  was  confidently  intrusted 
i  to  him.  Tills  fortress  he  bargained  with 

Igtneial  Clinton  to  deliver  into  his  hands; 
and  the  price  of  his  treachery  was  the 
(  promise  <..f  £0,000  pounds  sterling,  and  the 
I  rank  of  brigadier  general  in'  the  Britisl 
army.  The  treason  was  discovered  b*,  tlu 
accidental  arrest  of  Andre,  the  agent  of 
the  British,  general  in  effecting  the  nego 
ciation.  Arnold  escaped  with  dimcultj 
on  board  a  British  ship  of  war,  and  on  tlie 
cow  I'ision  of  the  war  was  rewarded  by  nis 
employers  with  a  pension.  He  died  in 
London  in  1801. 

ARNOLD,  DR.  SAMUEL,  an  eminent 
musical  composer,  war-  born  at  London, 
in  1739,  and  received  his  scientific  instruc- 
tion from  Mr.  Gates  and  Dr.  Nares.  About 
the  year  17CO,  he  became  composer  to 
Covent  Garden  theatre,  and  in  1776  was 
engaged  to  conduct  the  musical  department 
at  the  Hay-market  theatre.  In  176'7,  ho 
brought  out  the  oratorio  of  the  Cure  of 
Saul,  whi'.'h  was  succeeded  by  several 
othe'S.  His  Prodigal  Son  was  performed 
at  the  instalment  of  Lord  North  as  chan- 
cellor of  Oxford.  In  1771  he  purchased 
Marylebone  Gardens,  for  which  he  com- 
posed several  excellent,  hurlettas.  Till  the 
close  of  life,  he  continued  to  increase  in 
fortune  and  reputation.  He  died  in  1802. 
Besides  his  Oratorios,  Operas,  and  other 
compositions,  the  public  is  indebted  to 
him  for  a  splendid  and  uniform  edition  of 
Handel,  aad  four  volumes  of  cathedral 
music,  in  continuation  of  Dr.  Boyce't 
work. 

ARNOLFO  DI  LAPO,  an  Italian  ar- 
chitect, born  in  1232;  died  in  1300.  He 
fortified  Florence,  and  erected  many  pala- 
ces and  other  buildings  in  that  city;  but 
his  masterpiece  is  the  celebrated  calhedral 
of  Santa  Maria  del  Fiore,  a  majestic  edi- 
fice, which,  however,  he  did  not  live  to 
finish,  the  cupola  being  the  work  of  Bru- 
nelleschi. 

ARRIA,  a  Roman  'ady,  the  wife  of 
Caeeina  Psetus,  whose  fortitude  and  con- 
jugal affection  have  immortalized  her 
name.  Several  acts  of  noble  firmness  were 
crowned  by  that  which  terminated  her 
existence.  Her  husband,  having  rebelled 
against  Claudius,  was  ordered  to  destroy 
himself.  Seeing  him  hesitate,  Arria 
plunged  the  poniard  into  her  own  breast, 
and  then  presented  it  to  him,  saying,  at 
the  saaie  time,  "  Pretus,  it  is  not  painful!" 
JVRRIAN,  FLA vi us,  aGr  ick  historian, 


ART 


4SC 


corn  in  the  second  century,  at  Nicomedia,  and  killed,  at  the  battle  of  Rosbecq,  in 
was    the    disciple  of  EmctetOf,  and   bore   M— 


arms    under   Adrian,  who    made   him   go 
vernor  of  Cappadocia.     That   province  lie 


.November,  1382. 

A  li  I'll  IR,  a    British    prince,  5aid    to 
have  1  cen  the  son  of  Cther,  whom  he  *uc- 


dr.  I  ended    against    tlie    Alans,  aiu.    was  re-  .corded  in  the  year  516.      His  history  is  so 
\varde<l  with  the  consular  dignity,  tlie  title   blended  with  t'lie  wildest   fiction,   that  it  is 


of  senator,  and  the  high  priesthood  of 
Ceres  and  Proserpine.  Several  of  his 
works  are  lost;  among  those  which  remain 
nre  The  Expedition  of  Alexander,  and  the 
Manual  of  Epictetus. 

ARROWSMITII,  -\VKON,  an  eminent 
constructor  of  maps  ard  charts,  and  hydro- 
grapher  to  his  majesty,  was  a  native  of 
the  metropolis,  and  died,  at  the  age  of 


difficult  to  collect  the  truth.  It  appears, 
however,  that  he  carried  on  war  success- 
fully against  the  Saxons,  Scots,  and  Picts, 
and  that  he  was  mortally  wounded,  A.  f>. 
542,  in  a  :v">fest  with  Mordred,  his  re- 
volted nephew. 

ARTICAS,  DON  JOHN,  was  born  at 
Monte  Video,  in  17CO,  and  was  originally 
in  the  Spanish  service,  but  quitted  it  to 


seventy-four,  in  May,  1823.  Many  of  his  fight  for  the  independence  of  his  country, 
maps  are  on  a  large  scale,  ant}  finely  en-  After  having  "really  contributed  to  c.«tal>- 
graved.  Among  them  may  be  mentioned  j  lish  the  republic  of  Buenos  Ayres,  he  be- 
his  India,  Alpine  Countries,  Southern  came  an  object  of  suspicion  to  the  govern- 
It..Iy.  Environs  of  Constantinople,  &c.  &c.  ment  of  that  slate,  was  declared  a  traitor, 
ARSACES  I.  tike  founder  of  the  Par-  and  compelled  to  take  up  arms.  For  some 
thian  monarchy,  and  of  the  dynasty  of  the  years  he  kept  possession  of  the  territory 
Arsacides,  flourished  about  250  years  B.C.  called  the  Banda  Oriental.  At  length, 
Irritated  by  aa  unnatural  insult  which  the!  however,  he  was  defeated,  and  compelled 
governor  of  the  province  had  offered  to  |  to  seek  refuge  in  Paraguay,  where  he  died 
his  voting  brother,  he  raised  the  standard  in  1826. 


of  revolt  in  Parthia  against  Seleucus,  suc- 


emancipating  his   countrymen, 
rewarded     by    them    with    the 


ceeded   in 

and     was 

diadem.      He    conquered    Hyrcania,    and 

reigned  prosperously  for  thirty-eight  years. 

ARTEDI,  PETKR,  a  Swedish  physi- 
cian and  naturalist,  born  in  1705,  was 
drowned  at  Amsterdam  in  his  thirtieth 
year.  He  was  the  fellow  student  and 
bosom  friend  of  Linnaeus,  who,  in  honour 
of  him,  gave  the  name  of  Artedia  to  one 
class  of  umbelliferous  plants.  Mis  only 
work  is  the  Ichthyologia,  or  History  of 
Fishes,  which  was  published  by  Linna.ii?, 
afier  the  author's  death. 

ARTEMON,    a    native  of   Cl.uomene, 


was  a  cbntemporary  of  Pericles,  whom  he 


accompanied   to  the  siege  of  Samos.     He 


rnp: 

is  said  to  have  invented~the  battering  ram 
and  the  testudo. 

ARTEVELLE,  JAMES,  a   brewer 


ARUIVDEL,  THOMAS,  second  ?on  of 
the  earl  of  Arundel,  was  born  in  1353, 
became  bishop  of  Elv  at  the  age  of  twenty- 
two,  and  was  successively  lord  chancellor, 
archbishop  of  York,  and  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  to  which  latter  see  he  was 
raised  in  1396.  He  was  banished  for  his 
resistance  to  Richard  II.,  but  was  restored 
to  the  primacy  on  the  accession  of  Henry 
IV.  Arundel  was  a  rigorous  persecutor 
of  the  Lollards  or  Wicklimte?,  and  forbad 
the  translation  of  the  Scriptures  into  the 
vulgar  tongue.  He  died,  in  1413,  of  an 
inflammation  of  the  throat,  and  as  his  dis- 
ease happened  shortly  after  he  had  excom- 
municated Sir  John  6ldcastle,  the  I-ollards 
attributed  it  to  divine  vengeance. 


ARUNDEL,  THOMAS  HOWARD,  earl 
of,  a   nobleman    of   taste,  learning,  anil  a 
[munificent  spirit,  in  the  reigns  of  James  I. 
of    and  Charles   I.      He    sent    Petty    into   the 


Ghent,  in  the  fourteenth  century,  acquired  ,  Levant,  in  search  of  antiquities,  who  ob- 
by  his  eloquence,  talents,  and  riches,  a  tained  for  him,  among  other  things,  the 
more  powerful  influence  over  the  Flemings  celebrated  Arundelian  marbles,  which  the 
than  their  sovereigns  had  ever  possessed,  earl's  grandson  afterwards  presented  to  the 
He  even  succeeded  in  compelling  the  count  university  of  Oxford.  Artmdel  left  Eng- 
of  Flanders  to  take  refuge  in  France;  land  when  the  civil  war  commenced,  and 
after  which  he  formed  an  alliance  with  died  at  Padua,  in  1646. 
Edward  III.  and  strove  to  transfer  the  j  ARU.XDEL,  BLANCHE,  lady,  a  daugh- 
Flemish  sovereignty  to  the  Black  Prince,  tor  of  the  earl  of  Worcester,  and  wife  of 
He  was  slain  in  a  tumult  at  Ghent,  in  1345.  Lord  Arundel  of-Wardour,  merits  to  1>« 
ARTEVELLE,  PHILIP,  the  son  of  enrolled  among  heroines  for  her  noble  de- 
James,  was  cho.sen  by  the  Flemings  an  fence  of  Wardour  Castle.  With  only 
their  leader,  when  they  revolted  against  twenty-five  men,  she  held  out  a  siei^e  of 
their  Count,  in  1:582.  His  first  act  was  to  ten  days  against  Sir  Edward  Htmgerford's 
avenge  the  murder  <.<f  his  father.  He  de-  force  of  thirteen  hundred  men,  and  at 
»»-ate.d  the  Count,  and  made  himself  master  length  obtained  honourable  ttnm.  She 
jf  Bruges  ;  but  the  French  having  sent  a  died  in  l(if!f),  aged  sixty-:  i*. 
numerous  ..rmy  to  the  a-si.-tan-o  of  the  ASCHAM,  Ro<;KK,"a  learned  writer, 
•Jrthronc'l  prm  •»•,  Aite\e!le  «a.-  defo.iied  IH.-II,  in  1515.  at  K  i  by  Wiske,  in  Yuik« 


ASG 

•Tiire,  was  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  took  his  degrees, 
and  obtained  a  fellowship,  and  the  places 
of  Greek  professor  and  university  orator. 
In  1544,  he  published  his  Toxophilus, 
which  Henry  VIII.  rewarded  with  a  pen- 
sion of  ten  pounds  In  1548,  he  became 
classical  tutor  to  the  Princess  Elizabeth, 
which  office  he  threw  up  after  having  held 
it  two  years,  and  accompanied  the  English 
ambassador  to  Germany,  as  his  secretary. 
He  was  Latin  secretary  to  Mary,  and  to 
his  former  pupil  Eli/.abeth.  Being  of 
careless  habits,  and  fond  of  cockfighting 
and  gaming,  he  died  poor,  in  1568.  As  a 
scholar  and  a  writer  he  stands  high  in 
estimation.  Of  his  works  those  most  fre- 
quently read  are  the  Toxophilus  and  the 
Schoolmaster. 

ASDRUBAL,  son-!n-law  of  Amilcar, 
the  father  of  Annibal,  was  elected  as  general 
by  the  army  in  Spain,  after  the  death  of 


ASP 


4? 


:  army 
ar,  wh 


Amilcar,  whom  he  had  accompanied  thither. 
Annibal  served  under  him  during  three 
campaigns.  Asdrubal  extended  the  Car- 
thaginian conquests  in  that  country,  and 
built  New  Carthage,  now  Carthagena,  to 
secure  them.  After  having  governed  for 
eijjht  years,  he  was  assassinated  (B.  c. 
220)  by  a  Gaulish  slave,  whose  master  he 

Hit  to  death. 

1DRUBAL  BARCA,  brother  of  An- 


had 
A! 


nibal,  was  left  to  command  in  Spain  bv 
Annibal,  and  obtained  many  successes  in 
that  country.  His  brother  standing  in 
need  of  assistance,  Asdrubal  crossed  the 
Alps,  and  was  advancing  along  the  coast 
of  the  Adriatic,  when  he  was  met  by  tlte 
Romans",  near  the  Metaurus(B.  c.  207), 
was  defeated,  and,  with  fifty-six  thousand 
of  his  troops,  was  slain.  His  head  was 
cut  oft",  and  thrown  into  Annibal's  camp, 
who,  at  sight  of  it,  is  said  to  have  confess- 
ed that  his  hopes,  and  those  of  Carthage, 
were  annihilated. 

ASELLI, CASPAR,  a  native ofCremona, 
flourished  early  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
and  was  professor  of  anatomy  at  Pavia. 
Anatomical  science  is  indebted^  to  him  for 
the  important  discovery  of  the  lacteal  ves- 
sels, which  he  first  observed  while  dissect- 
ing a  dog.  He  died,  in  1626,  at  Milan. 

ASGILL,  JOHN,  an  English  barrister, 
birn  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
centurv,  a  man  of  griyat  talents  and  humour, 


was   expelled   froii 


Irish 


parliament, 


unbroken   and  at  length  died,  in  1738,  at 
a  very  advanced  age. 

ASHMOLE,  ELIAS,  an  antiquary, born 
at  Litchfield,  in  1617,  settled  at  London  in 
1638,  as  a  chancery  solicitor,  but  became 
a  student  of  Brazennse  College  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  civil  war.  He,  how- 
ever, did  not  confine  himself  to  collegiate 
pursuits,  for  he  ser\ed  the  king  in  the  ord- 
nance department,  both  at  Oxford  ann 
Worcester.  On  the  downfal  of  the  royal 
cause,  he  went  to  London,  and  wasted  hia 
time  in  studying  the  occult  sciences,  on 
which  he  published  several  works.  After 
the  Restoration  he  received  the  reward  of 
his  loyalty,  l>eing  appointed  Windsor  her 
aid,  and  a  commissioner  of  excise.  The 
former  ofhce  he  resigned  in  1675.  He 
died  in  1692.  His  great  production  is  the 
History  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter.  In 
1683,  he  gave  his  cabinet  of  curiosities  to 
the  university  of  Oxford,  to  which  he  af- 
terwards added  his  library  and  his  MSS. 
This  was  the  commencement  of  the  Mu- 
seum Ashmoleanum. 

ASPASIA,  a  celebrated  Grecian  cour- 
tesan, was  a  native  of  Miletus,  in  Ionia, 
who  settled  at  Athens,  where  she  acquired 
great  influence  by  her  beauty  and  talents. 
Her  skill  in  politics,  philosophy,  and  rheto- 
ric was  extensive,  and  her  eloquence  was 
of  a  superior  order.  Socrates  was  her 
friend,  or,  as  some  say,  her  lover;  and 
Pericles  was  so  fondly  attached  to  her, 
that,  in  order  to  marry  her,  he  divorced 
his  wife.  After  the  death  of  Pericles,  she 
WHS  united  to  Lysicles,  an  obscure  man, 
whom  she  raised  to  importance  in  the 
state.  Cyrus  gave  the  name  of  Aspasia  to 
his  favourite  mistress  Milto,  incompliment 
to  her  charms. 

ASPINWALL,  WILLIAM,  was  born  in 
Brookline,  Massachusetts,  in  1743,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  University  in 
1764.  Immediately* afterwards  he  began 
the  study  of  medicine,  and  completed  his 
course  at  the  hospital  of  Philadelphia,  in 
the  university  of  which  city  he  received 
his  medical  degree  about  the  year  1768. 
He  acquired  great  skill  and  celebrity  ir, 
inoculating  for  the  small-pox,  and  erected 
hospitals  for  the  purpose  in  Brookline, 
where  large  numbers  resorted.  As  a  phy- 
sician, Dr.  A.  obtained  great  distinction, 
and  devoted  himself  with  unremittiugze.il 
for  forty-five  years  to  the  duties  of  H  veiy 


and  then  from  the  English,  for  writing  a  extensive  practice.  For  some  years  oefoje 
bo.»k  in  whic  i  he  maintained  that  man  \  his  d<  atli  he  was  afflicted  with  bliiidiic-v, 
mijjht  be  translated  to  heaven  without  a  misfortune  which  he  bore  with  tranquillity 
passing  through  death.  For  this,  though  and  resignation.  He  died  in  1823. 
he  strenuously  asserted  his  belief  in  the'  ASPRK.MO.NT,  FRANCIS,  Viscount  d\ 
Scriptures,  he  w:is  persecuted  as  abl.is)  he- j  was  governor  of  Hayonne,  in  the  reign  of 
Tu-.r  and  an  inlidf  The  list  thirty  years  the  in mster  diaries  IX.,  and  is  iminor 
of  Ins  life  were  spent  in  the  King'.-  Hunch,  'tali/ed  by  his  heroic  answer  TO  that  mo- 
whrre  he  continued  'o  present'  his  .«]  hits  !ianh,  who  had  cumm  nuled  '»in>  io  mas.-«i»« 


43  AST 

ere  the  Calvhiists.  "  Sire,"  replied  he, 
"  amo-.i-j  the  ciu/.ens  and  s..l:liers,  I  ha\e 
f.uind  im*n  devoted  to  your  m:«j"sty.  but 
iv. t  a  iitioner.  They  and  I. 

•herrfiiv.  entreat  you  to  imke  u<e  of  our 
arms  and  our  lives  only  in  things  which 
are  possible,  ho\\c\er  d.u/^erous  they  may 
I  e." 

\icii-ii.AS,  Chevalier  d',  cap- 
t  <in  of  the  French  regiment  of  Auverurne. 
acquired  imperishable  fame  by  devoting 
h'mself,  in  the  campaign  of  1700,  on  the 
Khine,  for  the  safety  of  the  army  to  which 
ne  belonged.  While  on  a  reconnoitring 
party,  he  was  sei/.ed  by  a  hostile  column, 
which  was  advancing  to  surprise  the 
Fie  ich.  Though  threatened  with  death 
if  he  uttered  a  word,  he  unhesitatingly 
ir.ive  the  alarm,  and  instantly  fell,  pierced 
\\  iih  numerous  wounds.  Louis  XVI.  grant- 
ed a  perpetual  pension  of  one  thousand 
fr-nics  to  the  eldest  descendant  of  the  Ass- 
sis'  family.  . 

ASSER,  a  celebrated  Jc\\  5-sh  doctor, 
born  at  Babylon,  in  353,  was  the  principal 
compiler  of  the  Babylonian  Talmud.  At 
the  :i_re  of  fourteen  he  was  made  president 
of  the  academy  at  Sora,  and  attained  the 
highest  repute  as  a  teacher.  His  scholars 
\\i-ie  'wo  thousand  f-.mr  hundred  in  num- 
ber Ho  died  in  427. 

ASSER,  or  ASSERIUS,  MFNKVF.N- 
si«,  a  learned  ecclesiastic,  supposed  to 
have  been  a  native  of  Wales,  was  educated 
at  Saint  David's,  of  which  city  he  .subse- 
quently was  archbishop.  Being  invited  to 
the  court  of  Alfred  the  Great,  he  became 
the  friend,  chaplain,  and  instructor  of  that 
monarch,  who  rewarded  him  with  the  two 
•ich  monasteries  of  Ambrosebury  and 
Barnwell,  and,  afterwards,  with  the  bish- 
opric of  Exeter,  and,  lastly,  that  of  Sher- 
oornn.  *He  died  about  909.  His  prin- 
cipal ascertained  work  is  a  Life  of  his 
patron  Alfred. 

ASTELL,  MARY,  the  daughter  of  a 
merchant  at  Newcastle,  was  born  in  1C68, 
and  learnt  Latin  and  French,  mathematics 
and  philosophy,  from  her  uncle,  a  clergv- 
pian.  About  her  twentieth  year  she,  set- 
tled at  Chelsea,  and  continued  to  rende  in 
I  he  neighbourhood  of  London  during  the 
remainder  of  her  life.  A  cancer  termina- 
ted her  existence  in  1731.  Her  works 
chiefly  relate  to  religious  controversy,  and 
advocate  high  church  principles.  Locke 
••vnd  Tillotson  were  among  the  objects  of 
her  attacks. 

ASTLE,  THOMAS,  an  arckeologiat,  son 
of  the  keeper  of  Need  wood  Forot,  was 
born  at  Yoxall,  in  Sta!ford>h:re,  and  was 
educated  for  an  attorney.  Very  early,  he 
displayed  a  love  of  antiquities,  and  a  tal- 
ent  for  decyphering  ancient  records.  In 
1763  he  obtained  the  patronajp  of  Mr 


ATI  I 

Grrm  ille,  then  prime  minister,  and  wta 
employed  in  a  commission  to  superintend 
the  regulating  the  records  at  Westminster 
By  the  death  of  his  fatner-in-law,  Mr. 
Morant,  in  1770,  he  obtained  an  estate. 
After  having  fdled  several  minor  offices, 
he  became  keeper  of  the  records  in  the 
Tnwer,  in  which  situation  he  died  in  1803. 
His  principal  work  is  the  Origin  and  Pro- 
f  Writing. 

ASTUl'C.  JOHN,  a  celebrated  French 
physician,  was  born  at  Same,  in  HIM. 
and  studied  medicine  at  Montpelier,  where 
lie  suhse  (iiently  became  professor.  In 
17-13,  he  was  appointed  king's  physician, 
and  professor  of  the  royal  college  of  I'uri*. 
For  a  \\liile  he  resided  at  Warsaw,  as  first 
physician  to  thr  Polish  monarch;  but  he 
returned  to  Paris,  where  he  died  in  17(i(). 
His  medical  works  are  numerous,  and 
have  considerable  merit;  but  he  is  said  to 
"  have  contributed  nothing  to  the  fortunate 
revolution  by  which  medicine  was  brought 
back  to  the  safe  ami  good  principles  of 
Hippocrates." 

ATAIDE,  DOM  Louis  r>\  a  Portu- 
guese noble,  distin  .uishcd  himself  early 
under  Stephen  deC.ama,  and,  for  his  ser- 
vicea,  was  made  a  knight  at  the  age  of 
twenty-two.  On  h  s  return  to  Euro|>e,  he 
accompanied  Char.es  V.  to  the  battle  of 
Muhlberg,  and  was  rewarded  by  him  for 
his  valour  and  good  counsel.  In  15C9,  he 
was  appointed  viceroy  of  India,  at  a  pe- 
riod when  all  the  native  powers  were  com- 
bined to  expel  the  Portuguese.  He  baffled 
all  their  efforts,  restored  order  in  the  ad- 
ministration, and  returned  to  Lisbon  in 
1575.  Being  a  second  time  sent  out,  as 
viceroy,  he  died  at  Goa,  in  1580. 

ATHA,  a  celebrated  impostor  of  the 
eighth  century,  was  a  native  of  Meron, 
and  originally  a  fuller.  He  entered  as  a 
I  soldier  in  the  army  of  Abu  Moslem,  the 
'leader  of  a  sect,  "the  head  of  which  he 
became  on  the  death  of  Abu.  He  pre- 
tended that  the  divine  spirit,  after  having 
inspired  Adam,  Noah,  the  great  prophets, 
and  Abu,  had  been  transmitted  to  him. 
Being  besieged  irt  the  castle  of  Kech,  by 
the  army  of  the  caliph,  he  set  fire  to  the 
place,  and  destroyed  himself,  his  wives 
and  all  his  followers  willingly  sharing  his 
fate;  some  say  they  all  took  poison.  Hav- 
ing lost  an  eye  in  battle,  he  wore  a  golden 
veil,  whence  he  had  the  name  of  Mokanna. 
He  is  the  hero  of  Moore's  Veiled  Prophet 
in  the  poem  of  Lalla  Roohk. 

ATHANASIUS,  ST.,  one  of  the  fa- 
ther's  of  fhe  church,  was  born  at  Alexan- 
dria, of  heathen  parents,  about  A.  u.  296, 
and  was  instructed  by  the  patriarch  of 
that  city,  who  made  him  his  secretary 
On  the:  death  of  the  patriarch,  Athanasius 
was  elected  to  succeed  him.  From  thaf 


ATK 


ATT 


peiiod  his  life  wa?  a  perpetual  struggle  [try,  where  he  died  in  1709.     Atkyns 
against  Arius  and  theArians,  whom  he  ab-  a  sound  lawyer,  a  firm  friend  of  the  consti- 
horred,  and  was  marked  oy  an  alternation   ' 


of  defeats  and  triumphs ;  he  being  banished 
or  reca'led,  according  as  the  head  of  the 
governi  tent  was  favourable  to  the  Arians 
or  their  antagonists.  On  the  accession  of 
Jovian  the  victory  of  Athanasius  was  com- 
plete, and  he  remained  in  possession  of  his 
see  till  his  death,  in  371.  His  works 
cpmpose  three  folio  voiumes.  For  the 
creed  falsnly  called  the  Athanasian  he  is 
not  responsible;  it  is  supposed  to  be  the 
uoik  of  Vigilius,  an  African  bishop  of  the 
fifth  century. 

ATHENAIS,  Empress  of  the  West, 
was  the  daughter  of  an  Athenian  sophist, 
who  cultivated  her  natural  talents  by  a 
careful  education.  Charmed  by  the  mai- 
den's learning,  grace,  and  modesty,  Pulche- 
ria,  sister  of  Theodosins  the  Younger, 
recommended  her  to  him  for  a  wife,  Athe- 
nais  renounced  Paganism,  and  took  the 
name  of  Eudoxia.  The  emperor,  how- 
ever, soon  became  jealous  of  her,  and  she 
was  banished  to  Jerusalem,  where  she 
died,  in  460,  after  an  exil«  of  more  than 


twenty     years.      She 
works,  among    whirh 


produced     several 
was   an  hexameter 


verse  translation  of  part  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament. 

ATHEN2BUS,  a  native  of  Naucratis, 
in  Egypt,  was  a  celebrated  grammarian 
of  the" third  century.  A1J  that  remains  of 
his  writings  IK  the  Deipnosophists,  or  Ta- 
ble Talk  of  the  Learned,  in  fifteen  books, 
which  is  nearly  perfect,  and  is  a  treasure 
of  erudition.  The  extensive  reading  and 
tenacious  memory  of  Athenaeus  have  made 
him  be  denominated  the  Varro,  <  r  Pliny, 
of  the  Greeks. 

ATHENION,  a  Cilician  slave,  in  ron- 
junction  at  first  with  Salvius,  and  after- 
wards as  supreme  chief,  headed  the  slaves 
of  Sicily,  during  their  struggles  with  the 
Romans  to  obtain  their  liberty.  He  more 
than  once  defeated  the  Roman  armies,  and 
he  kept  the  field  for  four  campaigns,  but 
was  at  length  slain  by  the  consul  Aquilius, 
101  years  B.  c. 

4TK.YNS,  SIR  ROBERT,  an  English 
ji.Jge,  born  in  Gloucestershire,  in  1621, 
wad  educated  at  Oxford,  studied  the  law  at 
Lincoln's  Inn,  was  made  a  knight  of  the 
Hath  at  the  Restoration,  and  in  1672  was 
apjiointed  one  of  the  judges  of  the  court  of 
common  pleas.  Disgusted,  however,  with 
the  arbitrary  proceedings  of  the  govern- 
ment, he  resigned  the  jndgeship  in  1679, 
»nd  retired  into  the  country.  While  in  his 
retreat,  he  manifested  his  love  of  liberty  on 
various  occasions.  At  the  Revolution  he 
was  made  lord  chief  baron  of  the  exche- 
quer, and,  the  year  after,  speaker  of  the 
house  of  lords.  In  1695  he  laid  down  his 
cificef,  and  again  withdrew  into  the  coun- 
3 


tution,  and  an  honest  and  virtuous 
His  Legal  Tracts,  one  volume  octavo,  are 
much  valued. — His  son,  SIR  ROBERT, 
who  was  born  in  1646,  and  died  in  1711, 
sustained  with  honour  the  character  of  a 
country  gentleman,  and  is  the  author  of  a 
History  of  Gloucestershire. 

ATTERBURY,  FRANCIS,  an  English 
prelate,  was  born  in  1662,  at  Milton 
Keynes,  in  Buckinghamshire,  of  which 
parish  his  father  was  rector.  He  was  ed- 
ucated at  Westminster  and  Oxford,  and 
while  at  college  is  supposed  to  have  borne 
an  anonymous  part  in  the  contest  between 
Bentley  and  Boyle.  Having  taken  orders, 
he  came  to  London,  in  1693.  Among  his 
first  preferments  was  the  office  of  chaplain 
in  ordinary  to  William  and  Mary,  and 
thenceforward  he  continued  to  advance  in 
his  profession.  In  1700,  he  became  arch 
deacon  of  Totness;  in  1704  dean  of  Can- 
isle;  and  in  1712  dean  of  Christ  Church 
During  this  time  he  was  much  admired  as 
a  preacher,  and  was  more  than  once  en- 
gaged in  controversy,  as  a  champion  of 
high  church  principles.  In  1713,  he  ob- 
tained the  bishopric  of  Rochester,  and 
deanery  of  Westminster,  and  is  said  to 
have  looked  forward  to  the  primacy ;  but 
all  his  prospects  were  blighted  by  the  death 
of  Queen  Anne.  There  seems  little  reason 
to  doubt  that,  on  her  demise,  he  urged  the 
proclaiming  of  the  pretender,  and  was  in- 
dignant at  his  friends  for  their  timidity  in 
declining  to  act  on  his  suggestion.  Such 
a  person  was  not  likely  to  be  a  good  sub- 
ject to  the  newly  introduced  house  of 
Brunswick.  Accordingly,  on  every  occa- 
sion, he  manifested  his  hatred  of  it.  At 
length,  in  1722,  he  was  apprehended  on 
suspicion  of  treason,  and  committed  to  the 
Tower,  and  a  bill  of  pains  and  penalties 
was  brought  into  parliament  against  him. 
He  defended  himself  with  spirit  and  elo- 
quence, but  was  condemned  to  deprivation 
of  his  offices  and  to  exile.  He  died  at 
Paris,  in  1731.  As  a  preacher  and  a 
writer,  Atterbury  is  entitled  to  much 
praise;  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  and 
a  politician,  he  deserves  at  least  an  equal 
portion  of  censure. 

ATTICUS,  TITUS  POMPONIUS,  a  Ro- 
man knight,  who  acquired  his  surname 
from  his  attachment  to  Athens,  where  he 
long  resided,  and  his  familiarity  with  its 


and 


He 


took 


any  part  in  public  affairs,  but  his  virtue* 
and  talents  won  for  him  the  esteem  of  men 
of  opposite  parties.  Cicero  was  one  of 
his  particular  friends.  He  composed  sev- 
eral works,  which  are  lost  He  died,  aged 
seventy -seven,  B.  c.  32. 

ATTILA.  king  of  the  Huns,  whose  ra- 
vages gained  him  the   appellation  of  th» 


AUO 

of   God,    l>egan 


his    career    by 

and 


Scourge 

ravaging  the  empire  of  the  Fast 
making  tributary  the  younger  Throdosius, 
after  which  he  traversed  western  (.Vnnany, 
and  entered  (iaul,  A.  P.  450,  at  tlie  In-ad 
of  five  hundred  thousand  men.  Being 
repulsed  from  before  Orleans,  he.  retired 
to  the  neighbourhood  of  Chalons,  where 
he  fought  a  sanguinary  battle  \\iih  Aetius 
and  Thoodoric,  in  which  he  lost  more  than 
one  fourth  of  his  army.  In  452  he  deso- 
lated Italy,  and  destroyed  Aquilea  and 


bign;  was"  n  Protestant,  and,  :>n  me  deat> 
of  his  father,  IIP  entered  ialo  the  army  of 
the  prince  of  Comic.  Henry  IV.,  when 
onlv  king  of  iVavarre,  took  him  into  hi* 
service,  lived  for  many  years  in  habits  <>»' 
the  closest  friendship  with  him,  and  em 
ployed  him,  with  equal  advantage  to  tJ« 
royal  cause,  in  the  council  and  in  the,  fielrl. 
His  frankness,  however,  at  length,  lout  him 
the  favour  of  the  monarch,  and  he  with- 
drew to  Geneva,  where  he  spent  the  rest 
of  his  days  in  literary  pursuits.  Besides 


keral  other  cities.     He  returned  to  Pan-1  a  Universal  History,  from   1550  to   1561, 
nonia,  and  died,  in  453,  bv  the  breaking '  he  wrote  several  works  inverse  and  prose 

AUBREY,  JOHN,  an  English  antiqua- 


jiuiiict,  dun  urou|  j 

of  a  blood  vessel. 

ATWOOD,    GEORGE, 


a    mathemati- 


cian, born  in  London,  in  1745,  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  early  manifested 
eminent  mathematical  talents.  In  1784, 
he  published  the  Lectures  on  Experimental 
Philosophy,  which  he  had  delivered  before 
the  whole  university,  and  also  a  Treatise 
on  the  Rectilinear"  Motion  and  Rotation 
of  Bodies.  Mr.  Pitt,  who  was  his  friend 


ry,  born,  in  1625  or  1626,  at  Easton  Tier 
cy,  in  Wiltshire,  was  educated  at  Oxford 
and  the  Inner  Temple.  By  insHiits  li« 
was  unfortunately  reduced  to  indigence, 
but  he  bore  his  ill  fate  with  a  fortitude  that 
does  honor  to  his  character.  l..rty  Long, 
of  Draycot,  in  Wilts,  supported  him  in 
his  latter  years.  He  died  in  1700.  Au- 
brey was  one  of  the  first  members  v.f  the 
Royal  .Society;  wrote  several  antiquarian 


at  college,  gave  him  a  sinecure  oflice,  that    works,  and  contributed  to  the  Monasticon 
he   might  devote   the    major    part   of  his  I  Anglicamim ;    and  possessed   considerable 
time  to  financial  calculations;     in   which  j  abilities,  but   was    exceedingly    credulous 
he  proved  exceedingly  useful  ^0  the  minis-   and  superstitious. 
ter.     Atwood   died,  unmarried,  in   1807.;      AUBUSSON,  PETER  D',  who  obtain 


Besides  the  works  already  mentioned,  he 
published  Treatises  on  the  Construction  of 
Arches,  and  on  the  Stability  of  Ships. 

AUBERT,  JOHN  Louis,  Abb-,  profes- 
sor of  literature  in  the  royal  college,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  1731,  and  died  in  1814. 
His  poetry,  in  general,  is  characterized  by 
case  and  elegance;  but  he  particularly 
excelled  in  the  apologue.  For  some  of  his 
efforts  in  the  latter  species  of  composition 
he  was  warmly  applauded  by  Voltaire,  and 
his  countrymen  considered  him  as  no  un- 
worthy follower  of  La  Fontaine. 

AUBIGNAC,  FRANCIS  HEDELIN,  Ab- 
be d',born  at  Paris  in  1C04,  died  in  1676. 
The  bar  was  his  original  profession,  but 
*M»  quitted  it  for  the  church,  and  was  pat- 
ronised by  Richelieu,  who  entrusted  him 
with  the  education  of  his  nephew,  the  duke 
de  Fronsac.  He  was  intimate  with  all 
the  literary  men  of  the  age,  and  obtained 
considerable  reputation;  out  his  tragedies 
and  romances  are  now  forgotten.  His 
tragedy  of  Zenobia  being  hissed,  he  in- 
dignantly pleaded  that  it  was  written  in 
itrict  conformity  w  ith  the  rules  of  Aris- 
totle. "  I  give  you  credit,"  replied  the 
great  Conde  to  hjm,  "  for  having  so  care- 
fully followed  tne  rules  of  Aristotle;  but  I 
cannot  forgive  Aristotle's  rules  for  having 


made  vou  produce  such  a  wretched  play." 
AUBIGNE,  THEODORE  AGRIPPA'I)', 
was  born  in  1550,  at  St.  Maury,  in  Sain- 
tonge,  and  died  at  Geneva,  in  1630.  He 
was  of  a  noble  family.  At  eight  years  old, 
he  translated  Flato  into  French.  D'An- 1  active  pat  t.  He  died  ii  IS1-1.  Hii  chi«;f 


ed  the  title  of  the  Buckler  of  the  Church, 
was  at  first  in  the  service  of  the  Emperor 
S'gismund  of  Luxemburgh,  and  fought  un- 
der him  against  the  Turks,  in  Hungary. 
Having  entered  the  order  of  St.  John  of 
Jerusalem,  he  became  grand  master,  and, 
in  1480,  after  a  gallant  defence  of  txvo 
months,  compelled  Mahomet  II.  to  raise 
the  siege  of  -Rhodes.  D'Aubusson  has 
been  accused,  but  it  appears  wrongfully, 
of  treachery,  in  giving  up  Prince  Zizim  to 
the  Pope.  He  died,  in  1503,  of  melan- 
choly, occasioned  by  this  charge,  and  by 
the  failure  of  a  project  for  a  new  crusade 
against  the  infidels. 

AUCKLAND,  WILLIAM  EDEX,  Lord, 
a  British  statesman  and  diplomatist,  the 
third  son  of  Sir  Robert  Eden,  of  Wot 
Auckland,  Durham,  was  educated  at  Eton 
and  C.irist  Church  College,Oxfoi  d,  and  was 
called  to  the  bar.in  1769.  Inl772,  he  \\-,\» 
appointed  under  secretary  of  state ;  in  1778, 
he  accompanied  the  commissioners  sent  to 
negotiate  with  the  Americans;  in  17.C0,  he 
went  to  Ireland  with  the  viceroy,  Lord 
Carlisle,  as  chief  secretary;  in  17F6  and 
1787,  he  negotiated  the  commercial  treaty 
with  France;  in  1788,  he  was  ambassador 
to  Spain;  and  in  the  following  year  he  ob- 
tained an  Irish  peerage,  and  was  sent  as 
ambassador  to  Holland.  For  his  exertions 
in  the  latter  capacity,  lie  was  re»v:irdrd 
with  a  British  peerage  in  1793,  and  lie 
then  retired  from  diplomatic  life,  lu  par- 
iament,  however,  lie  continued  to  take  an 


AUG 

works  are,  the  Principles  of  Penal  Law; 
Five  Letters  to  the  Earl  of  Carlisle;  Re- 
marks on  the  apparent  Circumstances  of 
the  War;  and  speeches. 

AUDEBERT,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  was 
born  atRochefcrt,  in  France,  in  1759,  anc 
died  in  1800,  a.i  excellent  arm  nefc*.  .gable 
artist.  Originally  a  miniature  painter,  he 
quitted  that  profession  to  become  a  natu- 
ralist and  engraver  of  natural  history.  His 
coloured  engravings  of  birds,  in  which  he 
employed  oil  colours  and  gold,  are  tl 
most  perfect  of  their  kind.  His  great 
works,  each  forming  a  folio  volume,  are 
the  History  of  Monkeys,  and  the  History 
of  Humming  Birds. 

AUDOUIN,  PETER,  a  French  engra- 
ver, was  born  in  1768,  and  died  at  Paris, 
in  1822.  He  was  a  prolific  artist,  his  bu- 
rin having  produced  nearly  a  hundred 
plates,  but  he  ranks  only  in  the  second  class 
of  his  profession.  Among  his  best  works 
are  reckoned,  Christ  in  the  tomb;  the 
handsome  female  gardener,  from  Raphael ; 
and  a  figure  of  Charity. 

AUDRAN,  CHARLES,  a  French  engra- 
ver, uncle  of  the  celebrated  Gerard  Audran, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1594,  and  died  in 
1674.  It  was  in  Italy  that  he  perfected 
himself  in  the  art  of  engraving,  and  his 
works  are  chiefly  from  Italian  masters. 
The  most  esteemed  of  them  is  an  Annun- 
ciation, from  Annibal  Caracci,  and  an 
Assumption,  from  Domenichino. 

AUDRAN,  GERARD,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  historical  engravers,  was  born 
at  Lyons,  in  1640.  After  having  studied 
at  Rome  for  three  years,  he  was  called 
home,  at  the  suggestion  of  Colbert,  and 
obtained  a  pension,  and  the  appointment 
of  royal  engraver,  from  Louis  XIV.  For 
that  monarch  he  engraved  Le  Brun's  Bat- 
tles of  Alexander,  and  this  masterpiece  put 
the  seal  to  his  reputation.  The  Academy 
of  Painting  nominated  him  one  of  its  coun- 
sellors. His  works  are  numerous,  and  all 
highly  esteemed.  He  died  in  1703.  Seve- 
ral of  his  relations  excelled  in  the  same 
art. 

AUGER,  ATHANASIUS,  a  French  eccle- 
oiastic,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1734,  and 
died  there  in  1792.  He  translated  Demos- 
thenes, aad  other  Greek  orators,  but  his 
versions,  though  correct,  are  deficient  in 
spirit.  His  best  work  is  the  Constitution 
of  the  Romans  under  the  Kings,  and  dur- 
ing the  Period  of  the  Republic,  on  which 
he  was  occupied  more  than  thirty  years. 

AUGER,  Louis  SIMON,  a  member  of 
the  French  Academy,  was  born  at  Paris, 
in  1772,  and  put  an  end  to  his  existence 
in  1829.  He  was  a  man  of  much  erudition 
and  talent.  He  conducted  several  Jour- 
nals ;  was  one  of  the  principal  authors  of 
fho  Universal  Biography;  wrote  Eulogies 
•n  Boileau  and  Corneille;  and  edited  and 


AUG  51 

commented    upon   a   variety   of  ctandard 
works. 


AUGEREAU,  PETER  FRAKCI* 
CHARLES,  marshal  of  France,  duke  of 
Castiglione,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1757, 
entered  the  army  early,  served  in  the 
French  and  Neapolitan  ranks,  became  a 
fencing  master  at  Naples,  returned  to 
France  in  1792,  distinguished  himself,  as 
brigadier  general,  against  the  Spaniards, 
was  sent  into  Italy,  as  general  of  division, 
and  acquired  high  reputation  under  Bona- 
parte, especially  at  Castiglione  and  Ar- 
cole.  After  having,  between  1797  and 
1804,  filled  several  high  commands,  he 
was  raised,  in  the  latter  year,  to  the  rank 
of  marshal.  In  the  campaigns  of  1805, 
1806,  1807,  1809,  1812,  and  1813,  he  bore 

active  part,  and  enhanced  his  reputa- 
tion; but  his  conduct  in  1814,  when  he 
was  entrusted  with  the  defence  of  the  de- 
partments between  the  Rhone  and  the 
Alps,  was  severely  criticised.  He  was 
even  suspected  of  having  betrayed  his 
trust ;  and  this  suspicion  was  not  weaken- 
ed by  his  being  one  of  the  first  to  submit 
to  the  Bourbons,  and  even  to  abuse  his  late 
sovereign,  for  which  he  was  amply  re- 
arded  by  Louis  XVIII.  When  Napoleon 
returned,  Augereau  would  have  rejoined 
is  standard,  but  his  services  were  rejected. 
He  died  in  1816,  little  regretted  by  any 
:>arty,  his  want  of  principle  having  thrown 
a  shade  over  the  lustre  of  his  military 
talents. 

AUGUSTINE,  ST.,  a  celebrated  father 
of  the  church,  was  born,  in  354,  at  Tag- 
aste,  in  Africa,  and  his  early  youth  was 
die,  dissipated,  and  incontinent.  When 
le  was  nineteen  he  became  a  Manichean, 
and  remained  so  for  ten  years.  During 
that  period  he  taught  rhetoric  and  gram- 
mar at  Tagaste,  Carthage,  and  Rome. 
From  the  latter  city,  in  383,  he  removed 
to  MHan,  where  he  was  appointed  profes- 
sor of  rhetoric.  There,  by  the  sermons  o» 
Ambrose,  and  the  arguments  of  two  pious 
men,  he  was  converted  to  the  catholic 
aith.  In  386,  he  relinquished  nis  profes- 
'ion  for  the  study  of  theology;  in  391,  ho 
was  ordained  presbyter;  and,  in  393,  bo 


63  AIT, 

wan  nppoi-ted  joint  bishop  of  Hij  po. 
The  remainder  of  his  lite  was  spent  in  the 
duties  of  his  office,  and  in  perpetual  con- 
troversy  with  heretics,  towards  whom  he 
manifested  an  intolerance  which,  especially 
considering  his  o\\  n  past  errors,  was  little 
to  his  credit.  He  died  in  4;iO.  His  works 
form  eleven  folio  volume-. 

ArtM'STI.NE.or  A  I"  STI.N.  ST.,  com- 
monly denominated  (he  Apostle  of  the 
Engli^i,  flourished  alxmt  the  clos-e  of  the 
fixth  century,  and  was  originally  a  monk 
at  Rome.  l'o|  e  (injury  I.  sent  him,  with 
forty  of  his  fraternity,  to  convert  the 
Anglo  Saxons.  Their  exertions  were  suc- 
cessful,  and  Augustine  became  the  first 
archbishop  of  Canterbury.  In  his  exer- 
tions to  bi  ing  the  Welsh  bishop?  under  the 
papal  voke  he  failed,  and  he  covered  him- 
self with  infamy  by  the  sanguinary  means 
which  he  adopted  to  revenge  his  disap- 
pointment. This  haughty  prelate  died 
early  in  the  seventh  century. 

A'UGUSTULUS,  ROMULUS,  the  Ir.st 
emperor  of  the  West,  was  proclaimed  at 
Ravenna,  in  475,  by  his  father,  the  patri- 
cian Orestes,  who,  however,  retained  the 
power  in  his  own  hands.  Augustulus  did 
not  long  hold  even  his  nominal  sovereignty  ; 
for,  in  476,  he  was  conquered  and  de- 
throned bv  Odoacer,  king  of  the  Heruli. 
His  life  w:as  spared,  and  a  pension  was  al- 
lowed him. 


AUGUSTUS,  CAIUS  JULIUS 
OCTAVIANUS,  a  Roman  emperor,  known 
oefore  his  accession  by  the  name  of  Octa- 
vins,  was  the  nephew  and  adopted  son  of 
Julius  Cresar.  He  was  born  at  Rome,  B.C. 
63.  When  he  was  only  four  years  of  age 
he  lost  his  father;  after  which  event  he 
was  brought  up  by  Caesar.  At  the  time 
when  his  uncle  was  assassinated,  Octavius 
was  in  Epirus,  whence  he  immediately  re- 
turned to  secure  his  inheritance.  He  was 
then  only  eighteen,  and  was  derided  by  his 
enemies  as  a  boy ;  but  his  talents  soon  a  .- 
quired  for  him  extensive  influence.  At 
first,  he  joined  the  party  which  was  hos- j 
tile  to  Antony,  but  was  soon  reconciled  to 
him,  and,  in  conjunction  with  that  leader 
*nd  Lepidus,  formed  the  famous  second 


AUN 

triuu'  .irate.  In  this  partition  of  power 
the  west  fell  to  his  share,  and  in  the  exer- 
ci<e  of  his  authority  he  deeply  stained  tin 
character  by  a  merciless  proscription,  of 
which  Cicero  was  one  of  the  victims  Af- 
ter having  borne  a  part  in  the  battle  of 
I'hilippi,  he  returned  to  Koine,  and  divi- 
ded among  his  veterans  the  estates  of  the 
vanquished.  Lepidus  was  now  compelled 
to  resign  his  portion  of  the  tyranny,  and 
the  empire  of  the  world  was  divided  be- 
tween Octavins  and  Antony.  Disputes 
speedily  arose,  but  a  temporary  reconcil- 
iation was  effected  by  the  marriage  of  An- 
tony to  the  sister  of  Octavius.  Enamoured, 
however,  of  Cleopatra,  Antony  deseited 
Ortavia,  and  her  brother  took  up  arms  to 
avenge  her.  The  contest  between  the  ri- 
•,  als  was  terminated  by  the  complete  defeat 
of  Antony,  at  the  battle  of  Actium,  and  his 
subsequent  death.  After  this  victory,  Oc- 
tavins added  Egypt  to  the  Roman  empjre. 
He  then  revisited  Rome,  celebrated  three 
triumphs,  closed  the  temple  of  Janus,  re- 
ceived from  the  senate  the  titles  of  Impe- 
rator  and  Augustus,  and  remained  in  full 
possession  of  absolute  sway.  In  this  ex- 
alted rank  he  was  no  less  remarkable  for 
moderation  and  clemency,  than  he  had  be- 
fore been  for  qualities  diametrically  oppo- 
site. Literature  flourished  under  his  aus- 
pices; he  enacted  many  salutary  laws; 
and  so  emlxjllished  the  Roman  capital,  that , 
he  was  declared  "  to  have  found  it  of  brick, 
and  left  it  of  marble."  He  is  said  to  have 
twice  resolved  to  retire  into  private  life, 
but  to  have  been  dissuaded  by  Mocapnas. 
Agustus  died  of  a  dysentery,  at  Kola,  in 
the  seventy-sixth  year  of  his  age. 

AULISIO,  DOMINIC,  an  Italian,  of 
consummate  erudition,  was  born  at  Naples, 
in  1639.  At  nineteen  he  was  capable  of 
giving  lectures  in  poetry  to  the  Neapolitan 
nobles.  He  was  professor  of  civil  law  at 
the  age  of  twenty-five.  There  were  few 
sciences  of  which  he  was  not  master,  and 
his  knowledge  of  all  the  oriental  and  Eu- 
ropean languages  was  prof;>und.  He  pub- 
lished several  works  on  law  and  antiqui- 
ties, and  left  others  in  manuscript.  He 
died,  at  Naples,  in  1717. 

AULUS  GELLIUS,  a  Latin  gramma- 
rian,  is  the  author  of  a  work,  in  twenty 
books,  intitled  Attic  Nights,  because  it 
was  composed  at  Athens,  during  winter 
evenings.  Il  was  originally  written  for 
the  instruction  of  his  children,  and  is  valu- 
able, in  consequence,  of  its  containing  man? 
fragments  from  writers  whose  compositions 
are  lost.  Auhis  Gellius  was  a  judge  at 
Rome,  and  died  in  the  beginning  of  the 
reign  of  M.  A.  Antoninus. 

AUNGERV1LLE,  RICHARD,  or  Rich- 
ard  of  Bury,  born  at  St.  Edmundsbury,  in 
1281,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  was  tutor 
to  Prince  Edward,  wbo,  when  he  became 


AUV 

Edward  HI  ,  successively  made  him  bishop 
of  Durham,  high  chancellor,  and  treasurer 
of  England.  Aungerville  merited  his  pre- 
ferments; he  was  munificent,  charitable, 
and  learned,  a  patron  of  learning,  and 
possessed  more  books  than  all  the  other 
bishops  of  England  united.  He  formed  a 
library  at  Oxford,  for  the  us«?  of  students. 
His  Philobil  los,  ia  twenty  chapters,  does 
honour  to  him. 

AURELIAN,  Lucius  DOMITIUS  Au- 
R  K.  L  i  A  N  u  s ,  a  Roman  emperor,  was  born  in 
Pannonia,  about  the  year  220,  early  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  battle  of  Mogun- 
tiacmn,  commanded,  in  259,  the  armies  <.f 
Illyria  and  Thrace,  and  was  raised  to  the 
empire  in  270.  He  drove  back  the  Goths, 
Vandals,  Sarmatians,  and  Marcomanni, 
vanquished  and  took  prisoner  Zenobia,  and 
defeated  Firraius  in  Egypt,  and  Tetricus 
in  Gaul.  On  the  return  of  peace,  he  em- 
bellished Rome,  reformed  the  laws,  and 
diminished  the  taxes.  He  was  assassina- 
ted, in  275,  by  his  sul.liers,  whom  Mnesth- 
eus  had  excited  to  mutiny. 

AURENGZEBE,  the  Great  Mogul,  or 
Emperor  of  Hindostan,  was  born  in  1619, 
and  was  the  third  son  of  Shah  Jehan.  In 
his  youth  he  assumed  a  hypocritical  ap- 
pearance of  sanctity,  but  at  length  threw 
on"  the  mask,  dethroned  his  father,  in  1660, 
and  murdered  his  brothers.  It  must  be 
owned,  however,  that  he  made  some  good 
laws,  administered  justice  impartially,  and 
extended  greatly  the  limits  of  his  empire, 
both  northward  and  southward.  During 
the  major  part  of  the  last  fifteen  years  of 
his  life  he  was  constantly  in  the  field. 
Embassies  were  sent  to  him,  not  only  from 
the  neighbouring  states,  but  also  from  the 
European  powers.  He  died  in  1707,  and 
with  his  death  began  the  decline  of  the 
mogul  empire. 

AUSONIUS,  DECIUS,  or  DECIMUS 
MAGNUS,  a  Latin  poet  of  the  fourth  cen- 
tury, was  born  at  Bordeaux,  and  became 
professor  of  grammar  and  rhetoric  in  his 
native  ci*v;  i:i  which  office  he  acquired 
such  reputation,  that  the  Emperor  Valen- 
tinian  appointed  him  preceptor  to  h'u  son 
Gratian.  When  the  latter  inherited  the 
throne,  he  rewarded  him  by  nominating 
nim  pretorian  prefect  of  Gaul,  and,  after- 
wards, consul.  The  period  of  Ausonius's 
death  must  have  been  subsequent  to  392. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  he  was  a  Christian. 
His  poems  manifest  talent,  but  are  stained 
by  obscenity. 

AUTREAU,  JAMES,  a  French  painter 
and  dramatist,  died  in  1745,  at  the  age  of 
eighty-nine.  He  was  sixty  before  he  began 
to  write  for  the  stage.  His  works  compose 
four  volumes.  Though  many  of  them  were 
successful,  he  closed  his  existence  in  pov- 
erty. 

AUVERGNE,    TnropHtr.us    MALO 


AVA  53 

I  I>K  LA.  TOUR  D',  a  French  rej-uolican, dis- 
tinguished by  hia  learning  and  his  heroic 


qualities,  was  descended  from  an  illegiti- 
mate branch  of  the  house  of  Bouilkr,  and 
was  born  in  1743,  at  Carhaix,  in  Lower 
Britanny.  He  served  with  honour  in  tlie 
army  during  the  American  war,  and  was 
living  in  retirement,  on  his  half  pay,  when 
!  the  revolution  called  him  again  into  the 
field.  Though  he  refused  any  higher  rank 
than  that  of  cap-tain,  he  was  entrusted  with 
1  the  command  of  a  corps  of  right  thousand 
i  grenadiers,  at  the  head  of  which  he  signal- 
ized himself  on  the  Spanish  frontier.  The 
peace  with  Spain,  in  1795,  allowed  him  to 
return  to  his  studies;  but  he  once  more 
quitted  them,  in  1799,  for  the  benevolent 
purpose  of  taking  the  place  of  a  friend's 
only  son,  who  had  been  drawn  for  the  con- 
scription. In  the  following  year,  Bona- 
parte conferred  on  him  the  honourable  title 
i  of  First  Grenadier  of  France.  He  fell, 
universally  lamented,  at  the  battle  of  Neu- 
burg,  in  1800.  La  Tour  d'Auvergne  was 
humane,  singularly  disinterested,  knew  all 
tiie  European  languages,  and  was  thorough- 
ly versed  in  ancient  history.  He  is  the 
|  author  of  a  Franco-Celtic  Dictionary,  •« 
!  Glossary  of  Forty-five  Languages;  and 
1  other  philological  works. 

AUZOUT,  ADRIAN,  a  celebrated 
French  mathematician,  and  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences,  was  born  at  Rouen, 
and  died  in  1691.  He  is  said  to  have  in- 
j  vented  the  micrometer  with  moveable 
threads,  and,  with  Picard,  to  have  been 
the  first  who  applied  the  telescope  to  the 
i  astronomical  quadrant;  though  this  honour 
I  is  claimed  for  Mr.  Gascoigne,  an  English- 
man. The  truth  appears  to  be,  that  both 
parties  are  entitled  to  the  merit  of  origin- 
ality, the  French  astronomers  having  been 
ignorant  of  Gascoigne's  discovery. 

AVALOS,  FERDINAND   FRANCIS  D*, 
marquis  of  Pescara,  a  Neapolitan,   of  an 
illustrious  family,  entered  the  military  ser- 
vice in  1512,  at  the  age  of  twenty -one,  and 
was  made  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Ravenna. 
I  While  a  captive,  he  amused  himself  with 
!  writing    a    Dialogue    on   Love,    which  he 
dedicated   to    his  wife,   the    accomplished 


M  AVE 

Victoria  Colonna,  herself  a  pott.  ILs 
liberation  .ook  place  in  the  following 

and  he  dirtinguished  himself  greally  on 
various  occasions,  particularly  at  the  battles 
of  Viceir/.a,  Bicocca,  and  Pavia.  He 
died,  at  Milan,  in  1525. 

AVALOS,  Ai.ru <»N so  D',  marquis  del 
Vasto,  and  nephew  of  Ferdinand,  wins  horn 
at  Naples,  in  1502,  and  first  served  under 
his  uncle.  The  brilliant  valour  which  he 
displayed  at  the  siege  of  Pavia  gained  him 
the  command  of  the  imperial  army,  on  the 
death  of  Pescara.  He  subsequently  acquir- 
ed high  reputation,  and  was  made  captain- 
general  of  the  duchy  of  Milan.  Avalos 
was  defeated  at  the  battle  of  Cerisoles,  but 
he  prevented  the  conqueror  from  making 


advantage    of    his    victory.      He    died 


1546.     The   French    writers, 


admit 


his  bravery  and  military  talents,  accuse 
him  of  harshness,  vanity,  and  perfidy. 

AVANZI,  NICHOLAS,  a  native  of  Ve- 
rona, and  an  engraver  of  cameos  and  prec- 
ious stones,  gained  much  praise  by  a  Nativ- 
ity of  Jesus  Christ,  engraven  on  a  small 
piece  of  lapis  lazuli,  which  \e  considered 
ac-  a  masterpiece  in  this  branch  of  art. 

AVAUX,  CLAUDE  DK  MKSMES,  Count 
d',  an  able  French  statesman  and  diploma- 
tilt,  rendered  eminent  services  to  his  coun- 
tiy,  as  ambassador  to  Venice,  Rome,  Turin, 
Germany,  Denmark,  Poland,  and  Sweden. 
He  also  filled  with  honour  several  consid- 
erable offices  under  the  government.  I)'- 
Avaux  was  well  versed  in  languages,  lite- 
rature, and  history,  was  at  once  preposses- 
sing and  dignified  in  his  manners,  and 
wrote  and  spoke  with  facility  and  elegance. 
He  died,  in  1650,  at  the  age  of  fifty-five. 

AVAUX,  JOHN  ANTHONY,  Count  d', 
followed  the  same  career  as  Claude,  his 
great  uncle,  and  with  equal  ability  and 
success.  He  concluded  tire  treaty  of  Nim- 
eguen,  and  was  afterwards  ambassador  at 
Amsterdam,  London,  and  Stockholm.  He 
died  in  1709,  aged  sixty-nine.  His  Nego- 
tiations in  Holland  were  published,  in  six 
volumes,  by  the  Abbe  Mallet. 

AVELLANEDA,  ALPHONSO  FERDI- 
NAND D',  a  Spanish  author  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  was  a  native  of  Tordesillas.  He 
continued  Don  Quixote,  to  the  great  dis- 
pleasure of  Cervantes,  who,  in  his  second 
part,  does  not  spare  the  interloper.  Avel- 


AVI 

able  to  teach  it.     His  memory  wms  pro- 
,  and  he  could  pour  forth  poetry  ex- 


Pineda's  work,  though  far  inferior  to  the  some   critics,   been    attributed    to    Ftavitu 
Brilliant  original,  is  not  without  merit.     It  Avi 


been  translated  into   English. 
AVERANI,    BKNKIHCT,    a    native  of 
Florence,  born    in   1645,  was  so  fond  of 
learning  that,  even  in  childhood,  he  prefer- 
red   readms   to    boyish    aui'isc-monts,    and 
an    extraordinary    rr.-gress    in     his 
studies.      Arithmetic,    a.-trouomy,    mathe- 
matics,  :;rd    (ireek,   lie    acquired    without 
i  he.  aid  of  a  master;    the  latter  so  perfect- 
ly ia  tlw  shoit  »pnc«i  of  six   months,  as  to  author  of  Commentaries  on  the  War  ca 


temporaneously  in  the  Latin  and  Italian 
languages.  He  died,  in  1707,  at  Pisa,  of 
which  university  he  was  one  of  the  pro- 

AVERROES,  or  AB\  KOSCH,  a.t 
Arabian  philosopher  and  physician  of  the 
twelfth  century,  was  the  sen'  of  the  chief 
magistrate  of  Cordoba,  whom  he  succeeded 
in  his  office.  He  was  invited  to  .'Morocco, 
to  superintend  the  administration  of  justice, 
in  that  city;  but  this  honour  brought  on 
him  many  enemies,  and  much  persecution, 
by  which  his  life  was  endangered*  Juris- 
prudence, mathematics,  and  medicine 
were  among  his  studies;  but  he  was  rather 
a  theoretical  than  a  practical  physician,  as 
is  proved  by  his  work  intitled  Coll \ yet, 
in  seven  books.  Averroes  was  the  first 
translator  of  Aristotle,  and  was  also  a 
voluminous  commentator  on  that  philoso- 
pher's works.  He  died,  at  Morocco,  in 
the  year  1198. 

AVICENNA,  or  ABU-EBN-SINA,  a 
celebrated  physician  and  philosopher,  was 
born  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Bokhara,  in 
the  year  980,  and  before  he  was  ten  years 
old  "knew  the  Koran  by  heart,  and"  was 
acquainted  with  the  principles  of  law  and 
literature;  after  which  he  acquired  every 
science  then  known,  but  made  medicine 
the  particular  object  of  his  study.  Though 
his  fame  was  widely  spread,  and  though 
he  was  vizier  and  physician  to  several 
princes,  he  lived  an  agitated  life,  and  died 
at  last,  in  1037,  at  Hamadan,  a  victim  to 
his  own  excesses,  and  to  poison,  which 
was  given  him  by  a  slave.  Avicenna  was 
a  voluminous  author,  on  a  variety  of  sub- 
jects, and  his  Medical  Canons  were  long 
exclusively  followed  in  the  European  medi- 
cal schools;  but  his  works  are  now  en- 
tirely neglected, 

AVIENUS,  RUFUS  FKSTUS,  a  Latin 
poet,  who  lived  at  the  beginning  of  the  fifth 
century,  translated  into  his  own  language 
the  Phenomena  of  Aratus,  the  Description 
of  the  Earth  by  Dionysius,  and  forty-two 
of  ^sop's  Fables.  He  also  wrote  a  pc.cai 
in  iambic  verse,  Ora  Marit'Mia,  which  la 
supposed  to  have  been  borrowed  from  Car- 
thaginian writers:  only  one  book  of  it  is 
extant.  The  version  of  the  fables  has,  by 


ienus,  who  lived  two  hundred  and  forty 
years  before  Rufus. 

AVILA  Y  ZUNIGA,    Louis   Df,  born 
at  Placentia,  in  Spain,  distinguished  him- 
self as  a  diplomatist,  warrior,  and  historian,  « 
under  Charles  V.     He  acted  as  ambassa- 
lor    from   his    sovereign   to   the  council  of 


Trent,  c 


ed  the  cavalry  at  the  sic<:e 


of   .Met/,  and    recorded    the   events  of   the 
period  in  which  he  flourished.     He  ia    thr 

'  i  *     r°*  •  ,1  -\1~ 


ATA 

ried  on  m  Germany,  bv  Charles,  in  1346 
and  1547;  and  also  on  the  war  which  that 
monarcli  waged  in  Africa.  The  last  of 
these  works  was  never  printed,  and  is  now 
lost.  Charles  V.  so  much  admired  d'Avila's 
writings,  that  he  deemed  himself  more  for- 
tunate than  Alexander,  in  having  such  an 
h:>torian. 

A VI LA,  JOHN  J>',  a  Spanish  priest, 
was  Ixjrn  in  New  Castle,  about  the  year 
1300.  At  the  age  of  thirty,  he  began  to 
journey  through  the  Andalusian  mountains 
and  forests,  enforcing  the  doctrines  of  the 
gospel,  both  by  precept  and  example.  This 
course  of  conduct  he  pursued  for  forty 
rears,  till  he  died,  in  1369,  and  it  gained  him 
the  appellation  of  the  Apostle  of  Andalusia, 
lie  was  also  the  author  of  several  theolo- 
gical works. 

AVISON,  CHARLKS,  a  musical  com- 
poser, is  believed  to'  have  been  born  at  or 
near  Newcastle,  in  which  town  he  was 
organist,  first  to  St.  John's  church,  and 
afterwards  to  St.  Nicholas's.  In  his  youth 
lie  travelled  into  Italy,  and  received  in- 
structions from  Geminiani.  He  died  at 
Newcastle,  in  1770.  He  is  the  author  of 
an  Essay  on  Musical  Expression,  in  which, 
not  much  to  the  credit  of  his  judgment,  he 
endeavours  to  depreciate  Handel. 

AVOGADRO,  LUCIA,  an  Italian  poetess, 
flourished  about  the  year  1560,  displayed 
early  poetical  talents,  and  won  the  praise 
->f  even  Tasso.  Of  her  compositions  only 
a  few  lyric  pieces  are  extant;  but  they 
justify  the  applause  which  was  bestowed 
upon  her.  She  died  in  1568. 

AVOGRADO,  JKROME,  who  flourished 
*t  Brescia,  in  1486,  was  the  son  of  a  civi- 
lian, of  a  noble  family.  He  cultivated 
literature,  and  was  the  Mecrcnas  of  men  of 
letters.  He  is  said  to  have  been  the  first 
editor  of  the  collected  works  of  Vitruvius. 

AVRIGNY,  HYACINTH  ROBILLARD 
D',  a  Jesuit  and  historian,  was  born  at 
Caen  in  1675,  and  died  in  1719.  During 
his  life  time  he  lived  in  obscurity,  but  he 
achieved  posthumous  fame  by  two  excel- 
lent historical  works  which  he  left  behind 
him.  These  are  Memoirs  relating  to 
General  and  to  Ecclesiastical  History,  from 
1GOO  to  1716,  each  work  consisting  of  four 
volumes.  D'Avigny  is  said  to  have  died 
»f  chagrin,  occasioned  by  the  extensive 
alterations  which  were  made  in  his  inanu- 
icripts  by  Father  Lallemant,  to  whose 
revision  the  superiors  of  the  Jesuits  had 
compelled  him  to  submit  them. 

AVALA,  PKTF.R  LOPKZ  D',  a  Spanish 
*  fttatesman,  historian,  and  general,  was 
born  in  Murcia,  in  1332,  and  served  under 
four  Castilian  monarch.-*,  both  in  the  coun- 
cil and  the  Held,  and  with  equal  applause 
in  both.  Fond  of  learning,  lie  was  at  once 
the  most  brave,  eloquent,  and  erudite  man 
in  Spain.  Ha  trans!  itetl  Livv,  and  other 


AY*  55 

authors,  an/1  wrote  a  Chronicle  of  the 
Kings  of  Castile.  He  died  in  1407. 

AYESHA,  the  second  and  most  beloved 
of  all  Mahomet's  wives,  was  the  daughter 
of  Abubeker.  She  accompanied  her  hus- 
band in  all  his  expeditions.  After  his 
death  she  made  an  obstinate  opposition  to 
Ali,  but  was  at  length  defeated  by  him  in 
a  pitched  battle.  She  died  at  Mecca,  in 
the  year  677.  Her  memory  is  venerated 
by  the  Mussulmans,  who  give  her  the  title 
of  Prophetess,  and  consider  her  as  one  of 
the  four  incomparable  women  who  have 
appeared  on  earth. 

AYLMER,  JOHN,  an  English  prelate, 
born  at  Aylmer  Hall,  in  Norfolk,  in  1521, 
was  educated  at  Cambridge.  Lady  Jane 
Grey  was  subsequently  under  his  tuition. 
Having  rendered  himself  obnoxious  by  his 
protestant  zeal,  he  retired  to  Zurich,  on 
the  accession  of  Mary.  On  Elizabeth 
ascending  the  throne  he  returned,  and,  ID 
1576,  was  made  bishop  of  London.  The 
rigour  with  which  he  persecuted  the  Puri- 
tans was  little  in  accordance  with  the  spirit, 
of  Christianity.  He  was,  in  truth,  of  an 
arrogant  and  arbitrary  disposition.  He 
died  exceedingly  rich,  in  1594,  though,  at 
the  age  af  forty,  he  had  declaimed  against 
the  superfluous  wealth  of  churchmen.  Ayl- 
mer is  the  author  of  an  answer  to  Knox'a 
attack  upon  female  sovereigns. 

AYLOFFE,  SIR  JOSEPH,  of  Frara- 
field,  Sussex,  an  antiquary,  was  born  about 
1708,  and  educated  at  Winchester  and  Ox- 
ford. He  was  keeper  of  the  state  papers, 
in  the  Paper  Oflice,  and  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  and  Antiquarian  Societies.  Leland's 
Collectanea,  the.  Liber  Niger,  and  other 
works  of  the  kind,  were  edited  by  him; 
he  contributed  to  the  Archseologia";  and 
he  published  the  Universal  Librarian,  and 
Calendars  of  the  ancient  Charters,  &c.  in 
the  Tower.  He  died  in  1783. 

AYOLAS,  JOHN  DE,  a  Spaniard, 
governor  of  Buenos  Ayres,  in  1536,  ob- 
tained great  advantages  over  the  Indians, 
and  founded  the  city  of  Assumption ;  but, 
in  an  attempt  to  open  a  communication  by 
land  with  Peru,  he  and  his  troops  were 
destroyed  by  the  savages. 

AYRENHOFF,  C.  VON,  an  officer  of 
high  rank  in  the  imperial  service.  He 
produced,  with  great  success,  a  consider- 
able number  of  tragedies  and  comedies, 
of  the  former,  his  Aurelius,  Antiope,  and 
Cleopatra,  and  of  the  latter,  the  Noble 
Passions,  are  considered  as  the  best.  He 
died  towards  the  latter  end  of  the  eighteenth 
century. 

AYSCOUOTI,  SAMUEL,  the  son  of  a 
tradesman  in  Nottingham,  was,  in  early 
life,  in  consequence  of  his  father's  bank 
ruptcv,  compelled  to  fill  several  menial 
,  situations.  On  coming  to  town,  he  ob- 
|  uincd  n  place  of  the  same  kind  in  Ui« 


56 


BAH 


British  Museum,  where  he  displayed  so 
much  diligence,  and  desire  of  gaining 
knowledge,  that  he  was  raised  to  be  as>i>t- 
ant  librarian.  He  afterwards  took  orders, 
and  had  respectable  church  preferment. 
A  variety  of  laborious  indexes  and  cat  i- 


BAC 

and  studied  at  Salamanca,  where  he  highly 
distinguished  himself.  He  manifested  also 
a  M.-te  for  the  fine  arts,  and  contracted  a 
friendship  with  Mcnjjs,  the  painter.  In 
17t>,)  he  entered  on  the  diplomatic  career, 
and  was  sent  to  Rome,  as  agent  fur  ei:c!e- 


logues  were  compiled  by  him,  of  which  the    siastical    affairs.       On    the    death    of    the 


important  are  an  Index  to  Shaks|x»are. 
and  a  Catalogue  of   tl>e    British   Mnseun 
He  di?d  in  ISO  I,  at  the  age  of  fifty-nine. 

AYM'OfGH.  GK...KCK.  KIMVARD,  a 
military  officer,  was  the  son  of  the  dean  of 
Bristol",  and  nephew  of  Lord  Lyttleton. 
He  is  the  author  of  Semiramis,  a  tragedy, 
for  which  Sheridan  wrote  a  prologue,  and 
of  Letters  from  an  Officer  in  the  Guards, 
giving  an  account  of  France  and  Italy. 
Ayscough  died,  in  1779,  of  a  consump- 
tion. 

AYSCUE,  SIR  GEORGE,  an  admiral, 
was  a  descendant  of  a  good  Lincolnshire 
family,  entered  the  naval  service  in  his 
youth,  and  was  knighted  by  Charles  I.  In 
ihe  struggle  between  f.l>o  parliament  and 
the  king,  however,  he  adhered  to  the  former, 
reduced  Sicily,  Barbadoes,  and  Virginia 
to  obedience,  and  acted  with  spirit  in  the 
war  against  Holland.  In  1666,  while  en- 
gaged with  the  Dutch,  his  ship  struck  on 
•A  sand  bank,  and,  in  spite  of  all  his  efforts, 
he  was  obliged  to  surrender.  His  subse- 
quent life  was  spent  in  retirement. 

AZARA,  DON  JOSEPH  NICHOLAS  D', 
a  native  of  Arragon,  was  born  in  1731, 


ambassador  there,  A/.ara  was  appointed  to 
sin -i -ceil  him.  He  continued  at  Rome  till 
he  \\as  driven  from  thence  by  the  French 
invasion.  Subsequently,  he  was  named 
ambassador  to  Paris.  A/.ara  died  in  1804. 
He  wrote  a  Life  of  Mengs,  and  a  Funeral 
Eulogium  on  Charles  III.,  and  translated 
Middleton's  Life  of  Cicero,  and  various 
other  works. 

AZNAR,  Count  of  Gascony,  was  cent, 
in  824,  by  Pepin,  king  of  Aquitain?,  to 
put  down  a  revolt  of  the  Navarrese  Gas- 
cons, a  task  which  he  accomplished.  Pepin, 
however,  having  subsequently  given  him 
cause  for  discontent,  Aznar  put  himself  at 
the  head  of  the  same  Gascons,  passed  the 
Pyrenees,  in  831,  seized  on  a  part  of  INa- 
varre,  and  became  the  founder  of  the  king- 
dom of  that  name.  He  died  in  836. 

AZUM,  DOMINIC  ALBERT,  an  Ital- 
ian civilian,  was  born  in  Sardinia  in  1760, 
and  died  in  that  island  in  1827.  Among 
his  works,  all  of  which  are  much  esteemed, 
are  a  History  of  Sardinia;  a  Dictionary 
of  Mercantile  Jurisprudence;  and  a  Sys- 
tem of  the  Principles  of  the  Maritime  Law 
of  Europe. 


B 


BAB  A,  a  Turkisn  sectary,  who  made 
his  first  appearance  in  the  city  of  Amasia, 
in  the  year  1240,  pretended  to  be  sent  by 
God,  and  succeeded  in  raising  a  numerous 
army,  with  which  he  ravaged  Anatolia. 
It  required  the  united  forces  of  the  Franks 
and  the  Mussulmans  to  vanquish  this  im- 
postor. 

BABEK,  KHOREMT,  or  HARRAMI,  a 
celebrated  Pers'an  impostor,  denominated 
the  Libertine,  and  the  Impious, .appeared  as 
the  apostle  of  a  new  religion  in  tne  early 
pirt  of  the  ninth  century.  His  doctrines 
;ir«  said  to  have  been  a  compound  t>f  the 
errors  of  various  sects.  For  twenty  years 
he  foiled  all  the  caliph's  generals,  and 
struck  terror  even  into  Bagdad ;  but  he 
was  at  length  taken,  A.  D.  837,  and  put  to 
a  barbarous  death. 

BABRIUS,  or  BABRIAS.a  Greek  po- 
et, the  period  of  whose  e?fistence  is  un- 
known. It  appears  certain,  however,  that 
lived  prior  to  Phx-drns.  Tvrwhitt 


and  Moschus.  He  made  an  elegant  ver- 
sion of  ^Esop'a  Fables,  in  Greek  iambic 
verse,  which,  with  the  exception  of  some 
fragments,  is  unfortunately  lost. 

BABUR,  or  BABR,  MOHAMMED,  the 
great  grandson  of  Tamerlane,  was  born  in 
1483,  and  in  1494  was  proclaimed  sovereign 
of  the  Mogul  empire  in  western  Tartary 
and  Khorassan.  Some  years  were  spent 
in  struggles  for  the  throne  with  various  ri- 
vals ;  after  which  he  subdued  Candahar  and 
Cabulistan.  In  1525  he  invaded  Hindos- 
tan,  defeated  the  Indians  at  the  battle  of 
Panniput,  and  made  himself  master  of  the 
country.  Hedied  in  1530.  His  posterity 
reigned  over  India  for  two  centuries  an«I 
a  half.  Babur  wrote  a  history  of  his  own 
life. 

BACCALAR  Y  SANNA,  VINCENT, 
Marquis  of  San  Feline,  a  Spanish  general 
and  statesman,  under  Charles  II.  and 
Philip  V.,  was  a  native  of  Sardinia,  born 
about  1G50,  and  died  in  1726.  He  i>  the 
author  of  a  History  of  the  Hebrew  Mou- 


rns. 

thinks  that 'he  flour i.-hed  a  little  In-fore   th:     _ 

reign  of  Augustus,    and   Coray     ima/rus  ',  archy,  and  of  Memoirs  of  the  Jilurtory  of 
niui  to  have  l*vn  a  r«nitrnijiurary   ^f  iJ'ion     lluhp  V.  from  ItOO  to  172a. 


BAC 

BACCHYLIDES,  a  Greek  lyric  poet 
(h«  nephew  of  Si'monides,  a  native  of  Cos, 
was  the  riva.  jf  Pindar,  and  flourished 
alxnit  450vears  B.  c.  Hiero  preferred  him 
to  Pindar,  and  Horace  imitated  him.  Only 
a  few  fragments  of  his  works  are  extant. 

BACCICI.  The  real  name  of  the  art 
ist  thus  called  was  JOHN  BAPTIST  GAUL- 
LI.  He  was  a  native  of  Genoa,  born  in 
1639,  and  died  in  1709.  In  portraits  and 
historical  paintings  he  acquired  great  rep- 
utation; he  particularly  excelled  in  fore- 
•hortoaing  his  igures,  and  giving  force  and 
relief  to  them.  To  give  animation  to  his 
portraits,  he  made  those  who  sat  to  him 
talk  and  gesticulate;  he  did  not,  he  said, 
want  to  paint  statues.  Gaulli  was  of  a  vi- 
olent temper.,  which  caused  him  the  loss  of 
his  son,  who  drowned  himself,  in  conse- 
quence of  having  received  a  blow  from  his 
father  before  a  large  company. 

BACCIO  DELLA  PORTA,  better 
known  under  the  name  of  FRABARTOLO- 
MEO  DI  SAN  MARCO,  an  eminent  paint- 
er, was  born,  in  1469,  at  Savignano,  in 
Tuscany.  For  a  while  he  abandoned  the 
pencil,  to  become  a  Dominican  monk,  but 
lie  resunied  it,  and  was  more  successful 
than  ever.  Many  of  his  productions  are 
excellent;  but  his  St.  Mark,  St.  Sebastian, 
and  Marriage  of  St.  Catharine,  are  mas- 
terpieces of  art.  He  was  the  first  who 
painted  drapery  in  a  finished  style,  and 
made  use  of  the  jointed  lay  figure.  He 
died  in  1517. 

BACELLAR,  ANTHONY  BARBOSA,  a 
celebrated  Portuguese  civilian,  historian, 
and  lyric  poet,  was  born  at  Lisbon,  in  1610. 
His  defence  of  the  right  of  the  house  of  Bra- 
ganza  to  the  throne,  gained  him  the  favour 
of  the  court,  and  opened  his  way  to  hon- 
ours and  fortune;  but  it  diverted  his  at- 
tention from  poetry,  in  which  he  had  early 
acquired  reputation.  He  is  the  author  of 
an  historical  work  on  the  War  of  Brazil, 
and  of  another  on  the  Campaign  of  1659 
in  Portugal.  He  died  in  1663. 

BACH,  JOHN  SEBASTIAN,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  of  German  musicians,  was 
born  at  Eisenach,  in  1685,  and  died  at 
Leipsic,  in  1754.  He  was  an  inimitable 
performer  on  the  organ,  and  left  many  com- 
positions of  high  scientific  merit.  Bach 
had  eleven  sons,  all  musicians,  four  of  whom 
attained  celebrity;  namely,  WILLIAM 
FREDERIC;  CHARLES  PHILIP  EMAN- 
UEL;  JOHN  CHRISTOPHER  FREDERIC; 
and  JOHN  CHRISTIAN:  of  these  the  sec- 
ond and  the  fourth  were  the  most  famous. 
H&ydn  is  supposed  by  Dr.  Burney  to  have, 
in  some  degree,  taken  Charles  Philip  aa 
his  model. 

BACHAUMONT,  FRANCIS  LE  COIG- 
HEUX  DE,  a  native  of  the  Fret  -h  metro- 
polis, born  in  1624,  was  the  son  >f  a  pres- 
ident of  the  parliament  of  Paris.  He  took 


BAC 


»7 


a  part  in  the  proceedings  of  the  faction  of 
the  Fronde,  and  it  was  to  him  that  the  fac- 
tion owed  its  name.  In  conjunction  with 
his  friend  Chapelle,  he  wrote  the  celebra- 
ted Journey  to  Montpellier,  in  alternate 
prose  and  ver^e,  which  is  considered  as  a 
masterpiece  of  the  kind.  He  died  in 
1702.  (See  CHAPELLE.) 

BACHELIER,  J.  J.,  a  French  painter, 
born  in  1724,  Avho  died  in  1805,  was  di- 
rector of  the  royal  manufactory  of  Sevres. 
The  lost  process  of  encaustic  painting,  and 
the  composition  which  the  ancients  used  to 
preserve  marble  from  being  injured  by  the 
air,  were  rediscovered  by  him.  He  gener- 
ously devoted  sixty  thousand  francs  (two 
thousand  five  hundred  pounds)  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  school  for  gratuitously  teach- 
ing to  artisans  the  principles  of  drawing. 

BACLER  D'ALBE,  Baron  AUBERT 
Louis,  a  French  painter  and  geographical 
engineer,  was  born  at  St.  Pol,  in  1761, 
and  died  at  Paris,  in  1824.  He  was  con- 
stantly employed  by  Napoleon,  was  in 
great  "favour  with  him,  and  was  director  of 
his  topographical  cabinet.  His  map  of 
the  theatre  of  war  in  Italy  is  on  an  exten- 
sive scale,  and  of  beautiful  execution.  He 
also  published  several  picturesque  works. 

BACON,  ROGER,  an  English  monk, 
born  at  Ilchester,  in  Somersetshire,  in  1214, 
was  educated  at  Oxford  and  at  Paris,  en- 
tered the  Franciscan  order  in  his  twenty- 
fifth  year,  and  returned  to  Oxford.  His 
lectures  and  experiments,  in  which  he  dis- 
played talent  and  knowledge  far  transcen- 
ding what  was  possessed  by  his  contempo- 
raries, soon  excited  wonder  and  envy. 
His  admirers  gave  him  the  deserved  title  of 
"  the  wonderful  doctor ; "  his  stupid  and  ma- 
lignant enemies  accused  him  of  magir. 
The  latter  prevailed.  His  lectures  WCK 
interdicted,  and  he  was  confined  to  his 
cell.  His  seclusion  lasted  ten  years,  dur- 
ing which  he  composed  many  excellent 
works.  He  himself  collected  several  of  his 
writings,  and  gave  to  the  collection  the  title 
of  Opus  Majus.  After  having  obtained  his 
liberty,  he  died  in  1292.  Gunpowder,  the 
camera  obscura,  the  burning  glass,  and  the 
telescopic  properties  of  convex  and  concave 
glasses,  seem  to  have  been  known  to  him; 
and  his  acquirements  in  every  science  wera 
truly  surprising.  He  wrote  about  eightjr 
treatises.  • 

BACON,  SIR  NICHOLAS,  father  of  ths 
celebrated  Lord  Verulam,  was  born  at  Chis- 
Ihurst,  in  Kent,  in  1510,  and  studied  at 
Cambridge  and  Gray's  Inn.  Henry  VIII. 
gave  him  various  manors  in  Suffolk,  be- 
longing to  the  dissolved  monastery  of  St. 
Edmundsburv:  and  Elizabeth,  with  whom 
also  he  was  a  favourite,  made  him  a  privy 
counsellor  and  keeper  of  tne  great  seal. 
The  latter  office  he  retained  for  twenty 
yuavs,  till  his  death,  which  took  place  iu 


SB  RAC 

1579.     He  v  as  a  good  speaker, 
statesman,  and  an    e({iiital)l(>  judge.      Se\- 
enl  of  hi.-  MSS    on  law,  polities',  and  thc- 
.in-  extant 

BACON.  ANNK,  seo.nd  wife  of  Sir 
Nicholas,  and  mother  of  fiord  Verulam, 
was  the  daughter  of  Sir  Anthony  Cook,  tu- 
tor of  Edward  VI.,  she  was  born  about 
152S,  and  died  about  1600.  Lady  Bacon 
woman  of  tali-ill  and  acquirements. 
She  understood  the  ancient  and  modern 
languages;  and  translated  from  the  Italian 
ihe  Sermons  of  Achimis,  and  fi  Dm  the 
Latin,  Bishop  Jewel's  Apology  for  the 
Church  of  England. 

BACON,  SIK  NATHANIEL,  the  son  of 
Sir  Nicholas,  by  his  first  wife,  was  a  paint- 
er of  no  mean  merit.  He  travelled  and 
•tudied  in  Italy,  but  belongs  to  the  Flem- 
«sh  school.  Several  of  his  pictures  are,  or 
recently  were,  extant.  He  died  about  1615. 

BACON,  NATHANIEL,  a  leader  of  in- 
surgents in  Virginia  while  under  the  royal 
government,  wus  an  Englishman  of  fine 
talents,  commanding  person,  and  singular 
eloquence  He  was  educated  to  the  pro- 
fession of  the  law,  and  came  to  Virginia 
aboul  the  year  1675  with  a  high  reputation 
for  ability  and  legal  knowledge,  v\hich  soon 
rendered  him  conspicuous,  and  obtained 
him  a  seat  in  the  provincial  Council.  Va- 
rious obnoxious  measures  of  the  British 
government  had  at  that  time  exasperated 
the  people  of  the  colony,  and  induced  them 
to  take  up  arms.  Bacon  was  elected  their 
leader,  and  after  keeping  the  colony  in  a 
Etate  of  anarchy  and  continual  alarm  for 
several  months,  he  died  suddenly  in  the 
year  1677,  and  tranquillity  was  soon  re- 
ctored.  This  rebellion  cost  ihe  colony  one 
hundred  thousand  pounds. 


BACON,  SIR  FRANCIS,  Viscount  of 
St.  Albans,  whom  Pope,  in  one  emphatic 
line,  has  truly  characlerized  as  "  the  wisest, 
brightest,  meatiest  of  mankind,"  was 
the  son  of  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  and  was 
born  January  22,  1561.  The  promise  of 
hia  future  talents  waa  so  early  displayed, 
that  Queen  Elizabeth  was  accustomed 
to  call  him  her  "  young  lord  keeper." 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  had  the  hon- 


BAC 

our  of  his  education;  and,  while  there, 
1;  'lure  IIP  was  sixteen,  he  began  to  dissent 
from  the  Aristotelian  philosophy.  On  hi* 
return  to  England,  after  having  accompa- 
nied Sir  Amius  I'aulet  to  France,  he  en- 
tered <-f  (iray's  Inn,  and,  at  the  age  of 
eight  and  tuentv,  became  one  of  the  queen'a 
counsellors.  lieing  the  friend  of  I 
to  \\hom  Cecil  was  hostile,  Huron  was 
shut  out  from  preferment.  For  this,  how- 
ever, Ei-sex  generously  compensated  him, 
by  the  gift  of  a  considerable  estate.  The 
reward  \\hich  Essex  received  was,  that 
Bacon  pleaded  against  him  on  his  trial, 
and,  afterwards,  wrote  a  pamphlet  to  blast 
the  memory  of  his  benefactor.  Having, 
previously  to  the  access-ion  of  James  1.. 
I  contrived  to  obtain  the  good  graces  of  the 
|  Scottish  party,  that  monarch,  as  soon  at 
he  ascended  the  throne,  knighted  him,  and 
gave  him  pensions  to  the  amount  of  one 
hundred  pounds  per  annum.  But  it  was 
not  till  1607  that  he  obtained  the  long 
coveted  post  of  solicitor  general.  In  1611, 
he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  marshal's 
court;  and  in  1613, attorney  general.  As 
a  crown  lawyer,  he  was  slavishly  obse- 
quious to  the  sovereign,  and  a  dangerous 
enemy  of  freedom.  At  length  he  attained 
the  summit  of  his  ambition.  In  1617,  he 
was  made  lord  keeper;  in  1619,  lord  high 
chancellor,  with  the  title  of  Baron  Veru- 
lam;  and,  in  1620,  he  was  created  Vis- 
count St.  Albans. 

Fortunately  for  posterity,  the  mind  of 
Bacon  was  not  wholly  engrossed  by  am- 
bition ;  philosophy  and  science  held  a  large 
place  in  it.  His  great  labour,  the  Novum 
Organon,  was  given  to  the  world  in  1620. 
He  iiad  already  published  his  Essays;  the 
Advancement  of  Learning;  the  treatise  on 
the  Wisdom  of  the  Ancients;  and.  some 
other  works. 

But,  at  the  very  moment  when  the  trU 
uni|.h  of  his  genius  was  completed,  hia 
political  downfal  was  near  at  hand.  Li> 
1621 ,  he  was  accused  in  parliament  of  gross 
bribery  and  corruption.  He  pleaded  guilty, 
and  was  sentenced  to  pay  a  fine  of  fortv 
thousand  pounds-;  to  be  imprisoned  during 
the  royal  pleasure;  and  to  be  rendered  in- 
ca|  able  of  filling  any  cilice,  sitting  among 
the  |  eers,  and  coming  within  the  verge  of 
the  court.  The  fine  and  imprisonment, 
however,  were  soon  remitted,  and  a  pension 
was  even  granted  to  him.  The  remainder 
of  his  life  was  spent  in  retirement,  and  in 
the  ardent  pursuit  of  literature  and  sci- 
ence ;  often  embittered  by  the  embarrass- 
neiits  which  arose  from  his  habits  of  lavish 
expenditure.  He  died  atHighgate,on  the 
9th  of  April,  1626.  As  a  courtier  and  9 
politician,  he  merits  no  snail  severity  of 
censure ;  as  a  man  of  genii.!  and  a  philoso- 
pher, no  language  can  be  .x>  lofty  for  hi* 
praue 


DAD 

BACON,  JOHN,  an  eminent  sculptor 
t  tn  in  Southwark,  in  1740,  was  originally 
a  painter  of  porcelain,  and  a  modeller  of 
«  ina  figures.  Having,  however,  a  geniu 
for  sculpture,  he  applied  himself  to  the 
stady  of  the  art  with  such  diligence  as  to 
acquire  great  proficiency  in  it.  It  was 
about  the  year  1 763  that  he  began  to  work 
in  marble;  and,  from  that  period  he  yearly 
increased  in  skill  and  reputation.  His 
statue  of  Mars  first  brought  him  into  public 
notice.  He  died  in  1799,  respected  as  an 
artist  and  a  man  Among  his  principal 
works  may  be  reckoned  the  statues  of 
Judge  Blackstone,  Johnson,  and  Howard; 
a  bust  of  George  III. ;  and  the  monuments 
of  Lord  Chatham,  Mrs.  Draper,  and  Guy, 
the  founder  of  the  hospital. 

BADCOCK,  SAMUEL, an  English  divine 
and  writer,  .was  born,  in  1747,  at  South 
Moulton,  in  Devonshire,  and  was,  for  some 
years,  a  dissenting  minister,  but  at  length 
conformed  to  the  church,  and  became  as- 
sistant preacher  at  the  Octagon  Chapel, 
Bath.  He  died  in  London,  in  1783.  As 
a  pulpit  orator,  he  was  much  admired; 
and  as  a  literary  man,  he  displaced  talent; 
far  above  mediocrity.  He  was  one  of  the 
best  writers  in  the  Monthly  Review;  was 
a  correspondent  of  several  magazines;  and 
contributed  largely  to  Dr.  White's  Bamp- 
ton  Lectures :  but  published  nothing  sepa- 
rately, except  a  Sermon,  and  a  pamphlet 
on  Dr.  Priestley. 

BADEN,  JA"MES,a  Dane,  born  in  1735, 
is  considered  as  one  of-the  founders  of 
Danish  literature.  In  1760,  on  his  return 
from  his  travels,  he  gave,  at  Copenhagen, 
the  first  course  of  lectures  on  the  belles 
lettres  that  had  ever  been  delivered  in  the 
language  of  the  country.  He  was  profes- 
sor of  eloquence  and  Latin  in  the  university 
of  Copenhagen,  and  held  other  offices  con- 
nected with  pubii  '  instruction.  His  Critical 
Journal,  from  1768  to  1779,  contributed 
much  to  improve  the  Danish  taste.  He 
translated  Tacitus,  and  other  classics,  and 
published  a  Latin  and  Danish  Dictionary, 
and  several  grammars. 

BADGER,  Louis,  a  native  of  Lyons, 
has  immortalized  his  memory  by  an  heroic 
instance  of  fraternal  affection.  To  save  his 
brother,  who  had  assisted  in  defending 
Lyons  against  the  republicans,  and  who 


was 

o(  death 


consequently  exposed 
•ath   after  the  surreiv 


to  the   penalty 
surrender,  he  assume^ 
his  name,  and  cheerfully  suffered  for  him. 

BADIA  Y  LEBLICH,  DOJIINGO,  a 
Spaniard,  was  born  in  1766,  and  educated 
at  Valencia.  Being  well  skilled  in  Arabic, 
he  resolved  to  travel  in  the  East ;  and,  ac- 
cordingly, after  having  been  personally 
qualified  to  pass  as  a  Mahometan,  he  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Ali  Bey.  Under  his 
dibguise  he  visited  Tripoli,  Egypt,  Mecca, 
and  Syria  undiscovered,  and  wan  every 


BAI  59 

where  received  with  favour,  as  a  true  be- 
liever. On  his  return  to  Spain,  he  espoused 
the  cause  of  Joseph  Bonaparte,  and,  after 
the  battle  of  Vittoria,  he  took  refuge  in 
France.  He  died  in  1824.  His  Travels 
in  Africa  and  Asia  were  published  in  two 
quarto  volumes. 

BAFFIN,  WILLIAM,  an  able  English 
navigator,  was  born  in  1584,  and  acted  as 
pilot  to  several  of  the  voyagers  to  the  arctic 
regions.  Geographers  have  given  his  name 
to  the  vast  bay  which  he  explored,  and 
which,  commences  at  Davis's  Straits.  Its 
existence  has  been  doubted,  but  has  re- 
cently been  verified.  Baffin  proposed  to 
attempt  a  passage  round  Northern  and 
Eastern  Asia,  but  could  not  obtain  sup- 
port. He  was  killed  at  the  siege  of  Or- 
muz,  in  1622. 

BAGE,  ROBERT,  a  novel  *  riter,  was 
jorn,  in  1728,  at  Darley,  in  Derbyshire, 
was  nearly  self-educated,  and  for  many 
years  carried  on  the  business  of  a  paper 
maker,  at  Tarn  worth,  where  he  died  in 
1801.  As  a  writer,  he  is  much  above 
mediocrity.  His  first  publication,  which 
appeared  in  1781,  was  Mount  Kenneth. 
It  was  succeeded  by  Barham  Downs,  the 
Fair  Syrian,  James  Wallace,  Hermsprong, 
and  other  productions  of  the  same  spe- 
cies. 

BAGLIVI,  GEORGE,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, was  born  at  Ragusa,  in  1668,  and 
was  educated  at  Naples  and  Padua.  Cle- 
ment XIV.,  on  the  ground  of  his  great 
merit  appointed  him,  while  yet  young, 
professor  of  surgery  and  anatomy  in  the 
college  of  Sapienza,  at  Rome.  Baglivi  is 
entitled  to  the  praise  of  having  contributed 
to  bring  back  medical  science  to  proper 
principles.  He  died  in  1706.  His  works 
have  been  collected  into  a  quarto  volume. 

BAGOLINO,  SEBASTIAN,  a  native  of 
Alcamo,  in  Sicily,  born  in  1560,  was  re- 
markable for  the  variety  of  his  talents; 
he  being  at  once  poet,  painter,  and  musi- 
cian, and  speaking  with  equal  facility  and 
sloquence  in  Latin,  Spanish,  and  Italian 
He  was  a  fertile  writer,  but  only  a  few  of 
works  were  published.  He  died  in 
1604. 


BAGRATION,  Prince,  a  Russian  gene- 
ral, senator,  and  counsellor  of  the  emperor, 

ignalized  himself  in  the  Polish  campaigns 
of  1793  and  1794,  and  the  Italian  cam- 
paign of  1799 ;  in  the  latter  of  wnich  Su- 
varoft"  gave  him  the  title  of  "  ms  right 
rnn."  In  1805,  1806,  and  1807,  he  en- 
lanced  his  reputation  in  the  field.  The 
command  of  the  second  Russian  army  was 
entrusted  to  him  in  1812;  and,  though 
closely  pressed  by  a  superior  force,  he  ef- 

ected  his  junction  with  the  oth6r  armies, 
rfe  was  mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Borodino. 
BAIF,  JOHN  ANTHONY  DE,the  son  of 


BA1 


BAR 


Lazarua  Baif,  who  was  himself  a  man  ot  bring  it  back  to  natural  principle*.  Th« 
talent  and  learning,  was  born  at  Venire,  disease  called  croup,  which  has,  in  these, 
where  his  father  was  ambassador,  in  1532.  times,  been  supposed  to.be  a  new  disease, 
At  an  early  age  lie  brcame  tlie  friend  of  appears  to  have  been  observed  bv  him. 


Ronsard,  and  published  a  volume  of  poems. 
Poetry  was,  thenceforth,  his  occupation, 
and  no  important  event  took  place  without 
his  celebrating  it;  but  he  was  scantily  re- 
war-Vi  and  complained  heavily  of  in- 
gratitud*  and  ill  fortune.  He  died  poor, 
in  1570.  He  was  the  first  who  founded  in 
France  an  academy  of  poetry  and  music, 
but  the  institution  was  short  fived. 

BAILEY,  NATHAN,  a  grammarian  and 
lexicographer,  died  in  1742,  at  Stepney, 
where  he  kept  a  school.  He-edited  sever- 


11  is  works  form  four  volumes  in  quarto. 

l'>. MI.LY,  JOHN  SH.VAIN,  a  French 
astronomer  and  literary  character  of  emi- 
nence, was  born  at  Paris,  in  1736,  and  at 
an  early  period  manifested  an  indefatiga- 
ble ard'our  in  the  pursuit  of  science  and 
philosophy.  The  reputation  which  he  ac- 
quired was  commensurate  with  his  exer- 
tions. Politics,  however,  at  last  fatally 
interfered  with  his  scientific  occupations. 
After  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution, 
he  was  an  active  member  of  the  national 


,1  school  books,  and  compiled  a  Household   assembly,  and   was  next  chosen  mayor  of 


Paris.  In  the  latter  capacity,  he  excited 
the  inextinguishable  hatred  of  the  jaco- 
bins, by  using  military  force  to  disperse 
m>e  of  their  insurrectionary  meetings. 
They  avenged  themselves  when  they  had 
seized  the  reins  of  government;  and,  on  tl>« 
llth  of  November,  1793,  Bailly  was  sent 
to  the  scaffold  with  circumstances  of  the 


Dictionary,  and  Antiquities  of  London  and 
Westminster;  but  his  best  known  work 
is  an  English  Etymological  Dictionary, 
which,  \\ith  successive  enlargen»euts,  pas- 
sed through  many  editions. 

BAILLET,  A'DRIAN,  a  laborious  and 
learned  French  writer,  was  born,  of  poor 
parents,'  at  Neuville,  in  Picardy,  in  1649. 
He  took  orders,  obtained  a  small  living,  njcst  disgusting  barbarity.  Of  his  works, 
and  was  afterwards  made  librarian  to  M.  the  most  celebrated  are,  his  Histories  of 
Lamoignon.  He  wrote  various  theological,  I  Ancient,  of  Modern,  and  of  Oriental  As- 
historical,  and  other  works;  among  which  |  tronomy;  Letters  on  Plato's  Atlantis; 
are  Lives  of  the  Saints,  3  vols.  folio;  the  .  and  Letters  on  the  Origin  of  the  Sciences. 
Life  of  Descartes,  2  vols.  4to. ;  a  History  j  BAIXBRIDGE,  JOHN,  a  physician  and 
of  Holland,  4  vols.  12mo.;  and  lives  of  j  astronomer,  was  born,  in  1582,  at  Ashby 
celebrated  Children,  2  vols.  12mo.  The  ide  la  Zouch,  and  was  educated  at  Email- 
work,  however,  by  which  he  is  best  known,  uel  College,  Cambridge.  So  high  a  repu,. 
is  his  Jugemeus  des  Savans,  9  vols.  12mo.  •  tation  did  he  acquire  for  scientific  knoul- 
He  died  in  1706.  |*dgWi  that  Sir  Henry  Savile  chose  him  lo 

BAILLIE,  WILLIAM,  an  English  ama-ibe  his  first  astronomical  professor  at  Ox- 
teur. artist,  was  born  about  1736,  and  was  ;  ford.  He  died  in  that  city,  in  1643.  He 
originally  a  captain  of  cavalry;  but  quit- !  published  a  Description  of  the  late  Comet; 
ted  the  army,  in  order  to  devote  himself  ;  Canicularia;  and  an  edition  of  Proclus  on 
to  engraving.  He  displayed  much  talent,  the  Sphere;  and  U*>  many  manuscript  ol> 
and  produced  about  a  hundred  plates,  sev-  servations. 
eral  of  which  are  from  Rembrandt.  He 


died  at  the   beginning  of  the  nineteenth 


century. 


BAILLIE,  MATTHEW,  the  son  of  a  di- 
vinity professor  at  Glasgow,  was  born  in 
17GO,  and  was  educated  at  his  native  city 


BAKER,  Sin  RICHARD,  was  born  at 
Sissinghurst,  in  Kent,  in  1568,  was  knight- 
ed bv  James  I.,  and  in  1620  was  high  sher- 
iff «f  Oxfordshire.  An  unfortunate  mar- 
riage ruined  him,  and  he  was  incarcerat- 
ed »n  the  Fleet,  where  he  wrote  his  Chro 


and  at  Oxford,  at  which  latter  place   he  j  nicies  of  the  Kings  of  England,  and  other 
took  his  degree  of  M.  D.     Being  a  ncp-  works.     He  died,  a  prisoner,  in  1645, 


hew  of  Dr.  William   Hunter,   he   was  so 


BAKER,  THOMAS,  an  eminent  matha- 


fortunato  as  to  receive  the  valuable  instruc-  matician,  was  born  at  Ilton,  in  Somerset- 
lions  of  tnat  celebrated  man.  Aided  by  j  shire,  jn  1625,  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
this  advantage,  and  his  own  great  talents,  and  became  minister  of  Bishop's  \ymnict, 
he  soon  obtained  an  extensive  medica  Jin  Devonshire.  He  died  in  1690.  He  is 
|iractic3  " -,  the  metropolis,  and  accumulat-,  the  author  of  the  Geometrical  Key,  or  the 


*d  a 
1824. 


i;   fortune.     Dr.  Baillie  died   HI 
He  is  the  author  of  the  Morbid  An- 
work  of  EU- 


Gate  of  Equations  Unlocked. 

BAKER,  THOMAS,  an  antiquary,  born 
at  Lanchester,  Durham,  in  1656,  MCMM 
a  fellow  of  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge, 
and  obtained  the  living  of  Long  Newton. 
The  living  he  resigned,  because  lie  would 

Paris,  in  1538,  and  died  in  1616.  He  not  take  the  oaths  to  William  III.;  from 
was  one  of  those  who  contributed  to  einan-  the  fellowship  he  was  expelled  for  refusing 
cipate  the  medical  art  in  France  from  the  \  to  take  them  to  George  I.  He  died  in 
•buckles  of  the  Arabian  school,  and  to | 1740,  with  the  character  of  an  amiabl*. 


atomy  of  the  Human  Body: 
perior  excellence. 

BAILLOU,  WILLIAM  DE,  a  physician, 
called  the.  French  Sydenham,  was  born  at 


liAL 


6) 


worthy,  <\rul  learned  man  Ilia  Reflections 
on  Learning  went  through  several  edi- 
tions; hut  the  work  has  Ion*  ceased  to  be 
valued.  His  manuscript  collections  on  the 
antiquities  of  Cambridge,  form  thirty-nine 
folio  volumes,  and  were  intended  as  the 
basis  of  a  history  similar  to  that  jf  Antho- 


ny  Wood. 
BAKER. 


HENRY,   a   naturalist,   was 


born  at  London,  in  1693,  and  made  a  con- 
siderable fortune  r>y  instructing  the  deaf 
and  dumb.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
and  Antiquarian  Societies,  and  of  the  So- 
ciety of  Arts;  and  left  to  the  first  of  these 
an  annuity  of  a  hundred  pounds,  for  a 
yearly  oration  on  experimental  philosophy, 
or  natural  history.  He  published  the  Mi- 
croscope made  easy;  the  Universe,  a  po- 
em; the  Universal" Spectator;  and  other 
works. 

BAKER,  SIR  GEORRK,  Bart.,  was 
born  in  Devonshire,  i.i  1722,  educated  at 
Eton  and  Cambridge,  rose  to  high  practice 
as  a  physician  in  London,  and  was  ap- 
pointed physician  to  the  king  and'  queen. 
He  was  also  president  of  the  College  of 
Phvsiciana,  and  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 


cian,  philosopher,  historian,  geographer, 
antiquary,  orator,  arid  poet;  understood 
the  ancient  and  oriental  languages,  and  al- 


most all  the  European ;    had 
memory,  a  sound  judgment 


ad  a  pro 
it,  and  it 


digious 
idefati 


gable  application,  Baldi  is  the  mthor  of 
several  poems  and  scientific  works.  H« 
died  in  1617. 

BALDINUCCI,  PHILIP,  a  native  of 
Florence,  b;>rn  in  1624,  was  a  painter, 
sculptor,  and  writer.  Though  he  display- 
ed talents  in  the  first  two  of  these  pursuits, 
he  owes  his  permanent  fame  to  his  literary 
labours.  He  is  thr;  author  of  Liv?s  of  the 
Painter?,  from  1260  to  1670;  and  the 
Lives  of  celebrated  Engravers.  To  the  first 
of  these  works  the  finishing  hand  was  put 
by  his  son.  He  died  in  1696. 

BALDWIN,  ABRAHAM,  eminent  as  a 
statesman,  and  president  of  the  university 
of  Georgia,  was  graduated  at  Yale  College 
in  1772.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Con- 
vention which  formed  the  constitution  of 
the  United  States  in  1787,  and  held  a  seat 
successively  in  both  houses  of  Congress. 
He  died  at  Washington  in  1807. 

BALE,  JOHN,  an  English  divine,  was 

ciety.  He  died  in  1819.  He  published  j  born,  in  1495,  at  Cove,  in  Suffolk,  was 
soms  medical  tracts,  which  he  afterwards  !  educated  at  Norwich  and  Cambridge,  and 
Collected  under  the  title  «>f  Opuscula,  and  j  became  a  zealous  convert  from  popery  to 
\v:is  a  contributor  to  the  Philosophical  and  |  protestantism.  Unu«jr  Edward  VI.  he  was 
Medical  Transactions  Imade  bishop  of  Ossoiy,  and  excited  the 

BAKEWELL,  ROBERT,  a  grazier,  was  I  hatred  of  the  Irish  catholics  by  his  reform- 
born  in  1726,  at  Dishley,  in  Leicester-  ing  zeal.  When  Mary  ascended  the  throne, 
fljire,  on  the  estate  of  his  father,  and  ob-  he  tied  to  Basil,  but  returned  on  the  acces- 
tained  celebrity  by  his  strenuous  efforts  to  sion  of  Elizabeth,  and  was  appointed  a 
iaiprove  the  breed  of  cattle.  In  further- I  prebend  of  Canterbury.  He  died  in  1563. 
ance  of  this  object,  he  travelled  over  Eng-  His  works  are  numerous;  but  chiefly  con- 
land,  Ireland,  and  Holland,  His  efforts  troversial ;  and  his  writings  of  this  class, 
.vere  eminently  successful.  His  rams  were  some  of  which  were  published  under  the 


let  at  enormous  prices;   a  single  ram  hav- 
ing brought  eight  hundred  guineas  in  one 
icason.     He  died  in  1795. 
BALBINUS,  DECIMUS  C(ELIUS,  was 


name   of  Hat 


are   abundantly    acri- 


monious. He  appears  to  have  been  tha 
last  writer  of  those  religious  dramas  called 
Mysteries.  The  work  by  which  principal- 


elected     Roman    emperor,    in    conjunction !  ly  he  is  remembered  is  his  Latin   Account 
with  Maximus,  after  the  death  of  the  Gor-  t/f  the  Lives  of  eminent  British  Authors. 


dians,  A.  l).  237.  After  a  little  more  than 
a  year,  he,  as  well  as  his  colleague,  was 
murdered  by  the  Praetorian  guards. 

BALBOA,  VASCO  NUNEZ  DE,  was 
born  in  Spain,  about  1475,  and,  having 
dissipated  his  property,  sought  to  amend 
his  fortune  by  nis  exploits  in  the  New 
World,  After  having  distinguished  him- 
se  I  greatly  on  the  coast  of  Darien,  he  pen- 
etr  ted  into  the  interior,  discovered  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  and  obtained  information 
respecting  the  empire  of  Peru.  Jealous 
of  his  talents  and  success,  his  enemies  at 
length  accused  him  of  treason,  and  he  wa? 
beheaded  in  1517. 

BALD1,  BERNARDIN,  an  Italian,  of 
almost  universal  genius,  was  boru  at  Ur- 
bino,  in  1553,  and  was  made  abbot  of 
Giii.stalla,  by  the  sovereign  of  that  state. 
tie  was  at  once  a  theologian,  mathcmati- 


BALEN,  HENRY  VAN,  an  eminent 
Flemish  painter,  was  born  at  Antwerp 
studied  in  Italy,  and  rose  to  high  reputa- 
tion. His  death  took  place  in  1632 
Vandyke  received'  his  first  instruction* 
from  him. 

BALES,  PETER,  a  great  master  of  pen- 
manship, was  born  in  1547,  and  died,  in 
indigence,  about  the  year  1610.  Some  of 
his  performances  were  astonishing  for  their 
minuteness  and  perfect  legibility.  Bale* 
taught  his  art  at  Oxford  and  London,  and 
was  employed  by  Walsingham,  in  coun- 
terfeiting hand  writings,  for  the  purpose 
of  detecting  treasonable  correspondence. 
He  is  the  author  of  the  Writing  School- 
master. 

BALGUY,  JOHN,  an  eminent  divine, 
was  born  at  Sheffield,  in  1686,  and  educa- 
ted at  Cambridge.  He  entered  the  church  • 


62  BAL 

but,  though  an  excellent  writer  ami  minis- 
ter, he  i  sver  had  any  oilier  preferment 
than  tlie  vicarage  of  North  Ailort.m,  and 
a  prel>end  in  the  church  of  Salisbury  In 
the  Baagprion  controversy  he  drew  the 
pen  on  the  side  o(  Bishop"  Hoadley  ;  and, 
in  reply  to  Lord  Shaftesbnry,  lie  published 
Two  Letters;  to  a  deis« ;  and  the  Founda- 
tion of  Moral  Virtue.  Of  his  other  works, 
llie  principal  is  two  volumes  of  Sermons. 
He  died  in  1~IS. — His  son,  THOMAS,  who 
was  born  in  1716,  and  died  in  1795,  was 
archdeacon  of  Winchester,  and  printed  his 
Sermons  and  Charges,  and  some  other  the- 
ological pieces. 

BALLARD,  GKORGF,  born  at  Camp- 
den,  in  Gloucestershire,  was  originally  a 
stay  and  habit  maker;  but  devoted  his 
leisure  hours  to  study,  and  made  himself 
master  of  the  Saxon  language.  A  subsn -ip- 
tion  was  raised  to  educate  him  at  Oxford, 
and  he  ultimately  became  beadle  of  the 
university,  which  post  he  held  till  his 
death,  in"  1733.  In  1752,  he  published  his 
Memoirs  of  British  Ladies.  Many  of  his 
m  muscript  collections  are  in  the  Bodleian 
l.brary. 

BALSHAM,  BEDESALE,  or  BELE- 
SALE,  HUGH  DE,  who,  in  1247,  was  cho- 
sen bishop  of  Ely,  is  believed  to  have  been 
a  native  of  Balsham,  in  Cambridgeshhe. 
He  died  in  1286,  and  was  buried  in  Ely 
Cathedral.  St.  Peter's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, was  founded  by  him  in  1280. 

BALUE,  JOHN  LA,  a  French  prelate 
and  statesman,  was  a  native  of  Poitou,  of 
an  obscure  family,  and  was  born  in  1421. 
At  his  outset  in  life,  he  signalized  himself 
by  fraudulently  appropriating  property,  of 
which  he  was"  left  the  executor.  Having 
obtained  the  confidence  of  Louis  XL,  he 
was  loaded  with  preferment!  by  that  mo- 
narch, and  was  his  prime  minister  in  all 
but  the  name.  He,  however,  betrayed  his 
royal  patron,  and  was  punished  by* eleven 
years  incarceration  in  an  iron  cage,  only- 
eight  feet  square.  While  in  the  height  of 
power,  he  had  been  created  a  cardinal; 
and  papal  influence  at  length  obtained  his 
release  from  imprisonment.  He  settled  in 
Italv,  and  died,  in  1491,  bishop  of  Preneste. 

BALZAC,  JOHN  Louis  GUEZ  UK,  who 
is  considered  as  one  of  the  restorers  of  the 
French  language,  was  born  at  Angoul"in»', 
in  1594.  He  was  in  the  service  of  the 
duke  of  Epernon  ;  and,  afterwards,  in  that 
of  cardinal  la  Valette,  whom  he  accom- 
panied to  Rome.  On  his  return,  he  retired 
to  his  estate.  Richelieu  gave  him  a  pension, 
a:i:I  appointed  him  a  counsellor  ^,t  state, 
and  historiographer  of  France.  lie  died 
in  1655.  Among  his  principal  works  may 
be  mentioned  his  Letters;  the  Prince;  the 
Christian  Socrates;  and  Ari.«tipp;:s.  It 
was  he  wh.)  first  g.r.e  precision,  clegince, 
and  correctii':.-.}  to  French  prose. 


BAN 

BANCROFT,  RICHARD,  un  Cnclie*. 
prelate,  was  born  at  Farneworth,  in  Lan- 
cashire, in  1544,  and  was  educated  at 
Christ  College,  Cambridge.  In  15S4,  he 
obtained  the  living  of  St.  Andrew's,  Hol- 
biirn,  and  thenceforward  continued  rising 
in  his  profession,  till,  in  1597,  he  obtained 
the  bishopric  of  London,  and  in  1604,  the 
archbishopric  of  Canterbury.  Bancroft  wan 
a  violent  assertor  of  the  privilege!  of  his 
order,  and  an  intolerant  assailant  of  those 
who  dissented  from  the  church.  His  lite- 
rary exertions  seem  to  have  been  confined 
to  a  sermon  and  two  tracts  against  the 
Puritans,  and  an  unpublished  letter  on 
pluralities.  He  died  in  1610. 

BANDELLO,  MATTHEW,  an  Italian 
dominican,  was  born  at  Castelnuovo  di 
Scrivia,  in  1480.  Though  belonging  to  a 
religions  order,  the  greater  part  c  nis  life 
was  spent  in  secular  pursuits.  He  was 
preceptor  to  the  celebrated  Lucretia  Gon- 
zaga,  was  employed  in  negotiations  by 
Italian  princes,  and  resided  with  various 
noble  personages.  In  1550,  he  was  made 
bishop  of  Agen,  in  France.  His  death 
occurred  subsequently  to  1561.  His  great 
work  is  his  Tales,  which  is  reckoned 
among  the  classical  productions  of  modern 
Italy. 

BANDINELLI,  BACCIO,  a  celebrated 
sculptor,  the  son  of  a  goldsmith,  was  born 
at  Florence,  in  1487.  He  gave  the  first 
indication  of  nis  talent  in  boyhood,  by 
making  a  gigantic  figure  out  of  snow.  In 
manhood,  he  realized  the  promise  of  his 
early  years,  and  his  productions  were 
much  admired.  Among  his  best  works  ai  e, 
a  copy  of  the  Laocoon;  an  Orpheus;  and 
a  Hercules  binding  Cacus.  Painting,  also, 
he  attempted,  but  did  not  succeed.  Ban- 
dinelii  was  vain,  proud,  and  envious.  He 
died  in  1559. 

BAMER,  or  BANNER,  JOHN  Gu»- 
TAFFSON,  a  celebrated  Swedish  field  mar- 
shal, was  born  at  Diursholm,  in  Upland, 
in  1596.  He  began  his  career  in  Livonia, 
in  1625,  served  with  distinction  in  the 
PolUh  campaigns  of  Gustavus  Adolphus, 
and  obtained  the  rank  of  general.  At  tho 
battle  of  Leipsic,  in  1630,  that  heroic  mo- 
narch confessed  that,  "  next  to  God,  he 
owed  the  victory  to  Banirr."  But  it  wan 
after  the  death  of  Gustavus  that  the  geniuo 
of  Banier  shone  forth  with  full  lustre. 
After  the  loss  of  the  battle  of  Nordlingen, 
he  upheld  the  sinking  foi tunes  of  the 
Swedes,  battled  all  the  e  (Torts  of  the  ene- 
my, and  gained  several  victories,  and  was 
known  by  the  glorious  title  of  the  Second 
Gustavus.  He  died  in  1641. 

BANIEIl,  ANTHONY,  a  native  of  Au- 

,  Wn  in  1670,  was  educated  in  the 

Jesuit  college  of  Clermont,    took    orders, 

l.e'-ame    an    abbe,   and    was    employed   by 

it  Diiiiict/.  a.s  preceptor  to  hid  son* 


BAN 

|{«  was  a  Member  of  the  Academy  of 
Inscriptions  and  Belles  Lettrcs,  to  llie 
Transact  ions  of  which  body  he  contributed 
largely.  His  principal  work,  which  is  a 
valuable  one,  is  Mythology  and  Fable  ex- 
plained by  History.  He  died  in  1741. 

BANKS,  JOHN,  a  dramatist,  was  orig- 
inally a  lawyer,  but  relinquished  his  pro- 
fession to  write  for  the  stage.  Between 
1677  and  1696,  he  produced  seven  trage- 
dies, of  which  the  best  known  is  The 
Unhappy  Favourite.  The  time  of  his  birth 
and  of  his  death  is  equally  unascertained. 
He  was  buried  in  St.  James's  Church, 
Westminster.  His  style  and  versification 
are  bad,  but  he  has  considerable  pathos. 

BANKS, THOMAS,  an  eminent  sculptor, 
was  born,  in  1735,  iii  Gloucestershire,  and 
was  brought  up  under  Kent,  the  architect. 
His  genius,  however,  led  him  to  sculpture. 
Having  gained  prizes  from  the  Royal 
Academy,  he  was  sent  by  that  body  to  study 
in  Italy.  After  having  completed  his  stud- 
ies, he  resided  two  years  in  Russia,  and 
the  empress  purchased  his  statue  of  Cupid. 
On  his  return  home,  he  attained  high  repu- 
tation, and  was  much  employed  till  his 
death,  in  1805, 


BAR 


C3 


in  the  Philosophical  Transaction,  and  a 
tract  on  the  Rust  in  Wheat.  His  collec- 
tion of  books  on  natural  history  was  the 
most  complete  in  Europe. 

BANNAKER,  BENJAMIN,  a  negro  of 
Maryland,  who  died  in  1807.  By  dint  of 
talents,  without  any  other  assistance  than 
Ferguson's  works  and  Mayer's  Tables,  he 
acquired,  in  his  leisure  hours,  a  complete 
knowledge  of  mathematics,  and  for  many 
years  calculated  and  published  th«  Mary- 
land Ephemerides. 

BARAHONA  Y  SOTO,  Louis,  a 
Spanish  physician  and  poet,  a  native  of 
Luceria,  in  Andalusia,  continued,  under 
the  title  of  the  Tears  of  Angelica,  the  ro- 
mance of  Ariosto,  and  executed  his  task 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  gain  the  applause 
of  Cervantes.  He  is  also  the  author  of 
some  eclogues,  stanzas,  and  sonnets. 

BARATIER,  JOHN  PHILIP,  a  youth  of 
uncommonly  premature  talents,  was  born 
in  1721, .at  Schwabach,  in  the  margraviate 
of  Anspach.  At  four  years  of  age,  he  spoke 
in  Latin,  German,  and  French;  at  six, 
he  mastered  the  Greek;  and  at  eight,  he 
became  a  proficient  in  Hebrew.  Mathe- 
matics and  astronomy  he  learned  in  three 
months.  The  law  of  nations,  ancient  and 
modern  literature,  architecture,  medals  and 
inscriptions,  Greek,  Roman,  and  oriental 
antiquities,  and  the  deciphering  of  hiero- 
glyphics were  all  objects  of  his  studies 
lie  died  at  the  age  of  nineteen.  He  trans* 
Uted,  from  the  Hebrew,  Benjamin  of  T.u 
dela's  Travels,  and  published  Anti-Art' 
nonius,  and  other  works. 


BANKS,  SIR  JOSEPH,  was  born,  i,i 
1743,  at  Revesby  Abbey,  in  Leicestershire, 
and  educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford,  His 
love  of  travelling,  and  of  natural  histo- 
ry, prompted  him  to  explore  foreign  coun- 
tries; and,  accordingly,  in  1763,  he  made 
a  voyasro  to  Labrador  and  Newfoundland ; 
in  1768,  accompanied  the  great  navigator 
Cook;  and,  in  1772,  visited  Iceland  and 
the  Western  Isles  of  Scotland.  While 
with  Captain  Cook,  he  nearly  lost  his  life 
by  the  intense  cold,  at  Terra  del  Fuego. 
On  his  return,  the  university  of  Oxford 
conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  doctor  of 
laws  In  1778,  he  obtained  the  order  of 
the  Bath,  and  the  presidency  of  the  Roy:il 
Society;  but,  after  having  held  the  latter 
about  five  years,  Jii*  conduct  so  deeply 
offended  many  scientific  members,  that  a 
schism  was  on  tTie  point  of  taking  place. 

The  differences  were,  however,  arranged, 
- ._  i  i. _   •_ .  11    i. :  .    ..      *    * :  M    i. ..    ,i : ,. .] *i. _ 


BARBAULD,  ANNA  LETIMA,  wn» 
born  at  Kibworth,  in  Leicestershire,  in 
1743,  and  received  an  excellent  education 
from  her  father,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Aikin.  In 
1772,  she  published  a  volume  of  poems, 


which  jjuve  her   a 


place  among  her 


oetical  contemporaries;  and,  in  the  fol- 
lowing year,  she  joined  her  brother  in 
giving  to  the  press  a  volume  of  MiscelKi- 
nies.  Her  marriage  tock  place  in  1774. 
Fur  the  last  forty  years  of  her  life,  she 

esided  in  the  vicinity  of  the  metropolis; 


and  he  held  his  seat  till  lit)  djed,  on  the    first    at    Hampstead,  and    next    :  t    Stoke 
JMj  of  Muv,  1820.     He  wrote  »ORJC  ropers    Xewinyton.  :u  \\]\\r\\  latter  place  she  died, 


•4  BAR 

on  the  0th  of  April,  1S25.  Her  liteiary 
productions  are.  numerous.  Anion^  the 
most  proiniiifMU  of  them  may  be  named, 
Early  Lessons  and  HYNHM,  in  pn^p;  a 
poetical  Epistle  to  Mr.  \V  ilbei  force  ; 
Eighteen  Hoadred  and  Eleven,  -\  perm; 
and  Miographical  and  Critical  E.-.-a\s. 
prefixed  to  a  selection  from  the-  Tailor , 
Spectator,  and  Guardian,  to  Rictmrdoon'l 
-pondence,  and  to  an  edition  of  the 
best  English  novels. 

BARBA/AN,  ARNOLD  WILLIAM,  a 
valiant  and  noble  minded  French  general, 
who  lived  under  the  reigns  of  Charles  \  I. 
Mid  VII.  His  strict  pr.ibity,  and  eminent 


tervices  to  the  crown,  gained   for   him   the    S\< 


BAR 

notices  in  Choisetd  Gi  ufi'u-r's    I'i 
Journey  i>i  ( i ~>  i-ivr. 

BARl'lEII,  ANTIM-.NY  A  i.r\.\  NOF.R, 
horn  in  17t>o,  at  C<>|.>m:r.iers,  in  France, 
was  educated  f-r  the  ihurch,  hut  <jiiitted  it, 
and  \vas  s!icccsM\clv  librarian  to  the  l)i- 
reetorv,  to  .Napoleon,  and  to  Louis  XVIII 
From  the  service  <.|  L:.uis,  h.i\\ever,  ho 
was  dismissed  in  l!"'i.'2,  and  this  circum. 
stance  prevcd  upon  his  spirits,  and  proba- 
bly aggravated  the  d:M'a>e,  an  aneurism, 
of  which  he  died  in  l>2o.  Of  his  biblio- 
graphical works,  all  of  which  are  esteem- 
ed, the  principal  is  a  Dictionary  of  Anony- 
ms and  Pseudonymous  Woiks,  4  voL? 


glorious  appellations  of  "  the  Irrcpruacha- 
ole  Knight,"  and  "  the  Restorer  of  the 
Kingdom."  After  a  victorious  career,  he 
died,  in  1432,  of  the  wounds  which  he  re- 
ceived at  the  battle  of  Bullegneville.  He 
was  interred  in  the  royal  cemetery  of  St. 
Dennis,  and  with  regal  honours. 

BARRAROSSA,  ARUCH,  a  Turkifh 
pirate,  who  murdered  the  pi  ince  of  Algiers, 
whom  he  had  been  invited  to  succour,  and 
usurped  his  throne.  He  afterwards  sub- 
dued Tunis  and  Tremecen ;  but  was  ulti- 
mately slain,  in  151S,  in  an  engagement 
with  the  Spaniards. 

BARBAROSSA,  HF.YRADDIN,  or 
KHAIR-EDDIN,  the  brother  of  Aruch, 


succeeded  to    him 

Algiers,  and 

protection    ( 

gave   him    the   command   of 


the   sovereignty   of 


rt   hi*    kingdom   under 
the    Porte.       Soliman 


the 
II. 

the  Turkish 


marine,  and  he  subjugated  Tunis,  but  was 
driven  from  it  by  the  Spaniards,  under 
Charles  V.  He  afterwards  ravaged  Italy, 
reduced  Yemen* to  the  Turkish  dominion, 
and  performed  various  naval  exploits.  He 
died  in  1547. 


BARBIER  D'AUCOUR,  JOHN,  a 
French  literary  character,  was  born  at  Lan- 
gres,  about  1641 ,  and  qualified  himself  to  act 
as  counsel;  but  having,  in  his  first  speech, 
been  unable  to  proceed  further  than  a  few 
sentences,  he  thenceforth  confined  himself 
to  chamber  practice.  He  lived  and  died 
in  poverty.  His  death  took  place  in  1694. 
Of  his  works,  chielly  critical,  the  Senti- 
ments of  Cleanthes,  which  is  an  excellent 
examination  of  Bouhour's  Conversations 
of  Aristus  and  Eugenius,  is  the  only  one 
th  it  is  now  read. 

BARBOUR,  JOHN,  a  Scotch  poet,  born 
about  1316,  and  died  in  1396,  was  chap- 
lain to  David  Bruce,  who  employed  him 
in  ?everal  embassies.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  verse  history  of  the  Life  and  Actions  of 
Robert  Bruce." 

BARCLAY,  or  BERCLAY,  ALKXAN- 


DER,   a  writer 
but    whether  a 


)f  the  sixteenth    century, 
mtive    of  England    or    of 


BARBEYRAC,  JOHN,  a  native  of  Be- 
ziers,  in  France,  was  born  in  1674,  and 
quitted  his  country  with  his  parents,  on 
»he  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantz.  He 
was  successively  professor  of  belles  lettres, 
law,  and  history,  at  Berlin,  Lausanne,  and 
Groningen;  and  died  in  1729.  Barbeyrac 
translated,  among  other  works,  the  writ- 
ings of  Puffendorf,  Grotius,  and  Cumber- 
land, on  the  law  of  nations,  and  published 
a  History  of  Ancient  Treatises  ;  a  Treatise 
on  Gaming;  and  a  Treatise  on  the  Mo- 
ralir.y  of  the  Fathers. 

BARBIE  DUBOCAGE,  JOHN  DENIS, 
a  geographer,  the  only  pupil  of  d'Anville, 
and  not  unworthy  of  4iis  master,  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  17(iO,  lx*came  geographer  for 

foieien  affairs  to  Napoleon,  and  was  a  '  and,  after  the  death  of  his  father,  visited 
member  of  the  Institute,  and  of  other  sci-  England,  where  he  was  patronised  by 
entific  bodies.  He  died  in  1825.  His  James  I.,  and  resided  for  ten  years  He 
productions  are  numerous  and  valuable.  !  then  removed  to  Rome,  where  "he  died  in 


Scotland  is  not  known,  was  educated  stt 
Oriel  College,  Oxford ;  subsequently  trav- 
elled into  Germany,  Italy,  and  France; 
and  died,  in  1552,  minister  uf  Allhallows, 
Lombard  Street.  Of  his  various  works, 
the  principal  is  the  Shyp  of  Folis,  partly 
translated  from  Brandt,  and  printed  by 
Pynson  in  1509. 

"BARCLAY,  WILLIAM,  born  in  Aber- 
deenshire,  in  1541,  emigrated  tt>  France, 
and  became  counsellor  of  state  to  the  duke 
>f  Lorraine,  and  afterwards  professor  of 
civil  law  at  Angers,  where  he  died  in 
1C06.  Barclay  was  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent civilians  of  his  time  Of  his  woiks, 
the  principal  are,  a  Treatise  against  Re- 
publican Doctrines,  and  another  against 
the  Power  assumed  over  Princes  by  the 
Po 


me. 

BARCLAY,  JOHN,  son  of  the  preceding, 
was   born,   in   15S2,  at    Pont  a    Mousson, 


Among  them  are  the  maps  to   the 

of  Anacharsis;   a  fine  map  of  the  Morea; 


1621.     He  wrote  several  works,  of  which 
the  best  known  are,  Euphormion,  a  satire; 


and    the   map*   and  varioui   geographical  |  and  Argenis,  a    romance:  both  in  Latia 


BAR 

The  Argenis  has  been  four  times  transla- 
ted into  English. 

BARCLAY,  ROBERT,  the  celebrated 
vindicator  of  the  Quakers,  was  born,  in 
1648,  at  Gordonstown,  in  Scotland,  and 
was  the  son  of  a  colonel.  By  his  uncle, 
the  principal  r.f  the  Scotch  college  at  Paris, 
to  whom  he  was  entrusted  at  an  early  age, 
he  was  brought  up  a  catholic;  but.  hearing 
of  this,  \\'.B  lather  took  him  home,  and 
having  himself  become  a  quaker,  he  pre- 
vailed on  his  son  to  follow  his  example. 
At  the  age  of  two  and  twenty  the  convert 
began  to  distinguish  himsejf  as  a  defender 
of  the  Society  of  Friends,  ny  the  publish- 
ing of  a  tract  intitl  :d  Truth  cleared  of 
Calumnies;  which  was  followed  by  other 
'vorks  of  a  similar  kind.  His  groat 
wnk,  however,  which  appeared  in  1676, 
is  his  j'.istly  celebrated  Apology  fur  the 
Quakers,  the  English  translation  of  which 
l*e  dedicated  to  Charles  II.  Barclay  vis- 
ited a  considerable  part  of  England,"  Hol- 
land, and  Germany,  in  company  with  Wil- 
liam Penn ;  and  died  on  his  estate  of  Urie, 
in  Scotland,  in  1690. 

BARCLAY  DE  TOLLY,  a  Russian 
field  marshal,  and  minis-ter  of  war,  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  German  and  Polish 
campaigns  of  1806  and  1807,  and  succeed- 
ed Kutusow  as  commander  in  chief.  At 
the  battle  of  Leipsic,  he  headed  the  Rus- 
sian troops.  In  1814  he  commanded  them 
in  Champagne,  and  in  the  following  year 
he  again  led  them  into  France,  with  the 
title  of  prince.  He  died  in  1818. 

BARCOCHEBAS,  BARCHOCHE- 
BAS,  or  BARCOCHAB,.a  Jewish  delu- 
der,  who,  in  the  reign  of  Adrian,  declared 
himself  to  be  the  Messiah.  His  original 
name,  a  very  appropriate  one,  is  said  to 
have  been  Bar  Coziba  (the  son  of  ly- 
ing), which  he  changed  into  Barcochebas 
(the  son  of  a  star).  Having,  by  audacity 
and  some  juggling  tricks,  cheated  multi- 
tudes of  the  Jews  into  a  belief  of  his 
divinity,  they  revolted  against  the  Romans. 
After  the  war  had  lasted  for  two  years,  Ju- 
lius Severus  besieged  them  in  Befhcr,  took 
the  city  by  assault,  and  the  pseudo  messiah 
and  fifty  thousand  of  his  followers"  were 
slain.  Though,  in  a  religious  point  of 
view,  Barcochebas  was  an  impostor,  it 
must  be  allowed  that  he  possessed  patriot- 
ism, courage  and  talents. 

BARDESANES,  a  heretic  of  the  sec- 
ond century,  born  in  Syria,  was  a  man  of 
great  genius  and  learning,  and  had  trav- 
elled into  India  to  acquire  knowledge.  He 
adopted  the  doctrine  of  two  principles, 
and  taught  that  Christ  descended  from 
heaven  nut  with  a  real  but  an  aerial  body, 
to  recover  mankind  from  the  corruption 
into  which  they  had  been  plunged  by  the 
prince  of  darkness. 

HARETT1.  JOSEPH,  a  native  of  Tu- 


BAR  65 

rin.  born  about  1716,  came  to  England,  ,n 
1750,  after  having  spent  his  paternal  pro- 
perty; he  acted  as  a  teacher  of  languages, 
and  acquired  the  friendship  of  Dr.  John- 
son,  who  ultimately  introduced  him  as  tutor, 
to  the  family  of  Air.  Thiale.  In  1760  he 
revisited  Italy,  and  commenced  a  paper, 
called  the  Literary  Scourge,  which  did  not 
succeed.  He  returned  to  England,  aaj 
was  appointed  foreign  .secretary  to  the 
Royal  Academy,  and  pensioned  by  gov- 
erment.  He  died  in  17S9.  Barer!  was  a 
man  of  integrity,  and  of  considerable  jynv- 
ers.  Besides  an  Italian  Dictionary,  and 
various  school  books,  and  minor  works, 
he  published  Travels  through  France, 
Spain,  Portugal,  and  Italy,  in  four  octavo 
volumes. 

BARKER,  ROBERT,  inventor  of  the 
panorama,  was  lx>rn  at  Kells,  in  Ireland, 
about  1740;  and,  having  failed  in  business, 
became  a  miniature  and  portrait  painter. 
He  settled  at  Edinburgh,  in  that  capacity ; 
and,  while  viewing  the  landscape  from  the 
Gallon  Hill,  was  first  struck  »vith  the  idea 
of  representing  similar  scenes  in  a  circular 
picture.  Eminent  artists  treated  the  project 
as  chimerical;  but  he  persisted,  and  ulti- 
mately succeeded  in  accomplishing  what 
may  be  considered  as  the  triumph  of  picto- 
rial illusion.  It  was  in  1787  that  his  first 
attempt  was  exhibited;  and  liis  exhibition 
soon  became  so  popular  that  he  gained  a 
considerable  fortune.  He  died,  in  Saint 
George's  Fields,  in  1806. 

BARLAAJU,  a  Greek  monk,  who,  in 
1339,  was  sent  into  the  weft,  by  the  younger 
Andronicus,  the  Greek  emperor,  to  solicit 
assistance  against  the  Turks,  and  to  nego- 
tiate an  union  between  theCatinand  Greek 
church.  On  his  return,  he  was  censured, 
as  heterodox,  by  a  council ;  upon  which  he 
,vent  back  to  Italy,  and  obtained  th&  bish- 
>pric  of  Hieracium,  in  Calabria.  He 
died  about  1348.  Barlaam  introduced  the 
study  of  Grecian  literature  into  Italy ;  and 
Petrarch  and  Boccacio  were  his  disciple?. 

BARLOW  ,THOM  As,an  English  prelate, 
was  born,  in  1607,  at  Langhill,  in  West- 
moreland, and  educated  at  Oxford.  He 
was  raised  to  the  bishopric  of  Lincoln,  in 
1675,  and  held  it  till  his  death,  in  1691. 
His  principles  were  anvthing  but  inflexi- 
ble. He  wrote  against  popery  during  the 
reign  of  Charles  II. ;  vindicated  the  regal 
power  of  dispensing  with  the  laws,  under 
James  II.;  and,  finally  g;ive  his  allegiance 
to  William  III.  Nor" did  he  properly  ful- 
fill his  episcopal  duties.  He  was,  however, 
a  learned  and  a  tolerant  man.  His  woiks 
consist  of  some  tracts;  a  Collection  of 
Cases  of  Conscience  Resolved;  and  Genu- 
ine Remain*. 

BARLOW, JOEL, an  American  poet  and 
diplomatist,  was  born  at  Heading,  in  Con- 
necticut, alx>ut  the  year  1755.  His  fatiie* 


66  BAR 

died  while  he  was  yet  a  lad  at  school,  dnd 
left  him  little  more  tluiu  sufficient  to  defray 
the  expenses  of  a  lil>eral  education.  He 
was  first  placed  at  Dartmouth  College, 
New-Hamps'jire,  the»  in  its  infancy,  and 
after  a  very  short  residence  there  n-m.>\ed 
to  Yale  College,  New-Haven.  From  this 
ina.hution  he  received  a  degree  in  I77S, 
when  he  first  came  tafore  the  public  in  his 
poetical  character,  by  reciting  an  original 
poem  which  was  soon  after  published.  On 
leaving  College  he  was  successively  a  chap- 
lain in  the  revolutionary  army,  an  editor,  a 
bookseller,  a  lawyer,  and  a  merchant.  He 
next  visited  England,  and  published  in 
London  the  first  part  of  Advice  to  the  priv- 
ileged Orders;  and  in  the  succeeding  year 
a  poem  called  The  Conspiracy  of  Kings. 
In  the  latter  part  of  1792,  he  waa  appoint- 
ed one  of  the  deputies  from  the  London 
Constitutional  Society  to  present  an  address 
to  the  National  Convention  of  France. 
Information  of  the  notice  which  the  Brit- 
ish government  had  taken  of  this  mission, 
led  him  to  think  that  it  would  be  unsafe  to 
return  to  England,  and  he  continued  to  re- 
side in  Paris  for  about  three  years.  It  was 
about  this  time  that  he  composed  his  most 
popular  poem,  entitled  Hasty  Pudding. 
He  was  subsequently  appointed"  Consul  for 
the  United  States  at  Algiers,  with  powers 
to  negotiate  a  peace  with  the  Dey,  and  to 
redeem  all  American  citizens  held  in  slavery 
on  the  Coast  of  Barbary.  After  discharg- 
ing these  duties  he  returned  to  Paris,  and 
again  engaging  in  trade,  amassed  a  consid- 
rable  fortune.  In  1805  he  returned  to  his  na- 
tive country  and  fixed  his  residence  atWash- 
ington,  where  he  displayed  a  liberal  hos- 
pitality, and  lived  on  terms  of  intimacy 
with  most  of  our  distinguished  statesmen. 
He  now  devoted  himself  to  the  publication 
of  the  Columbiad,  which  was  based  upon 
a  poem  written  while  he, was  in  the  army, 
and  published  soon  after  the  close  of  the 
War,  under  the  title  of  The  Vision  of 
Columbus.  This  was  issued  in  a  style  of 
elegance  which  few  works,  either  American 
or  European,  have  ever  equalled.  In  1S11, 
he  wa§  appointed  Minister  to  France,  and 
in  October  of  the  following  year  was  in- 
vited to  a  conference  with  the  emperor 
Napoleon  at  Wilna.  He  immediately  set 
off  on  this  mission,  travelling  day  and 
night;  but  sinking  under  the  fatigue,  and 
want  of  food  and  sleep  to  which  he  was 
obliged  to  submit,  he  fell  into  a  state  of 
debility  and  torpor  from  which  he  never 
recovered.  He  died  In  December,  1812, 
at  Zarnawica,  a  village  in  Poland  near 
Craeow. 

BAKLOWK.WiM.i AM,  son  of  William 
Barlowe,  bishop  of  Ckicheirter,  was  born 
in  Pembrokeshire,  educated  at  Oxford, 
rose  to  be  archdeacon  of  Salisbury,  and 
die-1  in  1625.  Burloue  was  tire  first  who 


BAR 

displayed  a  thorough  knowledge  of  UM 
properties  of  the  loadstone;  taught  the 
proper  mode  of  making  compasses,  touch- 
ing magnetic  needles,  and  cementing  load- 
stoues;  and  discovered  the  difference  be- 
tween iron  and  steel  for  magnetic  purposes. 
He  is  the  author  of  the  Navigator's  Sup- 
ply; Magnet ieal  Advertisement ;  and  an 
Answer  to  Dr.  Ridley. 

BARNARD,  SIR  JOHN,  born  at  Read- 
ing,  in  Berkshire,  in  1685,  was  brought 
up  a  quaker,  but  conformed  to  the  church 
when  he  was  nineteen.  He  was  a  wine 
merchant  by  trade;  and,  in  his  thirty- sixth 
year,  having  distinguished  himself  by  ably 
pleading  at  the  bar  of  the  lords  the  cause 
of  the  wine  merchants,  he  was  elected  one 
of  the  city  members,  and  sat  in  parliament 
for  forty  years.  He  also  filled  the  office* 
of  sheriff  and  lord  mayor.  Barnard  vas  so 
universally  respected  for  sound  ser.se  and 
integrity,  that,  long  before  his  death, 
which  took  place  in  1764,  hid  fellow  citi- 
zens erected  his  statue  in  the  Royal  Ex- 
change. 

B  ARN  A  VE, ANT  HONYPETER  JOSEPH, 
a  native  of  Grenoble,  was  born  in  1761, 
practiced  in  his  native  city  as  a  barrister, 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  states  general 
in  1789,  and  had  a  seat  in  the  two  succeed- 
ing legislative  bodies.  Possessed  of  splen- 
did talents,  and  extraordinary  eloquence, 
he  became  very  popular.  His  popularity, 
however,  declined  on  his  adopting  moderate 
principles.  He  retired  from  public  life, 
but  his  political  enemiea  did  not  forget  him, 
and  he  was  condemned  to  the  guillotine  in 
October,  1793. 

BARNES,  JOSHUA,  an  eminent  Greek 
scholar,  born  a».  London,  in  1654,  was 
educated  at  Christ's  Hospital  and  Cam- 
bridge, at  which  latter  seminary  he  became 
professor  of  Greek,  in  1695.  "In  1700,  he 
married  a  widow  of  great  fortune,  and 
died  in  1712.  Barnes  was  said  by  his 
enemies  to  have  a  good  memory  and  a  de- 
fective judgment;  and,  accordingly,  they 
proposed  as  hfs  epitaph,  "  Joshua  Barnes. 
Felicis  Memoriae,  Judicium  ExpectaiM  " 
Besides  editions  of  Euripides,  Anacreon, 
and  Homer,  he  published  a  History  of  Ed- 
ward III.;  SacredPoems;  and  other  works. 

BARNEVELDT,  JOHN  D'OLDKN,  a 
celebrated  Dutch  stateMiian,  was  born 
about  1549,  and  filled  many  high  offices, 
with  great  integrity  and  patriotism  ;  among 
them  was  that  of  grand  pensionary  of  the 
states  of  Holland.  Being,  however,  a 
strenuous  opponent  of  the  ambitious  pro- 
jects  of  Prince  Maurice,  tnat  prince  suc- 
ceeded in  procuring  him  to  be  condemne  1 
to  death,  on  the  shameles.-ly  ful-e  pretence 
of  having  betrayed  his  country  to  the  Span- 
iurds.  The  sentence  was  executed  in  1C19 

BARNEY,  JOSHUA,  a  distinguished 
naval  commander  in  the  sen1  ice  of  UM 


BAR 

United  States,  was  born  at  Baltimore,  Ma- 
rylu^d,  in  1759.  He  went  to  sea  at. a  very 
early  age,  and  when  the  war  commenced 
oeUv.jen  Great  Britain  and  the  colonies, 
Barney  offered  his  services  to  the  Litter, 
and  obtained  the  situation  of  master's 
mate  in  the  sloop  of  war  Hornet.  During 
the  war  he  was  several  times  taken  pris- 
oner by  the  enemy,  and  displayed  on  nu- 
merous occasions  great  valour  and  enter- 
prise. In  1795  he  received  the  commission 
of  Captain  in  the  French  service,  but  in 
1800  resigned  his  command  and  returned 
to  America.  In  1812,  when  war  was  de- 
clared against  Great  Britain,  he  offered 
his  services  to  the  general  government,  and 
was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  flo- 
tilla for  the  defence  of  the  Chesapeake. 
While  in  this  situation,  during  the  summer 
of  1814,  he  kept  up  an  active  warfare  with 
the  enemy;  a»d  in  the  latter  part  of  July, 
he  was  severely  wounded  in  a  land  engage- 
ment near  Bladensburg.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  sent  on  a  mission  to  Europe. 
He  died  at  Pittsburg  in  1818,  in  the  sixti- 
eth year  of  his  age. 

BAROCCIO,  FREDERIC,  an  Italian 
painter,  was  born  at  Urbino,  in  1528. 
Raphael  and  Correggio  were  his  models  in 
design  and  colouring,  and  he  was  no  un- 
worthy follower  of  those  great  masters.  He 
died  in  1612,  after  having  suffered  severely 
for  the  major  "part  of  his  life,  from  the 
effects  of  poison  given  to  him  by  some 
of  his  base  rivals,  who  envied  his  suc- 
cess. 

BARON,  MICHAEL  (whose  real  name 
was  BOYKON),  was  born  at  Issoudun,  in 
1653,  and  was  the  son  of  an  actor,  who 
had  been  brought  up  to  trade.  He  had  a 
fine  person,  and  displayed  such  admirable 
talents,  that  he  was  considered  as  the  Ros- 
citis  of  France.  His  vanity  was  at  least 
equal  to  his  talents.  Baron,  however, 
was  not  without  other  claims  to  respect 
than  those  derived  from  his  theatrical  pow- 
ers. He  is  the  author  of  seven  comedies, 
which  are  above  mediocrity.  He  died  in 
1729. 

BARONIUS,  CJESAR,  an  ecclesiastical 
historian,  was  born,  in  1538,  at  Sora,  in  the 
Neapolitan  Territory,  entered  the  church, 
and,  in  1598,  rose  to  the  dignity  of  cardi- 
nal. But  for  the  opposition  of  the  Span- 
ish court  he  would  have  fdled  the  papal 
chair.  His  death  took  place  in  1607.  lie 
wrote  several  works;  but  the  production 
on  which  his  fame  rests  is  the  Ecclesiasti- 
cal Annals,  from  the  first  to  the  twelfth 
century* 

BARRALJER,  H.  F.  N.  D.,  a  youth 
of  precocious  talents,  was  bjrn  at  Mar- 
•eilles,  in  1S05,  acquired  a  knowledge  of 
.anguages  with  extraordinary  facility,  and, 
oeforc  he  was  s-xteen,  wrote  a  Discourse 
on  the  IimnorU  lity  of  tlis  Soul ;  a  Trea- 


BAR 


67 


tJse  on  Morality ;  and  some  poems.  He 
died  i-i  1821. 

BARRAS,PAUL  JoHNFRANcis,Count 
de,  a  prominent  character  of  the  French 
revolution,  was  born,  in  1755,  at  Fox,  in 
the  department  of  the  Var,  and  was  of  so 
ancient  a  family  that  it  was  proverbially 
said  to  be  "  as  old  as  the  rocks  of  Pro- 
vence." After  having  served  with  applause 
in  India,  he  returned  to  Paris,  where  he 
wasted  his  patrimony  in  dissipation.  When 
the  revolution  broke  out  he  espoused  its 
principles,  and  he  subsequently  assisted  in 
dethroning  the  monarch,  and,  as  a  member 
of  the  Convention,  voted  for  his  death. 
To  the  overthrow  of  the  Girondist  party 
he  also  contributed.  The  Jacobins,  how- 
ever, regarded  him  with  suspicion,  and 
their  fears  were  justified  by  his  lending 
his  strenuous  aid  to  effect  the  downfall  of 
Robespierre.  When  the  directorial  gov- 
ernment was  established,  Barras  became 
one  of  the  five  directors,  and  he  held  thn 
high  office  till  1799.  While,  in  the  latter 
year,  he  was  secretly  negotiating  the  resto- 
ration of  the  Bourbons,  the  directory  was 
dissolved  by  Napoleon,  and  Barras  retired 
to  Brussels.  After  having  been  foiled  in 
some  political  intrigues  in  1813  and  1814, 
he  lived  in  privacy  till  his  decease,  which 
took  place  on  the  29th  of  January,  1829. 

BARREAUX,  JAMES  VALLEE  DES, 
born  at  Paris,  in  1602,  was  famous  as  an 
epicurean,  a  man  of  wit,  and  a  writer  of 
songs  and  pleasant  verses.  He  was  a  man 
of  fortune,  and  his  whole  life  was  spent  in 
the  pursuit  of  pleasure.  He  diecj^in  1673. 
Of  his  works  nothing  is  extant,  feut  a  re- 
pentant Sonnet,  composed  during  illness; 
and  even  this  is  denied  to  him  by  Voltaire, 
who  ascribes  it  to  the  abbe  de  Lavau. 

BARRET,  GEORGE,  an  eminent  land- 
scape painter,  was  born  in  Dublin,  about 
1728;  and,  with  little  or  no  instruction, 
acquired  reputation  as  an  artist.  He  gained 
prizes  from  the  Dublin  Society,  and  from 
the  London  Society  of  Arts.  The  estab- 
lishment of  the  Royal  Academy  was,  in  a 
great  degree,  brought  about  by  his  exer- 
tions. He  died  in  1784. 

BARRINGTON,  JOHN  SHUTE,  the 
first  viscount  Barrington,  born  in  1678, 
was  the  son  of  a  merchant,  named  Shute,  but 
changed  his  name  on  a  fortune  being  left 
him.  He  was  a  member  of  parliament, 
held  various  olSces  under  government,  was 
created  an  Irish  baron  and  viscount  in 
1720,  and  died  in  1734.  He  is  the  author 
of  Miscellanea  Sacra,  2  vols.  8vo.,  and 
other  works. — His  eldest  son,  WILLIAM 
WILDMAN,  who  was  born  in  1717,  and 
died  in  1795,  held  several  high  offices, 
among  which  were  those  of  secretary  at 
war,  and  chancellor  of  the  exchequer. 

BARRLN'GTON,  DAINES,  fourth  BOM 
of  Viscount  Barrinyton,  was  born  in  1727, 


68  BAR 

and  died  in  1SOO.  He  was  educated  at 
Oxford  and  the  Inner  Temple,  ami  n^e  to 
be  second  justice  of  Chester.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are  Observations  on  the  Sta- 
tutes; the  .Naturalists'  Calendar;  Miscel- 
lanies;  and  Tracts  on  the  Possibility  of 
reaching  the  North  Pole.  It  was  at  his 
suggestion  that  the  arctic  voyage  of  Captain 
Phipps  was  undertaken. 
HARRINGTON,  SAMOKL,  fifth  son  of 


BAR 

French  Jesuit,  born  in  1741,  at  \  i 

de  Berg,  was  conductor  of  the  Kcelesias- 
tical  Journal,  from  1787  to  1792,  hut  was 
obliged  to  tly  to  England  after  the  deposi- 
tion  of  Louis  XVI.  When  the  consulate 
Itablithed,  he  returned  to  France 
His  hest  known  work  is.  Memoirs  fora 
History  of  Jacobinism,  5  vids.  8\o.;  a 
production  which  blends  some  facts  with 
much  fiction,  and  proves  either  the  credu- 


Lord    Harrington,   was  born    in    1729,  en-  !  lity  or  the  had  faith  of  the  author. 

tered    early   into    the    navy,   distinguished  j      "BARRY,  GIRAI.D,  usually    known    by 

himself  ia  the   wars   that  ended   in    1748i  the  appellation  of  (iiu  A  i.nrs  CAM  BR  E  N- 

and  1762,  was  made  rear-admiral  in  1778,   sis,  was  horn  in  1146,  in   Pembrokeshii  -e, 

look  St.  Lucia,  in  the  face  of  a  superior        '    ' 

force,  was  wounded    in   the  engagement  of 

the  1st  of  July,  1779,  and  died  in  1800. 

BARKOS,  JOHN  DOS,  one  of  the  hest 
^f  the  Portuguese  historians,  was  horn  at 
Viseu,  in  1496,  held  various  highly  im- 
portant offices  in  the  colonies,  and  died  in 
1570.  Barros  is  the  author,  among  other 
tilings,  of  a  Romance;  Moral  Dialogues; 
and  the  first  Portuguese  Grammar  that  was 


published.     But  his  great 


His- 


tory of  Portuguese  Asia,  in  four  decades, 
which  is  looked  upon  as  a  classical  pro- 
duction. 


BARROW,  ISAAC,  a  divine  and  mathe- 
matician, born  in  1630,  was  the  son  of  a 
linendraper  ef  London,  and  was  educated 
at  the  Chattel  house  and  at  Cambridge. 
After  his  education  was  completed,  he  tra- 
velled in  France,  Italy,  and  ,the  Levant, 
and  resided  for  a  year  at  Constantinople. 
In  his  voyage  to  Smyrna,  the  ship  was 
attacked  by  an  Algerine,  and  Barrow  dis- 
played an  undaunted- courage  which  much 
contributed  to  the  success  of  the  engage- 
ment. In  1659,  he  returned  to  England, 
successively  filled 
was  made  must*  r 


1    several    professorships, 
•r    of   Trinity   College   in 


and  descended  of  a  noble  family,  allied  to 
the  princes  <;f  the  country.  Tie  received 
an  excellent  education,  obtained  several 
preferments  in  the  church,  and  was  ap- 
pointed chaplain  to  Henry  II.,  but  though 
more  than  once  chosen  bishop  of  »St.  Da- 
vid's, he  could  m:\er  obtain  the  papal  con- 
firmation of  his  dignitv.  He  died  in  re- 
tirement about  1220.  He  was  a  man  of 
varied  talents,  and  his  writings  are  vo- 
luminous. His  principal  works  are  his 
Irish  Topography,  and  his  Itinerary  of 
Wales. 

BA  RRY,  S  P  R  A  N  G  F.  R  ,  an  eminent  actor, 
was  born  at  Dublin,  in  1719,  on  the  stage 
of  which  city  he  first  appeared,  in  1744, 
with  great  success.  In  1746,  he  canle 
forward  in  London,  and  was  long  con- 
sidered as  no  unworthy  rival  of  Garrick 
He  died  in  1774 

BARRY,  JAMKS,  a  painter,  born  at 
Cork,  in  1741,  displayed  *T  early  taste  for 
drawing,  and  before"  he  was  twenty-two 
produced  a  picture  which  gained  him  the 
patronage  of  Edmund  Burke,  who  fur- 
nished him  with  the  means  of  studying  in 
Italy.  Barry  returned  to  England  in  1771, 
and  in  1777  began  his  series  of  pictures  at 
the  house  of  the  Society  of  Arts.  He  be- 
came a  royal  academician,  and  in  1782 
was  chosen  professor  of  painting;  but  from 
both  these  situations  he  was  expelled  in 
1799,  in  consequence  of  his  political  opin- 
ions having  given  ofience.  His  death 
took  place  in  1806.  Barry  was  i  man  of 
genius,  but  eccentric,  misanthropic,  and 
negligent  of  the  decorums  of  life.  His 
literary  works  have  been  published  in  two 
volumes  quarto. 

BARRY*  JOHN,  a  distinguished  naval 
oflicer  in  the  service  of  the  United  State.", 
was  born  in  Ireland  in  1745.  He  arrived 
in  America  when  onlv  14  or  15  years  old, 


1672,  vice  chancellor   in  1675,  ami  died  in  and  obtained    employment    from    sonic  of 

1677.      In    wit,    in    learning,    in    scientific  the  most  respevtabl.-  merchants  of  the  day, 

knowledge,  ia  \ersatih:  talent,  Barrow  had  until   the  commencement  of  hostilities  l,e- 

few  rivals.     His   numerous  mathematical  tween  the  colonies  and  the  mother  country. 

productions  attest  his  excellence  as  a  geo-  F.mb:  aciog  the  ca^.e  e.f  the  colonies,  me 
meter;  and  his  theological  woiks,  which  reputation  for  skill  and  experience  pro- 
fill  three  volume.--,  are  equally  honourable  cured  for  him  out-  «,f  t'.i"  lir.-t  uava.  co.u- 


to  him  as  a  divine. 

BARRUEL.     ABBE     Aur.isriN, 


!  .us    from   congress       During  the  \vdr 
a    be  :er\e.l  with  g.'f.u  ix-iit-fit  t«>  his  country 


BAR 


BAR 


and  credit  to  himself,  and  after  the  cessa-j  member   of  the  French  Academy,  ami  of 
tion    of  hostilities    he    was    appointed    to ;  the  most  celebrated  foreign  societies. 

building    of   the    frigate       BARTHES,  PAUL  JOSEPH,  a  celcbra- 

.  o 


superintend    the 
United  States  in 


Miiladelphia,  which 


ted  French  medical  practitioner  and  writer. 


designed  for  his  command.  He  was  highly  was  born  at  Montpellier,  in  1734,  and  died 
respected  in  private  life,  and  died  much  in  180').  He  was  one  of  the  physicians  of 
lamented  and  honoured  in  1803.  Napoleon.  Though  it  has  been  said  of 

BARTAS,  WILLIAM  DK  SALLUST  DU,J  him,    that    he    destroyed  more  old   errors 
French    poet,    warrior,  and    statesman,!  than  he  discovered  new  truths,  the  French 


was  born   at  Me  itfort,    in    1544.     During 
tli  •  reign  of  Henry  IV7.  he'displayed  equal 
a  soldier. 


talents  as  a  negotiator  and 
...  i  . 


He 

tiated  with  success  in  England,  Scot- 
lam!,  and  Denmark;  and  he  fought  gal- 
la  itly  on  various  occasions,  particularly  at 
th:;  buttle  of  Ivry.  He  died  in  1590.  He 
was  a  voluminous  writer,  but  his  works, 
though  often  poetical,  are  in  such  a  barba- 
rous taste,  that  they  are  now  entirely 
neglected.  His  We£k0,  ami  several  other 
of  his  poems,  were  translated  into  English 
bv  Sylvester. 

"BARTH,  JOHK,  a  celebrated  French 
naval  officer,  w*as  born  at  Dunkirk,  in 
1651,  and  was  the  son  of  a  fisherman.  By 
his  extraordinary  bravery  and  success  he 
•acquired  a  distinguished  reputation.  Des- 
perate courage,  however,  not  consummate 
skill,  seems  to  have  been  his  chief  qualitv; 
and,  though  he  rose  to  high  rank  in  his 
profession,  he  retained  the  manners  of  his 


original  station.     He  died  i 
BARTHE,    NICHOLAS 


1702. 
THOMAS, 


consider  him  as  the  regenerator  of  physi- 
ology and  medical  philosophy.  Among  his 
principal  works  may  be  mentioned,  New 
Elements  of  the  Science  of  Man;  .and 
New  Mechanism  of  the  Motions  of  Men 
and  Animals. 

BARTHOLINE,  G  ASPAR,  a  celebrated 
physician,  was  born  at  Malmoe,  in  Scania, 
in  1585,  and  was  long  professor  of  medi- 
cine in  the  university  of  Copenhagen  ;  bjt, 
late  in  life,  relinquished  medicine  for  the- 
ology, and  became  theological  professor. 
He  died  ia  1629.  His  principal  work  is, 
Institutionea  Anatomies?,  which  was  en- 
larged by  his  son. 

BARTHOLINE,  THOMAS,  second  son 
of  Gaspar,  was  born  at  Copenhagen,  in 
1616,  studied  at  Leyden,  Padua,  and  Ba- 
sil, and  acquired  extensive  erudition  and 
knowledge  of  languages.  For  fourteen 
ye*ars  he  was  professor  of  anatomy  in  his 
native  city.  His  works  are  numerous,  and 
of  great  merit;  and  to  him  is  attributed 
the  discovery  of  the  lymphatic  vessels.  He 
had  two  sons — GASPAR,  born  at  Copen- 
hagen, in  1650,  an  eminent  anatomist  and 
plusicia-i,  author  of  several  excellent  trea- 
tises;— and  THOMAS,  professor  of  history 
and  civil  law,  and  keeper  of  the  royal  . 
archives,  in  the  Danish  metropolis,  who, 
am  m^  other  thin 
Da! 
gentilibus  contemptje. 


ings,  published  Antiquitates 
De  Causis   Mortis  a  Dan'a 


French  dramatist,  was  born  at  Marseilles, 
in  1734,  and,  when  very  young,  went  to 
Paris,  where  he  died  in  1785.  He  is  the 
author  of  the  Selfish  Man;  the  Jealous 
Mother;  and  other  dramas;  and  of  vari- 
ous poems  and  fugitive  pieces.  When 
Colardeau,  the  poet,  was  on  his  deathbed, 
Barthe  persisted  in  reading  to  him  the 
whole  of  the  Selfish  Man.  As  soon  as  the 
author  had  concluded,  Colardeau  said  to 
him,  "  You  have  forgotten  one  essential 
trait  in  your  leading  character;  th;it  of  a 
man  who  comes  to  re~>d  a  five 'act  comedy 

to  a  dying  friend."  I  his  own  opposition,  his  virtues  raised  him 

BARTHELEMY,  JOHN  JAMES,  was' to  be  archbishop  of  Braga.  Eight  years 
born  in  1716,  at  Cassis,  in  Provence,  edu-  before  his  death,  which  took  place  in  1590, 
cated  at  the  Jesuit's  College  at  Marseilles,' he  resigned  his  see.  Bartholomew  \vas 
and,  with  some  knowledge  of  mathematics  j  hostile  to  the  pride  and  luxury  of  church- 
and  astronomy,  acquired  a  proficiency  in  i  men,  and  distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal 
the  an:ient  and  oriental  languages,  and  in  and  charity,  during  a  famine  and  plague 
antiquities  In  1753  he  was  made  keeper 
of  the  royal  cabinet  of  medals,  and  in  1755 
he  visited  Italy,  and  explored  the  treasures 
of  Herculaneum.  On  his  return,  he  was 


patronised  by  the  duke  de  Choiseul,  who 

fave  him  a  pension  and  t\vo  valuable  offices, 
n   17" 


BARTHOLOMEW  OF  THE  MAR- 
TYRS, a  Portuguese  prelate,  so  called  from 
the  church,  at  Lisbon,  in  which  he  was 
baptised,  was  born^  in  1514.  In  spite  of 


hich   desolated   the  city  of  Braga.     He 
wrote  some  religious  works. 


BART  LETT°,  JOSIAH,  governor  of 
New-Hampshire,  was  born  in  Massachu- 
setts in  1729.  Without  the  ad  vantages  of  a 

preparatory  liberal  education,  he  began  the 

appeared    his    Travels    of  Ana- j  study  of  medicine  at  a  very  early  age,  and 
charsis,  on  which  he  had  been  thirty  years  j  commenced  the  practice  of  his  profe? 
employed,  and  which  has  stamped  his  fame. 
He  died  in  1795.     Besides  ths  Travels  of 


Anacharsis,  he  is  the  author  of  the  romance 
of  Carite  and  Polvdore ;  Travels  in  Italy ; 
and  various  ^u<iite  works.  He  was  a 


i  at 
He  soon 


Kingston  N.  H.  in  the  year  1750. 
obtained  very  considerable  reputation,  and 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  legislature 
of  his  province.  When  the  troubles  cou»» 
menced  between  the  colon ie?  and  the  moth 


70  BAR  BA3 

er  country,  Dr.  Bartlett  espoused  the  pop- '  mother  was  the  sister  of  the  celebrated  Hit- 

11. ar  cause,  and  in  1775  was  elected  to  the  teahoit-e.      In  17^t)  lie  went  to  (Ireat  Brit- 

continental  Congress.      He  was    re-elected  aia    and    pursued    his    medical    Mudics    at 

in  the  ensuing  year,  and  had  the  honour  of  Edinburgh    and    London.      He    afterwards 

being  the  fn>t  to  vote  for,  and  the   first  af-  visited   (Jottiiigen,  and  there  obtained   the 

ter  tlie  president,  to  .-i^n  the  declaration  i. f  decree    of    I)ortor    in    Medicine.      On    his 

independence.      In    1779    Dr.  Bartlett  was  return  from  Europe  in  17SJ»,  he  established 

appointed    chief-justice    of    the    court    of  himself  as  a  physician  in  Philadelphi  i,  and 

common   pleas,   and    in    1788   he   was   ad-  soon    obtained 'an   oxtensi  a  prar; 

vanccd  to  the  head  of  the  bench.      In  1793  the  same  year  he   was   appointed  professor 

lie  \\as  fie. -ted   first  governor  of  the  State,  of  natural  history  and  l>otany  in  the  college 

and   filled    the  office   with    his   accustomed  of   Philadelphia.      On    the  "resijnatiovi   of 

fidcljty  until    the  infirm  state  of  his  health  Dr.   (irilliths   he   was  appointed   professor 

obliged  him    t>   retire   wlu.llv    from    public  of  materia  mediea ;  and  succeeded  Dr.  Rush 

biv'mcss.      He    died    in    1795,    much    res-  in  the  department  of  the  theory  and   prac- 

pected  for  his  ability  and  integrity.  tice  of  medicine.      He  died  itt  1815.      His 


BARTOLI,  or  BARTOLUS,  one  of  the 

most  celebrated  civilians  of  the  middle  age, 
was  born  at  Sasso  Ferrato,  in  Italy,  about 
j\c  year  1313,  and  died  at  Perugia,  in 
1356.  He  was  law  professor  in  several  of 
.he  Italian  universities,  and  contributed 
more  than  any  other  person  to  aggrandize 


and  elucidate  the  science  o 
Accordingly,  he  was  denominat 


ndence. 
the  G 


pheus  of  law  expounders,  the  lanthern  of 
equity,  the  star  of  lawyers,  and  the  master 
of  truth.  His  commentaries  on  the  Roman 
Law,  and  his  Treatises,  were  printed  at 
Venice,  in  1590. 

BARTOLI,  DANIEL,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
esteemed  one  of  the  purest  and  most  pcr- 
epicuoui  of  the  Italian  writers,  was  born 
at  Ferrara,  in  1608,  and  died  at  Rome,  in 
1685.  His  principal  work,  in  six  volumes 
folio,  is  a  history  of  the  society  to  which 
he  belonged.  His  other  «vritings  ha\e 
been  collected  in  three  quarto  volumes. 

BARTOLOZZI,  FRANCIS, an  engraver 
of  great  merit,  was  born  at  Florence,  in 
1728,  and  was  taught  painting  by  Hugford, 
after  which  he  applied  to  engraving.  In 


chief  publication   is  Elements  <,f  Zoology 
an  1  Botany. 

BARTRAM,  JOHN,  one  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished of  American  botanists,  was  born 
in  Pennsylvania,  in  1701.  He  was  a  simple 
farmer,  s'elf  taught  in  the  science  of  botany, 
and  in  the  rudiments  of  the  learned  lan- 
guages, medicine,  and  suVgerv.  So  great 
was  his  progress  in  his  favourite  pursuit, 
that  Lintucus  pronounced  him  the  "  great- 
est natural  botanist  in  the  world."  He 
contributed  much  to  the  gardens  of  Europe, 
.ml  received  honours  from  several  foreign 


societies  and  acado 


At  the  time  of 


his  death,  which  happened  in  1777,  he 
held  the  office  of  American  botanist  to 
George  III.  of  England. 

B  ART  RAM,  WILLIAM,  a  celebrated 
naturalist,  son  of  the  preceding,  was  born 
in  Pennsylvania,  in  1739.  In  early  life  he 
was  occupied  with  mercantile  pursuits,  but 
an  attachment  to  natural  science  induced 
him  to  relinquish  them,  and  in  1773  he 
embarked  for  Charleston,  with  the  inten- 
tion to  visit  the  Floridas  and  the  western 
parts  of  Georgia  and  Carolina,  to  examine 


1764  he  came  to  England,  and  five  years  !  their  natural  productions.  In  this  employ- 
subsequent  to  his  arrival  was  admitted  a  |  nient  he  was  engaged  nearly  five  years ; 
member  of  the  Royal  Academy.  The  pro- land  in  1790  he  published  an  account  of 
ductions  of  his  graver  were  numerous  and  i  his  travels  and  discoveries  in  one  volume 
highly  esteemed.  Poverty,  however,  com-  octavo.  After  his  return  from  his  travels, 


pelled  him,  in  1S02,  to  accept  an  invitation 
from  the  p  'nee  regent  of  Portugal,  who 
gave  him  a  pension,  and  he  died  at  Lisbon 
in  1815. 

BARTON,  ELIZABETH,  a  religions 
impostor,  known,  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VIII.,  by  the  denomination  of  the  Holy- 
Maid  of  Kent,  was  originally  a  servant  at 
Allington;  but  was  taught  bythe  priests  to 
thro\v  her  face  and  limf^  imo  contortions, 
to  pretend  to  prophetical  powers,  and  to 


dsnounce  divine  vengeance 


he:  flics. 


he  devoted  himself  to  science,  and  was 
elected  a  meml>er  of  several  learned  socie- 
ties both  at  home  and  in  Europe.  His 
contributions  to  the  natural  history  of  our 
country  have  been  highly  valuable.  He 
died  suddenly,  in  1823. 

BARUFFALDI,  JF.ROMK,  an  Italian 
poet  and  literary  character,  was  born  at 
Ferrara,  in  1675,  and  died  in  1753.  His 
works,  in  his  native  language  and  in  Latin, 
amount  to  more  than  an  hundred,  among 
which  are  live  dramatic  pieces.  His  poem 


Venturing,  however,  to  aim  her  predictions   intitled    II  Canapaja,  the  subject  of  which 
against  the  king,  she  and   her  is  the  culture  of  hemp,  is  considered  as  hi  a 

were  executed  at  T\burn,  fjr  high  treason,   best  production,  and  ranks  among  the  most 
in  1534.  !  esteemed     specimens    of    Italian    didactic 

BARTOX,  BKNJAMIS  S.,  professor  in   poetry. 

the  university  <'fPeins\  Ivania,  was  boni  at        BASEDOW,  JOHN  BAPTIST,   a  CJpr- 
ti-,    PR  iij4\  Kauia,    in    17(jf>.      His' man   theologian   and    writer,   w;u»   l;orn  at 


BAS 

Hamburgtt,  in  1723,  and  died  at  Magde- 
ourgn,  in  1790.  His  works  are  numer- 
ous; and  some  of  hi»  theological  produc- 
tions drew  on  him  vehement  persecution 
for  their  alleged  heterodoxy.  One  of  the 
great  objects  of  Basedow's  life  was  to  in- 
troduce a  reform  into  the  system  of  educa- 
tion, and  he  pursued  it  with  indefatigable 
real.  In  manners  he  was  unpolished;  and 
he  was  too  fond  of  wine;  but  lie  was  a 
man  of  talent,  learning,  and  good  inten- 
tions. 

BASIL,  ST.,  surnamed  the  Great,  a 
celebrated  father  of  the  Greek  church,  was 
born,  in  326,  at  Caesarea,  in  Cappadocia, 
and,  after  having  studied  at  Athens,  he 
for  a  while  taught  rhetoric  and  practised 
at  the  bar.  Thase  occupations,  however, 
he  relinquished  for  a  monastic  life,  and 
became  the  founder  of  a  convent  in  Pontus. 
In  370,  he  was  chosen  bishop  of  Caisarea ; 
filled  the  episcopal  seat  with  much  piety 
and  courage;  and  died  in  379.  His 
works  compose  three  folio  volumes. 

BASINGE,  JOHN  I>E,  or  BAS1.\G- 
STOCHIUS,  so  called  from  Basingstoke, 
the  place  of  his  birth,  was  educated  at 
Oxford  and  Paris;  travelled  to  Atn^ns, 
and  became  an  excellent  Greek  scholar; 
and,  on  his  return,  obtained  the  arch  dca- 
conries  of  London  and  Leicester.  He 
died  in  1252.  Basinge  brought  many 
MSS.  from  Greece,  and  contributed  much 
to  spread  in  his  own  country  a  knowledge 
of  the  Greek  language. 

BASKERVILLE,  JOHN,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  English  printers  and  type 
founders,  was  born,  in  1706,  at  Wolveriev, 
in  Worcestershire,  and  was  originally  a 
writing  master,  and  next  a  japanner.  In 
1750,  he  turned  his  attention  to  letter- 
founding,  and  at  lengtU  produced  types 
which  were  long  unrivalled.  To  the  busi- 
ness of  a  letter-founder  he  added  that  of  a 
printer,  and  editions  of  many  classic  and 
standard  authors  issued  from  his  pre?s. 
He  died  in  1775.  Baskerviiie  was  not 
withe  it  a  portion  of  that  singularity  which 
is  supposed  to  be  a  concomitant  of  talent. 

BASNAGE,  BKXJAMIN,  a  French  pro- 
testant  minister,  was  born,  in  1580,  at 
Carentan,  in  Normandy,  and  died  in  1652. 
His  Treatise  on  tlie  Church  was  once  held 
in  much  estimation. 

BASNAGE  DE  BEAUVAL,  JAMKS, 
an  eminent  protestant  divine,  was  born  at 
Rouen,  in  1653,  and  educated  at  Saumur 
and  Geneva.  When  the  edict  of  Nantz 
was  revoked,  he  retired  to  Rotterdam,  and, 
in  1709,  was  chosen  one  of  the  Walloon 
pastors  at  the  Hague.  Being  in  favour 
with  the  grand  pensionary  Hemsius,  and 
Mill  preserving  lii*  attachment  to  Trance, 
he  rendered  surh  services  to  his  couutrv, 
in  facilitating  the  treaty  "f  aliiaac  •  with 
Holland,  that  hy  w;is  r«-wai?  'cd  with  his 


BAS  Tl 

recall  and  the  restoration  of  his  property. 
He  died  in  1723.  Basnage  was  a  man  of 
erudition,  sincerity,  and  virtue;  and  of 
such  enlarged  political  views  and  talent.*, 
that  Voltaire  declared  him  to  be  more  fit 
for  a  minister  of  state  than  of  a  parish. 
Among  his  principal  works  are,  a  History 
of  the  Church;  a  History  of  the  Jews;  a 
History  of  the  Re.igion  of  the  Reformed 
Church;  and  Annals  of  the  United  Pro~ 
\inces. 

BASNAGE  DE  BEAUVAL,  HENKY, 
brother  of  James,  was  born,  in  1656,  at. 
Rouen,  been  me  an  advocate  in  1679,  and 
in  1639  retired  to  Holland,  where  lie  died 
in  1710.  He  succeeded  Bayle  in  writing 
the  History  of  the  Works  of  the  Learned; 
and  he  performed  his  task  in  a  manner 
which  did  honour  to  his  candour  and  tal- 
ents. 

BASSI,  LAURA  MARIA  CATHERI.VK 
(by  marriage  VKRATTI,)  a  learned  Italian 
lady,  was  born  at  Bologna,  in  1711,  and 
her  talents  were  carefully  cultivated  by 
education.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  she 
publicly  sustained  a  philosophical  thesis, 
and  received  a  doctor's  degree.  The  sen- 
ate of  her  native  place  conferred  on  her 
the  professorial  chair  of  philosophy,  and 
she  continued  to  teach  till  her  decease,  in 
1778.  She  was  well  versed  in  Givek, 
metaphysics,  geometry,  algebra,  and  natu- 
ral philosophy;  is  said  to  have  written  an 
epic  poem  on  the  Italian  wars;  and  was 
an  unaffected,  amiable,  and  virtuous  woman. 

BASSOMPIERRE,  FRANCIS  DE,  a 
French  marshal,  of  a  noble  family,  was 
born,  in  1579,  in  Lorraine;  served  against 
the  duke  of  Savoy  and  the  Turks,  in  160'2 
and  1603;  and  was  patronised  by  Henry 
IV.  Louis  XIII.  made  him  a  marshal, 
;«nd  employed  him,  as  a  general  and  as  an 
i  ambassador.  Having,  however,  given  of- 
fence to  the  despotic  Richelieu,  he  was 
thrown  into  the  Bastile,  where  he  was  de- 
tained for  twelve  years.  He  died  in  1646. 
Bassompierre  was  an  accomplished  and 
handsome  man ;  and  was  so  much  the  fa- 
vourite of  the  court  ladies,  that  he  is  said 
to  have  destroved  more  than  six  thousand 
!  tender  letters  from  the  most  eminent  of 
j  them,  when  he  heard  that  he  was  to  l.e 
imprisoned. .  He  is  the  author  of  his  own 
j  Memoirs ;  of  an  Account  of  his  Ernbassi  r» ; 
and  of  Remarks  on  Dupleix's  Lives  of 
Heiiry  IV.  and  Louis  XIII. 

BASTWICK,  JOHN,  a  physician,  born 
at  Writtle,  in  Essex,  in  1593J  was  educat- 
ed at  Cambridge,  and  took  his  degree  at 
Padua.  Having  offended  the  heads  of  the 
church  by  his  publications,  l;c  was  twice 
prosecuted  bv  the  tyrannical  high  commis- 
sion court.  The  first  time,  lie  u:is  heavily 
lined  a.-)il  imprisoned  ;  the  ^e'onJ,  he  \\as 
F»")te  iced  to  pay  (he  ih.msa  i.l  pounds,  tu 
lo.-c  l-.is  ears  in  th.-  [  ill  >ry,  and  to  ntKietjf' 


T2  BAT 

perpetual  imprisonment.  In  1640,  how- 
ever, the  house  of  commons  released  and 
indemnified  him.  He  died,  it  is  supposed, 

about  !<;:,<>. 

BATE,  Gr.onr.  K,  was  horn,  in  1603, 
at  Maid's  .Morton,  in  Buckinghamshire, 
and  \\a*  educated  at  Oxford,  Such  was 
his  happy  flexibility  of  principle,  that  he 
\vas  successively  physician  to  Charles  1.. 
Oliver  Cromwell,  and  Charles  II.  He 
was  one  of  the  first  members  of  the  Royal 
Society.  Bate  died  in  1669.  His  chief 
work  is  a  narrative,  ui  Latin,  of  the  civil 
war,  which  bears  the  title  of  Elenchus 
Motmnn,  &c.  The  Royal  Apology  is  also 
attributed  to  him. 

BATH,  WILLIAM  PULTENEY,  Earl 
of,  a  descendant  of  an  ancient  family,  was 
born  in  16S2,  and  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster, and  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  On 
his  return  from  his  travels,  he  was  elected 
to  the  house  of  commons,  and  became  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  whig  party. 
At  first  he  was  the  friend  of  Walpole,  but 


BAU 
BATHURST,   HI.VKY,  Earl,  the   BOB 

of  the  above,  was  born  in  1714,  brought 
up  to  the  law,  and  rose  rapidly  in  his  pro- 
fession. In  1754,  he  became  'chief  justice 
of  the  common  pleas;  and  in  1771  was 
created  baron  Apsley,  and  made  lord  chan- 
cellor. In  1778  he  resigned  (\\c  seals,  and 
died  in  1794.  He  is  author  of  the  Theory 
of  Evidence;  and  a  pamphlet  called  the 
Case  of  Miss  S\vordle^er. 

BATHYLLl'S,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated pantomimists  of  antiquity,  was  burn 
at  Alexandi  ia,  and  was  a  slave  of  Ma-ee- 
nas,  who,  however,  enfranchised  him.  He 
was  the  rival  of  Pvladcn,  and  the  Roman 
-  eople  took  a  warm  part  in  the  jealousies 
.»nd  disputes  of  these  stage  IK  roes.  The 
time,  of  his  death  is  uncertain. 

BATON! ,  POMPKY,  an  Italian  painter, 
was  born  at  Lucca,  in  1708,  and  early 
manifested  a  high  degree  of  talent  and  a 
passionate  fondness  for  his  ait.  Nature, 
the  antique,  and  the  works  of  RalVaelle, 
were  the  objects  of  his  study;  and  hin 


at  length    was    converted    into   one  of  his  j  success  was  such   as    might    be    expected 

" 


called  the  Craftsman. 
struck  out  of  the  list 


most  determined  and  formidable  oppo- 
nents, both  in  Parliament  aad  in  the  paper 
In  revenge,  he  was 
>f  privy  counsellors 
and  the  commission  of  the  peace.  When, 
however,  his  party  came  into  power,  in 
1741,  he  was  created  Earl  of  Bath.  In 
this  instance,  as  it  his  been  in  many 
others,  the  title  was  an  extinguisher  of 
He  died  on  the  8th  of  June, 


popularity. 
1764. 

BATHURST,  RALPH,  born  in  1620, 
at  Howthorpe,  in  Northamptonshire,  was 
educated  at  Coventry  school  and  Oxford, 
and  studied  for  the  church,  but,  during  the 
civil  wars,  acted  as  a  physician.  He  re- 
sumed his  clerical  character  on  the  resto- 
ration, and  became  dean  of  Wells  and  vice 
chancellor  of  Oxford.  He  died  in  1704. 
Hathnrst  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Royal  Society.  As  a  Latin  orator  and 
poet  he  stands  deservedly  high. 

BATHURST,  ALL  EX,  Earl,  the  son  of 
a  baronet,  was  born  in  1684,  educated  at 
Oxford,  and,  in  1705,  was  chosen  member 
Tor  Cirencester.  His  Tory  principles 
were  rewarded  by  his  becoming  one  of  the 
twelve  peers  whom  Queen  Anne  so  uncon- 
ftitu'ionaliv  created  iu  1711.  Walpole's 
administration  he  warmly  opposed,  and, 
on  its  downfall,  he  was  made  a  privy 
counsellor.  On  the  accession  of  George 
III.  Bathvrst  obtained  a  pension,  and,  in 
1772,  an  earldom.  He  died  in  1775. 
With  Pope,  Bolingbroke,  and,  indeed,  all 
the  celebrated  men  of  the  age,  he  was  on 
terms  of  intimate  frk-iid.-hip ;  he  wa.s  a 
man  of  parts,  wit,  and  taste;  and  he  pre- 
served his  spirits  unljroken,  and  his  temper 
unsomed,  till  his  decease  in  his  ninety-first 
yeai 


from  his  choice  of  models.  He  is  con- 
sidered as  the  restorer  of  the  mortem 
Roman  school.  He  died  at  Rome,  in  17W7. 

BATTEUX,  CHARLES,  a  member  of 
the  French  Academy,  and  of  the  Academy 
of  Inscriptions,  was  born  in  1713,  and 
was  a  professor  of  rhetoric  at  the  a^e  <  f 
twenty.  He  died  in  1780.  His  principal 
works,  besides  translations  from  (he  (las- 
sies, are  a  Course  of  Belles  Lcttres,  in 
5  vols.  ;  Elementary  Course  for  the  use 
of  the  Military  School,  in  45  vols.;  and 
Memoirs  on  the  History,  Sciences:,  &.c.  of 
the  Chinese,  in  15  vols.  quarto. 

BATTISHILL,  JONATHAN,  an  emi- 
nent musician,  was  born  in  London,  ir 
1738,  -and  died  at  Islington,  in  180!. 
His  anthems  and  hymns,  and  his  catches 
and  glees,  are  highly  esteemed.  The  most 
popular  of  his  songs  is  Kate  of  Aberdeen. 

BAUDELOQUE,  JOHN  Lori?,  an 
eminent  French  surgeon  and  man  midwife, 
was  born  in  Picardy,  in  17-16,  and  died  in 
1810.  Such  was  his  reputation  that  Napo- 
leon appointed  him  principal  midwife  to 
the  Empress  Maria  Louisa.  lie  had  t'ne 
merit  of  simplifying  his  art,  and  di.-card- 
ing  the  unnecessary  use  of  in;  ti  timents 
Principles  of  Mi.  Iwiferv,  and  Art  «f 


dwif 


are    considered    as     standard 


works.  The  first  was  reprinted  at  the  ex- 
I  ciise  of  tin-  internment,  tor  the  instruc- 
tion of  country  female  practitioners. 

BAUHIN,  JOHN,  a  celebrated  botan- 
ist.  was  born  at  Basil,  in  1541,  and  made 
such  progress  in  botany,  that,  before  he 
was  eighteen,  he  corresponded  with,  and 
was  highly  valued  by  Conrad  Gesner.  The 


whole  of  his  life 


devoted   to  botanical 


pursuits.     In  1570,  he  was  appointed  pby- 
eician   to    the    duke    of    Wirtemberg,    t* 


RAU 

which  office  he  died,  at  Montbelliard,  in 
1613.  riia  principal  work  is  a  General 
History  of  Plants,  which  was  not  publish- 
ed till  nearly  forty  years  after  his  death. 

BAUHIN,  GASPAR,  born  at  Basil,  in 
1560,  was  the  brother  of  John,  and,  like 
him,  an  excellent  botanist.  In  1596,  he 
was  chosen  one  of  the  physicians  of  the 
duke  of  Wirtemoerg;  and,  in  1614,  first 
medical  professor  at  Basil.  He  died  in 
1624.  His  anatomical  works  are  numer- 
ous. Of  his  botanical  works,  the  princi- 
pal are  Phytopinax;  and  Pinax.  His 
to"n,  JOHN  GASPAR,  who  was  also  a  man 
of  talent  and  a  botanist,  published  the  first 
volume  of  the  Theatrum  Botanicum  which 
his  father  left  in  manuscript. 

BAUME,  NICHOLAS  AUGUSTUS  DE 
LA,  Marquis  of  Montrevel,  and  a  marshal 
of  France,  was  born  in  1636,  and  distin- 
guished himself  from  his  earliest  youth  by 
his  daring  valour.  Yet,  after  having  re- 
peatedly braved  death  in  the  field  of  bat- 
lle,  he  died,  in  1716,  of  fright,  occasioned 
by  the  most  ridiculous  superstition.  The 
contents  of  a  saltcellar  having  been  acci- 
dentally thrown  on  him,  lie  turned  pale, 
exclaimed  that  he  was  a  dead  man,  and 
expired  in  four  day?. 

BAUME,  ANTHONY,  a  French  apothe- 
cary, who  acquired  considerable  Reputation 
as  a  chemist,  was  born  at  Senlis,  in  1728, 
and  died  in  the  vicinity  of  Paris,  in  1804. 
His  whole  life  and  fortune  were  devoted 
to  the  improvement  of  chemistry.  Among 
other  works,  he  is  the  author  of  Experi- 
mental and  Analytical  Chemistry;  Manual 
of  Chemistry;  and  Elements  of  Phar- 
macy. 

BAUSSET,  Cardinal  Louis  FRANCIS 
DE,  an  eminent  French  prelate,  born  at 
Pondicherry,  in  1748,  was  educated  in 
France,  and  was  made  bishop  of  Alais 
before  the  revolution.  That  bishopric  he 
resigned  in  1802.  Napoleon  patronised 
him;  and  Louis  XVIII.  made  him  a  pear, 
and  obtained  for  him  the  cardinal's  hat. 
He  died  in  1824.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
History  of  Fenelon,  4  vote. ;  and  of  a 
History  of  Bossuet,  4  vols. ;  both  works 
of  merit,  but  of  which  the  first  is  far  su- 
perior to  the  second. 

BAUTRU,  WILLIAM,  Count  de  Seran, 
a  French  academician,  was  born,  in  1558, 
at  Angers,  and  filled  several  important 
diplomatic  missions.  Bautru  had  the  rep- 
utation of  a  man  of  wit  and  repartee,  and 
for  this  reason  was  a  favourite  at  court; 
but  many  of  his  jokes  were  abortions,  and 
his  character  was  not  unstained.  He  died 
in  1665.  Among  his  best  things  may  be 
reckoned  the  following.  Having  found  an 
exceedingly  ignorant  librarian  at  the  Escu- 
rial,  he  advi-xsd  the  Spanish  monarch  to 
make  hi:*  his  minister  of  finance;  and 
when  uked  whv,  he  replied,  "  because  he 
4 


BAX 


71 


never  meddles  with  what  ia  entrusted  to 
him." 


BAXTER,  RICHARD,  an  eminent  non- 
conformist divine,  was  born  at  Rowton, 
in  Shropshire,  in  1615,  and  for  many  yean 
was  a  school-master,  first  at  Wroxeter,  and 
then  at  Dudley;  but,  in  1640,  he  became 
minister  of  Kidderminster.  Though  he 
acted  as  chaplain  in  the  parliamentary 
armies,  he  was  hostile  to  Cromwell's  usur- 
pation, and  even  defended  monarchy  in 
his  presence.  At  the  restoration  he  was 
made  one  of  the  king's  chaplains,  and  was 
offered  the  bishopric  of  Hereford,  which 
he  declined.  He  was,  however,  soon  in- 
volved in,  and  suffered  much  by,  the  gene- 
ral persecution  of  the  non-conformists  ; 
and  in  1685,  he  was  tried  before  the  brutal 
Jefleries,  grossly  insulted  by  him,  and  sen- 
tenced to  fine  and  imprisonment;  but  the 
punishment  was  shortly  after  remitted  by 
the  king.  Baxter  died  in  1691.  No  less 
than  a  hundred  and  forty-five  treatises 
were  produced  by  his  pen;  some  of  which 
were  extremely  popular.  In  his  theolo- 
gical doctrines  he  held  a  course  between 
Calvinism  and  Arminianism,and  gave  rise  f 
to  a  sect  bearing  the  name  of  Baxterians. 

BAXTER,  WILLIAM,  a  nephew  of 
Richard,  was  born,  in  1650,  at  Lanlugan, 
in  Shropshire,  and  died  in  1723.  Though 
at  the  age  of  eighteen  he  was  unable  to 
read,  he  subsequently  attained  a  high  de- 
gree of  learning.  Among  his  works  are, 
editions  of  Anacraon  and  Horace;  a  Latin 
Grammar;  and  a  Dictionary  of  British 
Antiquities 

BAXTER,  ANDREW,  an  eminent  meta- 
physician, was  born,  in  1686  or  1687,  at 
Aberdeen,  and  educated  at  King's  College, 
in  that  city;  after  which  he  gained  a  sub- 
sistence by  teaching  private  pupils.  He 
died  at  Whittington,  in  East  Lothian,  in 
1750.  His  works  are,  an  Inquiry  into  the 
Nature  of  the  Human  Soul,  a  production 
which  Warburton  highly  praised;  and 
Matho,  sive  Cosmotheoria  Puerilis,  which 
the  author  afterwards  translated  and  en- 
larged. In  his  Inquiry,  he  maintains  the 
doctrine  that  dreams  are  caused  by  die 
agency  of  separate  immaterial  beings. 


74  BAY 

BAYARD,  PETER  DU  TF.RRAIL  DK, 
a  French  military'  commander,  burn  of  a 
noble  family,  in  the  valley  of  (tresivaudan, 
in  Dauphiny,  in  147(>,  whose  valmr,  virtue, 
generosity, "and  courtesy,  pruned  him  the 
glorious  appellation  of  "the  lea;  less  and 
irreproachable  knight."  Such  was  the 
reverence  felt  for  his  character,  that  Fran- 
cis I.  ehose  to  receive  the  order  of  knight- 
hood from  his  hand.  In  numerous  battles 
and  sii>jp«,  particularly  at  the  biidgeof 
Garig  iano,  at  Agnadcl,  Ravenna,  Marig- 
nano,  and  Mezicrcs,  he  displayed  admi- 
rable bravery  and  tali'iits.  lie  was  mor- 
tally wounded,  in  1524,  at  Romagnano,  in 
the  Milanese,  while  covering  the  retreat 
of  the  French  army.  Finding  that  his 
cad  was  approaching,  he  refused  to  be 
carried  away  I  "  1  will  not,  on  the  point 
of  death,"  said  he,  "  turn  my  back  to  the 
enemy  for  the  first  time.  Place  jne  so  that 
I  may  face  them."  The  constable  of 
Bourbon  having  expressed  his  sorrow  for 
him,  he  replied,  "  It  is  not  I  who  am  to 
be  pitied,  but  you,  who  are  fighting  against 
your  king  and  your  country."  As  his 
corse  passed  through  the  states  of  the  duke 
of  Savoy,  in  its  way  to  Grenoble,  that 
prince  paid  to  it  the  same  funeral  honours 
as  were  destined  to  the  remains  of  princes 
of  his  own  family. 

BAYER,  JOHN,  a  native  of  Augsburg, 
born  about  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, was  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  but 
owes  his  fame  to  his  astronomical  talents, 
•which  also  caused  him  to  be  ennobled  by 
the  emperor.  In  1603,  he  published  his 
Uranometria,  containing  "buo  charts  of  all 
the  constellations,  with  i  nome<\«lature ; 
fhe  stars  being  denoted,  according  "o  their 
magnitude,  by  Greek  fetters  ihis>  work 
he  subsequently  enlarged  and  ini"-«-»ved. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown 

BAYER,  THEOPHILUS  £?IGFRIED, 
supposed  to  be  a  grandson  01  tne  astrono- 
mer, was  born,  in  1694,  at  Ko^nigsberg, 
and  died  in  1738.  Of  the  oriental  lan- 
guages, especially  the  Chinese,  he  had  an 
extraordinary  knowledge.  His  produc- 
tions, on  chronology,  history,  and  philo- 
logy, are  numerous.  Among  the  principal 
are,  the  Museum  Sinicum;  and  the  His- 
toria  Asrhoena. 

BAYLE,  PETER,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent of  modern  philosophers  and  critics, 
was  the  son  of  a  protestant  minister,  and 
was  born  in  1647,  at  Carlat,  in  France. 
In  his  youth  he  manifested  uncommon 
talents,  and  studied  so  intensely  as  to  do 
permanent  injury  to  his  health.  For  a 
vhile  he  was  Deduced  to  the  catholic  reli- 
gion, but  he  soon  abandoned  it.  In  1675, 
after  having  for  some  time  subsisted  by 
private  tuition,  he  became  pn,i". 
philosophy  at  Sedan;  arrl  uh.-n,six  years 
•uhwquently,  (he  C'dlogp.  i/f  Sedan'  was 


NBAT 

suppressed,  he  obtained  the  same  jfrofensor- 
ship  at  Rotterdam.  The  latter,  however, 
he  was  deprived  of,  in  1(196,  by  the  caiunt» 
nies  and  exertions  of  his  quondam  friend 
Jurieu,  who  nc\cr  ceasrd  to  persecute  him. 
Bayle  died  at  Rotterdam,  in  1706,  of  a 
disease  in  the  che>f.  His  works  are  nu- 
merous; they  compote  eight  t'lio  volume?, 
of  which  four  are  occupied  by  his  justly 
celebrated  Critical  Dictionary.  Among 
thr?  principal  of  his  minor  productions  may 
be  mentioned  his  Thoughts  on  Comets; 
Rf-olv  to  the  Questions  of  a  Provincial; 
and  Intelligence  of  the  Republic  of  Letters 
The  latter,  which  is  an  excellent  review, 
w;is  commenced  in  1684,  and  continued 
for  three  years. 

BAYARD,  JAMFS  \.,  an  eminent 
America!!  lawyer  and  politician,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia,  in  1767,  and  educated  at 
Princeton  college.  In  the  year  1784  he 
engaged  in  the  study  of  the  law,  and  on 
admission  to  the  bar  settled  in  the  state  of 
Delaware,  where  he  soon  acquired  prac- 
tice and  consideration.  lie  was  elected 
to  a  scat  in  congress  towards  the  close  of 
the  administration  of  Mr.  Adams,  and  first 
particularly  distinguished  himself  in  con- 
ducting the  impeachment  of  senator  Blount. 
In  1S04  he  was  elected  to  the  senate  of 
the  United  States  by  the  legislature  of 
Delaware,  and  remained  for  several  years 
a  conspicuous  member  of  that  assembly. 
In  1813  he  was  appointed  by  President 
Madison  one  of  the  ministers  to  conclude 
a  treaty  of  peaco  with  Great  Britain,  and 
assisted  in  the  successful  negociatioiis  at 
Ghent,  in  the  following  year.  He  then 
received  the  appointment  of  minister  to 
the  court  of  St.  Peteraborgh,  but  an  alarm- 
ing illness  induced  him  to  return  immedi- 
ately to  the  United  States.  He  died  soon 
after  his  arrival  home,  in  July  1815. 

BAYLEY,  RICHARD,  an  "eminent  phy- 
sician, was  born  at  Fairfield,  Connect ic;it, 
in  the  year  1745.  Having  completed  his 
medical  studies,  and  attended  the  Uvtnres 
and  hospitals  in  London  for  more  than  a 
year,  he  commenced  practice  in  New  Yoik 
in  1772.  In  the  autumn  of  1775,  he  re- 
visited London,  and  in  the  follow  ing  sprinjj 
returned  to  New-York,  in  the  capacity  of 
surgeon  in  the  English  army  under  Lord 
Howe.  This  post  he  resigned  in  1777, 
and  during  the  rest  of  his  life  continued 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  the  same 
city.  In  1792  he  was  appc'nted  professor 
of  anatomy  in  Columbia  college,  and  m 
1793  became  professor  of  surgery,  which 
was  his  favourite  subject.  He  published  a 
treatise  on  the  Croup,  a:id  i  work  on  tho 
Yellow  Fo\i-r.  He  died  in  1H)1. 

BAYLY,  LKWIS,  a  native  of  Caennar- 
then,  was>  educated  at  Oxford,  ami,  ill 
1016,  WM  conse.cnited  bishop  of  Huu^or. 
He  di«d  i;i  ItflM.  The  Trudge  <>f  Piety, 


•  work  which  was  long  popular,  and  went 
through  sixty  English  editions,  besides  seve- 
ral in  Welsh,  was  written  by  this  prelate. 
BEATON,  or  BETHUNE,  Cardinal 
DAVID,  primate  of  Scotland,  was  born  in 
1494,  filled  several  high  offices,  was  made 
cardinal  in  1538,  and  the  next  year  suc- 
ceeded his  uncle  as  archbishop  of  Saint 
Andrew's.  An  attempt  which  he  made  to 
share  in  the  regencv,  after  the  death  of 
James,  at  Solway  Moss,  occasioned  his 
imprisonment;  but  he  was  liberated  by 
the  earl  of  Arran,  and  appointed  high 
chancellor.  The  reformers  he  persecuted 
fiercely,  and  is  said  to  have  witnessed  the 
burning  of  George  Wishart.  He  was  as- 
sassinated in  May,  1546. 

BEATTIE,  JAMES,  LL.  D.,  was  born, 
in  1735,  at  Laurencekirk,  in  Kincardine- 
shire,  and  educated  at  Marischal  College, 
Aberdeen.  After  having  for  some  time 
acted  as  a  country  parochial  schoolmaster, 
he  was,  in  1761,  chosen  professor  of  m^ral 
philosophy  at  Marisch  il [College.  In  the 
same  year  he  made  his  first  public  appear- 
ance as  a  poet,  in  a  volume  of  original 
Poems  and  Translations.  With  these 
poems  he  was  afterwards  dissatisfied,  and 
he  endeavoured  to  suppress  "them.  His 
Essay  on  Truth,  published  in  1770,  became 
highly  popular,  and  procured  him  the  de- 
gree of  LL.  D.,  from  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford, and  a  private  interview  and  a  pension 
from  George  III.  Solicitations  wer%  also 
made  to  him  to  enter  the  church  of  Eng- 
land; but  he  declined,  in  the  fear  that  his 
motives  might  be  misrepresented.  In  the 
eame  year,  he  gave  to  the  world  the  first 
book  of  the  Minstrel ;  and  the  second  book 
in  1774.  This  work  sealed  his  fame  as  a 
poet.  He  subsequently  produced  Disserta- 
tions ;  Evidences  of  the  Christian  Religion ; 
Elements  of  Moral  Science;  and  an  Ac- 
count of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  his  eldest 
Son.  After  having  languished  for  some 
time  in  a  melancholy  state,  and  suffered 
two  paralytic  strokes,  he  expired  at  Aber- 
deen, in  August,  1803. 

BEATTIE,  JAMKS  HAT,  the  eldest  son 
of  the  above,  was  born  in  1768,  assisted 
his  father  in  the  professorship  at  the  age 
of  nineteen,  and  died  in  1790.  His  poems 
and  miscellaneous  pieces  were  published 
bv  his  father. 

"BEAUCHAMP,  JOSEPH,  was  born,  in 
1752,  at  Vesoul,  in  France,  and  blended! 
lis  theological  studies  with  the  astronomi- 
ca.  lessons  of  Lalande.  Being  employed! 
in  the  Levant,  first  as  vicar  general,"  by  I 
his  uncle,  a  bishop;  next,  as  consul,  by' 
the  government ;  he  made  numerous  astro- ' 
nomical  observations,  constructed  a  map! 
of  the  Tigris  and  Euphrates,  and  surveyed 
the  Black  Sea.  Bonaparte  invited  him  to 
Egypt;  but  he  was  taken  on  his  passage, 
ana  imprisoned  for  thre«  years  as  a  ?py. 


BEA  71 

He  was  released  in  1801,  but  his  health 
was  ruined,  and  he  died  in  the  same  year 
BEAUCHATEAU,  FRANCIS  MAT- 
THIAS  CHATELET  DE,  a  precocious 
genius,  born  at  Paris,  in  1645,  was  the  son 
of  an  actor.  At  seven  years  of  age  he 
spoke  several  languages,  and  wrote  verseg 
almost  extempore  upon  a  eiven  subject, 
and  at  twelve  he  published  a  volume  of 
poeras,  under  the  title  of  tne  1  oung  Apol- 
lo's Lyre,  for  which  pensions  were  given 
to  him  by  cardinal  Richelieu  and  chancellor 
Seguier.  After  having  visited  England, 
he  went  to  Persia,  in  1661,  and  his  subse- 
quent fate  is  unknown. 

BEAUFORT,  MARGARET,  Countess 
f  Richmond  and  Derby,  daughter  of  the 
duke  of  Somerset,  was  born,  in  1441,  at 
Bletsoe,  in  Bedfordshire,  and  died  in  1509. 
She  was  thrice  married — to  the  earl  of 
Richmond,  to  Sir  Henry  Stafford,  and  to 
Lord  Stanley.  Her  son  by  her  first  hus- 
band was  afterwards  Henry  VII.  Christ's 
and  St.  John's  Colleges,  Cambridge,  and 
the  divinity  professorship,  were  founded 
bv  her.  She  wrote  the  Mirroure  of  Golde 
fo"r  a  sinful  Soul;  and  translated  the  first 
book  of  Thomas  a  Kempis. 

BEAUHARIN7OIS,  EUGENE,  son  of 
the  Empress  Josephine,  by  her  first  hus- 
band, was  born  in  1780.  When  his  mother 
married  Bonaparte,  Eugene  entered  the 
army,  and  was  his  father  in  law's  aid-de- 
camp in  Italy  and  Egypt.  In  1804,  he 
was  created  a  French  prince,  and  vice- 
chancellor  of  state.  In  1805  he  wn*  ap- 
pointed viceroy  of  Italy,  which  office  he 
held  till  1814.  He  governed  with  mild 
ness  and  equity.  In  the  campaigns  of 
1809,  1812,  1813,  and  1814,  he  acquired 
distinguished  reputation;  particularly  at 
Raab,  Wagram,  Borodino,  and  Viazma, 
and  in  defending  Italy  against  a  far  supe- 
rior force.  On  the  downfall  of  iiis  patron, 
he  retired  into  the  states  of  the  Bavarian 
monarch,  whose  daughter  he  had  married, 
and  who  now  made  him  duke  of  Leuchtei- 
berg.  He  died  February  21,  1824. 

BEAUMARCHAIS,  PETER  AUGUS 
TIN  CARON  DE,  an  eminent  French  dra- 
matic writer,  born  at  Paris,  in  1732,  was 
the  son  of  a  watchmaker,  and,  when  young, 
invented  a  new  kind  of  escapement.  His 
talents,  however,  and  his  proficien«  in  mu- 
sic, soon  raised  him  above  the  sphere  of 
his  profession.  Having  made  some  im- 
provements on  tl»e  harp,  he  was  introduced 
to  the  daughters  of  Louis  XV.  The)'  en- 
gaged him  to  teach  them  the  harp  and  gui- 
tar, and  admitted  him  on  the  footing  of 
friendship  to  their  private  concerts  and 
parties.  Here  he  became  acquainted  with 
the  rich  financier,  Paris  Duverney,  aided 
by  whom  he  engaged  in  speculations  from 
which  he  derived  an  ample  fortune.  While 
thu*  occupied  he  did  not  neglect  (iterator*. 


7»  BEA 

In  1767,  he  produced  the  drama  of  Eugenia, 
and  in  1770,  that  of  the  Two  Friends.  But 
it  was  to  a  lawsuit  that  he  was  first  in- 
debted for  his  astonishing  popularity  as  an 
author.  The  memorials  and  pleadings 
\vhirh  he  drew  up  wore  at  once  so  full  of 
sound  reasoning,  and  of  exquisite  wit, 
satire,  and  comic  spirit,  that  all  France 
admired  (hem.  He  sustained  his  reputation 
by  the  Barl>er  of  Seville,  in  1775,  and  the 
Marriage  »f  Figaro,  in  1784.  Subsequently 
he  brought  out  the  opera  of  Tarare,  anil 
Uie  drama  of  the  Guilty  Mother,  which 
were  inferior  to  his  former  pieces.  His 
latter  days  were  not  fortunate.  lie  nearly 
exhausted  his  property  by  unlucky  spe  MI- 
htions,  among  which"  was  an  expen.-ive 
edition  of  Voltaire,  and  he  was  imprisoned 
during  the  reign  of  terror.  He  died  of 
apoplexy,  in  1799.  His  collected  works 
form  seven  volumes  octavo. 

BEAUMELLE,  LAURENCE  ASGLI- 
VIEL  DE  LA,  a  French  critic  and  writer, 
was  l>orn  at  Vallaragues,  in  Languedoc,  in 
1727,  and  was  for  some  time  professor  of 
belles  lettres  in  Denmark,  in  which  coun- 
try his  health,  however,  did  not  permit  him 
to  remain.  AtBerlin  he  met  and  quarrelled 
with  Voltaire,  and  the  quarrel  was  contin- 
ued through  life.  Voltaire,  nevertheless, 
could  not  deny  that  his  antagonist  was  a 
man  of  wit.  In  France  La  Beaumelle  was 
twice  imprisoned  in  the  Bastile,  for  speak- 
ing truth  too  boldly.  He  died  in  1773.  His 
chief  works  are,  a  Defence  of  the  Spirit 
of  Laws;  My  Thoughts;  Letters  to  Vol- 
taire; and  a  Commentary  on  the  Ilen- 
riade. 

BEAUMONT,  SIR  JOHN,  son  of  a 
judge,  an  elder  brother  of  the  dramatist, 
was  born,  in  1582,  at  Grace  Dieu,  in  Lei- 
cester, was  made  a  baronet  in  1626,  and 
died  in  1628.  He  is  the  author  of  Bos- 
worth  Field,  a  poem;  and  of  other  poems 
and  translations;  which  have  considerable 
merit. 

BEAUMONT,  FRANCIS,  a  dramatic 
writer,  eminent  in  an  age  which  was  fer- 
tile in  such  characters,  was  born  at  Grace 
Die. i,  in  1585.  He  was  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, and  became  a  student  of  the  Inner 
Temple.  In  1612  his  Mask  of  the  Inner 
Temple  and  Gray's  Inn  was  acted  and 
published.  •  He  had  already  formed  a  dra- 
matic connection  with  Fletcher;  for  their 
first  joint  play  was  produced  in  1607. 
That  connection  continued  till  the  death  of 
Beaumont,  in  1616.  So  close,  indeed, 
was  their  friendship,  that  they  lived  toge- 
ther, and  seemed  almost  to  be  animated  by 
one  mind.  Besides  his  plays  and  mask, 
Beaumont  wrote  some  poems  which  entitle 
him  to  an  honourable  place  among  British 
poets 

BEAUMONT,  JOSEPH,  an  ecclesiastic 
*nd  .yjet,  born  in  1615,  at  Hadleigh,  in 


EEC 

Suffolk,  was  educated  at  Cambridge.  H« 
was  expelled  from  his  fellowship  during 
the  civil  wars;  but,  after  the  restoration, 
was  made  master  of  Jesus  College,  and 
afterwards  of  Peter-house,  and  divinity 
professor.  He  died  in  1699.  He  is  the 
author  of  Psyche,  a  poem ;  Poems  in 
English  and  Latin,  with  Remarks  on  St 
Paul's  Epistle  t<>  the  Colossians. 

r>r,A("SOBRE,l5AAC,aprotestantthc- 
olngian,  born  in  1659,  at  Niort,  in  Poitou, 
was  compelled  to  quit  France  by  the  revo- 
cation of  the  edict  of  Nantz,  and  took  ref- 
uge in  Holland,  and  subsequently  in  Prus- 
sia. In  the  latter  country  he  became  king's 
chaplain,  and  held  various  ecclesiastical 
offices.  He  died  in  1738.  His  principa. 
works  are,  a  Critical  History  of  Maniche- 
ism;  a  History  of  the  Reformation,  from 
1517  to  1630;  and  Sermons.  His  two 
sons,  CHARLES  Louis,  and  Louis,  were 
men  of  talent  and  authors.  The  latter  was 
educated  at  the  expense  of  Frederic  the 
Great,  who  continued  his  patronage  to  him 
throughout  his  life. 

BKAUZEE,  NICHOLAS,  an  eminent 
French  grammarian,  was  born  at  Verdun, 
in  1714,  and  died  at  Paris,  in  17S9.  On 
the  death  of  Uumarsais,  Beauzee  was  en- 
gaged to  write  the  grammatical  articles  in 
the  Encyclopedia.  He  produced,  besides 
other  works,  excellent  translations  of  Sal 
lust  and  Quintus  Curtius;  an  enlarged  edi- 
tion of  Girard's  Synonvines;  an  abridged 
Exposition  of  the  Historical  Proofs  of 
Religion;  and  a  General  Grammar,  or 
Analytical  Exposition  of  the  Elements  of 
Languages. 

BECCARIA,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  an  eccle- 
siastic,  and  a  philosopher  of  great  merit, 
was  born,  in  1716,  at  Moudovi,  in  Pied- 
mont, filled  professorships  at  Palermo  and 
Rome,  and  was  recalled  to  Turin,  to  be- 
come professor  of  experimental  philosophy, 
and  tutor  to  the  princess  of  Savoy.  All 
his  hours  were  devoted  to  scientific  pur- 
suits. His  knowledge  extended  to  all 
branches  of  philosophy;  but  he  is  princi- 
pally celebrated  for  his  researches  into  the 
nature  of  the  electrical  fluid;  on  whifh 
subject  he  published  Letters  on  Electricity; 
and  other  works.  He  died  at  Turin,  "in 
1781. 

BECCARIA,  Marquis  CMSAK  BONK- 
SANA,  an  eminent  Italian,  was  born  at 
Milan,  in  1735.  About  1763  he  formed  a 
literary  society  in  that  city,  the  niMiilrrs 
of  which  produced  a  periodical  work  inti- 
tied  the  Coffee  House.  Beccaria  con- 
tributed largely.  In  1764,  appeared  his 
Treatise  on  Crimes  and  Punishment*, 
which  was  translated  into  several  langua- 
ges, and  universally  admired.  I:i  1768  the 
Austrian  government  established  a  profes- 
sorship of  political  economy  at  Milan,  and 
appointed  Beccaria  the  professor.  He  died 


BLC 

Mi  1793.     His  Lectures  were  published  in 
1804. 

BECHER,  or  BECCHER,  JOHN  JOA- 
CHIM, a  celebrated  German  chemist,  was 
born,  in  1645,  at  Spire.  At  various  periods 
he  held  the  offices  of  medical  professor  at 
Mentz,  aulic  counsellor  at  Vienna,  and 
principal  physician  to  the  elector  of  Bava- 
ria. But  his  life  was  a  wandering  and 
troubled  one,  and  he  often  quarrelled  with 
his  patrons.  Becher  had  great  mechanical 
knowledge,  but  was  still  more  eminent  as 
a  chemist;  he  was,  indeed,  one  of  the  first 
who  studied  chemistry  on  philosophical 
principles.  He  died  at  London,  in  1685. 
His  principal  work  is  intitled  Physica 
Snbterranea. 

BECKET,  THOMAS  h,  a  celebrated  En- 
glish prelate,  the  son  of  a  merchant,  was 
born  at  London,  in  11 19,  studied  at  Oxford, 
Paris,. and  Bologna,  and,  on  his  return 
home,  entered  the  church.  Henry  II.  made 
him  high  chancellor  and  preceptor  to  prince 
Henry,  in  1153,  admitted  him  to  the  closest 
intimacy  and  confidence,  and,  in  1162, 
raised  him  to  the  archbishopric  of  Canter- 
bury. Becket  now  entirely  gave  up  his 
courtier  habits,  assumed  a  rigid  austerity 
of  manners,  and  Became  a  stubborn  cham- 
pion of  the  exorbitant  privileges  of-  the 
clergy.  A  violent  contest  ensued  between 
the  sovereign  and  the  prelate,  and  the  lat- 
ter was  at  length  obliged  to  fly  fnyii  the 
Kingdom.  In  1170,  however,  he  was  re- 
stored, and  he  instantly  recommenced  his 
resistance  to  the  monarch.  Irritated  by 
this  fresh  disobedience,  Henry  uttered  a 
hasty  speech,  which  three  of  his  knights, 
not  unnaturally,  construed  into  a  command 
to  rid  him  of  the  pertinacious  archbishop. 
They  accordingly  hastened  to  England,  and 
murdered  Becket  in  Canterbury  Cathedral, 
on  the  22d  of  December,  1170.  He  was 
canonized  two  years  afterwards. 

BECKMANN,  JOHN  ANTHONY,  a  na- 
tive of  Hoya,  in  Hanover,  was  born  in  1739, 
travelled  in  Russia  and"  Sweden,  and,  in 
J766,  was  chosen  professor  at  Gottingen, 
where,  for  nearly  half  a  century,  he  lec- 
tured, with  great  applause,  on  subjects 
connected  with  rural  an,  political  econo- 
my and  technology.  He  died  in  1811. 
His  works  are  numerous.  Among  the 
principal  are  a  History  of  Discoveries  and 
Inventions;  History  <>f  the  earliest  Voya- 
ge* made  in  Modern  Times;  and  Elements 
of  Rural  Economy. 

BECI.ARD,  PETER  AUGUSTUS,  one  of 
Jie  mo-t  eininent  of  modern  anatomists, 
wxs  born  at  Angers,  in  1785.  At  a  very 
early  period  he  obtained  the  first  anatomi- 
cal, physiological,  philosophical,  and  che- 
mical pnV.es;  and  from  1818  to  1825,  in 
whidi  latter  year  he  died,  he  was  cele- 
brated as  a  lecturer  on  physiology  and 
anatoim  .  i!  j  id  the  author  of  Anatomical 


BED 


77 


Memoirs;  and  he  published  an  edition  of 
Bichat's  Treatise  of  General  Anafomy, 
with  additions. 


BEDA,  or  BEDE,  usually  denominated 
the  VENERABLE  BEQE,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  ecclesiastics  and  writers  of  the 
time  in  which  he  lived,  was  born,  in  652 
or  673,  in  the  vici«  ity  of  Wearmouth,  in 
the  county  of  P  j'nam.  His  fame  was  so 
great,  that  Pope  SBrgius  invited  him  to 
Rome,  but  he  never  quitted  his  native 
country.  His  greatest  work  is  his  English 
Ecclesiastical  History;  but  he  wrote  on  a 
variety  of  subjects,  and  with  high  talent. 
His  last  labour  was  the  translation  of  Saint 
John's  Gospel  into  Saxon.  A  few  minutes 
after  he  had  dictated  the  concluding  sen- 
tence of  it  he  expired,  in  May,  735. 

BEDDOES,  THOMAS,  a  physician, 
born  at  Shifnal,  in  Shropshire,  in  17CO, 
was  educated  at  Oxford  and  Edinburgh. 
He  obtained  the  chemical  professorship  at 
Oxford,  but  lost  it  bv  his  political  princi- 
ples. He  afterwards  settled  at  Clifton, 
near  Bristol,  where  he  died  in  1808.  Ilia 
chemical,  scientific,  and  other  woiks,  are 
numerous,  and  display  considerable  talent. 

BEDELL,  WILLIAM,  a  divine,  emi- 
nent for  piety,  learning,  and  benevolence-, 
was  born  at  Black  Notlev,  in  Essex,  edu- 
cated at  Cambridge,  and  travelled  into 
Italy,  where  he  became  the  friend  of  the 
celebrated  Father  Paul.  After  his  return 
he  obtained  church  preferment,  and,  in 
1629,  was  made  bishop  of  Kilmore,  in 
Ireland.  He  held  that  see  till  the  breaking 
out  of  the  rebellion,  when  he  was  ejected, 
but  was  not  injured,  his  virtues  having 
acquired  universal  esteem.  He  died  i'n 
1641.  The  rebels  fired  -a  volley  over  his 
grave,  in  honour  of  him,  and  exclaimed, 
"  May  the  last  of  the  English  rest  in 
peace  !'' 

BEDFORD,  JOHN,  Duke  of,  third  son 
of  Henry  IV.,  distinguished  himself  in 
early  youth  at  the  battle  of  Shrewsbury, 
w;t-<  appointed  regent  of  France,  by  the 
wil\  of  Henrv  V.,  in  1422,  and  sustained 
the  glory  of  the  EnglUh  arms  till  his 
death,  in"  1435.  He  died  at  Rouen.  It  is 
to  be  regretted,  that  the  memory  of  thb 


TS  BEL 

brave  and  able  man,  who  also  loved   the 
arts,  is  plained  by  the  death  of  Joan  of  Arc. 

BEETHOVEN,  Lmwir,  VON,  a  cele- 
brated composer,  the  son  of  a  tenor  sin-er 
in  the  elector  of  Cologne's  chapel,  was 
born,  in  1770,  at  Bonn.  His  early  genius 
induced  the  elector  to  send  him  to  Vienna, 
to  study  under  Haydn,  and  he  settled  in 
the  Austrian  capital.  His  compositions, 
whim  are  numerous,  rank  him  very  high 
among  musical  composers.  He  died  in 
1827. 

BEHAIM,  or  BF.HEM,  MARTIN,  a 
cosmographer  and  navigator,  was  born,  of 
a  noble  family,  at  Nuremberg,  alxmf  14£0, 
and  died  at  Lisbon  in  1506.  Br.haim  was 
employed  by  the  Portuguese  monarch,  and 
either  discovered  Fayal,  or  settled  a  c>  lony 
of  Flemings  there.  The  discovery  of  Bra- 
zil, and  the  straits  of  Magellan,  "in  1484, 
are  even  claimed  for  him,  which  would 
make  him  the  first  discoverer  of  the  west- 
ern world ;  and  it  must  be  owned  that  the 
evidence  in  his  favour  is  not  without 
weight. 

BEHN,  APHRA,  known  by  the  poet- 
ical  name  of  Astrea,  a  dramatist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  born  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  L,  and  went,  when  young,  with 
her  family  to  Surinam,  where  she  became 
acquainted  with  the  African  prince  Oroo- 
nooko,  on  whose  story  she  founded  a  novel, 
which  Southerne  dramatized.  On  her 
coming  back  to  England,  she  married 
Mr.  Behn.  Charles  II.  employed  her  to 
gain  intelligence  on  the  continent,  for 
which  purpose  she  resided  at  Antwerp; 
and  is  said  to  have  furnished,  as  to  the 
intended  Dutch  attack  on  Chatham,  infor- 
mation which  was  unfortunately  disre- 
garded. After  her  return  to  her  native 
country,  the  rest  of  her  life  was  spent  in 
literary  labour,  and  in  the  company  of 
wits  and  men  of  talent.  She  died  in  1689. 
Her  works  consist  of  novels,  poems,  and 
seventeen  plays.  Pope,  in  language  which 
might  safely  have  been  stronger,  alludes 
to  the  gross  licentiousness  which  disgraces 
her  dramas. 

BEKKER,  BALTHAZAR,  a  Dutch  di- 
vine and  writer,  was  born,  in  1634,  at 
Warthuisen,  in  tho  province  of  Groningen, 
and  was,  in  1660,  appointed  minister  of 
Franeker,  in  the  same  province,  which 
situation,  however,  he  was  compelled  to 
qiiit,.-)i)  account  of  his  being  persecuted  on 
a  charge  of  heterodoxy.  In  1679,  he  set- 
tled at  Amsterdam,  where,  in  1691,  he 
published  his  World  Bewitched,  a  work 
which  denies  the  possibility  of  demoniacal 
influence  and  which  raised  against  hi. a  a 
furious  clamour,  and  caused  his  dcp<8;tioni 
from  the  pastoral  ollice.  He  died  in  1698.1 
His  K  '  .acts  is  one 

of  hi.-'  best  production*. 

I,  BERNARD  FOREST  i»  ,  a 


BXL 

native  of  Catalonia,  boro  in  1697,  dl* 
played  such  an  early  proficiency  in  the 
mathematical  science*,  that,  when  quite 
young,  he  was  apj-sinlcd  royal  jir 
at  the  artillery  school  of  La  Fere.  Other 
situations  of  the  same  kind  were  after- 
wards conferred  on  him,  and  he  was  in- 
spector of  artillery  when  he  died,  in  176" 
at  Paris.  Of  his'works,  the  most  celebra- 
ted are  his  Treatise  on  Fortifications; 
Science  of  Engineers;  Hydraulic  Archi- 
tecture; and  French  Bombardier. 

BELISAR1US,  a  Roman  general,  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  of  his  age,  lir.-t  >cr 
ved  with  distinction  in  the  guards  of  Jus- 
tinian,  and  sutaequcntly  rote  -o  military 
eminence  under  that  emperor.  He  defeat- 
ed Cabades,  and  subsequently  (' 
king  of  Persia,  dethroned  Gelimer,  ki:i.» 
of  the  Vandals,  routed  the  Gotlis  in  S icily 
and  Italy,  and  performed  other  glorious 
actions.  Justinian,  however,  confiscate.! 
his  estates,  but  at  length  restored  them, 
and  took  him  again  into  favour.  He  died 
A.  I).  565.  The  story  of  his  blindness 
and  being  reduced  to  beg  is  a  fiction. 

BELKNAP,  JKREMY,  an  American 
historian  and  divine,  was  born  at  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  in  1744,  and  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  College  in  1762.  He  was  first 
settled  in  the  Christian  ministry  at  Dover, 
New  Hampshire,  and  afterwards  in  his  na- 
tive town.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
and  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  the  pro- 
motion of  its  objects  and  interests.  Hu 
published  works  are  the  History  of  New 
Hampshire,  American  Biography,  and  a 
number  of  political,  literary  and  religious 
tracts.  His  writings  are  characterized  by- 
great  research,  clear  arrangement,  and  per- 
spicuity of  style.  He  died  at  Boston  in 
1798. 

BELL,  JOHN,  an  eminent  surgeon  of 
Edinburgh,  and  a  man  of  very  considera- 
ble literary  talents,  died  at  Rome,  in  1820. 
He  is  the  autlwsr  of  the  Anatomy  of  the 
Human  Body;  Principles  of  Surgery 
and  other  anatomical  and  .surgical  workfH 
and  of  excellent  Observations  on  Italy. 

BELLA,  STKFANO  DKI.LA,  an  erai- 
nent  Florentine  engraver,  born  in  1610, 
was  for  a  considerable  time  employed  I  y 
Cardinal  Richelieu,  to  engrave  the  con- 
quests of  Louis  XIII. ;  and,  after  his  re- 
turn home,  was  liberally  patronised  by  ;h« 
house  of  Medici.  His  death  took  place  in 
1684.  The  number  of  his  plates  is  said  to 
amount  to  one  thousand  four  hundred. 

BELLA  KM  IN,  Cardinal  ROBERT,  the 
great  chaii'jnon  of  the  Roman  catholic 
church,  was  born,  in  1542,  at  Monte-Pid- 
ciano,  in  Tuscany,  and  entered  the  JetUlU* 

teen.     Sue!',  an 

as  entertained  of  his  learning,  that  he 
wua  sent  into  the  Low  Countries  to  clveck 


BEL 

Che  progress  of  the  Reformers,  and  he  resi- 
ded there  some  years.  In  1599,  he  was 
created  cardinal, 'and  in  1602,  archbishop 
of  Capua.  He  died  in  1621.  His  great 
work  is  intitled  a  Body  of  Controversy, 
and  is  the  arsenal  from  which  the  catholic 
theologians  generally  supply  themselves 
v  ilh  their  polemical  weapons. 

BELLAY,  Cardinal  JOHN  DU,  a  French 
prelate  and  statesman,  was  born  in  1492. 
Francis  I.  employed  him  in  several  nego- 
tiations, raised  him  to  the  archbishopric 
of  Bordeaux,  and  entrusted  him  with  the 
defence  of  Paris,  when  Charles  V.  invaded 
France.  Yet,  though  in  all  these  offices 
he  displayed  high  talents,  he  was  slighted 
after  the  death  of  Francis;  and  he  accord- 
ingly retired  to  Rome,  where,  in  1560,  he 
died"  bishop  of  Ostia.  He  obtained  the 
cardinal's  hat  in  1535.  Bellay  was  a 
scholar  and  a  lover  of  learning.  He  in- 
duced the  king  to  found  the  Royal  College 
at  Paris;  he  patronised  Rabelais;  and  he 
wrote  prose  and  verse,  in  Latin  and 
French,  with  great  elegance. 

BELLAY,  JOACHIM  DU,  who  was  call- 
ed the  French  Ovid  and  Catullus,  was 
born  at  Lir%  in  Anjou,  about  1524,  and 
died  in  1560.  He  was  a  nephew  of  the 
cardinal, but  lost  his  favour,  inconsequence 
of  being  charged  with  immorality  and 
irreligion.  Among  the  poets  of  that  day 
he  was  considered  as  holding  the  next 
place  to  Ronsard. 

BELLEAU,  RKMI,  a  French  poet,  so 
celebrated  in  his  day  as  t<5  be  one  of  the 
seven  poets  who  were  called  the  Pleiads, 
was  born  at  Nogent  le  Rotrnu,  in  1528, 
served  under  the  Marquis  of  Elbeuf,  hi 
Italy,  and  was  appointed  tutor  to  his  son. 
He  died  in  1577.  His  most  curious  pro- 
duction is  a  macaronic  poem  on  the  war 
against  the  Huguenots. 

BELLEISLE,  CHARLES  Louis  AU- 
GUSTUS FOCQUET,  Count  de,  a  French 
marshal,  was  born  in  1684,  entered  early 
into  the  army,  and  distinguished  himself 
on  various  occasions.  In  1742,  he  com- 
iftanded  in  Bohemia,  and  acquired  high 
reputation  by  his  masterly  retreat  from 
Prague.  In  1757,  he  was  appointed  war 
minister,  and  till  his  decease,  which  hap- 
pened in  1761,  he  possessed  great  influence 
in  the  <*ouncil. 

BELLENDEX,  or  BELLENDENUS, 
WILLIAM,  a  Scottish  writer,  born  in  the 
latter  end  of  the  sixteenth  century,  was 
educated  at  Paris,  and  was  professor  of 
belles  lettres  there,  in  1602.  The  time  of 
his  death  is  unknown.  He  is  the  author 
of  three  Latin  tracts,  elegantly  written, 
which  he  collected  into  a  volume  in  1616, 
and  published  under  t!ie  title  of  Bell<-n- 
dmus  de  Statu.  To  this  woi  k  Dr.  Mid- 
d'eton  is  supposed  to  be  considerably  in- 
debted It  wns  repuUuhed,  i;i  1787,"  with 


BEL  T§ 

a  Latin   preface  by  Dr.  Parr,_\\b.ich  ex» 

cited  much  attention,  from  its  reference  to 
the  political  characters  of  that  period. 

BELLOY,  PETER  LAURENCE  BUR- 
ETTE DE,  a  French  dramatic  writer,  and 
member  of  the  Acadamy,  was  born  at  St. 
Flour,  in  1727.  Being  destined  by  hie 
uncle  to  the  profession  of  the  law,  which 
he  detested,  he  eloped,  and  for  some  years 
was  an  actor  in  the  theatres  of  the  north 
of  Europe.  This  step  made  his  uncle  a 
determined  enemy.  After  the  death  of 
that  relative,  he  jeturned  to  France,  and 
acquired  reputation  as  a  writer  of  tragedy. 
He  produced  the  Siege  of  Calais,  which 
was  extremely  popular;  Titus;  Zelmira; 
Gaston  and  Bayard  ;  Gabrielle  de  Vergy ; 
and  Peter  the  Cruel.  The  failure  of  the 
latter  play  is  said  to  have  brought  on  an 
illness,  01  which  he  died  in  1775. 

BELOE,  WILLIAM,  a  divine  and  critic, 
was  bo;-n  at  Norwich,  in  1756  and  educa- 
ted at  Cambridge.  After  having  been  as- 
sistant to  Dr.  Parr,  who  was  then  head 
master  of  Norwich  school,  he  took  orders, 
and  obtained  church  preferment.  He  was, 
finally,  rector  of  Allhallows,  a  prebendary 
of  St.  Paul's,  and  librarian  of  the  British 
Museum.  The  latter  situation,  however, 
he  lost,  in  consequence  of  a  visitor  to  the 
Museum  having  purloined  some  valuable 
prints.  In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Nares, 
lie  established  the  British  Critic.  He  in 
the  author  of  Anecdotes  of  Literature  and 
Scarce  Books ;  the  Sexagenarian ;  and 
other  works;  and  the  translator  of  Hero- 
dotus and  Aulus  Gellius.  He  died  in  1817. 

BELON,  PETER,  an  eminent  French 
naturalist  an-rl  physician  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  was  born"  in  Maine,  about  151S, 
travelled  into  Palestine,  Greece,  Arabia, 
and  England ;  published,  in  1553,  a  very 
interesting  account  of  his  travels  ;  and  was 
assassinated  in  1564.  He  is  the  author  of- 
several  valuable  works  on  natural  history, 
particularly  on  fishes.  Bclon  is  considered 
as  the  inventor  of  comparative  anatomy, 
and  one  of  the  founders  of  natural  history. 

BELSHAM,  WILLIAM,  an  historical, 
political,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
born  in  1752,  and  died  in  1827.  He  is 
the  author  of  many  productions,  of  which 
the  principal  are  Essays,  Philosophical, 
IIistorical,and  Literary,  published  in  1785; 
and  a  history  of  Great  Britain,  from  the 
Revolution  to  the  Peace  of  Amiens.  Little 
can  be  said  in  favour  c-f  him  as  an  historian. 

BELSUNCE  DE  CASTLE  MORON, 
HENRY  FRANCIS  XAVIER  DE,  a  virtu- 
ous and  humane  French  prelate,  was  born 
in  1671,  at  the  ca-tle  of  La  Force,  in  Per- 
igord.  In  1709,  he  was  made  bishop  of 
MaiTeHlos,  and  when  that  city  was  visited 
by  the  plague,  in  1720,  instead  of  desert- 
ing his  llock,  he  hourly  hazarded  hi*  life  to 
a  fiord  them  si-c.-our  nnd  consolation.  At 


•»  BEX 

a  reward,  he  was  offered  the  rich  bishopric 
of  Laon,  which  conferred  the  title  of  duke ; 
out  he  replied,  that  <f  he  would  not  quit  n 
church  to  which  he  had  devoted  his  life." 
A  college  wa«  founded  by  him  in  his  epis- 
copal city.  This  exemplary  pastor,  who 
died  in  1735,  wr«-ie  a  History  of  the  Bish- 
ops of  his  Diocese;  Pastoral  Instructions; 
and  the  Life  of  Mademoiselle  de  Foix. 


BELZONI,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  travellers  in  Egypt,  was 
born  at  Padua,  in  Italy,  came  to  England 
in  1S03,  and  resided  in  this  country  for 
nine  years.  Being  involved  in  pecuniary 
difficulties,  he  for  a  while  obtained  a  sub- 
sistence by  di?playing  feats  of  strength  and 
activity  at  Astley's  Amphitheatre;  for 
which  his  colossal  stature  and  muscular 
powers  particularly  qualified  him.  From 
1815  to  1819  he  was  incessantly  occupied 
in  exploring  and  bringing  to  light  the  an- 
tiquities of  Egypt.  The  talent  which  he 
displayed,  and  the  success  which  he  met 
with,  in  this  pursuit,  are  extraordinary. 
Few  men,  indeed,  could  have  accompliflhed 
as  much  as  Bel/oni.  In  1820,  he  published 
a  Narrative  of  his  Operations,  quarto,  with 
forty-four  illustrative  plates;  and,  in  the 
following  year,  he  exhibited  a  model  of  a 
pplendid  tomb  which  he  had  discovered 
near  Thebes.  In  1823,  he  sailed  to  the 
const  of  Guinea,  with  the  intention  of  pene- 
trating to  Honssa  and  Timbuctoo;  but,  on 
the  third  of  December,  his  career  was,  un- 
fortunately, arrested  by  the  hand  of  death. 
He  died,  of  the  dyseuterv,  at  Benin. 

BEMBO,  PETKR,  a  cardinal  and  noble 
Venetian,  one  of  the  restorers  of  literature, 
was  born  at  Venice  in  1470,  studied  under 
Urticio  and  Lascnris,  and  completed  his 
education  at  Padua.  In  his  twenty-eighth 
year  he  published  his  poem  of  Azalini, 
which  gained  much  popularity.  After  hav- 
ing lived  six  years  at  the  court  of  L'rbino, 
he  went  to  Koine  in  1512.  Leo  X.  ni;uie 
him  his  secretary;  and  Paul  III.  C 
him  a  cardinal  and  bishop  of  GuLl-to.  He 
died  in  1517.  His  works  f>rm  four  folio 
volumes;  the  princij  ;il  of  them  i-  his  ilia- 
lory  of  Venice 

BENBOW,  JOHN,     a   valiant   Fn;jli>h 


BEN 

admiral,  was  born  at  Shrewsbury, 
1650,  began  his  career  in  the  merchants* 
sen  ice,  and  was  promoted  to  a  sloop  of 
war,  by  James  II.,  for  his  conduct  in  an 
action  with  an  Algerine  rover.  During 
the  reign  of  William  111.  he  was  actively- 
employed,  and  raised  to  the  rank  of  vice 
admiral.  In  1702,  he  brought  the  French 
admiral  Ducasse  to  action  in  the  West 
Indies,  displayed  admirable  bravery  and 
skill,  and  would  have  obtained  a  complete 
victory,  but  for  the  cowardice  or  disaffec- 
tion of  some  of  his  captains.  One  of  his 
legs  was  shot  away  in  the  engagement ;  but 
he  would  probably  have  recovered,  had  not 
his  wounded  feelings  aggravate.* .us  bodily 
sufferings.  He  died  at  Jamaica. 

BENEDICT,  ST.,  one  of  the  origina- 
tors of  monastic  institutions  in  the  west, 
was  born  at  Nursia,  in  Italy,  in  480.  Early 
in  life,  he  retired  into  a  desert,  and  spent 
three  years  in  a  cavern.  Being  discovered, 
his  sanctity  drew  to  him  such  numbers  of 
people,  that  he  founded  twelve  convents 
In  529,  he  went  to  Monte  Cassino,  built  a 
monastery  on  the  site  of  the  temple  of 
Apollo,  gave  rise  to  the  Benedictine  order, 
and  died  in  543  or  547. 

BENEDICT  XIII.,  Pope,  a  son  of  the 
duke  of  Gravina,  a  Neapolitan  nobleman, 
was  born  in  1649,  and  was  raised  to  the 
papal  chair  in  1724.  He  was  pious,  vir- 
tuous, and  liberal;  but,  unfortunately, 
placed  too  much  confidence  in  Cardinal 
Coscia,  his  minister,  who  shamefully  op- 
pressed the  people.  A  fruitless  attempt 
which  he  made  to  reconcile  the  Romish, 
Greek,  Lutheran,  and  Calvinist  churches, 
bears  honourable  testimony  to  his  tolerant 
spirit.  His  theological  works  form  three 
folio  volumes.  He  died  in  1730. 

BENEDICT  XIV.,  Pope,  whose  name 
was  PROSPER  LAMEERTINI,  was  of  an 
illustrious  family  at  Bologna,  in  which  city 
he  was  born,  in  1675.  After  having  been 
bishop  of  Ancona,  and  archbishop  of  Bo- 
logna, he  was  elected  pope  in  1740.  He 
protected  the  arts  and  iciences,  endeavour- 
ed to  heal  the  disscntions  and  reform  the 
discipline  of  the  church;  and  displayed  such 
a  liberal  spirit,  that  he  was  sometimes  call- 
ed the*  Protestant  Pope.  In  private  life 
lie  was  extremely  amiable.  He  died  in 
1758.  His  works  fill  sixteen  volumes  in 
folio. 

BKNEZET,  ST.,  or  Little  Benedict,  to 
called  on  account  of  his  shortness,  was  a 
native  ofVivarais,  born  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury, and  is  said  to  have  been  originally  a 
sliej  herd.  Mauv  accidents  occurring  Ht 
the  |  asi-;ige  of  the  Khoiie,  at  A\ig>ion,  he 
.:te.l  on  them  till  he  imagined  himself 
inspiifd  \>\  Hi-axen  to  proeiue  the  erection 
of  a  b.  i.l^c;  there;  and  he  sii«-cec>dcd  in  ac- 
ci.iiiplishi: ,<j  his  project-  The  bridge  wat 
hepm  i.i  1177,  und  he  suprri.itiM.Uid  the  ev- 


BEN 

•cation  of  it  till  his  death  in  1134 ;  for  which 
good  work  he  was  sainted. 

BENEZET,  ANTHONY,  a  philanthro- 
pist, was  born  in  1713,  at  St.  Quentin,  in 
Picardy,  of  protestant  parents,  who  first 
settled  in  London,  and  afterwards  at  Phil- 
adelphia. He  was  intended  for  a  mer- 
chant, but  apprenticed  himself  to  a  cooper, 
and  subsequently  became  a  schoolmaster, 
and  a  member  of  the  society  of  Friends. 
Hiii  whole  life  was  spent  in  acts  of  benevo- 
lence, and  he  was  one  of  the  earliest  oppo- 
nents of  the  atrocious  slave  trade.  A  few 
hours  before  his  death,  he  rose  from  his 
bed,  to  give,  from  his  bureau.,  six  dollars 
to  a  poor  widow.  His  funeratwas  attend- 
ed by  thousands;  and  at  the  grave,  an 
American  officer  exclaimed,  "  I  would 
rather  be  Anthony  Benezet  in  that  coffin, 
than  George  Washington  with  all  his  fame." 
Benezet  died  at  Philadelphia  in  1784.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  Caution  to  Great  Britain 
and  her  colonies;  and  an  Historical  Ac- 
count of  Guinea. 

BEXGER,  ELIZABETH  OGILVY,  was 
born  at  Welles,  in  1778,  and  had  to  strug- 
~le  with  inSfcy  difficulties  in  early  life.  So 

v  books  could  she  procure,  that  she  used 
to  read  the  open  pages  of  die  new  publica- 
tions in  the  window  of  the  only  booksel- 
ler's shop  in  the  little  town  which  she  in- 
habited, in  Wiltshire,  and  return,  day 
after  day,  in  the  hope  of  finding  another 
page  turned  over.  She,  nevertheless,  ac- 
quired a  respectable  portion  of  learning. 
On  her  removal  to  London,  she  obtained 
reputable  literary  friends  and  patronage, 
and  was  generally  esteemed  for  her  virtues, 
manners,  and  talents.  She  died  January 
the  9th,  1827.  Besides  a  drama,  two 
novels,  and  poems,  she  wrote  .Memoirs  of 
Mrs.  Hainilton,Tohin,  and  Klopstock;  and 
Lives  of  Anne  Bolevn,  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots,  the  U-.iee.-i  of  Bohemia^  and  Henry 


£ 


IV.  of  France. 

BENJAMIN  OF  TUDELA,aJe\ 


BEN  81 

emy,  was  born  in  1612,  at  Lyons  le  Foret, 
in  Normandy.  He  was  patronised  first  by 
Richelieu,  and  afterwards  by  Mazarine  and 
Louis  XIV.,  and  was  a  great  favourite  at 
court,  in  consequence  of  his  conversational 
powers,  his  readiness  of  repartee,  and  the 
facility  with  which  he  composed  verses  for 
the  court  ballets.  In  his  later  years  liia 
popularity  declined.  He  died  in  1691.  His 
works  consist  of  poems,  theatrical  pieces, 
and  Ovid's  Metamorphoses  put  into  Ron- 
deaux.  His  famous  Sonnet  on  Job,  and 
that  of  Voiture  on  Urania,  divided  the 
courtiers  into  two  parties,  under  the  title 
of  Jobelins  and  Uranians. 

BENTHAM,  JAMES,  an  antiquary,  wa« 
born  at  Ely,  in  1706,  was  educated  at 
Cambridge,'  and  obtained  several  church 
preferments ;  the  last  of  which  were  a  pre- 
bend of  Ely  and  the  rectory  of  Bow-Brick- 
hill.  In  1771,  he  published  the  History 
and  Antiquities  of  Ely  Cathedral,  a  work 
which  displays  great  knowledge  of  ancient 
architecture.  He  died  in  1794. 

BENTIVOGLIO,  HERCULES,  born  at 
Bo'ogna,  in  1506,  was  patronised  by  the 
duke  of  Ferrara,  and  was  eminent  as  a  ne- 
gotiator and  a  poet.  He  died  in  1583.  Hu 
works  consist  of  poems  and  two  comedies. 

BENTIVOGLIO,  Cardinal  Guv,  was 
born  at  Ferrara,  in  1579,  was  succaesrvely 
legate  in  Flanders  and  in  France,  obtained 
the  cardinal's  hat  in  1621,  and  would  pro- 
bably have  been  pope,  in  1644,  had  he  not 
died  while  the  conclave  was  sitting.  He 
is  the  author  of  several  works  of  merit; 
the  principal  of  which  is  a  History  of  the 
War  in  Flanders. 

BENTIVOGLIO,HippOLYTUS,born  at 
Ferrara,  in  the  latter  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  was  a  man  of  varied  accomplish- 
nenfe,  and  eminent  as  a  dramatic  and 
lyric  poet.  Among  his  dramas  may  be 
mentioned,  Annibal  at  Capua,  and  Achilles. 


at    Scyros.     His    son    CORNELIUS,    who 
was  born  in  1668,  and  died  in  1739,  was 

-abbi,  was  born  about  the  middle  of  the! also   a  poet,  and  attained  the   dignity  of 
we.lfth  century,   at   Tudela,    in    Navarre. !  cardinal.     He  translated  Statius. 

Little  more  is  known  of  his  life  than   that! 

he  travelled  wall  the  design  of  visiting  all 

the  European  synagogues.     His  Itinerary, 

written   in    Hebrew,   did   not  see  tile  light 

till  1343,  when   it  appeared  at  Constanti- 

rj.'pL-.      Baralier  translated  it  into  French, 

and  wrote  a  dissertation  to  prove  that  it  is 

a  compil.iti'.ni,  aid  not  the.  narrative  of  a 

real  journey. 

BivXMTSKI,    ALEXANDER   PETRO- 

rtrsi'H,  a  Russian  poet,  who  died  in  1808, 

at  the  age  of  twenty-eight,  is  the  author  of 

a  variety  of  tales,  fables,  and  other  pieces; 

among  which   may  be-  mentioned   Ibrahim. 

or  the  Generous  Man,  a  tale;    Komala,  a 

poem;   and  a  translation  of  Oasian. 


BENSERADE,  ISAAC,  a  French  wit 
and  poet,  a  member  of  the  French  Acad- 


BENTLEY,  RICHART.,  one  of  the  moot 
eminent  T>f  English  culics  and  scholars, 
was  born,  in  1662,  at  Oulton,  near  Wake- 


82 


BEN 


BER 


field,   in  Yorkshire,  and  was  educated  at  \      BERAUD,  LAURENCE,  a  native  of  Lf 

i>t.Joh  ' '.unbridge.   He  took  his  i  ons,  born  in  1703,  belonged  to  the  societj 

decree  that  university  in  1684,  of  Jesuits,  and  was  eminent  as  an  astrono. 

uiiii  at  Oxford  in  ItW).   S»tillmgllect,  bishop   mer,    metaorologiat,   and    natural    philoso- 
of  Worcester,    t*>   who«e   son   he   had  lieen    phcr.      Lalande,  Montucla,  and  other  cele- 


;a.ide  him  his  chaplain,  and,  in  1692, 
ga\e  him  a  prei>ond  in  his  cathedral.  In 
1693,  he  was  appointed  keeper  of  t'.i 
ihrary  at  St.  James's,  and  in  1694,  he 
ub'i<hed  his  Discourses  against  Atheism, 
xvhien  he  had  delivered  as  preacher  of  the 
lectures  instituted  In  Boyle.  Having  de- 
nied the  genuineness  of  tlw»  Epistles  of 
Phal.iris,  iic  was  e  i^a^i-d  in  a  warm  con- 
tr.iversy  with  all  the  leading  wits  of  the 
age.  His  antagonists  claimed  a  triumph, 
but  posterity  has  decreed  in  his  favour. 
In  1700,  he  was  appointed  master  of  Trin- 
ky  College,  Cambridge;  but  this  prefer- 


brated  men,  were  his  pupils.  He  died  in 
1777. 

BERENGER,  or,  BEREXGARIUS, 
archdeacon  of  Angers,  was  born  at  Tours, 
at  the  beginning  of  the  eleventh  century, 
and  was  a  disciple  of  Fnlbert  of  Chartres. 
He  died  in  10SS.  His  disbelief  of  the  doc- 
trine of  transubstantiation  drew  down  upon 
him  much  persecution;  he  was  excommu- 
nicated, and  deprived  of  his  benefices; 
but  he  at  length  conformed  to  the  tenets  of 
the  church 

BEREiNGER,  JAMES,  a  physician  and 
anatomist  of  the  sixteenth  century,  w 


ment  was  not  a  bed  of  roses:    it  involved  j born  at  Carpi,  in  Italy,  and   is  often  called 

by   the  name  of  his  birthplace.     He  was 


him  in  disputes  with  the  vice-master  and 
some  of  the  fellows,  which  ended  in  a  law- 
suit of  twenty  years'  duration.  In  1717, 
a  demand  which  he  made  of  fees,  brought 
on  him  another  litigation,  and  he  was  even 
degraded  from  his  olhces  in  the  university. 
After  a  struggle  of  eleven  vears,  however, 
the  court  of  kind's  bench  decreed  in  his 
favour.  Thenceforth,  he  enjoyed  his  col- 
lege honours  and  emoluments  in  quiet,  till 
»is  tlealh,  in  1742.  His  editions  of  Horace, 
Terence,  and  Pluedrus;  his  Annotations 
on  Aristophanes;  his  IS'oteson  Menander ; 
and  his  Dissertation  on  the  Epistles  of 
Phalanx,  establish  his  character  as  a  pro- 
found scholar.  His  edition  of  Paradise 
Lost,  with  conjectural  emendations,  is,  on 
the  contrary,  a  decided  failure. 

BENTLEY,  RICHARD,  the  only  ran  of 
Dr.  Bentley,  was  educated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, by  his  father.  He  was  a  man  of  ele- 
gant talents,  but  imprudent,  and  conse- 
quently often  embarrassed.  At  length,  he 
obtained  a  small  place  and  a  pension,  which 
gave  comfort  to  his  latter  days,  lie  died 
in  1782.  Bentley  is  the  author  of  three 
plays,  Philodamus,  the  Prophet,  and  the 
Wishes;  and  of  Patriotism,  a  satirical 
poem. 

BENYOWSKV,  MAURICE  AUGUS- 
TUS, Count  de,  a  native  of  Hungary,  born 
in  1741,  was  a  nobleman  of  that  kingdom 
and  of  Poland.  Having  joined  the  Polish 
Confederacy  against  the  infamous  ambition 
of  Russia,  he  was  taken  prisoner,  and  ban- 
shed  to  Kamtschatka.  The  governor  there 
iyed  him  as  tutor  to  his  daughters, 
Benyowsky  gained  the  affection  of  one 
of  them.  Bv  mrans  of  a  conspiracy  among 
the  exiles,  he  overpowered  the  military, 
and  made  his  escape  in  a  vessel  with  h'is 
companions  and  his  mistress.  After  manv 
romantic,  adventures,  he  was  at  last  klain 
by  the  French,  in  1786,  while  he  was  en- 
deavouring to  establish  an  independent 
sovereignty  in  »h«  island  of  Madagascar. 


emplo 
amlB 


one  of  the  first  who  practised  dissection  to 
a  considerable  extent,  and  he  made  several 
important  anatomical  discoveries.  Beren- 
ger  was  almost  among  the  earliest  of  those 
who  employed  mercury  in  cases  of  lues. 
He  died,  in  1550,  at  Ferrara* 

BERENICE.  The  name  of  several  fe- 
males, most  of  them  Egyptian  princesses. 
The  most  celebrated  of  them  was  the 
daughter  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphus,  who 
married  her  brother  Euergttes.  Being 
passionately  attached  to  him.  she  made  a 
vow  to  consecrate  her  beautiful  locks  to 
Venus,  in  case  of  his  safe  return  from  a 
dangerous  expedition.  He  came  home  un- 
hurt, and  she  performed  her  vow.  Conon, 
the  astronomer,  published  that  they  had 
been  placed  among  the  stars,  and  he  gave 
to  a  constellation  the  name  of  Berenice's 
hair,  which  it  still  retains.  She  was  put 
to  death,  bv  her  own  son,  B.  c.  221. 

BEREIS'ICIUS,  a  strange  character, 
whose  name  and  country  are  unknown. 
He  appeared  in  Holland  in  1670,  and  gain- 
ed a  livelihood  by  sweeping  chimneys  and 
grinding  knives.  But,  notwithstanding  the 
lowness  of  his  occupation,  he  was  a  man 
of  genius  and  extensive  learning.  He  could 
turn  a  Flemish  conversation  into  extempore 
Latin  verse,  and  a  newspaper  into  Latin  or 
Greek.  He  was  at  last  smothered  in  a 
bog  while  drunk.  The  Georgarchonioma- 
thia  is  attributed  to  him. 

BEHGERAC,  SAVIMAN  CYRANO 
DK,  was  born  about  1620,  at  the  castle  of 
Bergerac,  in  Perigord,  received  but  an  in- 
different education,  and  obtained  a  com- 
mission in  the  army.  He  was  equally 
brave  and  quart  elsome ;  being  perpetually 
engaged  in  duels,  either  as  principal  or 
second.  His  nose  was  exceedingly  deform- 
ed, and  whoever  looked  at  it  was  sure  to 
be  called  into  the  field.  Having  received 
two  severe  wounds  in  war,  he  retired  from 
the  army,  and  amused  himself  with  lite-* 


BER 

tr-e.  He  in  the  author  of  Agrippina,  a 
tragedy;  the  Pedant  Tricked,  a  comedy; 
a  Journey  in  the  Moon;  and  a  Comic  His- 
tory of  the  States  and  Ernpirea  of  the  Sun. 
Moliere,  Fontenelle,  Swift,  and  Voltaire, 
are  supposed  to  have  borrowed  some  ideas 
from  him.  He  died  in  1655. 

BERGHEM.or  BERCHEM,  NICHO- 
LAS, one  of  the  most  celebrated  Flemish 
•\ndsrape  painters,  was  born  at  Haarlem, 
•n  1624,  and  died  in  1683.  It  has  justly 
been  observed  of  him,  that  he  painted 
•  •.-<  TV  part  of  his  subjects  so  extremely  well, 
a-i  to  render  it  difficult  to  determine  in 
\\liii  h  he  excelled.  Of  so  cheerful  a  tem- 
per was  he  that  he  always  sang  when  he 
worhtd;  and  he  was  an  indefatigable  art- 
ist. Rei-yhom  also  executed  some  etchings. 

BERG  MANN,  SIR  TORBERN,  a  na- 
tive of  Sweden,  was  born  in  West  Goth- 
land, in  17£i>,  and  died  in  1784.  He  was 
professor  of  chemistry  at  Upsal,  and  a 
member  of  nearly  all  the  learned  societies 
in  Europe.  His  knowledge  was  extensive 
in  mathematics,  natural  history,  and  vari- 
ous branches  of  science;  but  it  is  to  his 
chemical  labours  that  he  is  indebted  for  his 
fame.  The  laws  of  elective  attraction,  or 
chemical  affinity,  formed  a  prominent  ob- 
ject of  his  successful  researches ;  in  analy- 
sis he  particularly  excelled;  and  some  of 
ihe  mineral  acids  were  discovered  by  him. 

BERING,  BEERING,  or  BEHRING, 
Virus,  a  Danish  navigator,  who,  in  1704, 
entered  into  the  service  of  Russia,  under 
Peter  the  Great,  and  distinguished  himself 
against  the  Swedes.  In  1728,  1729,  and 
1741,  he  was  employed  in  voyages  of  dis- 
covery on  the  coast  of  Asia  and  America, 
and  in  his  last  voyage  was  shipwrecked, 
and  died  on  an  island  which  has  been 
named  from  him.  The  name  of  Bering 
was  given  by  Captain  Cook  to  the  strait 
which  divides  Asia  from  America. 

BERKELEY,  GKORGE,  an  eminent 
prelate  and  metaphysical  philosopher,  to 
whom  Pope,  with  little  of  poetical  exagger 
r.tion,  has  attributed  "  every  virtue  under 
heaven,"  was  horn  at  Kiterin,  near  Thom- 
as Town,  in  Ireland,  in  1684.  He  was 
educated  at  Kilkenny  school  and  at  Trinity 
'College,  Dublin.  In  England,  he  became 
acquainted  with,  and  beloved  by,  Pope, 
Kw;ft,  Addison,  and  all  the  other  wits  and 
great  men  of  the  age.  The  duke  of  Graf- 
ton,  on  being  appointed  lord  lieutenant  of 
Ireland,  made. him  one  of  his  chaplains, 
and  in  1724  Berkeley  obtained  the  deanery 
of  Derrv.  In  1728  he  sailed  to  America, 
for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  missiona- 
ry college,  for  the  conversion  of  the  In- 
dians; but,  after  he  had  resided  two  years 
there,  the  scheme  was  frustrated,  by  Sir 
Robert  Walpole  withholding  the  funds 
which  were  necessary.  In  1733,  Berkeley 
wia  promoted  to  the  bishopric  of  Cloyne, 


BER 


83 


and  though  he  was  subsequently  offeree  a 
see  of  twir.e  the  value,  he  refused  to  give 
up  his  flock.  He  died  suddenly,  in  Janu- 
ary, 1753.  His  works  have  been  collected 
n  three  quarto  volumes.  It  is  in  the  Prin- 
;5ples  of  Human  Knowledge,  and  the  Dia- 
ogues  between  Hylas  and  Philonous,  that 
te  developes  his  curious  theory  of  the  non- 
;xistence  of  matter. 

BERKLEY,  SIR  WILLIAM,  a  native 
)f  London,  educated  at  Mertnn  College, 
D-xford,  and  for  many  years  governor  of 
;he  province  of  Virginia.  He  made  a  col- 
ectionofthe  laws  of  the  provinces;  pub- 
.ished  an  account  of  the  country,  in  folio  ; 
and  was  also  the  author  of  a  tragi-comedy 
called  The  Lost  Lady.  He  returned  to 
England  and  died  in  1677. 

BERKENHOUT,  JOHN,  a  physician 
and  literary  character,  born  at  Leeds,  was 
the  son  of  a  Dutch  merchant,  and,  after 
laving  served  in  the  Prussian  and  English 
military  service,  gtudied  physic  at  Edin- 
ourgh,  and  took  his  degr'ee  at  Leyden.  He 
weht  to  America  with  the  British  commis- 
sioners in  1778,  and  on  his  return  received 
a  pension.  He  died,  aged  about  sixty,  in 
1791.  He  is  the  author  of  various  works, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  Biographia 
Literaria;  a  continuation  of  Campbell's 
Lives  of  the  Admirals;  and  outlines  of  the 
Natural  History  of  Great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land. 

BERNARD  OF  MENTHON,  arch- 
deacon of  Aosta,  was  born  in  923,  near 
Annecy,  in  Savoy,  and  was  celebrated 
among"  his  contemporaries  for  his  learning 
and  piety;  but  his  claims  to  the  notice  ot 
later  ages  rest  on  his  having  been  the  be- 
nevolent founder  of  the  two  admirable  in- 
stitutions on  the  Great  and  Little  Saint 
Bernard,  by  means  of  which  the  lives  of  so 
many  traveller!  have  been  saved.  He  die<J 
in  1008. 

BERNARD  OF  THURINGIA,  a  fa- 
natical hermit  of  the  tenth  century,  who 
threw  almost  all  Europe  into  consternation, 
by  preaching  that  the  end  of  the  world  was 
at  hand.  Multitudes  relinquished  their  oc- 
cupations, and  became  pilgrims;  and  oth- 
ers were  so  frightened  at  an  eclipse  of  tho 
sun,  which  then  occurred,  that  they  hid 
themselves  in  caverns  and  holes  in  the 
rocks.  The  terror  spread  by  this  man  was 
not  wholly  removed  till  towards  the  end 
of  the  eleventh  century. 

BERNARD,  ST.,'  the  first  abbot  of 
Clairvaux,  was  born  at  Fontaine,  in-  Bur- 
gundy, in  1091,  of  noble  parents.  All 
ecclesiastical  dignities  he  constantly  refus- 
ed ;  but  his  virtues  and  talents  gained  him 
a  higher  influence  in  the  Christian  world 
than  was  possessed  even  bv  the  pope  him- 
self, and  the  disputes  of  die  church  were 
often  referred  to  his  arbitration.  Hia  elo- 
quence was  powerfully  displayed  in  th* 


84  HER 

multitudes  that  he  induced  to  assume  the 
characters  of  crusaders.  He  died  in  1153. 
There  are  editions  of  his  works  in  six  vol- 
umes, and  in  two  voHimes,  folio. 

BERN  AUH.  CLA0DB,  a  nativi  of  Di- 


jon, born  in   1588,  who  assumed  the   title 
<:f  "  the  poor  pr  •  nhy  of  com- 

f       \  •  i       . i       '          : 


HER 

BERNARD,  SIR  THOMAS,  a  philan- 
thropist and  scholar,  was  born  at  Lincoln, 
in  1759.  He  received  his  education  at 
Harvard  Collar  in  New-England,  and  on 
his  return  to  his  native  country  hecame  a 


the   poor,   attending  the    sirk    in 
the  hospitals,  and  preparing  criminals  for 


student  of  Lincoln's  Inn.  He  was  the  pro- 
jector of  the  Society  for  bettering  the  Con- 

uion  for  his  ardent  and  persevering  dilion  of  the  Poor,  and  an  active  promoter 
rharitv.     His   whole   life  was  devoted  to  j  of  many  other  charities.     He  died  at  Lea- 

mington  Spa,  in  1818.  Besides  various 
pamphlets,  he  is  the  author  of  Spurina,  01 
the  Comforts  of  Old  Age. 

BERNARDEZ,  DIEGO,  a  poet,  bora 
in  the  province  of  Entre  Minho  e  Douro, 
\vho  died  in  1596,  is  den>ininated  the  Por- 
tuguese Theocritus  by  his  countrymen. 
His  pastoral  poems,  under  the  title  of  tho 
Lyma  (the  name  of  a  river),  appeared  at 
Lisbon  on  the  year  of  hid  decease,  and 


d?ath  For  these  purposes  he  not  only  soli- 
cited benefactions  from  the  rich,  but  sold  his 
own  inheritance,  which  was  worth  nearly 
twenty  thousand  pounds.  He  died  in  1641. 
BERNARD,  EDWARD,  a  divine  and 
mathematician,  was  born,  in  1638,  at  Paul- 
er's  Perry,  in  Northamptonshire,  and  was 
educated  at  Merchant  "Tailors  School  and 


at  Oxford.  In  1673,  he  succeeded  Sir  .have  passed  through  numerous  editions. 
Christopher  Wren,  as  Savilian  professor  He  succeeded  also  in  other  kinds  of  poe- 
of  astronomy.  He  died  in  1696.  Among  try.  Bernardez  was  a  warrior  as  well  as 
his  works  are,  some  astronomical  papers  in  a  poet;  and,  after  having  fought  with  chiv- 
the  Philosophical  Transactions;  a  Tceat-  alric  bravery,  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
ise  of  the  Ancient  Weights  and  Measures;  Moors  at  the  fatal  battle  of  Alcazarquivir 
Private  Devotions;  and  Etymologicum 
Britannicum. 

BERNARD,  JAMES,  was  bdrn  at  Ny- 
ons,  in  Dauphin?,  and  educated  at  Geneva. 
He  afterwards  settled  in  Holland.  He  con- 
tinued Le  Clerc's  Universal  Library,  and 
Bayle's  Intelligence  of  the  Republic  of 
Letters,  and  published  several  works,  one 
jf  which  was  a  Supplement  to  Moreri.  He 
died  at  Leyden,  in  1718,  at  the  age  of  sixty. 

BERNARD,  JOHN  FREDERIC,  a  book- 
seller of  Amsterdam,  at  the  beginning  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  was  a  man  of  talent 
and  learning,  and  the  author  and  editor  of 
several  works,  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned a  Collection  of  Voyages  to  the 
North;  Memoirs  of  Count  de  fSrienne; 
Religious  Ceremonies  and  Customs  of  all 
Nations,  in  nine  folio  volumes;  and  An- 
cient and  Modern  Superstition?,  in  two  vol- 
umes folio.  He  died  about  1751. 

BERNARD, PETER  JOSEPH, a  French 
\ioet,  the  son  of  a  sculptor,  was  born,  in 
1710,  at  Grenoble,  was  taken  into  Italy, 
by  the  marquis  de  Pezay,  in  1734,  and 
fought  at  the  battles  of  Parma  and  (Jinas- 
talla,  and  was  subsequently  patronised  by 
the  marshal  de  Coig'iy,  on  the  express  con- 
On  the 


BERNARDIN  DE  SAINT-PIERRE, 
JAMES  HENRY,  was  born  at  Havre,  in 
1737,  and  is  said  to  have  been  a  descendant 
of  the  celebrated  Eustace  -de  St.  Pierre, 
the  patriotic  mayor  of  Calais.  At  the  age 
of  twenty  he  entered  into  the  engineer  ser- 
vice; and  he  successively  served  at  Malta, 
in  Russia,  and  in  Poland.  On  his  revisit- 
ing his  native  country,  he  obtained  a  cap- 
tain's commission  in  the  engineer  corps, 
and  was  sent  to  the  Isle  of  France,  fn  m^ 
whence,  however,  after  a  residence  of  tluc« 
ycajs,  he  returned,  with  no  other  fortune 
than  a  collection  of  shells  and  insect*,  and 
voyage.  The  latter, 


dition  of  his  not   making  verses 

death   ot"  the    marshal,    i$em;;rd     devoted   a    narrative    of  his 

himself  to  society  and  to  the  Muses.  His;  which  was  his  first  literary  eliort,  was 
conversation  being  delightful,  his  company  ]  published  in  1773;  and  he,  thenceforth, 
was  eagerly  s.ui/iit.  In  the  latter  part  of  devoted  himslf  to  literature.  His  Studio 
hu  life,  he  Mink  into  a  state  of  mental  im- 1  of  Nature  appeared  in  1784,  and  passed 
becility.  His  poems  are  elegant  but  vo-;  rapidly  through  several  editions.  Paul 
luptuous.  Among  bis  principal  works  arc)  mid  Virginia  was  published  in  1788,  and 
the  Art  of  Love;  Phrwine  and  Melidor;  this  delightful  tale  acquired  an  unprece- 
and  the  opera  of  Castor  and  Pollux.  Vul-  i  dented  popularity,  and  set  the  seal  on  his 
taire  ptyled  him  le  gentil  Bernard,  and  thei  reputation.  During  the  reign  of  terror,  he 
epithet 'remains  attached  to  his  name.  He'  narrowly  escaped  the  scaffold.  From  Na- 
died  in  1775.  |...!i  ,n  and  his  brother  Joseph  he  received 


BER 

•tension*,  which  gave  comfort  to  his  latter 
days.  He  died  in  1814.  His  Harmonics 
of  Nrtiure  was  given  to  the  press  after  his 
death.  The  best  edition  of  his  works  i.s 
in  twelve  octavo  volumes.  The  philosophy 
of  St.  Pierre  is  occasionally  eccentric"; 
but  the  purity  of  his  morality,  and  the 
beauty  of  his  style,  deserve  the  highest 
Braise. 

BERNERS,  or  BARNES,  JULIANA, 
a  sister  of  Lord  Berners,  is  supposed  to 
have  been  born  about  tne  year  1388,  and 
was  a  native  of  Essex.  She  was  prioress 
of  Sopewell  Nunnery,  and  wrote  the  Boke 
of  Hawkyng  and  Huntyng,  which  was  one 
of  the  first  works  that  issued  from  the 
English  press. 

BERNI,  FRANCIS,  one  of  the  must 
eminent  Italian  poets  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, was  born  at  Lamporecchio,  in  Tus- 
cany, and  died  of  poison,  in  1536  He 
remodelled  Bojardo's  Orlando  Innamoralo. 
His  Rime  Burlesche,  and  his  Latin  poems, 
are  to  be  found  in  various  collection?. 

BERNI,  Count  FRANCIS,  a  civilian, 
orator,  and  poet,  was  born  at  Ferrara,  in 
1610,  and  died  in  1673.  He  was  greatly 
i:i  favour  with  Pope  Innocent  X.,  Alex- 
ander VII.,  and  Clement  IX.,  and  with 
two  successive  dukes  of  Mantua.  He  ex- 1 
celled  in  dramatic  pieces,  of  which  he  I 
wrote  eleven.  A  volume  of  his  miscella-  | 
nies  was  published  with  the  title  of  Aca- 
demia. 

BERNIER,  FRANCIS,  a  physician  and 
traveller,  was  born  at  Angers.  In  1655, 


after 


passed    through    Syria    and 


Egypt,  he  visited  India,  where  he  resided 
for  some  years,  as  physician  to  Aurung- 
zebe.  On  his  return  to  Fiance  he  pub- 
lished his  Travels,  a  work  of  great  interest 
and  authenticity..  He  died  at  Paris,  in 
16S8.  Berriier  was  universally  admired 
for  the  graces  of  his  mind  and  person. 
His  principal  work,  besides  his  Travels,  is 
an  Abridgment  of  Gasscndi's  Philosophy, 
in  eight  volumes. 

BERNINI,  JOHN  LAURENCE,  who  was 
at  once  a  painter,  a  sculptor,  and  an  archi- 
tect, and  whom  his  contemporaries  de- 
nominated the  modern  Michael  Angelo, 
was  barn  at  Naples,  in  1598.  At  the 
early  age  of  eight  years,  he  manifested  his 
genius  by  sculpturing  the  head  of  a  child 
m  marble.  Some  of  his  finest  works  were 
produced  before  he  was  twenty.  He  was 
patrtr.ized  by  popes  Urban  VIII.,  Alex- 
ander VII.,  and  Innocent  X.,  and  was 
nvited  to  France  by  Louis  XIV.  His 
finest  productions  are  at  Rome.  He  died 
n  that  city  in  1680.  Bernini  had  a  fine 
genius;  but  he  is  accused  of  mannerism, 
and.of  having  often  violated  the  principles 
of  true  taste. 

BERN1S,  Cardinal  FRANCIS  JOACHIM 
DC  PJKRRZI  DI,  a  French  poe>  and 


HER  85 

statesma-i,  was  born  at  St.  Marcel  de 
I'Aid  r'nr,  i  i  1715.  In  early  life,  he  pub- 
li.-hcd  s.niK-  light  poetry ^ which  gained  him 
the  patronage  of  Madame  de  Pompadour, 
through  whose  influence  he  was  pensioned, 
and  received  into  the  Academy;  he  was 
subsequently  employed  to  negotiate  in  Italy, 
Spain,  and  Austria,  promoted  to  be  minis- 
ter f>r  foreign  affairs,  and  gratified  with 
the  dignity  of  cardinal.  In  176-1,  he  was 
made  archbishop  of  Alby,  and  in  1769  was 
sent  ambassador  to  Rome.  The  revolution 
deprived  him  of  his  revenues;  but  he  ob- 
tained a  pension  from  Spain.  He  died  at 
Rome  in  1794.  He  left  behind  him  a 
poem,  with  the  title  of  Religion  Avenged. 

BERXOUILLI,  JAMKS,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  was  born  at  Basil,  in  1654, 
and  died  in  1705.  He  was  originally  in- 
tended for  the  church,  but  studied  geome- 
try and  astronomy  in  secret,  contrary  to 
the  wishes  of  his  father,  which  ma;!e  him 
take  for  his  device  Phaeton  conducting  the 
car  of  the  sun,  with  the  motto  Invito  patre 
sidera  verso.  He  was  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Basil,  and  a  member  of  many 
learned  societies.  His  works  were  pub- 
lished complete  in  1744. 

BERNQUILLI,  JOHN,  brother  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  at  Basil,  in  1667, 
became  professor  of  mathematics  at  Gro- 
ningen,  and  succeeded  his  brother  at  Basil. 
He  died  in  1748.  His  works  form  four 
quarto  volumes;  and  his  correspondence 
with  Leibnitz  occupies  two  more.  He 
was  the  master  of  Euler.  His  eldest  son, 
NICHOLAS,  was  also  a  mathematician  of 
talent.  He  died  in  1726,  at  Petersburgn, 
where  he  was  professor  of  mathematics. 
He  was,  however,  far  exceeded  by  his 
brother. 

BERNOUILLI,  DANIEL,  wa?  born 
at  Groningen,  in  1700,  and  died  in  1782. 
He  was  one  oi  the  most  eminent  of  an 
eminent  family,  and  his  manners  were  a=j 
modest  as  his  science  was  extensive.  He 
is  the  author  of  the  first  published  treatise 
on  Hydrodinamics;  and  of  many  other 
valuable  works. — Several  other  members 
of  this  family  excelled  in  the  abstract  sci- 
ences. 

BERNOUILLI,  JOHN,  grandson  of  the 
abovementioned  John,  was  born  at  Basil, 
in  1744,  and  died,  in  1807,  at  Berlin, 
where  he  was  director  of  mathematics  in 
the  Royal  Academy.  He  was  also  a  vo- 
luminous writer.  Among  his  principal 
works  are,  Travels  in  Germany,  Switzer- 
land, &c.  3  vols.;  and  in  Prussia,  Russia, 
and  Poland,  6  vols.;  a  Collection  of  Voy- 
ages and  Travels,  16  vola. ;  and  Archive* 
of  History  and  Geography,  8  vols. 

BERNSTORF,  JOHN  HARTWIG  ER- 
NEST,  Count  de,  a  native  of  Hanover, 
born  in  1712,  settled  in  Denmark,  where 
he  became  prime  minister,  and  tlistin- 


96  BER 

flushed  himself  by  his  successful  adminis- 
tration, and  his  encouragement  of  manu- 
facture.*, commerce,  arts  ami  sciences.  lie 
enfranchised  his  peasants,  and  they  ex- 
pressed their  gratitude  by  erecting  an  obe- 
lisk in  honour  of  him.  In  1770  lie  was 
removed  from  his  office,  and  he  died  at 
Hamburgh,  in  1772. 

BEK.NSToiiF.  ANDREW  PKTKR, 
Count  de,  tlie  nephew  (-f  John,  was,  like 
his  uncle,  a  native  of  llanmer,  where  lie 
was  lx>rn  in  1735.  Like  him,  he  filled  the 
office  of  Danish  prime  minister;  and  like 
him,  too,  he  governed  with  wisdom,  and 
introduced  numerous  reforms  of  the  utmost 
importance.  He  procured  the  enfranchise- 
ment of  the  peasants,  improved  the  crimi- 
nal code,  abolished  monopoly,  and  estab- 


lished   a    new    system    of    finances.     This 
able  statesman  died  in  1797. 

BEUOSUS,  a  priest  of  Belus,  at  Baby- 
l.m,  in  the  time  of  Alexander,  wrote  a 
History  of  Chaldea,  which  is  now  lost; 
and  is*  said  to  have  opened  a  school  of 
astronomy  at  Co?,  and  invented  a  new  sun 
dial.  Some,  however, believe  the  historian 
and  the  astronomer  to  have  been  different 
person?. 

BEKQUEN, or  BERKEX,  LEWIS  DE, 
n  native  of  Bruges,  was  the  first  who  in- 
vented, in  1456,  the  art  of  cutting  and 
polishing  diamonds,  by  means  of  a  wheel 
a-id  diamond  powder.  His  grandson, 
ROBERT,  published  the  Wonders  of  the 
East  Indies,  or  a  Treatise  on  I'recious 
Stones. 

BERQUIX,  ARNOLD,  an  elegant  and 
amiable  writer,  who  devoted  his  pen  to 
the  instruction  of  youth,  was  born  at  Bor- 
deaux, in  1749,  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1791. 
His  works,  consisting  of  Idylls;  the 
Children's  Friend;  the  Youth's  Friend; 
the  Little  Grandison;  the  Family  Book; 
and  several  similar  productions,  form 
twenty  volu:nea.  The  Children's  Friend 
is,  in  part,  imitated  from  the  German  of 
Weiss. 

BERRUYER,  JOSEPH  ISAAC,  a  Jesuit, 
was  born  ^at  Rouen,  in  1682,  and  died  at  j  Savoy 
Paris,  in*1758.  He  acquired  a.  sinister 
kind  of  celebrity  by  his  History  of  the 
People  of  God,  in  eleven  quarto  volumes; 
a  work  founded  on  the  Bible,  and  written 
with  some  degree  of  elegance;  but  the 
events  in  which  are  tricked  out  in  all  the 
meretricious  ornaments  of  romance,  and 
are  sometimes  even  indecently  described. 
The  reading  of  it  was  prohibited  bv  seve- 
ral French  prelates  ;  two  popes  condemned 
it;  and  tne  parliament  of  Paris  summoned 
tlie  author  before  them;  all  which,  of 
course,  only  procured  for  it  an  accession 
of  reader?. 

BEKTAU'f  .  JOHN,  a  French  poet,  was 
born  U  Caen,  in  15.52,  and  died  in  1611. 

!!•    WOK     bi»h.*|l     of     S-'f/.,      .111(1      ci'llUJIKK       10 


BER 

Mary   d«*  Medicis.     Though   occasionally 
del'irmed    by  the   defects   of  the  age,  hi* 
iiave'a  considerable  degree  of  feel-  . 
•  i  etness,   and   clejjarce.      His  Stan 
/as,  beginning  "  Fclii-iti'  j'a.-s.-'c,"  are  s-ti 
popular. 

KERTIIIER,  AI.KXAMIKR,  a  di-trt 
<jni>hrd  officer,  was  hoi  n  at  Vei>aill-s,  ii> 
•  •rved  in  America  during  the  war  ol 
independence,  and  attained  the  rank  ot 
major-general  in  17J>2.  After  hav.ing 
f'.u_;ht  ii.illantlv  in  Vendee,  he  was  made 
general  of  di\ision,  and  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  Bonaparte's  staff  in  Italy.  He 
afterwards  acted  in  the  same  capacity 
with  him  in  Egypt.  In  both  countries  he 
signalized  his  talents  and  bra\ery.  On 
the  establishment  of  the  consulate,  he  be- 
came minister  of  the  war  department.  He 
was  subsequently  raised  to  be  a  marshal, 
vice  constable  of  the 
of  Neufchatel  and  Wa 
confidence  was  reposed  in  him  by  Napo- 
leon. On  the  first  restoration  of  Louis 


empire,  and   prince 
ra<rram.     Unlimited 


XVIII.  Berthier  immediately  recognized 
his  authority,  and  was  created  a  peer;  but 
when  Napoleon  returned,  his  old  com- 
panion and  confidant  withdrew  to  Barn- 
berg,  where,  in  a  fit  of  frenzy  or  remorse, 
he  threw  himself  from  a  window,  and  died 
on  the  1st  of  June,  1815. 


BERTHOLLET,  CLAUDE  Louis,  ao 
eminent  chemist,  was  born  at  Talloire,  in 
in  1748,  and  studied  medicine  at 
Turin.  Having  been  appointed  physician 
to  the  duke  of  Orleans,  he  settled  at  Paris, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences.  His  chemical  researches  were 
extensive,  and  the  results  highly  important. 
In  1799  he  accompanied  Bonaparte  to 
Egypt;  and,  under  the  empire,  he  wa» 
made  a  senator  and  an  officer  of  the  legion 
of  honour.  He  was,  however,  one  of  the 
first  to  desert  Napoleon,  and  was  rewarded 
with  tUe  title  of  count.  He  died  in  1822. 
Among  his  principal  works  are,  Elements 
of  the  Art  ofDveing;  Essay  on  Chemical 
Statics;  and  Inquiry  icto  the  I.au«  of  Af- 
finity. 

BERTHO  U  D,  F  E  RDI  N  A  N  i>,  one  of  the 
ibu»;  ,-.,.;., .•.-.»!  ittcchanSss  zrA  ir.nktm  of 


BES 


BET 


•Jiionometers,  was  born  at  Planremont,  in  Nkhohs.       His  death  took  place   at  Ra- 

IVciifchalcl,  in  1727,  and  settled  at    Parin,  vr-mia,  in  1472.     Bessarion  was  a  man  of 

in  the  neighbourhood  of  which  city  he  died,  tale-it,  and  a  promoter  of  literature.     The 

in  l.c'()7.     He  w  the  awthor  of  a  History  of  work  bv  which   he   is  best  known   is  his 


the  Measuring  of  Time  by  mean.*  of  Clocks, 
two  volumes  quarto;  and  of  several  other 
valuable  works  relative  to  his  art.  His 
nephew,  Louis,  inherited  his  talents. 

BERTIN,  ANTHONY,  one  of  the  most 
elegant  of  the  French  amatory  poets,  was 


Def.viee  of  Plato. 

BE.SSIERES,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  Duke 
of  Istria,  a  French  marshal,  was  born  in 
Poitou,  in  176f),  and  entered  the  army  in 
1792.  He  distinguished  himself  in  Italy 
and  in  Egypt,  and  at  Austerlitz,  Jena,  and 


born  in  1752,  in  the  isle  of  Bourbon,  and  Evlau;  commanded  a  corps  in  Spain;  and 
educated  in  France.  He  died  at  St.  Do- ;  the  cavalry  of  the  imperial  guard  in  1812 
mingo,  in  1790.  His  elegies,  in  four;  and  1S13.  He  was  killed  in  the  combat 
books,  published  in  1782,  under  the  title*  of  |  that  preceded  the  battle  of  Lutzen;  and 
the  Loves,  are  his  principal  productions, 
and  do  honour  to  his  poetical  talents. 


BERTINAZZI, CHARLES  ANTHONY, 


his  loss  was  greatly  regretted  by  Napoleon. 
Bessieres  was  a   general  of  talent,  a.id  an 


honourable  man. 


better  known  under  the  name  of  CARLINI,!  BETHENCOURT,  JOHN  DE,  a  cele- 
was  born  at  Turin,  in  1713,  and  was  at  brated  adventurer,  of  a  noble  family,  born 
fust  an  ensign,  but  exchanged  a  military  in  Normandy,  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
f>r  a  theatrical  life.  For  more  than  forty  j  was  chamberlain  to  Charles  VI.  Wishing 
years  he  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished;  to  avoid  bearing  a  part  in  the  dissensions 
comic  actors  at  Paris.  He  was  also  cele-  by  which  France  was  desolated,  he  resolved 
brated  for  his  gaiety  and  wit.  He  died  in  i  to  undertake  the  conquest  of  the  Canaries 
17S8.  I  This  purpose  he  accomplished  at  the  head 

BERTRANDI,  JOHN  AMBROSE  MA-jof  a  band  of  resolute  men,  and  received 
RiA,an  eminent  Italian  anatomist  and  sur-jthe  investiture  of  the  islands,  as  sovereign, 
goon,  was  born  at  Turin,  in  1723,  and  died  i  from  Henry  III.  of  Aragon.  He  died,  in 

•    .    1  ~rr»~  ¥T  c  /•  llirtr  1   '•  *        •        IfcT 


in  1765.  He  was  professor  of  surgery  and 
chemistry  in  his  native  city,  and  head  sur- 
geon to  the  king.  His  works  form  thir- 
teen vols.  8vo. 


The  principal  c 
a  Treatise  on  Surgical  Operatio 


1425,  on  his  estate  in  Normandy. 

BETHLEM-GABOR,  the  son  of  a  poor 
Transylvanian   calvinist    gentleman,    was 


of  them  is  patronised    by    Gabriel   Battori,  then  de- 
ns, throned  him,  and,    in  1613,    proclaimed 

BERWICK,  JA'MKSFIT/JAMKS,  Duke  j  himself  prince  of  Transylvania.  In  1618, 
of,  a  natural  son  of  James  II.,  was  born,  I  he  reduced  Hungary,  assumed  the  title  of 
in  1671.  at  Moulins,  in  France,  and  served!  king,  and  invaded  Austria  and  Moravia; 
with  distinction  in  Hungary,  Ireland,  and  j  whence,  however,  he  was  e*j  oiled  by  Til- 
Flanders.  In  1704,  he  commanded  injly.  A  treaty  ensued,  and  he  relinquished 
chief,  the  French  troops  in  Spain;  in  the  his  Hungarian  conquests;  but  remained 
following  year,  he  was  opposed  to  the  Lan-  sovereign  of  Transylvania  till  his  death,  in 
guedocian  insurgents;  and  in  1706,  being  i  1629. 
then  a  field  marshal,  was  again  at  the  head  |  BETTERTON,  THOMAS,  a  celebrated 


of  the  army  in  Spain,  and  gained  the  battle 
of    Almanza.     In    four    subsequent  cam- 


nrtor,  was  born,  in  1635,  at   Westminster, 
•*.  id  began  life  as  an  apprentice  to  a  book- 


pagns,  °  successfully  defended  Dauphine  j  binder.  At  the  age  of  twenty,  however, 
against  tiu-  attempts  of  the  duke  rf  Savoy,  j  he  went  upon  the  stage,  and  ultimately  ac- 
Hu  last  service  in  the  succession  war  was  |  quired  a  high  degree  of  reputation  as  a 


the  reduction  of  Barcelr 


In    1734,  he 


was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  French   ar- 
my on  the  Rhine,   and  was   killed   on  the 


tragic  actor;  especially  in  some  of  Shak- 
speare's  principal  characters.  In  1695,  he 
opened  a  new  theatre  in  Lincoln's  Inn 


12th  of  June*.  ;vt  the  siege  of  Philipsburg.  j  Fields;  but  this  speculation  was  unsuccess- 
He  is  the  author  of  his  own  Memoirs.  By,  ful.  He  died  in  1710.  Several  pieces 
Lord  Bolingbroke  he  is  considered  as  the!  were  altered  by  him  for  the  stage. 

BETTINELLI,  XAVIER,  an  elegant 
Italian  writer,  was  born  at  Mantua,  in 
1718,  and  became  a  member  of  the  society 
of  Jesuits.  For  some  years  he  had  the  di- 
rection of  the  college  of  nobles  at  Parma, 
and  afterwards  was  professor  of  eloquence 
at  Mudena.  He  continued  his  literary  ca- 
reer till  his  death,  which  took  place  at 
Venice,  in  1808.  His  works  occupy  24 


great  man  that  ever  lived. 
I»ESSARION,  Cardinr.UoiiN,  a  native 
i\(  T«-«»bi/.oii(l,  born  in  13.95,  was  made 
bishop  cl  Nic-.ra,  by  John  Paleologus,  and 
sent  by  him  into  Italy,  to  negotiate  the 
union  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  churches. 
Pope  Eugene  IV.  gave  him  a  cardinal's 
bat.  Be&sarion's  efforts,  however,  gave 
such  o  Hence  to  those  of  his  own  commun- 
"on,  that  he  thought  it  prudent  to  remain 

at  Koiue;  and  Pius  II.  ga\e  him  the  title!  tragedies,  and  three  by  poems.  Of  his 
of  patriarch  of  Constantinople.  He  was!  prose  works,  one  of  the  "most  celebtated  .» 
very  near  being  elected  pop«  on  the  death  of  j  Letters  of  Virgil.  Bettinelli  was  an  aU* 


vols.  12mo.,  of  which  two  are  occupied  by 


88  BEZ 

gant  miuded,   an   amiable,  and   a    p  o  ;s 
man. 

BEUCKELS,  WILLIAM,  a  fislierrran, 
a  native  of  Dutch  Flamiers,  is  oiu-  <>f  t'lose 
men  who  have  a  claim  to  l>e  considered  us 
benefactors  of  their  country.  About  the 
beginning  of  the  lifteeiuh  century,  he  dis- 
covered the  art  of  curing  and  bun-oiling 
.lerrings;  a  discovery  which  proved  in  the 
highest  degree  beneficial  to  his  native  land. 
His  countrymen  erected  a  statue  to  his 
memory,  and  his  tomb  was  visited  by 
Charles  V.  Konrkels  died  in  1  1 19. 

BEl'K.NONVILLE,  PETER  RIEL, 
Count  de  Beurnonville,  a  Fronrh  marshal, 
was  born  in  Burgundy,  in  1752,  served  in 
the  East  Indies,  and  under  Dumourier^and 
was  mide  minister  of  war  in  1793.  He 
was  one  of  the  republican  commissioners 
whom  Dnmourier  gave  up  to  the  Austrian*, 
and  was  imprisoned,  at  Olmutz,  till  1795. 
On  his  return  to  France,  he  was  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  armies  of  the  Sam- 
bre  and  the  Meuse,  and  of  Holland.  During 
the  consulate  he  was  ambassador  at  Berlin 
and  Madrid;  and,  under  the  empire,  was 
grand  officer  of  the  legion  of  honour,  sena- 
tor and  count.  He  voted  for  the  deposi- 
tion of  Napoleon,  followed  Louis  to  Ghent, 
was  rewarded  with  the  title  of  marshal, 
and  died  in  April,  1821. 

BEVERIDGE,  WILLIAM,  an  English 
prelate,  and  an  eminent  orientalist  and 
theologian,  was  born  at  Barrow,  in  Leices- 
tershire, in  1636,  and  .  educated  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge.  Before  he  was 
twenty,  he  acquired  a  critical  knowledge  of 
the  oriental  languages.  He  was  offered 
the  see  of  Bath  and  Wells  in  1691,  but 
declined  it,  on  conscientious  motives.  In 
1704,  however,  he  was  made  bishop  of  St. 
Asaph.  He  died  in  1707.  Of  his  volu- 
minous works,  part  posthumous,  his  Ser- 
mons, above  one  hundred  and  fifty  in  num- 
ber, and  his  Private  Thoughts  onReligion, 
are,  perhaps,  the  best  known. 

BEWICK,  JOHN  and  THOMAS,  reviv- 
ers of  the  art  of  wood  engraving,  which, 
till  tneirtime,  was  sunk  to  the  lowest  state, 
resided  at  Newcastle  upon  Tyne,  where,  in 
1790,  they  published  a  History  of  Quadru- 
peds, which  was  succeeded,  in  1797,  by  a 
History  of  British  Birds.  John  Bewick 
died  in  1795,  and  his  brother  Thomas  in 
1828. 

BEZA,  or  BEZE,  THEODORE,  oneof 
the  most  eminent  of  the  reformers,  was  born 
at  Vezelai,  in  the  Nivernois,  in  1519,  and 
was  originally  a  catholic,  and  intended  for 
the  law.  At  the  age  of  twenty,  he  gained 
an  unenviable  reputation,  by  the  composi- 
tion of  Latin  poetry  which  was  at  once  ele- 
gant and  licentious,  and  which,  some  years 
afterwards,  he  published  under  the  title  of 
Juvenile  Poems.  Though  not  in  orders,  he 
povMssed  benefices  of  considerable  value. 


KIA 

These,  however,  he  abandoned   in   1548, 
and  retired   to   Geneva,  where  he  publiclj 


abjured  popery.  To  this  he  was  induced 
by  his  having  meditated,  dt/ ing  illness, 
upon  the  doctrines  which  he  haJ  heard 
from  his  protestant  tutor,  Melchior  Wol- 
mar;  and,  perhaps,  also,  in  some  measure, 
by  his  attachment  to  a  lady,  whom  he 
carried  with  him  to  Geneva,  and  married. 
He  now  accepted  the  Greek  professorship 
at  Lausanne,  which  he  held  for  ten  years 
It  was  while  he  was  thus  occupied  thai 
he  produced  his  tragedy  of  Abraham's 
Sacrifice,  his  version  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, and  his  hateful  defence  of  the  right 
of  the  magistrate  to  punish  heritics.  In 
1559  he  removed  to  Geneva,  and  became 
the  colleague  of  Calvin,  through  whom 
he  was  appointed  rector  of  the  academy, 
and  theological  professor.  Two  years 
after  this,  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
conference  at  Poissy,  and  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  Dreux".  He  returned  to  Ge- 
neva, in  1563,  succeeded  Calvin  in  his 
offices  and  influence,  and  was  thence- 
forward considered  as  the  head  of  the  cal- 
vinistir.  church.  After  an  exceedingly  ac- 
tive life,  he  died  on  the  13th  of  October, 
1605.  His  theological  works  are  numer- 
ous, but  are  now  nearly  forgotten. 

BEZOUT,  STEPHEN,  a  celebrated 
mathematician,  and  mathematical  exam- 
iner of  the  naval  and  artillery  schools,  was 
born  at  Nemours,  in  1730,  and  died  in  the 
Gatinois,  in  1783.  He  is  the  author  of 
a  General  Theory  of  Algebraic  Equations; 
and"  two  Courses  of  Mathematics,  the 
one  in  four  volumes,  the  other  in  six,  for 
the  use  of  the  royal  marine  and  artillery 
schools.  One  anecdote  proves  the  kind- 
ness and  courage  of  Bezout.  Though  he 
had  never  had  the  small  pox,  he  ventured 
to  the  bedside  of  two  youths  of  the  naval 
academy,  who  were  labouring  under  it, 
and  who  would  have  been  thrown  back  a 
year  in  their  promotion,  had  he  not  ex 
ami ned  them. 

BIANCHI,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  a  cele- 
brated Italian  naturalist,  was  born  at  Tu- 
rin, in  1681,  took  his  doctor's  degree  at 
the  early  age  of  seventeen,  and  WM  pr«* 


BIC 

fessor  at  Turin  till  his  death,  in  1761. 
His  anatomical  works  are  numerous; 
among  them  may  be  mentioned  Ductus 
Laerymalis  Novi;  De  Lacteorum  Vaso- 
rum;"  Letterasull'insensibilita;  and  Histo- 
ria  Hepatica. 

BIANCHI,  JOHN  an  Italian  naturalist, 
better  known  under  the  Latin  name  of 
JANUS  PI.ANCUS,  was  born  at  Rimini,  in 
1693,  and  died  there  in  1775.  He  was 
eminent  as  a  naturalist,  physician,  and  an- 
atomist; collected  in  his  travels  a  fine  cabi- 
net of  natural  history;  and  was  the  reviver 
of  the  Academy  of  the  Leincei. 

BlAJVCHIm,  FKANCIS,  an  eminent 
Italian  mathematician  and  antiquary,  was 
born  at  Verona,  in  1662,  and  died  in  1729. 
He  was  patronised  by  three  popes,  enno- 
bled by  the  Roman  senate,  corresponded 
with  the  most  celebrated  men  of  his  time, 
and  displayed  the  most  persevering  activity 
and  talent  in  mathematical  and  antiquarian 
pursuits.  His  works  are  numerous,  and 
distinguished  by  erudition ;  among  them 
are  Memoirs  on  the  Comets  of  1684  and 
1702;  the  first  part  of  a  Universal  His- 
tory; and  Miscellaneous  Pieces. — His 
nephew  JOSEPH  was  also  a  man  of  learn- 
ing and  an  author. 

131  AS,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of  Greece, 
who  flourished  about  B.  c.  565,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Priene,  one  of  the  principal  cities 
of  Ionia.  He  was  equally  remarkable  for 
his  virtues  and  his  knowledge.  When 
the  cause  of  his  friends  was  just,  he  would 
plead  for  them  befire  the  tribunals;  but 
he  would  never  lend  his  talents  to  injus- 
tice; whence  the  phrase,  "a  cause  of  the 
Prienian  orator,"  was  used  to  signify  a 
good  cause.  He  died  at  an  advanced  age. 

BIBBIENA,  Cardinal  BERNARD, 
whose  name  was  DOVIZZK,  was  bom  at 
Bibbiena,  in  1479,  rose  to  the  dignity  of 
cardinal  in  1513,  and  died  suddenly  in 
1520,  supposed  to  have  been  poisoned. 
Bibbiena  ranks  among  the  restorers  c,f  the 
Italian  theatre;  his  comedy,  intitied  La 
Calandria,  being  the  first  that  was  written 
according  to  the  rules  of  the  ancients. 

BICHAT,  MAKIE  FRANCIS  XAVIKR, 
a  French  physician  and  physiologist,  was 
born  at  Thoisette,  in  Bresse,  in  1771,  and 
was  a  pupil  of  Petit  and  of  Dussault.  He 
succeeded  Dussault  as  medical  professor 
at  the  Hotel  Dieu,  and  retained  the  situa- 
tion till  his  decease,  in  1802.  His  talents 
were  of  a  high  order,  and  his  countrymen 
look  upon  him  as  the  man  who  raised 
pathological  anatomy  to  the  dignity  of  a 
science.  He  is  the  author  of  a  Treatise 
*n  tlie  Membranes;  Physiological  l\e- 
eearches  on  Lite  and  Death;  and  Anatomy 
in  general,  as  applied  to  Physiology  and 
iMedicine.  This  last  work,  which  is  in 
(b'ir  volumes,  is  regarded  as  his  master- 


BIDDLE,  NICHOLAS,  an  American 
laval  officer,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  in 
1750.  He  entered  the  British  fleet  in 
1770,  having  previously  served  several 
years  as  a  seaman  on  board  merchant 
dtips.  On  the  commencement  of  hostili- 
ties between  the  colonies  and  the  raothei 
country,  he  returned  to  Philadelphia,  :uic 
received  from  Congress  the  captaincy  of 
the  Andrew  Doria,  a  brig  of  14  guns, 
employed  in  the  expedition  against  New- 
Providence.  Towards  the  close  of  1770, 
he  received  command  of  the  Randolph,  a 
new  frigate  of  32  guns,  with  which  he 
soon  captured  a  Jamaica  fleet  of  four  sail 
richly  laden.  This  prize  he  carried  into 
Charleston,  and  was  soon  after  furnished 
by  the  government  of  that  town  with  four 
additional  vessels,  to  attack  several  Brit- 
ish cruisers,  at  that  time  harassing  the 
commerce  of  the  vicinity.  He  fell  in  with 
the  royal  line  of  battle  s'hip  Yarmouth,  of 
64  guns,  on  the  7th  of  March,  1778,  and 
after  an  action  of  twenty  minutes,  perish- 
ed with  all  his  crew  except  four,  by  die 
blowing  up  of  the  t\\\p. 

BIDDLE,  JOHN,  an  eminent  Socinian 
writer  and  preacher,  was  born  at  Wootton 
under  Edge,  in  1615,  was  educated  at  Ox- 
ford, and,  in  1641,  became  master  of 
Gloucester  Free  School.  From  this  office, 
however,  he  was  expelled,  in  consequence 
of  his  having  oppugned  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity.  For  the  same  cause  he  was 
twice  imprisoned,  was  in  peril  of  his  life, 
and  was  banished  to  Sicily.  Cromwell 
liberated  him  in  1658,  and  he  became  pas- 
tor of  an  independent  congregation.  In 
1662,  he  ^s  again  apprehended,  fined  a 
hundred  pounds,  and  committed  to  prison, 
where  he  died  of  the  gaol  fever,  in  Sep- 
tember. Biddle  was  a  virtuous  and  be- 
nevolent man.  lie  is  regarded  as  the  fa- 
ther of  the  modern  Unitarians. 

BIDLAKE,  JOHN,  burn  at  Plymouth, 
in  1755,  was  a  divine,  who  attained  some 
reputation  as  a  poet.  He  took  his  degree 
at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  and  was  ap- 
pointed master  of  Plymouth  school.  In 
1811,  while  delivering"  a  Bamptun  lecture, 
he  was  seized  with  an  epileptic  fit,  which 
brought  on  total  blindness.  He  died  in 
1814.  He  published  three  volumes  of 
sermons  and  lectures;  Eugenio,  a  tale; 
Virginia,  a  tragedy;  the  poems  of  the 
Sea,  the  Country  Parson,  the  Summer's 
Eve,  and  Youth;"  and  a  volume  of  minor 
poetry. 

BIDLOO,  GODFREY,  an  eminent  ana- 
tomist, born  in  1649,  at  Amsterdam,  v\as 
successively  anatomical  professor  at  the 
lja;;ue  and  at  Leyilen.  He  emitted  his 
situation  at  the  latter  place  to  be  physician 
to  King  William,  but  resumed  it  on  ihe 
monarch's  doath.  He  is  the  author  <;f  va- 
rious woikd  all  uicritdiioiu  but  his  ruin« 


M  BIL 

rests  chiefly  on  the  Anatomy  of  toe  Human 
I>odv,  in  Latin,  which  is  illustrated  by  one 
hundred  and  fourteen  p.ate?.  He  died  in 
1713. 

BIELFELD,  JAMES  FRCDKRU  ,  Bar- 
on de.  was  born  at  Hamburgh,  in  1716, 
and  was  tutor  to  the  king  of  Prussia's 


brother,    and    afterwards    curator    of 
universities,  and  a   privv   counsellor. 


the 
He 

died  in  1770.  Two  of  his  tast  works, 
Political  Institutions,  and  Elements  n{ 
Universal  Erudition,  have  been  translated 
into  English. 

RIEVKE,  MARECHAI,,  Marquis  de,  a 
eon  of  the  king's  head  surgeon,  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  1747,  and  acquired  a  reputa- 
tion by  his  repartees,  and,  especially,  by 
his  pertinacious  spirit  of  punning;  no 
word  or  expression  escaped  him  on  which 
he  could  make  a  pun.  He  was,  however, 
capable  of  better  things;  for,  among  other 


BIR 

she  returned  to  the  London  stage,  ami  w> 

tonishfd  the  whole  world  by  her  Mandane, 
a  performance  tlr.t  has  never  sinre  beer 
equalled  in  Engli.-h  opera.  In  1817  «ne 
quitted  England  for  ever,  and  died  aft' r  a 
short  illness  at  an  estate  she  had  pur- 
chased in  the  Venetian  territories. 

BILSO.N,  THOMAS,  a  prelate,  l>orn  al 
Winchester,  in  1536,  where,  and  at  Ox- 
ford, he  was  educated.  The  Perpetual 
Government  of  Christ's  Church,  which  ne 
published  in  15.93,  led  to  his  obtaining  the 
see  of  Worcester,  whence  he  was  transla- 
ted to  that  of  Winchester.  In  the  Hamp- 
ton Court  conference  he  bore  a  prominent 
part;  and,  in  conjunction  with  Bishop 
Smith,  had  the  revision  of  the  new  trans- 
lation of  the  Bible.  He  died  in  1616.  He 
produced  various  controversial  works  and 
sermons. 

BINGHAM,  JOSEPH,  an  eminent  di- 


works,  he    produced    two    comedies,  the    vine,  was  born  at  Wakefield,  in  Yorkshire, 


Seducer,  and  the  Reputations,  the  first  of 
which  has  considerable  merit.  He  died 
in  1789.  Even  on  the  brink  of  the  grave 
he  persisted  to  pun.  His  decease  took 
place  at  Spa,  and  just  before  it  he  said  to 
a  friend,  "  Je  pars  de  Spa  (de  ce  pas)." 
His  jests  have  been  collected  into  a  vol- 
ume, called  Bievriana. 

BILFINGER,  GEORGE  BERNARD,  a 
man  of  almost  universal  learning,  was  born 
at  Canstadt,  in  Wurtemberg,  in  1693.  In 
1725,  being  then  professor  of  logic  and 
metaphysics  at  Petersburg!!,  his  Disserta- 
tion, on  the  cause  of  the  weight  of  bodies, 
gained  the  prize  offered  by  the  Prussian 
Academy  of  Sciences.  His  reputation 
caused  him  to  be  recalled  to  Wurtemberg, 
where  the  duke  appointed  hilh  a  privy 
counsellor,  and  placed  unbounded  confi- 
dence in  him.  Bilfinger  did  much  for  the 
advancement  of  education,  agriculture, 
and  commerce,  in  his  native  country.  He 
died  in  1750.  Among  his  works  may  be 
mentioned  Dilucidationes  Philosophic^  ; 
and  De  Harmonia  Anima  et  Corporu  IIu- 


1668,  and  educated  at  Oxford,  where 
he  obtained  a  fellowship,  which  he  resign- 
ed, in  consequence  of  being  censured  for 
heterodox  opinions  concerning  the  Trinity. 
He  then  retired  to  his  living  of  Head- 
bourne  Worthy,  in  Hampshire.  In  1712, 
he  obtained  the  rectory  of  Havant :  in 
1720,  he  was  nearly  ruined  by  the  South 
Sea  bubble;  and  he  died  in  1723.  His 
Origines  Ecelesiasticie  is  a  valuable  work. 

BION,  a  Greek  pastoral  poet,  a  native 
of  Smyrna,  was  a  contemporary  of  Theo- 
critus, and  the  friend  of  Moschtis;  and  is 
said  to  have  died  by  poison,  about  B.  c. 
300.  Some,  however,  maintai  ,  that  he 
lived  a  century  later  than  Theocritus.  His 
Iiiyllia  are  remarkable  for  elegance  and 
pastoral  sweetness. 

BION,  a  Greek  philosopher,  of  Bory*- 
thenes,  in  Scythia,  died  about  B.  c.  240. 

He  was  first   a   cvnic,   then  a  disciple  of 
-  -  -        -        r  rr. 


Theodorus,  the  atheist,  and  lastly  of  Theo- 
phrastus.  Bion  was  skilled  in  music  and 
poetry,  and  had  a  talent  for  repartee. 

BIRAGUE,  CLKMENT,  an  engraver  of 
precious   stones,   was  a  native   of   .Milan, 
BILLINGTON,  ELIZABETH,  the  most !  and   flourished  in  Spain,  about  the  middle 


celebrated  English  singer  of  her  day,  was 
born  in  England  in  1770,  being  the  daugh- 
ter of  .Mr.  Weichsell,  a  German.  At  the 
age  of  fourteen  she  made  her  first  appear- 
ance as  a  singer,  at  Oxford,  and  two  years 
afterwards  married  Mr.  Billington,  whom 
she  accompanied  to  Dublin.  Here  she 
made  her  debut  in  the  opera  of  Orpheus 
and  Kuridice.  On  returning  to  London, 
•he  appeared  at  Covent  Garden  with 
great  success,  and  rapidly  acquired  a  high 
•eputation.  She  afterwards  visited  the 
continent  to  avail  herself  of  the  instruc- 
tions of  the  masters  of  the  art  in  Paris  and 
Italy.  In  1796  she  appeared  at  Venice 
and  at  Rome,  receiving  every  where  the 
loudest  expressions  of  applaus*.  In  1801 


of  the  sixteenth  century.  He  was  the 
ventor  of  enerajinz  on  the  diamond,  and 
his  first  work  of  tlvit  kind  was  a  portrait 
of  the  unfortunate  Don  Carlos. 

BIRCH,  THOMAS,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, of  more  research  than  elegance,  was 
born  in  Clerkenwell,  in  1705,  and  was  orig- 
inally a  (maker.  He  took  orders,  obtained 
various  church  preferments,  and  was  made 
D.  D.  and  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the 
Royal  Society.  He  was  killed  by  a  fall  from 
his  horse,  in  1766.  Among  his  numerous 
works  are  a  History  of  the  Royal  Society; 
Lives  to  Houbraken  and  Vertue's  heads; 
Memoirs  of  Queen  Elizabeth;  Lives  of 
Boyle,  Trtlotson,  Greaves,  War:,  Kaleigk, 
and  Henry  Prince  of  Wales. 


BIB 

BIRD,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent  musician, 
who  flourished  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign, 


BLA 


91 


Sn: 

died  in  1623,  at  the  age  of  eighty.  He 
coint  >osed  a  great  number  of  pieces  of  sa- 
cred music;  and  "  Non  nobis,  Domine," 
is  generally  attributed  to  him. 

BIRD,  EDWARD,  R.  A.  a  painter  of 
considerable  merit,  especially  in  comic  sub- 
jects. He  was  patronised  by  the  marquis 
of  Stafford,  and  was  appointed  historical 
painter  to  the  Princess  Charlotte  of  Wales. 
lie  died  at  Bristol,  in  1819. 

BIREN,  JOHK  ERNEST  DE,  Duke  of 
Courland  and  Semigallki,  was  born  in 
1687,  and  \s  said  to  have  been  the  son  of  a 
Courland  peasant.  He,  however,  was  well 
educated,  and  had  a  handsome  person ; 
and  by  these  means  he  obtained  an  un- 
bounded influence  over  Anne,  duchess  of 
Courland,  the  daughter  of  Peter  I.  When 
•he  ascended  the  throne  of  Russia,  she 
committed  the  reins  of  government  to  Biren, 
who  ruled  tyrannically,  but  with  talent.  In 
1737  she  made  him  duke  of  Courland,  and 
on  her  death,  in  1740,  left  him  the  regency 
of  Russia.  A  revolution  banished  him  to 
Siberia;  but  he  was  afterwards  allowed  to 
reside  at  Yaraslof.  He  was  recalled  by 
Peter  III.,  and  his  duchy  was  restored  to 
him  by  Catherine.  After  having  reigned 
six  years  with  great  mildness,  he  resigned 
the  throne  to  his  son,  and  died  in  1772,  at 
Mittau. 

BIRKENHEAD,  SIR  JOHN,  an  active 
political  writer,  was  born  in  1615,  and  was 
the  son  of  a  saddler  at  North wich,  in 
Cheshire.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
and  became  amanuensis  to  Laud,  who  pro- 
cured him  a  fellowship  at  All  Souls.  Du- 
ring the  civil  wars  he  conducted  the  Mer- 
curius  Aulicus,  and  wrote  many  pieces  on 
the  king's  side,  for  which  he  was  often 
imprisoned.  At  the  restoration,  he  was 
rewarded  by  knighthood,  and  by  various 
offices,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  par- 
liament. He  died  in  1679. 

BIRON,  ARMAND  DE  GONTAUT,  Ba- 
ron de,  a  celebrated  French  marshal,  was 
born  about  1524,  in  Perigord,  began  his 
military  career  in  Piedmont,  and  continued 
it  in  F"rance,  during  the  civil  wars.  He 
fought  at  Dreux,  St.  Denis,  and  Montcon- 
tour.  In  1560,  he  concluded  the  peace 
between  the  protestants  and  catholics.  Bi- 
ron  was  one  of  the  first  who  recognised  the 
title  of  Henry  IV.,  and  was  highly  valued 
by  him.  He  was  killed  at  the  siege  of 
Epernay,  in  1592. 

BIRON,  CHARLES  DE  GONTAUT, 
Duke  of,  son  of  Armand,  was  born  in  1561 
He  acquired  great  glory  at  the  battles  of 
Arques  and  Ivry,  the  combat  of  Aumale 
and  «he  sieges  of  Paris  and  Rouen.  Hen- 
ry IV.  loaded  him  with  honours,  consider 
ed  him  as  one  of  his  bosom  friends,  aiu 
appointed  him  I"s  ambassador  to  England 


he  Netherlands,  and  Switzerland  He 
;ven  exposed  himself  to  save  his  life,  at 
he  skirmish  of  Fontaine-Francaise.  Biron, 
icvertheless,  conspired  with  Spain  and 
vavoy  against  his  sovereign,  and  was  con- 
equently  beheaded  in  1602. 

BISHOP,  SAMUEL,  a  divine,  born  at 
Condon,  in  1731,  was  educated  at  Merchant 
Tailors'  and  at  Oxford,  and  became  mas- 
er  of  Merchant  Tailors'  school,  and  rector 
>f  St.  Martin  Outwich,  and  Ditton,  in 
Kent.  He  died  in  1795.  His  poems, 
many  of  which  have  considerable  merit, 
orm  two  quarto  volumes. 

BISSET,  EGBERT,  a  native  of  Scot- 
and,  was  bred  at  Edinburgh,  for  the  church, 
nit  took  the  degree  of  D.  C.  L.,  and  be- 
came a  schoolmaster,  at  Chelsea,  in  which 
profession,  however,  he  failed.  He  then 
levoted  himself  to  literature.  He  died  in 
1805,  at  the  age  of  46  years.  Among 
other  things,  he  is  the  author  of  a  History 
of  the  Reign  of  Georg*  III.;  a  Life  of 
Burke;  a  Sketch  of  Den  ocracy ;  Douglas, 
a  novel ;  and  Lives  appended  to  an  edition 
of  the  Spectator. 

BITAUBE,  PAUL  JEREMIAH,  a  na- 
ive of  Konigsberg,  in  Prussia,  the  son  of 
French  refugee  parents,  was  born  in  1732, 
educated  as  a  protestant  divine,  and  became 
i  member  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Berlin. 
lie  settled  at  Paris,  was  incarcerated  dur- 
ing the  revolution,  and  was  subsequently 
admitted  into  the  Institute,  and  made  one 
of  the  first  members  of  the  legion  of  hon- 
our. He  died  in  1808.  His  works  have 
aeen  collected  in  nine  volumes  octavo.  The 
principal  of  them  are,  Joseph,  a  poem; 
he  Batavians,  a  poem;  and  a  translation 
of  Homer.  % 

BIVAR,  DON  RODRIGO  DIAZ  DE,  a 
Spanish  hero,  known  'n  history  and  ro- 
mance under  the  name  of  the  "Cid,  was 
born  at  Burgos,  about  1040.  In  numerous 
encounters  with  the  Moors  he  displayed 
astonishing  valour;  and  though  he  was 
twice  unjustly  banished,  he  still  fought  in 
behalf  of  his  country.  He  died,  in  1099, 
at  Valencia,  which  city  he  had  conquered 
at  the  head  of  a  few  knights  who  followed 
his  fortunes. 

BLACK,  JOSEPH,  an  eminent  modern 
chemist,  was  born  at  Bordeaux,  in  1728, 
of  British  parents,  was  educated  at  Bel- 
fast, Glasgow,  and  Edinburgh,  and  studied 
chemistry  under  Dr.  Cullen.  He  took  his 
doctor's  degree  in  1754,  and  in  1765  ob- 
tained the  chemical  professorship  at  Edin- 
burgh. His  death  took  place  December  6, 
1799.  His  various  discoveries,  particularly 
with  respect  to  fixed  air  and  latent  heat, 
have  immortalized  his  name  in  the  records 
of  philosophy.  H  is  Lectures  on  Chemistry 
were  published  in  1803,  by  Professor  Rob*  , 
insoN. 
BLACKBURNE,  FRANCIS,  a  tbeok* 


n  BLA 

gian,  wa*  born  at  Richmond,  in  Yorkshire, 
n  1705,  and  was  educated  at  Cambridge. 
In  1750,  he  was  made  archdeacon  of 

Cleveland.  He  was  a  friend  to  religious 
liberty,  and  hostile  to  confessions  of  faith. 
On  this  subject  he  was  deeply  involved  in 
controversy.  The  most  celebrated  of  his 
performances  on  it  is  the  Confessional, 
which  appeared  in  1776.  His  works  have 
been  collected  in  six  volumes  octavo.  He 
died  in  ITS?. 

BLACKLOCK,  THOMAS,  a  divine  and 
poet,  was  born  at  Annan,  in  Dumfries,  in 
1721,  and  lost  his  sight  by  the  small  pox, 
When  he  was  only  six  months  old.  To 
an.use  and  instruct  him,  his  father  and 
friend  used  to  read  to  him,  and  by  this 
means  he  acquired  a  fund  of  information, 
and  even  some  knowledge  of  Latin.  At 
the  age  of  twelve  he  began  to  versify,  and 
his  devotion  to  the  Muses  was  continued 
through  life.  Considering  his  circumstan- 
ces, his  poems  have  great  merit.  He  studi- 
ed at  the  university  of  Edinburgh  for  ten 
years,  and  his  progress  in  the  sciences  was 
verv  considerable.  He  was  ordained  min- 
ister of  Kircudbright,  but,  being  opposed 
by  the  parishioners,  he  retired  on  an  annu- 
ity, and  received  students  at  Edinburgh  as 
boarders,  and  assisted  them  in  their  studies. 
Besides  his  poems,  he  is  the  author  of  some 
theological  works,  and  an  article  on  the 
education  of  the  blind:  the  latter  was 
printed  in  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica. 
He  died  in  July,  1791,  regretted  by  all  his 
friends. 

BLACKMORE,  Sir  RICHARD,  a  poet 
and  physician,  was  born  in  Wiltshire,  ed- 
ucated at  Oxford,  took  his  degree  at  Padua, 
and  was  knighted  by  William  III.  who 
also  appointed  him  his  physician.  He  was 
afterwards  physician  to  Queen  Anne.  In 
1696,  he  published  his  first  poem,  Prince 
Arthur,  which  was  rapidly  succeeded  by 
other  works ;  nor  was  he  deterred  from 
pursuing  his  career  by  the  ridicule  which 
was  heaped  upon  him  by  Dryden,  Pope, 
and  nearly  all  the  wits  of  the  age,  whose 
dislike  of  him  was  sharpened  by  his  whig 
princip^s.  He  is  the  author  of  nearly 
thirty  works,  in  verse  and  prose;  of  the 
latter  many  are  on  medical  subjects.  His 
best  poem  is  intitled  Creation.  Blackmore 
was  an  indilferent  poet,  but  he  was  un- 
doubtedly possessed  of  considerable  talent, 
and  was  a  pious  and  worthy  man.  He 
died  in  1729. 

BLACKSTONE,  Sir  \Vu.i.i  A  M  ,  an  em- 
inent lawyer,  was  the  third  son  of  a  silk 
mercer,  and  was  born  in  London,  in  1723. 
After  having  been  for  sever;.!  vears  at  the 
Charter  House,  he  completed  his  education 
at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford,  and  at  both 
••rior  talent.  When 


Architecture. 


BLA 

Having    chosen 


the    pro- 


the  law,  and  entered  the  Middle 


he  was  only  tuuiity,   he  composed,  for  his 


Temple,  in  1741,  he  wrote  his  elegant  val- 
edictory poem,  the  Lawyer's  Farewell  to 
his  Muse.  In  1743,  he  was  elected  a  A-llow 
of  All  Souls,  and  in  1746,  he  was  called  it. 
the  bar,  and  went  the  circuit,  but  obtained 
little  practice.  He  remained  in  compara- 
tive obscurity  till  1753,  when  he  began  to 
deliver,  at  Oxford,  his  lectures  on  the  En- 
Ijli.-hlaws;  which,  in  1765  and  the  four  fol- 
lowing years,  he  published,  with  the  title  of 
Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  England. 
In  consequence  of  these  lectures,  lie  was 
elected  Vinerian  professor  of  law  in  the 
university,  and  obtained  a  g.-e-it  accession 
of  business.  In  1761,  he  sat  in  parliament^ 
as  member  for  llindon,  and  was  made* 
king's  counsel,  and  solicitor-general  to  the 
queen.  In  1770,  he  was  offered  the  place 
of  solicitor-general,  but  declined  it,  and 
was  made  a  judge  of  the  king's  bench, 
whence  he  was  soon  after  transferred  to 
the  common  pleas.  He  died  in  17SO. 
His  Law  Tracts  were  published  in  1762, 
and  his  Reports,  two  volumes  folio,  after  his 
death.  Blackstone  was  the  first  who  wrote 
on  the  dry  and  repulsive  subject  of  En- 
glish law  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  excite 
disgust  in  a  reader  of  taste  Like  almost 
all  lawyers,  he  leans  to  the  suie  cf  prero- 


gative;   nor    is 
largement    in    1 


there    much    more  of  en- 
principles  of   religious 


liberty.  For  this  reason  he  was  expo- ed 
to  attack  from  Priestley,  Beutham,  ;siid 
Junius. 

BLACK\yELL,  ELIZABETH,  a  wo- 
man of  considerable  talent,  who,  to  provide 
subsistence  for  her  husband,  who  was  in 
prison  for  debt,  published,  in  two  volumes 
folio,  1737  and  17:JJ>,  a  Herbal, containing 
five  hundred  plates,  drawn,  engraved,  and 
coloured  by  herself.  Her  husband,  A  I.  KX- 
AMDII,  was  born  at  Aberdeen,  brought 
OD  M  a  physician,  and  went  to  S\v»<!en, 
about  1740,  where  he  was  beheaded  on  a 
charge  of  being  ccn-.enied  iu  Count  Tes- 
sin's  plot. 

IM.ACKWKLL,  THOMAS,  brother  of 
Alexander,  was  born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1701 


Treatise   on    the  Elements  of  I  and  at  the  aye  of  twenty-one  Lcraw#>  ( MC«  k 


BLA 

professor  at  Marischal  College,  of  which, 
in  1748,  he  was  appointed  principal.  He 
died  in  1757.  He  is  the  author  of  an 
Inquiry  into  the  Life  and  Writings  of 
Homer;  Letters  concerning  Mythology; 
and  Memoirs  of  the  Court  ot  Augustus. 
The  bad  taste  which  marked  the  style  of 
the  latter  work,  drew  down  upon  its  au- 
'or  the  caustic  criticism  of  Johnson. 

BLAEU,  WILLIAM,  a  pi  inter  and  geo- 
grapher of  Amsterdam,  the  scholar  and 
friend  of  Tycho  Brahe,  was  born  at  Am- 
sterdam, in  1571,  and  died  in  1638.  His 
great  work  is  his  Theatrum  Mundi,  three 
volumes  folio,  which  was  republishcd  in 
fourteen  volumes,  by  his  sons  JOHN  and 
CORNELIUS;  the  former  of  whom  pro- 
duced valuable  geographical  works  on  Bel- 
gium, Italy,  and  Piedmont. 

BLAIR,  ROEKRT,  a  divine  and  poet, 
was  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1699,  and  edu- 
cated at  that  university.  He  was  minister 
of  Athelstaneford,  in  East  Lothian,  where 
he  died  in  1747.  His  poem  of  the  Grave  is 
popular,  and  deservedly  so,  and  has  obtain- 
ed him  a  place  among  our  standard  poets. 

BLAIR,  JOHN,  a  phrenologist,  was  a 
native  of  Edinburgh,  and  a  near  relation 
of  Dr.  Hugh  Blair,  who  materially  assisted 
him  in  the  composition  of  his  principal 
work,  the  Chronology  and  History  of  the 
World,  which  was  published  in  1754,  and 
to  which  he  afterwards  added  maps  of 
ancient  and  modern  geography.  This 
work  procured  him  considerable  church 
preferment.  He  died  in  1782. 


great   felicity  of  language  and  argu 
His  lectures  still  remain  a  standard 


BLAIR,  DK.  HUGH,  was  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, in  1718,  and  was  the  son  of  a  mer- 
chant. He  was  educated  at  the  university 
of  his  native  city,  and  was  licensed  to 
preach  in  1741,  when  he  became  minister 
of  Colessie,  in  Fife.  In  1743  he  was  ap- 
pointed minister  of  the  Canongate,  Edin- 
burgh; in  1754  he  was  removed  to  Lady 
Yester's ;  and  in  1759  to  the  High  Church, 
where  lie  continued  during  the  remainder 
of  his  life.  A  professorship  of  rhetoric 
and  belles  lettres  having  been  founded  by 
his  majesty,  in  1762,  Dr.  Blair  was  ap- 
ointed  professor;  and  here  originated  his 
jectures  on  Composition,  which  he  pub- 


BLA  M 

lished  in  178JJ.  The  first  volume  of  his 
Sermons  was  published  in  1777,  and  ac- 
quired such  a  rapid  popularity,  that  he 
not  only  obtained  a  large  sum  of  money  for 
the  succeeding  volumes,  but  was  rewarded 
with  a  pension  of  two  hundred  pounds  per 
annum.  Dr.  Blair  died  at  Edinburgh,  in 
1800.  In  his  Sermons  his  style  is  elegant, 
and  he  enforces  the  moral  duties  with 

ment. 
vvoik. 

BLAKE,  ROBKRT,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  of  British  admirals,  was  born 
at  Bridgewatcr,  in  1599,  and  educated  at 
Wadham  College,  Oxford.  By  the  interest 
of  the  puritans,  he  was  elected  member  for 
Bridgewater,  in  1640.  In  the  struggle 
between  Charles  I.  and  his  people,  "he 
espoused  the  cause  of  liberty,  and  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  gallant  defence  of 
Taunton,  and  other  exploits.  In  1649  he 
was  put  in  command  of  the'  fleet.  His  first 
achievement  was  the  destruction  of  Prince 
Rupert's  squadron,  at  Malaga.  In  1652 
and  1653  he  fought  four  desperate  engage- 
ments with  the  Dutch  fleet,  under  Van 
Tromp,  in  two  of  which  the  enemy  were 
defeated  with  great  less.  The  next  theatre 
of  Blake's  glory  was  the  Mediterranean, 
to  which  he  sailed  in  1654,  and  where  he 
destroyed  the  Tunisian  castles  ofGoletta 
and  Porto  Ferino,  and  intercepted  the 
Spanish  plate  fleet.  Having  received  in- 
telligence that  another  plate  tleet  was  lying 
at  Santa  Cruz,  in  Teneriffe,  he  Bailed 
thither,  forced  his  way  into  the  harbour, 
burned  the  ships,  and  came  out  without 
having  sufi'ered  any  loss.  His  health  was 
now  entirely  broken,  and  he  bent  his  course 
homeward,  but  expired  Auj»  '.=t  27,  1657, 
while  the  fleet  was  entering  Plymouth 
Sound.  His  body  was  interred  by  a  pub- 
\\c  funeral,  in  Henry  the  Seventh's  Cha|  el; 
but  on  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  it 
was  torn  from  its  resting  place,  and  buried 
in  a  pit  in  St.  Margaret's  churchyard  ;  a 
base  act,  well  worthy  of  a  monarch  who 
became  a  traitor  to  his  country  and  a  pen- 
sioner of  France.  Blake  was  not  merely 
a  man  of  courage  and  talent  ;  he  was  pious, 
just,  and  singularly  disinterested. 

BLARE,  JOACHIM,  a  Spanish  general, 
was  born  at  Velez  Malaga,  and  served, 
first  as  captain,  and  next  as  major,  in  the 
war,  from  1793  to  1795,  between  France 
and  Spain.  When  .Napoleon  seized  the 
crown  of  Spain,  Blake  espoused  the  cause 
of  his  country;  but  with  more  valour  and 
zeal  than  success.  Though  defeated  at 
Rio  Seco  and  Espinosa,  he  still  sustained 
his  military  character.  In  1810  he  was 
appointed  one  of  the  regency,  from  whicn 
rank  he  was  transferred  to  that  of  captain 
I  general.  Having  been  defeateu  at  Mur« 
viedro,  he  shut  himself  up  with  his  army 
in  Valencia,  but  wa»  at  length  compelled 


BLO 

P.LF/TTERIE,  JOHN  PHILIP 
UK  LA,  was  born  at  Rennes,  in  1696,  and 
died  in  1772.  He  was  professor  of  elo 
quencc  at  the  Royal  Coli.'ge,  and  a  mem 
tar  of  the  Academy  of  Belles  Letlres.  MB 
wrote  Lives  of  Julian  and  Jovian;  and 
translated  part  of  Tacitus.  Gibbon  highly 
praises  the  Lives,  and  his  countrymen 


§4  r.i.A 

to  surrender  Tn  1S20,  on  the  establish- 
ment of  the  constitution,  he  was  admitted 
into  the  council  of  state;  and  his  attach- 
ment to  that  constitution  subsequently  ex- 
posed him  in  danger.  He  died  at  Vallu- 
dobd,  in  IS27 

BJ.AKKLY,  JOHNSTON,  a  captain  in 
the  l'*':C-/d  S'ates'  navy  during  tti'-  we 
war,  wasborr  in  Ireland  in  17S1.  Two  consider  them  as  models  of  impartiality, 

ifter,  /uj  father  emigrated  to  the  pension,  elegance,  and  judgment. 
United  Stawi  and  settled  in  .North  Can.-  BLI.N  DK  SALVMORE,  ANDREW 
lina.  Vouin-  Rlakely  was  placed,  in  17<>6,  MICHAEL  II  VAC  i  NTH,  was  born  at  Paris, 
at  the  university  of  North  Carolina,  but  in  1733.  At  the  very  outset  of  his  career 
circuaistanccs  h* /ing  deprived  him  of  ihe  he  Jo.st  all  his  fortune,  but  his  literary 
means  of  adequMe.  support,  he  left  college,  |  talents  procured  him  friends,  and  he  PIIC- 
uiid  in  1800  ol'.amed  a  midshipman's  war- ;cessi\ely  filled  several  honourable,  oflices 
rant.  In  18' .i  he  was  appointed  to  the  |  connected  with  literature,  the  last  of  which 
command  of  the  Wasp,  and  in  this  vessel  was  that  of  conservator  of  the  library  of 
ooklus  IV '.tanuie  Majesty's  ship  Reindeer, !  the  arsenal.  He  died  in  1807  He  is  the 
after  an  action  of  nineteen  minutes.  The  i  author  of  Orpheus,  a  tragedy,  and  of  many 
Wasp  af.erwards  put  into  I/O;  lent ;  from  hero.c  epistles  and  fugitive  poems  of  no 
which  port  she  sailed  August  27.  On  :  lie  common  merit. 

evening  of  the  first  of  September,  1814, j  JU.OCH,  MARK  ELEAZAR,  a  Jewish 
she  fell  in  with  four  sail,  at  considerable  plusician  and  ichthyologist,  was  born,  in 
distances  from  each  other.  One  of  these  1723,  at  Anspach,  in  Franconia,  of  parents 
was  -the  brig-of-u'ar  Avon,  which  struck 
after  a  severe  action;  but  captain  B.  was 
prevented  from  taking  possession  l>y  the  |  nineteen,  he  was  ignorant  even 


so  poor  that   they  could   give   him   no  edu- 
cation;  and,  accordingly,   at    the   age   of 


Bv 


of   application,   however, 


.pproach  of  another  vessel.  The  enemy 
reported  that  they  had  sunk  the  Wasp  by 
the  first  broadside,  but  she  was  afterwards 
spoken  by  a  vessel  off  the  Western  Isles. 
After  this  we  hear  of  her  no  more.  Cap- 
tain Blakely  was  considered  a  man  of  un- 
commun  courage  and  intellect. 

BLANCHARD,  JAMES,  an  eminent 
painter,  who  bears  the  honourable  denomi- 
nation of  the  French  Titian,  was  born  in 
1600,  and  died  in  1638.  He  was  an  inde- 
I'ati^able  artist,  and  left  many  pictures. 
His  finest  work  is  the  Descent  of  the  Holy 
Ghost,  which  is  considered  as  one  of  the 
best  productions  of  the  French  school. 

BLANCHET,  FRANCIS,  the  son  of  pa- 
rents in  humble  life,  was  born  in  1707,  at 
Angerville,  and  educated  at  the  college  of 
Louis  XIV.  lie  was  first  a  professor  in 
two  provincial  colleges,  next  employed 
himself  in  private  tuition,  and,  lastly,  ob- 
tained an  office  in  the  king's  library  and 

cabinet.     He  died  in  1784,  after  a  painful! of  the  humidity  of  the  climate.     Blondel 
illness   of  many  years.     Blanchc-t  was  one  '  was  a  man  of  learning,   had  a  minute  ac- 
of  the  most  amiable  o;"  men,  and  the  most 
affectionately    paternal    of  tutors.     As  an 


he  acquired  Latin,  and  a  knowledge  of 
anatomy  and  suigory,  and  obtained  a  doc- 
tor's degree.  His  great  work  is  a  Natural 
History  of  Fishes,  in  twelve  quarto  vol- 
umes, with  four  hundred  and  thirty-two 
plates.  He  died  in  1799. 

BLOCK,  JOANNA  KOERTEN,  an  artist 
of  a  singular  kind,  was  born  at  Amster- 
dam, in  1650,  and  died  in  1715.  She  ex- 
celled in  cutting  landscapes,  sea  pieces, 
flowers,  and  even  portraits,  out  of  paper, 
with  the  most  perfect  resemblance  to  na- 
ture. Her  productions  sold  at  enormous 
prices,  and  she  was  patronised  by  several 
sovereigns. 

BLONDEL,  DAVID, ft  protestant  writer 
and  minister,  was  born,  in  1591,  at  Chalons 
sur  Manic.  In  1650  he  was  invited  to 
Amsterdam,  to  succeed  Vasorius,  as  pro- 
fossor of  history,  and  he  died  there  in  1655, 
after  having  lost  his  sight  in  consequence 


author  he  has  great  merit.     His  Apologues 
and  Tales  are  to-ld  with  spirit  and  grace. 

BLAYNEY,  BENJAMIN,  a  divine  and 
biblical    ciitic,   was   educated    at   Oxford, 


quaintance  with  history,  and  was  a  fluent 
speaker.  Among  his  works,  one  of  the 
most  curious  is  his  refutation  of  the  silly 
story  of  Pope  Joan.  lie  has  the  merit  of 
having  written  in  favour  of  liberty  of  con* 


where  he  became  M.  A.  in  1753,  and  D.  D.  |  BLONDEL,  FRANCIS,  an  eminent 
in  1787.  He  was  prof-ssor  of  Hebrew  at '  French  architect  and  diplomatist,  was 
that  university,  canon  of  Christ  Church, :  born,  in  1617,  at  RjbeOMMt,  in  Picardy. 
and  rector  of  I'ol.sln.t,  Wilts.  He  died  in!  After  having  been  sent  as  envoy  to  Con- 
1801.  He  trans!. it.-. 1  Jcremiuh,  the-  L;i-  .-tuiti.iople,  he  \vas  appointed  counsellor  of 
ment'itio'm,  and  /'-rliariah  ;  edited  the  Mate,  mi"  of  the  dauphin'^  prece,  tors,  pro. 
Oxford  Bii)!c  in  17(»!>;  and  wio'e  a  IMS-  fc.-s-ir  of  the  royal  college,  and  member  of 
tcrr.t:i"!i  on  l).i:ji-:lV  .S»-.e.it\  V,  th;>  Academy  of  Sciences.  The  noble  tri 


BLO 

Bmphal  arch  of  St.  Denis  was  erected  hy 
him.  He  wrote  various  works,  on  literary, 
architectural  and  military  subjects.  His 
deatli  took  place  in  1686. 

BLONDEL,  JAMES  FRANCE,  was 
horn  at  Rouen,  in  1705,  and,  like  his  un- 
cl'?,  \vas  an  architect  of  great  talent.  The 
merit  of  a  course  of  architectural  lectures, 
which  he  delivered  at  Paris,  obtained  him 
the  appointment  of  professor  at  the  acade- 
my. In  his  final  illness,  he  had  himself 
removed  to  his  school  at  the  Louvre,  that 
he  might  yield  up  his  last  breath  where  he 
had  taught  his  art.  He  died  in  1775.  J. 
F.  Blondel  is  the  author  of  French  Archi- 
tecture, four  volumes  folio;  a  Course  of 
Civil  Architecture,  nine  volumes  octavo; 
and  other  works  of  a  similar  kind. 

BLOOD,  THOMAS,  a  singular  despera- 
do, was  originally  an  officer  in  Cromwell's 
army.  His  first  remarkable  enterprise 
was  an  attempt  to  surprise  the  castle  of 
Dublin,  which  was  frustrated  by  the  duke 
of  Onnond.  He  subsequently  seized  the 
duke  in  the  streets  of  London,  with  the 
intention  of  hanging  him  at  Tyburn,  and 
was  very  near  accomplishing  his  purpose. 
His  last  exploit  was  an  attempt  to  carry 
away  the  crown  and  regalia  from  the 
Tower.  For  some  inexplicable  reason, 
Charles  II.  not  only  pardoned  him,  but 
gave  him  an  estate  of  five  hundred  pounds 
per  annum.  He  died  in  1680. 

BLOOMFIELD,  ROBERT,  a  poet,  born 
at  Honington,  in  Suffolk,  in  1766,  was 
the  son  of  a  tailor,  and  was  early  left  fath- 
erless. He  was  -taught  to  read  by  his 
mother,  who  kept  a  village  school,  and  this 
was,  in  fact,  his  only  education.  At  the 
age  of  eleven  he  was  employed  in  such 
husbandry  labour  as  he  could  perform ; 
but,  his  constitution  being  delicate,  he  was 
subsequently  apprenticed  to  the  trade  of 
fihoemaking,  at  which  he  worked  as  a 
journeyman  for  many  years.  His  leisure 
hours  were  spent  in  reading  and  in  the 
composition  of  verses.  His  poem  of  the 
Farmer's  Boy  was  at  length  brought  be- 
fore the  public,  by  the  benevolent  exertions 
of  Capel  Loft,  and  it  procured  the  author 
both  fame  and  profit.  He  subsequently 
published  other  poems,  among  which  may 
be  mentioned  Wild  Flowers,  and  the  Banks 
of  the  Wye.  Ill  health  and  misfortune 
clouded  the  latter  years  of  this  modest  and 
meritorious  writer,  and  he  died  in  1823, 
whe.i  he  was  almost  on  the  verge  of  insanity. 

BLOUjVT,  SIR  HENRY,  was  born  at 
Tittevdianoher,  in  Hertfordshire,  in  1602; 
travelled  in  the  East  in  1634,  lG35,.antl 
1636;  fought  under  the  banner  of  Clvirlcs 
at  Edgehill;  was,  nevertheless,  employed 
by  Cromwell;  and  died  in  1682.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  Voyage  to  the  Levant; 
the  Exchange  Walk,  a  satire;  a:id  other 
works. 


BLU  M 

BLOUNT,  SIR  THOMAS  POPE,  eldest 
son  of  Sir  Henry,  was  born  in  1649  and 
died  in  1697.  He  produced  Censura  Cele- 
briorum  Auctorum;  DeRePoetica;  Es- 
says on  several  subjects;  and  Natural  His 
tory. 

BLOUNT,  CHARLES,  the  youngest  son 
of  Sir  Henry,  was  born  in  1654,  an. 1  made 
himself  conspicuous  by  his  deistical  opin- 
ions, and  by  considerable  talent.  His  An- 
ima  Mundi  was  suppressed,  and  publicly 
burnt.  This  work  he  followed  up  by  three 
of  the  same  kind.  The  Life  of  Apollnnius 
Tyaneus;  Great  is  Diana  of  the  Ephes- 
ians  ;  and  Religio  Laici.  Of  the  Revolu- 
tions of  1688  he  was  a  warm  friend;  but 
he  acted  little  in  consonance  with  its  prin- 
ciples, when  he  published  his  King  Will- 
iam and  Queen  Mary  Conquerors,  to  assert 
their  right  to  the  crown  by  conquest.  The 
commons  ordered  this  tract  to  be  burnt  by 
the  hangman.  He  shot  himself,  in  1693, 
in  consequence  of  the  sister  of  his  deceased 
wife  having  refused  to  marry  him. 

BLOUNT,  THOMAS,  was  born  at  Bar- 
desley,  in  Worcestershire,  in  1618,  and 
died  in  1679.  He  published  Glossograph- 
ia ;  a  Law  Dictionary ;  and  various  other 
works;  the  most  curious  and  valuable  of 
which  is,  Fragmenta  Antiquitatis,  or  An- 
cient Tenures  of  Land,  and  Jocular  Cus- 
toms of  Manors. 

BLOW,  JOHN,  a  musician,  was  born, 
in  1648,  at  North  CaHingham,  in  Notting- 
hamshire, received  a  doctor's  degree  from 
Archbishop  Sancroft;  and,  on  the  death 
of  Purcell,  became  organist  of  Westmin- 
ster Abbey.  He  died  in  1708.  His  secu- 
lar compositions,  were  collected,  in  1700, 
under  the  title  of  Amphion  Anglicus.  His 
church  music  receives  qualified  praise  from 
Dr.  Burncy. 


ELUCHER,  GEBARAT,  LEBRF.CHT 
VON,  a  celebrated  general,  was  born  at 
Rostock,  in  1742,  entered  the  Swedish 
servii-e  at  the  a-^e  of  fourteen,  and  waa 
;  made  prisoner  by  the  Prussians.  He  join- 
j  ed  the  banners  of  Frederic  the  Great, 
st-rved  during  the  seven  years  war,  and 
J*OM  to  the  rank  rf  captain;  hut,  being 
^'-iiu-  rcvil  or  i>ii:iin<. 


M  CLU       _ 

he  demanded  his  dismission  in  such  i 
haughty  manner,  that  Frederic  granted  i 
in  the  following  pithy  terms — "  C'apfiii 
Blucher  has  permission  to  quit  th  '  service 
and  to  go  t.t  the  devil,  if  lie  p!.-  LSI  I.*1  1  •  i 
many  years  Blucher  lived  in  retirement 
r.t  in  agricultural  pursuits;  but,  in 
ITSi,  he  \\.v-  rivalled  to  the  army,  with  the 
rank  of  major.  In  the  campaigns  of  1792 
1793,  and  1791,  he  bore  an  active  part 
a  ad  rose  to  be  m.ijor-general.  It  was  nol 
till  1805  that  lie  had  an  opportunity  ofagain 
displaying  his  military  talents.  In  that 
year  he  commanded  the  advanced  gu  ml  at 
A.iei-stadt,  and  als  >  distinguished  himself 
by  his  obstinate,1  defence  of  Lubeck,  where 
lu  was  taken  prisoner,  lie  was,  however, 
speedily  exchanged  for  the  duke  of  Belluno. 
In  1813,  he  was  once  more  called  into  the 
field,  and  displayed  astonishing  ardour  and 
activity.  He  signa'i/.e  1  himself  at  Lutzen, 
utterly"  defeated  Macdonal  1  on  the  Katz- 
barh,  and  contributed  greatly  to  the  victory 
of  Leipsie.  His  unintermitting  exertions 
gained  him  the  rank  of  field  marshal,  and, 
from  the  allied  troops,  the  appellation  of 
"  Marshal  Forward."  In  the  campaign 
of  1814,  he  was  alternately  victorious  and 
defeated;  he  sustained  heavy  losses  at 
Champ  Aubert,  Montmirar!,  "and  Vaux- 
champs,  but  triumphed  at  Dienville  and 
Laon,  and  in  the  attack  upon  Paris.  At 
the  conclusion  of  the  contest  he  visited 
England,  and  was  received  with  enthusi- 
asm. .When  the  war  again  broke  out,  he 
was  once  more  entrusted  with  the  com- 
mand of  the  Prussian  troops.  On  the  six- 
teenth of  June,  1815,  he  was  defeated  at 
Lignv,  by  Napoleon,  and  narrowly  escaped 
with"  his"  life,  he  being^  thrown  from  his 
horse,  and  charged  over  Dy  both  the  French 
and  Prussian  cavalry.  He,  nevertheless, 
brought  up  his  army  in  time  to  render  the 
battle  of  Waterloo  decisive.  His  subse- 
quent conduct  at  Paris  was.  not  that  of  a, 
generous  enemy.  For  his  service  he  re- 
ceived the  title  of  Prince  of  Wahlstadt. 
He  died  at  Krilnvit/.,  September  12,  1819. 
Blucher  was  intrepid,  indefatigable,  prompt 
in  his  movements,  and  undismayed  by  re- 
verses; but  he  did  not  belong  to  the  higher 
clu?«  of  military  leaders;  he  is  believed  to 
have  been  but  an  indifferent  strategist,  and 
to  have  been  indebted  to  general  Gnlescnau 
for  his  most  successful  plans  of  operation. 

BLUM,  JOACHIM  CHRISTIAN,  a  Ger- 
man poet  and  literary  character,  was  b<trn 
at  Rathenau,  in  Brandeburg,  in  1739.  His 
works  consist  of  lyric  poems,  idvlls,  fpi- 
grams,  a  drama,  My  Walks,  and  a  Dic- 
tionary of  German  Proverbs.  Blum,  who 
was  niu'-h  e<teem-d,  died  in  1790. 

BLUMAUER,  ALOYS, an  Austrian,  was 
born  at  Steyer,  in  1755,  and  in  his  youth 
belonged  to  the  society  of  Jesuits.  He 
acquired  reputation  as  a  satirical  and  bur- 


*  BOC 

lesque  poet.  Of  his  productions,  which 
extend  to  eight  volumes,  the  Printing 
House;  the  Eulosrium  of  the  Ass;  an  Ad- 
dress to  the  Desil;  and  the  Eneid  Tra« 
vestied,  are  the  most  popular,  lie  died  in 
17.0S. 

BOAPirF.A,  BOrnilT.A,  or  IU).\. 
DIVA,  a  Briti.-h  heroine,  the  widow  of 
PraaUtagUB,  and  queen  of  the  leeni.  Hav- 
ing been  basely  treated  by  the  Romans,  she 
raised  the  Britons  in  anus  against  them, 
and  obtained  several  advantages;  but  was 
at  length  utterly  defeated  by  Suetonius 
Paulinus,  A.  D.  61,  and  died  of  grief,  or 
by  poison. 

"  BOBROFF,  SIMON  SCBOIEVITSCH,* 
Russian  poet,  who  died,  in  1810,  at  Saint 
Petersburg!!,  enjoyed  considerable  repiUa 
lion.  His  best  poem  is  said  to  be  the 
Chersonide,  or  a  Summer's  Day  in  the 
Crimea.  His  lyrical  works  have  been  col- 
lected in  four  volumes. 

BOCCACCIO,  JOHN,  one  of  the  classic 

riters  of  modern  Italy,  was  the  son  of  a 
Florentine  merchant,  and  was  born  at 
Paris,  in  1313.  He  early  devoted  himself 
to  poetry,  but  he  was  discouraged  by  th« 
superior  merit  of  his  friend  Petrarch,  and 
committed  to  the  flames  many  of  his  own 
yrical  and  amatory  verses.  As  a  prose 
writer,  however,  he  deservedly  acquired 
fame.  His  principal  work  is  the  Decame- 
ron, a  collection  of  tales,  many  of  which, 
unfortunately,  are  deformed  by  licentious- 
ness. The  Valdarfer  edition  of  the  Deca- 
meron, published  in  1471,  was  sold  at  the 
Roxburgh  sale  for  the  enormous  sum  of 
wo  thousand  two  hundred  and  sixty  pounds. 
Boccaccio  first  introduced  the  works  of 
Homer  and  other  Greek  writers  into  Tus- 
cany. He  died  in  1375,  at  Certaldo. 

BOCCAGE,  MARY  ANNF.  LK  PACK 
DU,  a  French  poetess  of  considerable  merit, 
and  possessed  of  great  accomplishments 
and  benevolence,  was  born  at  Rouen,  in 
1710,  and  died  in  1802.  Her  principal 
>vorks  are,  an  imitation  of  Paradise  Lost; 
:he  Colombian1,  an  epic  poem;  and  the 
Amazons,  a  tragedy. 

BOCCALINI,  TRAJAN,  an  Italian  sat- 
rist,  the  son  of  an  architect,  was  born,  in 
1556,  at  Loretto.  He  successively  held 
various  governments  in  the  pope's  domin- 
ons;  but  his  satirical  writings  having  ren- 
lered  him  obnoxious,  and  complaints  hav- 
ng  also  been  made  of  his  administration, 
le  retired  to  Venice,  where  he  died  in  1613. 
t  has  been  asserted  that  he  was  beaten  to 
leath  with  sand  bags,  by  four  hired 
umans,  but  this  story  is  a  fiction.  Hii 
hief  work  is  intilled  "News  from  Parnas- 
sus. 

BOCH,  JOHN,  a  Flemish  poet,  denomi- 
nated the  Belgic  Virgil,  was  born  at  Brm- 
lels,  in  1555.  He  accompanied  Cardinal 
ladzivil  to  Rome,  studied  theology  there 


BOD 

ander  B«Ilarrfun,  and  afterwards  travefled 
into  Poland,  Livonia,  and  Russia.  The 
duke  of  Parma  appointed  him  secretary  to 
the  town  house  of  Antwerp.  He  died  in 
1609,  and  his  poems  were  collected  by  his 
•on  Ascanius,  who  was  himself  a  poet. 

BOCHART,  SAMUEL,  an  eminent  di- 
vine and  oriental  scholar,  the  son  of  a 
protestant  clergyman,  was  born  at  Rouen, 
in  1599,  educated  at  Paris,  Oxford,  and 
Loyden,  and  became  minister  at  Caen.  He 
died  of  apoplexy,  in  1667.  His  principal 
works  are  Phaleg  and  Canaan,  sen  Geo- 
graphia  Sacra;  and  Hierozoicon. 

BOCK,  JEROME,  a  German  botanist, 
•«tter  known  under  his  Latin  name  of 
TRAGUS,  was  born  at  Heidesbach,  in  1498, 
ras  a  schoolmaster,  and  then  a  physician, 
uid  died  at  Hornbach,  in  1554.  Bock 
nay  be  considered  as  one  of  the  founders 
»f  modern  botany;  he  was  the  first  who 
endeavoured  to  form  a  natural  botanical 
arrangement.  He  is  the  author  of  a  Her- 
bal of  German  Plants. 

BODE,  CHRISTOPHER  AUGUSTUS,  a 
learned  German  orientalist,  was  born  at 
Wermgerode,  in  1723,  and  acquired,  by 
MIA  own  exertions,  the  Arabic,  Syriac, 
Chaldee,  Samaritan,  Ethiopian,  rabbinical 
Hebrew,  Armenian,  Turkish,  and  Coptic 
languages.  He  was  professor  of  philosophy 
in  the  university  of  Helmstadt.  He  died 
in  1796.  His  principal  woiks  consist  of 
translations  of  the  Scriptures  from  the  ori- 
ental languages. 

BODI.V,  JOHN,  a  French  lawyer  and 
literary  character,  was  born  at  Angers, 
about  "1530,  and  was  brought  up  to  the 
bar,  but  retired  from  it  for  want  of  success. 
For  awhile  he  enjoyed  the  favour  of  Henry 
III.,  which,  however,  he  lost  by  his  patri- 
otic conduct.  He  died,  in  1596,  at  Laon, 
•whcie  he  was  chief  magistrate.  Among 
his  works,  the  most  remarkable  are,  a 
treatise  on  government,  intitled  De  la 
Rcpublique,  and  another,  called  Demon- 
vmania,  in  which  he  asserts  the  existence 
•>f  witchcraft. 

BODLEY,  SIR  THOMAS,  a  native  of 
£xetec,  born  in  1544,  was  educated  at 
Geneva  and  Oxford,  and  was  employed  by 
Quren  Elizabeth  in  various  embassies.  In 
1597  he  retired  from  public  business.  His 
nc;blt-  foundation  of  the  Bodleian  library  at 
Oxford,  for  which  he  spared  no  expense  to 
procure  books  and  manuscript*,  and  to 
viiich  he  bequeathed  nearly  all  his  property, 
has  immortalized  his  name.  He  was 
knighted  at  the  accession  of  James  I.,  and 
died  January  the  18th,  1612. 

BODMEll,  JOHN  JACOB,  a  Swiss  poet, 
was  born  at  Griefenberg,  near  Zurich,  in 
1698,  and,  after  having  declined  the  church, 
and  made  a  brief  trial  of  a  mercantile  situ- 
ation, he  obtained  a  college  tutorship  at 
Zurich,  and  devotrd  himmf  to  literature. 


BOB 


fl 


He  wrote  an  epic  poem  ca  Jed  Noah, 
translated  the  Iliad,  the  Paradise  Lost,  and 
other  works,  and,  in  conjunction  with  hi* 
friend  Breitinger,  published  a  paper  on  the 
model  of  the  Spectator.  He  died  in  1783. 

BODONI,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  a  celebrated 
Italian  printer,  was  born  in  1740,  at  Sa- 
luzzo,  in  Piedmont.  He  had  at  first  the 
direction  of  the  ducal  press  at  Parma,  at 
which  many  of  hiobest  works  were  printed, 
a  d  afterwards  established  a  printing  office 
of  his  own,  which  soon  became  femoua 
throughout  Europe  for  its  splendid  produc- 
tions. Napoleon  gave  him  a  pension  of 
three  thousand  francs,  and  a  present  of 
eighteen  thousand.  Bodoni  is  the  author 
of  a  Letter  on  Printing ;  and  a  Typograph- 
ical Manual:  the  latter  was  a  posthumous 
publication.  He  died  in  1813. 

BOECE,  or  BOETHIUS,  HECTOR,  a 
Scottish  historian,  was  born  at  Dundee, 
about  1470,  and  educated  at  Perth  and 
Paris.  He  was  the  first  person  appointed 
principal  of  King's  College,  Aberdeen. 
He  wrote  in  Latin,  a  Life  of  Elphinstone, 
the  founder  of  the  college ;  and  also  a  His- 
tory of  Scotland,  elegant  in  style,  but  filled 
with  fictions.  He  died  about  1550 

BOEHM,  BOEHMEN,  or  BEHME> 
JACOB,  a  German  fanatic,  was  born,  IB 
1575,  in  a  small  village,  near  Goerlitz,  in 
Lusatia,  and  was  by  trade  a  shoemaker. 
Insanely  believing,  or  artfully  affecting  to 
believe,  that  he  was  favoured  with  revela- 
tions and  inspirations  from  the  Deity,  he 
published  numerous  works,  and  gained 
many  followers.  Mosheim  justly  charac- 
terizes his  productions  as  "  a  strange  mix- 
ture of  chemical  terms,  mystical  jargon, 
and  absurd  visions."  They  also  at  least 
verge  on  spinosfem  and  manicheism.  Yet 
the  pious  Law  became  the  English  editor 
of  them.  Boehm  died  in  1624. 


BOERHAAVE,  HERMAN,  one  of  the 

most  eminent  of  modern  physicians,  waa 
born,  in  1668,  at  Voorhout,  "near  Leyden. 
His  father,  the  minister  of  .Voorhout,  edu- 
cated him  for  his  own  profession,  and  he 
made  an  honourable  progress  in  his  studies. 
But,  on  the  death  of  his  parent,  who  left 
him  Rlpnd«rly  provided  for,  h*  obtained 


§6  BOO  HOI 

a  subsistence  by  mnthemnfical  lectures,  died  ia  IC03.  II;1  is  theanthor  of  rano  a 
•nd  at  length  devoted  himself  to  the  medi-  \\<>iks;  among  \vni>-!i  may  In-  nu'niimird 
cal  profession.  For  that  profession  be  had  Douschenka,  a  romantic  poem;  Russian 
imbibed  an  early  liking,  by  the  circiim-  Proverbs;  the  Sl.ivi,  a  drama;  and  an 
stance  of  his  having  nurd  l:i:ns.Mf  of  an  Historical  Picture  of  Russia.  He  also 
•leer  in  the  thigh,  which  had  foile  I  (lie  edited  two  journals,  intitled  In.mcent 
faculty  fir  .-i\  years.  He  took  the  <!c^,c-  Amusement,  and  the  St.  Petersburg!) 

I).  a!  the  university  i:f  Hardrrwick,    (Courier. 

in  H,!>:5.  At  first  hi.-  success  was  limited  ,  P.OHF.MONI),  MARK,  a  Norman  ad- 
bat  at  length  he  became  professor  of  pbysi-  venturer,  son  of  tlie  celebrated  Robert 
cal  l»t:inv  :U  Lt^dcn.  an.l  his  lectures  at  (iuiscard,  was  distinguished  in  his  youtli, 

:an:  ed  the  lame  of  the  unmvHlty  l>y  deeds  of  arms,  in  Italv  and  tin-  eastern 
and  established  hi?  own.  In  1714  he  be-  empire,  which  he  surpassed  in  Palestine 
cam?  rector  of  th"  university.  Patients  during  the  first  crusade.  He  made  himself 

i  to  him  from  all  quarters,  \\oaltli  master  of  Antioch,  in  1097,  and  founded 
consequently  flowed  hi  upon  him,  and  he  a  principality  which  existed  for  nearly 
contrast', !lv  stood  :'t  the  head  of  modern  two  centuries.  He  was  taken  prisoner  in 
physicians.  From  his  multifarious  knovrl-  Mesopotamia,  but  succeeded  in  Obtaining 
rd'V.  Boi'ihauvc  lias  beea  called  the  Vol-  his  liberty  after  a  captivity  of  two  years. 
taire  of  science.  l!e«died  September  the  While  taking  measures  to  renew  his  at- 
23d,  1738.  His  works  are  numerous;  tempts  against  the  Greek  empire,  lie  died, 
among  the  principal  may  bo  mentioned,  in  1111,  in  Apulia. 

Jnstittitionos  Medicre;  Aphorism!  dc  Cog-  BO1ARDO,  MATTED  MARIA,  Count 
noscendis  et  Curandis  Morbis;  Index !  of  Scandiano,  an  Italian  poet,  was  burn, 
Plantarum ;  and  Elementa  Chimi-.c.  'about  1434,  at  Seandiano,  in  the  duchy  of 

BOETHIl "S,  A  MCIUS  M  AM. IDS  TOR-  Modena,  was  educated  at  Ferrara,  and 
QUATUS  SEVKKIM'S,  u  Latin  statesman,  held  several  honourable  offices,  among 
philosopher,  and  writer,  was  of  a  noble  which  was  that  of  governor -of  Reggio. 
Roman  family,  and  was  bjrn  in  455.  He  He  died  at  Reggio,  in  1494.  Boiardo  19 
wis  thrice  consul,  and  was  f>r  many  years  the  author  of  several  productions  of  merit, 
a  favourite  of  Theodoric,  kin^  of  the  (.Joths.  but  his  fame  rests  on  his  poem  of  Oilando 
His  zeal  for  orthodoxy,  however,  at  length  Innamorato,  which  was  the  first  example 
excited  the  anger  of  Theodoric,  who  was  of  epic  romance,  and  led  the  way  to  the 
an  Arian.  Boethius  was  unjustly  charged  ,  Orlando  of  Ariosto. 

\\ith  treason,  his  property  was  confiscated,  BOILEAU,  JAMKS,  an  elder  brother 
and  he  was  thrown  into  prison,  where  he  of  the  celebrated  poet,  born  at  Paris,  in 
\vasbeheaded  in  526.  While  a  captive,  i  1635,  was  a  doctor  of  the  Sorbonne,  a 
lie  wrote  his  famous  Consolations  of  Phi- 'canon,  and  dean  and  grand  vicar  of  Sens, 
losophy;  a  work  which  has  been  transit- j  He  died  in  1716.  He  is  the  author  of 
ted  by  two  of  the  moot  illustrious  of  the ;  several  theological  and  other  works  in  the 
British  soA'ereigns,  Alfred  and  Elizabeth,  j  Latin  language,  the  most  celebrated  of 


which  is  the  Historia  Flagellantium. 
James  Boileau,  like  his  brother,  was  caustic 
and  witty.  Being  asked  why  he  always 


The  whole  of  his  compositions  occupy  two 
folio  volumes. 

BOETTCHER,   JOHN  FREDERIC,  a 

native  cf  Brandenberg,  was  born  about  the!  wrote  in  Latin,  he  replied,  "  for  fear  the 
end  of  the  seventeenth  century;  he  lived ,  bishops  should  read  me,  in  which  case  I 
with  an  apothecary  at  Berlin,  where  he  should  be  persecuted."  The  Jesuits  ho 
studied  alchemy,  and  was  obliged  to  fly !  designated  as  men  "  who  lengthened  the 
from  that  city,  in  consequence  of  a  report  creed,  and  abridged  the  decalogue." 
'hat  he  had  "discovered  the  philosopher's;  BOILEAU-DRSPREAUX,  NICHO- 
Rtoue.  On  Boettchwrs  taking  refuge  in!  LAS,  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  French 
Saxony,  the  electors  shut  him  up  in  Ko-  |  satirists  and  poets,  was  born,  in  1686,  at 
nigstein,  and  insisted  on  his  prosecuting  Crone,  near  Paris.  In  his  youth  he  labour- 


his  search  for  the  lonjr  sought  stone.     The 
alchemist   failed   of  coiuve,  but  he  was  in- 


ed  under  ill  health,  was  considered  a* 
natured  but  dull,  and  seems  to  have  been 


demnified  by  the  discovery  of  the  mode  of  ,  slighted  by  his  relatives.  He  was  educated 
making  that  beautiful  species  of  porce-  \  for  tllfe  bar,  and  received  as  an  advocate; 
lain  which  is  now  known  as  the  Saxon  or  but  soon  deserted  the  profession,  to  the 
Dresden.  For  this  he  \vas  ennobled  by :  great  annoyance  of  his  kindred,  particu- 
the  elector.  He  died  in  1719.  i  larly  of  his  br  ther  in  law,  Dongois,  who 

BOGDANOVITSCH,  HIPPOLTTUS  declared  that  Mi-holis  would  be  nothing 
TH  EonoROViTSCH,  one  cf  the  most  di.s-  but  a  fool  all  his  life.  In  the  study  of 
tinguished  Russian  liteiary  characters  of  divinity  he  was  not  more  successful.  At 
the  reign  of  Catherine,  was  born  ii.  Little  length  he  devoted  himself  to  literature { 
Russia,  in  1743,  was  employed  as  a  diph-  and,  at  the  age  of  thirty,  astonished  hu 
vatist,  and  in  othrr  official  Situation?,  and  friends,  and  delighted  France,  by  his  fir* 


BOI 

Satires.  His  fame  was  at  once 
established.  The  reputation  which  he  had 
thus  acquired,  he  supported  by  the  publi- 
tation  of  additional  Satires,  the  Art  of 
Poetry,  Epistles,  in  the  manner  of  Horace, 
and  the  mock  heroic  poem  of  the  Lutrin. 
The  latter  appeared  in  1674.  His  talents 
gained  him  the  favour  of  Louis  XIV.,  who 
gave  him  a  pension,  and  made  him  royal 
historiographer,  in  conjunction  with  Ra- 
cine. In  1684  he  became  a  member  of 
the  French  Academy.  Till  the  close  of 
his  days  Boileau  continued  in  habits  of 
close  friendship  with  the  most  eminent  of 
his  contemporaries;  and  though,  during 
his  life,  and  since  his  decease,  many 
attacks  have  been  made  on  him,  he  still 
retains  his  lofty  station  on  the  French 
Parnassus.  Boileau  is  to  France  that 
which  Pope  is  to  England.  He  died,  on 
the  13th  of  March,  1711,  of  a  dropsy  in 
the  chest. 

BOISROBERT,  FRANCIS  MKTELDE, 
a  French  wit  and  comic  writer,  was  born 
at  Caen,  about  1592,  and  was  a  favourite 
of  Cardinal  Richelieu,  who,  among  other 
benefices,  gave  him  the  abbey  of  Chatillon 
sur  Seine.  Boisrobert,  however,  was  more 
attentive  to  gaming,  good  living,  and  the- 
atrical amusements,  than  to  clerical  duties, 
lie  died  in  1662.  His  poems  and  other 
works',  including  eighteen  plays,  are  now 
forgotten.  It  was  on  the  suggestion  of 
Boisrobert  that  Richelieu  founded  the 
French  Academy. 

BOISSY,  Louis  DE,  a  native  of  Vic,  in 
Auvergne,  was  born  in  1694,  *nd  com- 
menced his  literary  career-as  satirist; 
but  soon  relinquished  satire,  and  became 
a  writer  of  comedies.  Though  many  of 
his  pieces,  which  are  forty  in  number, 
were  eminently  successful,  he  sank  into 
such  poverty,  tlrat  he  and  his  wife  shut 
themselves  up,  and  resolved  to  perish  of 
hunger;  and  they  were  saved  only  by  the 
chance  entrance  of  a  friend.  Hearing  of 
this  circumstance,  Madam  de  Pompadour 
patronised  the  unfortunate  author,  and  ob- 
tained for  him  the  editorship  of  the  Gazette 
de  France  and  of  the  Mercure.  Boissy 
died  in  1758.  His  comedies  form  nine 
volumes. 

BOISSY  D'ANGLAS,  FRANCIS  AN- 
THONY*, Count  de,  an  eminent  French 
legislator  and  literary  character,  was  born 
in  the  vicinity  of  Annonay,  in  1756,  and 
originally  held  a  considerable  situation  in 
the  household  of  Monsieur,  brpther  of 
Louis  XVI.  He  sat  in  the  national  assem- 
bly, and  in  the  convention,  and  uniformly 
displayed  a  pure  and  enlightened  love  of 
liberty.  Few  iiien  passed  through  the 
revolution  with  a  character  so  unstained 
as  Boissy  d'Anglas.  When,  in  1795,  an 
infuriated  jacobin  rnob  bn.ke  into  the  hall 
»f  the  convention,  whil?  ho  wa?  tilting  a« 


BOL  M 

president,  and  a  hundred  muskets  were 
pointed  at  him,  and  the  bleeding  head  of 
one  of  his  colleagues  was  raised  to  his 
face,  he  preserved  an  immovable  courage 
and  dignity.  In  1797,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  council  of  five  hundred; 
ind,  in  September,  he  was  sentenced  to 
banishment,  but  succeeded  in  escaping. 
Napoleon  made  him  a  senator  and  com- 
mander of  the  legion  01  honour.  Louis 
XVIII.  created  him  a  peer,  in  1814;  but 
Boissy  having  subsequently  recognised  the 
authority  of  Napoleon,  he  was  deprived  of 
iis  title.  It  was,  however,  soon  restored. 
He  died  at  Paris,  in  1826.  He  was  the 
author  of  various  tracts  and  published 
speeches;  an  Essay  on  the  Life  of  Males- 
"icrbes ;  and  the  Literary  and  Poetical 
Studies  of  an  Old  Man,  or  Miscellany  01 
Verse  and  Prose,  6  vols.  12mo. 

BOLEN,  or  BOLEYN,  ANNE,  daugh- 
ter of  Sir  Thomas  Bolen,  was  born  in  1507, 
ittonded,  when  only  seven  years  old,  the 
Princess  Mary  to  France,  returned  thence 
in  1527,  and  was  appointed  maid  of  honour 
to  Catherine  of  Arra-gon.  The  lustful 
tyrant  Henry  VIII.  became  enamoured  of 
her,  and,  after  having  obtained  a  divorce, 
married  Anne  in  1533.  In  September  she 
gave  birth  to  a  princess,  afterwards  Queen 
Elizabeth.  Having  transferred  his  affec- 
tions to  Jane  Seymour,  Henry  accused  the 
unfortunate  Anne  of  violating  the  marriage 
vow,  and,  on  this  pretext,  she  was  be^ 
headed,  May  the  19th,  1536. 


BOLINGBROKE,  HENRY  ST.  JOHF, 
Lord  Viscount,  son  of  Sir  Henry  St.  Johr, 
was  born  at  Battersea,  in  1672,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
He  obtained  a  seat  in  parliament  in  1700, 
and  in  1704  was  appointed  secretary  of 
war  and  the  marines,  but  resigned  the 
secretaryship  in  1707.  In  1710,  he  again 
formed  a  part  of  the  ministry,  as  secretary 
of  state,  and  had  a  principal  share  in  the 
peace  of  Utrecht.  In  1712  he  was  created 
Viscount  Bolingbroke;  but,  dissatisfied 
with  not  having  obtained  an  earldom,  and 
with  other  circumstances,  he  became  the 
enemy  of  his  colleague  Harley,  of  whom  he 
had  long  been  the  friend.  On  the  acceesio* 


E 


100  BOL  BOL 

of  George  I.  an  impeachment  of  Holing-]  zucla  were  united  in  a  single  s\*Le  nn»!er 
broke  being  meditated,  he  lied  t>  Fra-u  e, '  the  title  of  the  Republic  of  Colombia.  The 
and,  at  Inij-th,  accepted  the  «!:.  present  constitution  was  adopted  in  1821, 

tarv  to  the  pretender,      lie  \\as  s-v.n,  how-   and  P>olivar  was  chosen  the  first  president 
ever,  dismissed  from  th>;<  new  scr\  i -e,  and.    Fa   1^2.">hc    was    declared    perpetual    pro- 
in    the    meanwhile,    had    been     impeached    te.-tur  of  the    republic   of    Bolivia,  a    ^tate 
and    attainted   in   England.      After  a   re  i-    which  had  detached  itself  from  the 
dence    in    France    till    172-1,    h-    u.is    par-    meat  of  Bnea  ^  A\  res,  and  been  named  in 
doni'd.  and   hi*   e.- talcs   \\ere   re.-tnie.l,  but    honour  of  the  liberator.      For  this  republic 
i.t    all  uve.l   t>   sit    in  the  h  .use  of    he  u  as  requested  to  proj  are  a  constitution ; 
M  -re    indignant  at   this  evclu.ion    which  he  accordingly  completed,  and  pre- 
iiiiirl   bv   hi.<   pardon,    he    I.  i  to  the  congress  of  Bolivia  in  May, 

one  of  the  chief  opponents  ot  Sir  K.  \\  al-  1S2(J.  '1  his  famous  code  \\  as  accompanied 
tole,  an. I  by  the  power  of  his  pea  contri-  by  an  address  expressive  of  hi.s  sentiments 
juted  greatly  to  the  overthrow  of  that  in  respect  to  the  form  of  government  ne- 
minister.  In  1735,  he  agiin  withdrew  to  ccssarv  for  the  new  republics  of  the  South. 
France,  and  remained  there  till  the  death  Some  of  the  provisions  of  this  code  were 
of  his  father,  after  which  event  IK-  scttk-d  considered  anti-republican,  and  excited 
at  Battersea,  where  he  resi.led  till  17.~>1,  the  liveliest  apprehensions  among  the 
when  ho  died  of  a  cancer  i:i  tin:  face,  friends  of  liberty.  A  rebellion  now  de- 
Bolingbroke  was,  intimate  v\i'.li  and  be-  •  manded  his  immediate  return  to  Colombia, 
love. I  bv  Pope,  Swift,  and  the  m  >st  emi-  where  all  signs  of  insurrection  vanished  at 
nent  men  of  his  age;  his  talents  were  of  his  approach.  Bolivar  had  been  re-elected 
the  first  order;  he  possessed  great  el  >-  to  the  office  of  president,  and  should  have 
queace;  and,  in  point  of  style,  his  writings  been  qualified  anew  as  such  in  January 
rank  among  the  bttt  in  the  English  Ian-  1827.  But  in  February  he  addressed  a 
tjuage.  His  compositions  were  published  letter  to  the  president  of  the  senate,  re- 
by  Mallet  in  five  quarto  volumes.  j  notmcing  the  presidency  of  the  republic, 

B'UiIVAK,  SIMO.K,  the  great  captain  and  declaring  his  intention  to  repel  the 
ot  South  America,  was  born  in  the  city  of  i  accusations  that  had  been  made  against 
Caracas  in  1783.  After  acquiring  the!  him,  by  a  voluntary  retirement.  Notwilh- 
first  cle:nents  of  a  liberal  education  at  home,!  standing  the  distrust  of  Bolivar  entertained 
he  repaired  to  Europe  to  complete  his  stn-  by  the  friends  of  the  republic,  he  was  re- 
dies  at  Madrid.  From  Spain  he  passed  i  appointed  to  the  presidency,  and  again 
into  France,  and  resided  for  a  considerable'  accepted  it,  taking  the  oaths  prescribed  by 
period  at  Paris,  where  he  was  a  witness!  the  constitution,  in  the  September  follow- 
of  some  of  the  later  events  of  the  revolu-jing,  at  Bogota.  In  1828  he  assumed  the 
tion.  Fie  returned  to  Madrid  in  1802,  chief  power  in  Colombia,  by  a  decree, 
where  he  married  the  daughter  of  Don  B. !  dated  Bogota,  Aug.  27,  which  invested 

ri!        .  I  I  1_        J  '  .  t-     l_    -_-     *V  .-       A "_  l'_-  •.!  I  !••..        1  .1  '.  1 


Torn,  and  embaiked  with  her  for  America 
in  1809.     He  lived  for  a  while  in  a  retired 


him  with  almost   unlimited  authority,  but 
provided  that  he  was  to  be  assisted   in  the 


manner    on    his    estates   at   Caracas,    bull  exercise  of  executive  powers  by  the  coun- 
the  premature   death   of  his   wife   induced  cil  of  ministers.  .   In  January,  1830,  Boli- 


him  again  to  visit  Europe  as  a  relief  to  his 
sorrow  for  her  loss.  On  his  return,  he 
was  one  of  the  chief  promoters  of  the  revo- 
lutionary movements  in  Caracas  in  1810, 


var  issued  a  proclamation  resigning  his 
military  and  political  offices;  and  in  May 
the  constituent  congress  of  Colombia 
elected  Joaquin  Mosquera  president.  In 


and  received  a  colonel's  commission  from  the  September  following,  having  been  re- 
the  new  patriotic  government.  He  gradu-  appointed,  Bolivar  accepted  the  presidency, 
ally  rose  by  the  weight  of  his  talents  and  and  on  the  seventeenth  of  Deccml>er  died 
services  to  higher  offices,  and  in  1814,' at  San  Pedro  Alejandrino,  a  country  seat 
a  convention  of  the  principal  civil  and  alM>ut  a  league  from  Santa  Martha.  Hit 
military  officers  at  Caracas  confirmed  body  was  embalmed  and  laid  in  state  for 
th;:  dictatorial  powers  that  circumstances  three  days;  the  people  flocking  in  crowns 
had  already  thrown  upon  him.  After  va-  to  look  upon  the  remains  of  their -liberator 
rious  reverses  of  fortune  in  the  patriotic  Four  days  previous  to  his  death,  he" issued 
cause,  Bolivar,  in  1816,  was  recognized  as  a  decree"  to  the  citizens  of  Colombia,  which 
supreme  chief,  and  before  the  close  of  the '  concluded,  in  the  following  words:  "Co 
ensuing  year  had  fixed  hi.s  head-quarters  luinbians — I  leave  you — but  mv  last  prayer* 
-tnra.  The  campaign  of  1819  was  are  offered  up  for  the  tranquillity  of  Cofom- 
distin^uished  by  several  splendid  victories,  •  bia — and  if  my  death  will  contribute  to 
and  Bolivar  was  universally  hailed  as  the  this  desirable  end,  by  a  discontinuance  of 
liberator  and  father  of  his  country.  Taking  party  feeling,  and  consolidate  thu  union,  I 
advantage  of  the  favourable  moment,  lie  shall"  descend  with  feelings  of  contentment 
obtained  the  passage  of  a  law,  by  which  into  the  tomb  which  will  soon  be  pre|>arcd 
the  republics  of  New  Grenada  and  Vene-'for  me." 


BO.M 

BOLLANDUS,  JOHN,  a  Jesuit,  born 
tn  the  Netherlands,  in  1596,  was  chosen 
by  his  fraternity  to  carry  into  efl'ect  ROP«- 
weide's  plan  (if  the  Acta  Sanctorum,  or 
Li^es  of  the  Saint.«.  lie  completed  five 
folio  volume?,  the  first  part  of  which  he- 
published  in  1643.  Since  his  decease,  in 
1663,  the  woik  has  been  continued,  by 
Henscheniu?  and  others,  to  the  extent  (if 
fifty  three  volumes.,  ah. I  is  still  incomplete. 

BOLTON,  EUWAXD,  an  English  anti- 
quary, the  lime  of  \\hose  birth  and  death 
is  unknown.  He  was  a  catholic,  and  a 
retainer  of  the  first  duke  of  Buckingham. 
Of  his  productions,  the  principal  is  JVcro 
Ca:sar,  or  Monarchy  Depraved ;  a  eurious 
work,  which  was  published  in  1624,  and 
dedicated  to  his  patron. 

BOMBELLI,  RAPHAEL,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  Italian  algebraists  of  the 
sixteenth  century.  He  was  the  first  who 
invented  a  uniform  method  of  resolving 
equations.  His  Tieatise  of  Algebra  was 
printed  at  Bologna,  in  1572  and  1579. 

BONA,  orBONNA,  a  shepherdess  of 
the  Valtelme,  was  first  the  mistress,  and 
Subsequently  the  wife,  of  Peter  Brunoro, 
an  Italian  warrior.  She  gave  numerous 
proofs  of  heroic  courage.  In  the  wa;s  of 
the  Venetians  she  greatly  distinguished 
herself, , particularly  in  taking  by  assault 
the  castle  of  Pavona.  She  assisted  her 
husband  in  defending;  Negropoht,  and,  after 
his  death,  expelled  the  Turks  from  the 
island.  She  died  in  1-1C6. 

BONAPARTE.     See  NAPOLEON. 

BONARELLI  DELLA  ROVERE, 
GUY  UBALDO,  an  Italian  diplomatist  and 
literary  character,  was  born  at  Urbino,  in 
1563,  was  employed  in  many  important 
negotiations  by  the  dukes  of  Modena  and 
Ferrara,  and  died  in  1608.  His  pastoral 
of  Phiil's  of  Scyros,  which  is  considered 
as  standing  next  in  merit  to  the  Aminta 
and  the  Faithful  Shepherd,  is  his  princi- 
pal woik. 

BONARELLI  DELLA  ROVERE, 
PROSPER,  brother  of  Guy  Ubaldo,  died  at 
Ancona,  in  1659.  He  is  the  author  of 
Suliman,  a  tragedy,  nine  musical  dramas, 
and  \ariotis.  comedies,  letters,  and  miscel- 
laneous poems. 

BON  CHAMP,  ARTHUR  DE,  a  cele- 
brated general  of  the  Vendean  royalists, 
was  born  in  Anjoii,  in  1759,  and  served 
with  distinction  in  the  army,  during  the 
American  war.  In  1793,  he  was  chosen 
one  of  the  principal  Vendean  leaders,  and 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  talents  and 
v..lour  in  numerous  combats.  On  the  17th 
of  October,  1793,  he  was  mortally  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Cboltet.  Bunchamp  was  a 
riuxn  i,f  abilities  and  luur.anity.  The  last 
act  of  hi.-,  life  was  the  t-a\ing  i.f  five  thou- 
sand prisoners,  whom  the  exasperated 
vv-«r«  about  to  iaa<'ja^re. 


BON  101 

i  P.<  A  I),  J  <HVt ,  a  crJtH  ypd  grammarian, 
\Yas  born  "i/i '  SbmeiselsKirfr,*  in  J;'J;"(),  was 
educated  at  Winchester  and  Oxford,  be- 
came master  of  Taunton  grammar  school, 
and  afterwards  a  physician,  and  died  in 
1612.  He  wrote  Annotations  on  Horace 
and  Persius. 

BONER,  a  German  fabulist,  who  lived 
in  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  century, 
of  \\hose  life  no  particulars  are  recorded. 
II  if  Fables,  partly  borrowed  from  the  Latin, 
form  a  valuable  portion  of  what  has  been 
handed  down  to  us  of  the  poems  of  the 
Minnesinger.  The  first  edition  of  them 
appeared  in  1461,  and  is  one  of  the  earliest 
printed  book?. 

BONIFACE,  ST.,  whose  real  name  was 
WILFRID,  was  born  at  Crediton,  in  De- 
vonshire, about  A.  D.  680;  travelled, 
about  716.  through  many  parts  of  Germany 
(of  which  he  is  called  the  apostle),  to  con- 
vert the  heathens ;  was  consecrated  a 
bishop,  at  Rome,  by  Gregory  II.  in  723; 
returned  to  Germany,  and  reclaimed  the 
Bavarians  from  paganism  ;  and  was,  finally, 
massacred  in  Friesland,  in  755.  • 

BONINGTON,  RICHARD  PARKES,  a 
painter,  who  died,  in  1802,  at  the  early 
age  of  twenty-six,  was  born  in  London, 
was  first  a  pupil  of  Gros,  at  Paris,  and 
afterwards  studied  in  Italy.  Bonington 
was  a  man  of  genius,  and  his  presiaVure 
death  was  a  heavy  loss  to  the  pictorial  art. 
He  excelled  in  various  departments  of 
painting.  Among  his  finest  pictures  is  a 
view  on  the  great  canal  of  Venice. 

BONNEFONS,  or  BONNEFONIUS, 
JOHN,  a  Latin  erotic  poet,  was  born,  in 
1554,  at  Clermont,  in  Auvergne;  studied 
ci\il  law,  under  Cujas;  practised  as  a 
barrister;  was  made  lieutenant-general  of 
the  bailiwick  of  Bar-sur-Seine;  and  died 
in  1614.  His  collection  of  amatory  pcems 
under  the  title  of  Pancharis,  ranks  him 
among  the  best  modern  writers  in  the  Ro- 
man language. 

BONNER,  EDMUND,  a  prelate,  "  damn- 
ed to  everlasting  fame,"  under  the  appel- 
lation of  "  bloody  bishop  Bonner."  was 
the  son  of  a  peasant,  at  Hanley,  in  Wor- 
cestershire, and  was  educated  at  Pembroke 
College,  Oxford.  Henry  VIII.  made  him 
his  chaplain,  bishop  of  Hereford,  and  then 
of  London,  and  employed  him  on  embas- 
sies to  France,  Germany,  and  the  pope. 
He  was  imprisoned  and  deprived  of  his 
bishopric,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.; 
but  was  restored  by  Mary,  and  signalised 
himself  by  his  vindictive  and  persecuting 
•  spirit.  Queen  Elizabeth  imprisoned  him  in 
the  Marshalsea.  and  he  died  there,  in  1569, 
after  ten  years'  confinement.  Bonner  was 
a  man  of  learning  and  talent;  but  so  san- 
guinary, that,  in  allusion  to  his  excessive 
corpulence,  he  was  said  to  have  abundance 
of  guts,  but  no  bov  nU. 


Mi  BON 

BONN -ST.  cr  HO.XKT.  THE  JPHILI-S. 
a  phy>rc.:;»h,  \vu>:'t^rn  'it  (»e.«r\/i,  in  .f>20, 
where  he  died  in  ll>S9.  His  fame  princi- 
pally rest,  on  his  having  been  the  first 
pathologic  ••'  anatomist.  The  work  wliich 
gives  him  thv>  claim  is  named  Scpulchre- 
tuni,  sen  Anatomia  Practiea.  lie  also 
wrote  Pharos  Medicorum,  and  compiled 
various  inedira.  treatises. 

Kn.WKT.  rii  vui.Ks,  a  celebrated  na- 
turalist, was  h  >rn  at  Geneva,  in  1720,  and 
w:is  de>u'!ied  for  the  law,  but  was  inspired 
with  an  irrepressible  lo\e  of  natural  his- 
tory, by  ch .Hiring  to  peruse  a  book  on  that 
science.  His  whole  subsequent  life  was 
devoted  to  natural  history  and  physiology, 
and  his  discoveries  were  numerous.  He- 
died  of  a  dropsy  in  tiie  chest,  May  the 
20lh,  1793.  His  works  form  nine  vol- 
um-s  in  quarto,  and  many  of  them  have 
b,^e.i  translated  into  various  language*. 
The  Contemplation  of  Mature,  two  volumes 
octavo,  is  one  of  his  most  popular  produc- 
tk>MU 

BONXEVAL,  CLAUDE  ALEXANDER, 
Coant  de,  born  in  1675,  of  a  nobl-j  Limou- 
sin family,  signalized  his  valour  under 
'l\  jrville,  Catinat,  and  Vend.'me;  (]uittcd 
hi-  country  in  consequence  of  a  dispute 
wi  h  the  minister  Chamiilard;  entered  the 
Ai  itrian  service;  and  bore  u  distinguished 
pa  t  in  many  achievements,  particularly 
in  "orciag  the  lines  before  Turin,  and  de- 
fea  ing  the  Turks  at  Pelerwaradin.  In 
17/  0,  his  haughty  and  intractable  dispo- 
siti^n  involved  him  in  a  quarrel  with  the 
cou  t  of  Vienna,  and  he  was  compelled  to 
fly.  He  took  refuge  in  Turkey,  where  he 
bee  une  a  Mahometan,  under  the  name  of 
Acl  -net  Pacha,  and  was  made  master  of 
the  ordnance.  He  died  in  1747,  at  the 
mordent  when  he  was  said  to  be  intending 
to  escape  from  the  Turkish  dominions. 

EOXNIVET,  WILLIAM  GOUFFIER 
DE.  admiral  of  France,  distinguished  him- 
self it  the  siege  of  Genoa,  in  1507,  and  at 
the  battle  of  Spurs,  in  1513.  Francis  I. 
also  employed  him  as  a  negotiator  in  Eng- 
land and  Germany.  Bonnivet  afterwards 
com  aande:!  in  Spain  and  the  Milanese, 
opp<  «ed  peace,  committed  many  military 
fault  (,  and  fell,  at  last,  at  the  battle  of  Pa"- 
via,  in  1525,  which  was  fought  by  his  ad- 
vice It  was  mainly  by  his  intrigues  that 
the  constable  of  Bourbon  was  driven  into 
Mbe'Uon 

Bv  '\\YCASTI.E,  JOHN,  was  a  native 
of  \Vhitchun  h,  in  Bucks,  and,  after  hav- 
ing been  tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  earl  of  Pom- 
fret,  was  appointed  one  of  the  mathemati- 
cal masters  at  Woolwich.  He  resided 
there  fir  I'irty  years,  an  1  b -cam:- pi 
of  mathematics  to  tlu  Royal  Military 
Aca  inn/.  He  di.-d  in  1821.  As  a  mail 
of  science  lie  enjoys  a  deserved  reputation  i 
lilt  various  work*  mi)  be  met  ' 


BOO 

tioned   his  Treatises   on  Geometry, 

nometry,    Algebra,   and    Astronomy;     and 
his  contributions   to  luvs's  Cyclopedia. 

BO.XOMF,  .Josr.iMi,  an  architect,  was 
a  native  of  Italy,  but  .spent  a  great  part 
of  his  life  in  England,  and  was  one  of  the 
associates  of  the  Royal  Academy.  His 
architectural  talents  were  of  a  high  order. 
He  died  in  March,  1SOS,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-nine. 

BOOM:.  DSMI  I.,  one  of  thp  earlier 
settlers  in  Kentucky,  was  born  in  Virginia, 
and  was  from  infancy  addicted  to  hunting 
in  the  woods,  lie  set  out  on  an  expedi- 
tion to  explore  the  region  of  Kentucky, 
in  May,  1769,  with  five  companions.  Af- 
ter meeting  with  a  variety  of  adventures, 
Boone  was  left  witl-i  his  brother,  the  only 
white  men  in  the  wilderness.  They  pa».'d 
the  winter  in  a  cabin,  and  in  the  summer 
of  1770  traversed  the  country  to  the  Cum- 
berland river.  In  September,  1773,  Boonc 
commenced  his  removal  to  Kentucky  with 
his  own  and  five  other  families.  He  was 
joined  by  forty  men,  who  put  themselves 
under  his  direction  ;  but  being  attacked  by 
the  Indians,  the  whole  party  returned  to 
the  settlements  on  Clinch  river.  Boone 
was  afterwards  employed  by  a  company  of 
North  Carolina,  to  buy,  from  the  Indians, 
1;  ».d*  on  the  south  side  of  the  Kentucky  river. 
In  April,  1775,  he  built  a  fort  at  salt- 
spring,  where  Boonesborough  is  now  situ- 
ated. Here  he  sustained  several  sieges 
from  the  Indians,  and  was  once  taken  pris- 
oner by  them  while  hunting  with  a  number 
of  his  men.  In  1782  the  depredations  of 
the  savages  increased  to  an  alarming  ex- 
tent, and  Boone,  with  other  militia  officers, 
collected  176  men,  and  went  hi  pursuit  of 
a  larye  body,  who  had  marched  beyond  the 
Blue  Licks,  forty  miles  from  Lexington. 
From  that  time  till  1798,  he  resided  alter- 
nately in  Kentucky  and  Virginia.  In  that 
year,  having  received  a  grant  of  2000 
acres  of  land  from  the  Spanish  authorities, 
he  removed  to  Upper  Louisiana,  \\ith  his 
children  and  followers,  who  were  presented 
with  800  acres  each.  He  settled  with 
them  at  Charette,  on  the  Missouri  ri\er, 
where  he  followed  his  usual  course  of  lii'-, 
— hunting  and  trapping  bears, — till  Sep- 
tember, 1S22,  when  he  died  in  the  ci»i,i». 
fifth  year  of  his  age.  He  expired  while 
on  his  knees,  taking  aim  at  some  object, 
and  was  found  in  that  position,  with  hia 
gun  resting  on  the  trunk  of  a  tree. 

BOOTH,  BARTON,  a  celebrated  actor 
in  the  reigns  of  Anne  and  George  I., -was 
born,  in  1681,  in  Lancashire,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  school,  under  Dr 
Busby.  At  the  age  of  seventeen,  how- 
ever, lo  joined  a  strolling  company  of 
players;  his  talents,  at  length,  gained  him 
a  footing  on  the  regular  theatre;  his  popu- 
larity continually  increased ;  and  hi«  per 


BOH 

formance  of  Cato,  in  1712,  set  the  teal 
upon  his  histrionic  reputation.  In  1715, 
ne  became  one  of  the  joint  patentees  and 
manager.-  of  Drnry  Lane  theatre.  He  di- 
ed in  1733.  Booth  was  the  author  of  a 
mask  called  Dido  and  Eneas,  and  of  some 
songs  and  minor  pieces. 

BORDA,  JOHN  CHARLES,  a  celebra- 
ted mathematician  and  astronomer,  was 
born  at  Dax,  in  Gascony,  in  1733;  served 
as  an  engineer  in  the  French  army  in  1757; 
then  became  a  naval  officer;  accompanied 
Pingre,  in  1771,  on  a  voyage  to  the  South 
Sea,  to  make  experiments  on  timekeepers; 
was  captain  of  the  Solitaire,  in  1781,  and 
displayed  great  gallantry  in  an  action  with 
the  English ;  was  employed  with  Delam- 
bre  and  Mechain  in  measuring  an  arc  of 
the  meridian;  and  died  in  March,  1799. 
He  invented  the  reflecting  circle,  and  a 
mensuration  rod,  and  made  many  improve- 
ments in  hydraulics,  and  experiments  to 
determine  the  length  of  the  pendulum. 

BORDE,  or  BOORDE,  ANDKKW,  a 
physician,  born  at  Pevensey,  about  1500, 
was  educated  at  Oxford,  and  travelled  all 
over  Christendom,  and  a  part  of  Africa. 
He  settled  at  Winchester,  and  afterwards 
at  London,  at  which  latter  city  he  died  in 
the  Fleet,  in  1549.  He  is  tlie  author  of 
various  works,  among  which  are  a  Book 
of  the  Introduction  of  Knowledge;  the 
Breviary  of  Health;  and  Merrye  Tales  of 
the  Madmen  of  Gotham. 

BORDELON,  LAURENCE,  a  volumin- 
ous writer  of  novels,  dramas,  and  miscel- 
laneous works,  \vas  born  at  Bourges,  in 
1653,  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1730.  Of  his 
works  the  best  known  are,  Curious  Varie- 
ties; the  Extravagant  Fancies  of  M. 
Oufile;  and  Dialogues  of  the  Living.  In 
company  one  day,  Bordelon  said,  "  my 
works  are  my  deadly  sins ; "  to  which  a 
bystander  replied,  "  the  public  does  pen- 
ance for  them." 

BORELLI,  JOHN  ALPHONSO,  a  phi- 
losopher and  mathematician,  was  born  in 
1608,  studied  at  Rome,  and  liecame  pro- 
fessor of  natural  philosophy  and  mathe- 
matics at  Pisa  and  Florence.  From  the 
latter  city  he  went  to  Messina,  where  he 
had  once  held  a  professorship;  but,  in 
1674,  he  was  banished  from  it  for  political 
reasons.  He  settled  at  Rome,  and  died 
there  in  1679.  He  was  the  first  who  ap- 
plied mathematical  calculation  and  me- 
chanical principles  to  explain  muscular 
action.  Among  his  numerous  produc- 
tions, his  poettumoug  work,  De  Motu  Ani- 
malium,  is  tnr  only  one  which  is  remem- 
bered. • 

BORGHESE,  MARIK  PAULINE,  prin- 
cess, originally  Bonaparte,  sister  of  Na- 
Gjleon,  was  born  in  1780,  at  Ajaccio. 
ier  first  husband  was  general  Leclerc, 
ami.  after  hid  death  in  1802,  she  married 


DOR 


103 


the  prince  C.iriiillo  Borghese.  With  Na- 
poleon, \\\\)  loved  her  tenderly,  she  had 
many  dttputeg,  and  as  many  recoiu.ilia- 
ticns;  for  if  he  was  capricious,  she  was 
also  proud.  Before  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo she  placed  all  her  diamonds,  which 
were  of  great  value,  at  his  disposal;  and 
they  were  in  Uis  carriage,  which  was  ta- 
ken in  that  battle,  and  exhibited  in  Lon- 
don. She  lived,  afterwards,  separated 
from  her  husband,  at  Rome;  where  her 
house  was  the  centre  of  refined  and  fash- 
ionable society.  She  died  at  Florence,  in 
June,  1825.  " 

BORGIA,  C^SAR,  the  wicked  offspring 
of  a  wicked  paren.  was  the  natural  son  of 
Pope  Alexander  \  I.  His  father  made 
him  an  archbishop  and  cardinal;  but  he 
was  afterwards  secularized,  and  the  French 
king  created  him  duke  of  Valentinois. 
He  is  said  to  have  caused  his  brother,  and 
several  other  persons,  to  be  assassinated. 
After  having  performed  many  splendid 
military  actions,  and  sustained  many  re- 
verses of  fortune,  he  was  slain,  in  1507,  at 
the  siege  of  Viana. 

BORJA,  or  BORGIA,  FRANCIS  DE,a 
Spanish  poet  and  statesman,  a  descendant 
from  Pope  Alexander  VI.,  was  appointed 
viceroy  of  Peru,  in  1614,  and  governed 
that  province  in  a  manner  which  wa§ 
honourable  to  him.  He  returned  to  Spain 
in  1621,  and  cultivated  literature  till  his 
decease,  which  occurred  in  1638.  As  a 
poet,  he  is  most  esteemed  for  his  lyrical 
compositions. 

BORLACE,  EDMUND,  the  son  of  one  of 
the  lords  justices  of  Ireland,  was  educated 
at  Dublin,  and  settled  as  a  physician  at 
Chester,  where  he  died  in  1682.  Hia 
principal  work  is  a  History  of  the  Irish 
Rebellion. 

BORLASE,  WILLIAM,  an  antiquary 
and  topographer,  was  born,  in  1695,  at 
Pendeen,  in  Cornwall,  was  educated  at 
Oxford,  and,  till  the  end  of  his  days,  was 
rector  of  Ludgvan  and  vicar  of  St.  Just, 
in  his  native  country.  The  first  of  these 
preferments  he  obtained  in  1722.  In  1749 
he  was  made  F.  R.  S.  and,  in  1766,  LL.  D. 
He  died  in  1772.  His  chief  works  are, 
the  Antiquities  of  Cornwall;  Observations 
on  the  Scilly  Islands;  and  a  Natural  His- 
tory of  Cornwall. 

BORN,  IGNATIUS,  Baron,  a  mineralo- 
gist and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born, 
in  1742,  at  Calrsburg,  in  Transylvania, 
and,  in  1772,  obtained  an  appointment  in 
the  department  of  the  mines  at  Prague. 
His  mineralogical  talents  induced  the  Em- 
press Maria  Th'eresa,  to  fix  him  at  Vienna, 
and  he  was  in  high  favour  with  her  suc- 
cessor Joseph  II.  He  died  in  August, 
1791.  Born  was  a  zealous  member  c-f  the 
Illuminati,  and  poignant  y  ridiculed  th« 
monks  in  his  Monachologia.  His  wcrlu 


104  BOS 

principally  relate  to  mineralogy  and  mm- 
ing,  and  are  much  valued.  The  process  of 
amalgamation  was  greatly  impiuved  hv  him. 
f  BORROMEO.  .a  cardinal, 

justly  celebrated  for  his  virtues,  was  of  an 
illustrious  Lombard  family,  and  was  born, 
in  1538,  at  the  castle  of  Arona,  in  the  Mi- 
lanese. He  was  created  a  cardinal  and 
archbishop  of  Milan,  by  his  uncle  Pope 
Pius  IV.  He  was  a  model  of  piety  and  of 
charity,  and  a  munificent  patron  of  learn- 
ing. His  efforts  to  reform  the  monastic 
orders  drew  on  him  the  vengeance  of  a 
fanatical  monk,  who  attempted,  but,  hap- 
pilv,  without  success,  to  assassinate  him. 
Borromeo  died  in  1584;  in  1610,  he  was 
canonized;  and  in  1697  a  colossal  bronze 
•tatue  of  him,  sixty-six  feet  high,  was 
erected  at  Arona.  His  theological  works 
occupy  five  folio  volumes. 

BORROMEO,  FREDERIC,  cousin 
german  of  Cardinal  Charles,  was  also  a 
cardinal,  created  in  1587,  and  archbishop 
of  Milan  in  1595.  He  died  in  1631,  at 
the  age  of  sixty-eight.  He  founded  the 
famous  Ambrosian  library,  and  two  Acad- 
emies, at  Milan;  is  the  author  of  various 
theological  works;  and  emulated  his  cousin 
and  virtue. 


L  piety  and  virtu* 
BORROMI.M, 


FRANCIS,  an  Italian 
architect,  was  born  at  Bissona,  in  the 
Milanese,  in  1599,  was  a  pupil  of  Maderno, 
and  succeeded  him  as  architect  at  St. 
Peter's  at  Rome.  His  public  works  are 
numerous;  but,  though  he  was  of  undoubt- 
ed talent,  his  taste  was  faulty.  Jealousy 
of  his  rival  Bernini's  success  is  said  to 
have  rendered  him  insane,  and,  in  a  fit  of 
frenzy,  he  put  an  end  to  his  own  existence, 
in  1667. 

BOS,  LAMBERT,  an  eminent  philologer 
and  scholar,  was  born,  in  1670,  at  Wor- 
eum,  in  Friesland;  became  a  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  Franeker,  in  1704;  and  died,  of 
consumption,  in  1717.  His  most  popular 
production  is  an  excellent  work  on  Greek 
ellipses.  He  published  an  edition  of  the 
Septuagint,  with  a  prolegomena  and  vari- 
ous readings. 

BOSC,  Louis  AUGUSTUS  WILLIAM, 
a  French  naturalist  and  agricultural  writer, 


BOSCAIt-ALMOGAVER,    JOHX,    a 

celebrated  Spanish  poet,  was  born  a:  Bar- 
celona, in  1491,  servrd  in  the  army  when 
young,  and  was  admitted  to  the  court  of 
('liail.-s  V.,  who  valued  him  much.  Hr 
w.is  :il~c>  entrusted  with  the  education  ol 
tlie  duke  of  Alba.  The  use  of  hemieca- 
syllabi  introduced  by  him  into 

the  Spanish  language,  or.  at'least,  wag 
rendered  popular.  His  poems  were  print- 
ed in  conjunction  with  those  of  his  friend 
Garcila 

BOSCAWEN,  EDWARD,  a  brave  and 
skilful  admiral,  second  son  of  Viscount 
Falmouth,  was  born,  in  1711,  in  Corn- 
wall, entered  the  navy  early,  and  in  1740 
obtained  the  command  of  the  Shorcham, 
whence,  in  1744,  he  was  removed  to  the 
Dreadnought.  He  distinguished  himself 
at  Porto-B'jllo  and  Carthagena,  and,  under 
Anson.  in  tne  battle  off  Cape  Finistorre. 
Being  made  rear-admiral,  and  sent  with  a 
squadron  to  the  East  Indies,  he  failed  in 
an  attempt  on  Pondicherry,  but  took  Ma- 
dras. On  his  return,  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  admiralty  board.  In  1755,  he 
captured  two  sail  of  the  line;  in  1758,  as- 
sisted in  reducing Louisbourg;  and  in  1759, 
completely  defeated  a  French  fleet  off 
Cape  Lagos.  A  pension,  the  thanks  of 
parliament,  and  the  rank  of  general  of  the 
marines,  were  the  rewards  of  these  servi- 
ces. He  died  in  January,  1761. 

BOSCAWEN,  WILLIAM,  a  nephew  of 
the  admiral,  was  born  in  1752,  and  edu- 
cated at  Eton,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle 
Temple;  became  a  commissioner  of bank- 
upts  and  of  the  victualling  board;  and 
died  in  1811.  He  published  a  Translation 
of  Horace ;  the  Progress  of  Satire ;  and  a 
Treatise  of  Convictions  on  Penal  Statutes. 

BOSCOVICH,  ROGER  JOSEPH,  a  na- 
tive of  Ragusa,  born  in  1711,  was  educa- 
ted by  the  Jesuits,  at  Rome,  entered  their 
order,  and  displayed  Mich  early  talents, 
that,  even  before  he  had  completed  hii 
studies,  he  was  appointed  professor  of 
mathematics  and  philosophy  at  the  Roman 
College.  He  was  employed  hy  Pius  VI. 
on  various  public  undertakings;  among 
others,  the  draining  of  the  Pontine  marshes ; 


._  born,  in  1759,  at  Paris,  and  died  and  was  afterwards  patronised  by  the  grand 
there  in,1828.  In  1784  he  was  appointed  !  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  the  king  of  France, 
secretary  of  the  post  office,  and  was  sub-  the  latter  of  wh'om  gave  him  the  place  of 


sequentlv  promoted 


still   higher  sta- 


tion in  that  office.  In  1793  he  was  driven 
from  his  place  by  the  jacobins,  and  he  took 
up  his  residence  in  the  forest  of  jMontmo- 
renci,  where  he  lived  for  three  vears 


director  of  optics  for  the  navy.  Bosco  • 
vich  died  at  Milan,  in  1787.  His  collective 
philosophical  works  R;rm  five  quarto  vol- 
umes. Among  them  is  a  very  elegant  Latin 
poem  on  eclipses.  , 


•olitude,  and  devoted  himself  to  the  study }  BOSSU,  RENE  LF,,  a  French  critic, 
of  natural  history,  to  which  he  had  always  born  at  Tans,  in  1631,  died  in  1680,  tub- 
been  partial.  His  latter  years  were  wholly  prior  of  the  abbey  of  St.  .!•  h>i  of  Chart!  es. 
devoted  to  science.  Among  hi*  numc-rous  His  principal  work  ifl  aTiratiseon  Epic 
works  are  a  History  of  Shells,  Worms.  Pi.rtrv,  which  was  once  popular,  but  Li 
&c. ;  two  Dicliotiarte*  of  Agriculture ;  RttyttMnwHunoct  forgotten. 
•  NfW  nlttinnarv  »'  Natur/  Mjsiurv.  !  9O6SUXT.  jAMKf  B9VI«KVS.OM«tf 


ROS 


EOT 


105 


<kfc6l  e*o<uient  of  French  preacher*,  nnd  J  was  called   to   the  English  bar,   but   had 

,,«   of  controversialists,    was  born,    in  (little  practice,   and    never    obtained    any 

1627,  Tt  Dijon,  and  aftsr  having    studied  [other  legal    preferment    than  the  recorder- 
at  the  college  of  Navarr.",  he  became  canon     '  «*»-». 

of  Meta 


, 

From  Met/,  his  reputation  spread 
to  the  capital,  and  he  was  invited  to  Paris, 
to  preach  before  the  queen  mother  and  the 
king.  There  h's  fame  soon  eclipsed  that 
of  all  his  predecessors  and  contemporaries. 
In  1669  he  was  roucle  bishop  of  Condom ; 
in  1670  preceptor  to  the  dauphin;  and,  in 
1681 ,  bishop  of  Meaux.  He  died  in  1704. 
His  Funeral  Orations  are  masterpieces  of 
eloquence;  and  in  his  controversy  with  the 
protestants  he  displays  admirable  learning 
and  skill.  Of  his  works,  which  form 
twenty  quarto  volume?,  the  principal  are 
his  Sermons;  Discourse  on  Universal  His- 
.ory;  Exposition  of  the  Catholic  Fa  th; 
and  History  of  the  Variations  of  the  Pro- 
testant Churches. 

BOSSUT,  CHAULF.S,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician, was  born  in  the  Lyonese,  in 
17SO,  studied  in  the  Jesuits'  college  at  Ly- 
ons, was  taught  mathematics  by  d'Alem- 
bert,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty-two  was 
professor  of  the  engineers'  school  at  Metz. 
He  died  in  1814,  universally  regretted, 
both  as  an  individual  and  as  a  man  of  sci- 
ence. His  chief  works  are,  a  History  of 
Mathematics;  and,  a  Course  of  Mathema- 
tics ;  the  last  of  which  is  highly  popular. 

BOSTON,  THOMAS,  a  Scotch  divine, 
was  born  at  Dunse,  in  1676,  and  died  min- 
ister of  Ettrick,  in  1732.  He  is  chiefly 
remembered  by  his  Human  Nature  in  its 
Fourfold  State;  a  work  which  has  gone 
through  numerous  editions. 


BOSWELL,  JAMES,  the  biographer  of 
Dr.  Johnson,  was  the  son  of  a  Scotch 
judge,  and  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  in  1740. 
In  1763  lie  began  his  travels,  in  the  course 
of  which  he  visited  Corsica.  Of  that 
island  he  afterwards  pave  an  account,  \vith 
Memoirs  of  General  Paoli.  Having  bv-en 
Admitted  an  advocate  of  the  Scottish  coin  to, 
he  took  a  prominent  part  in  thp  celebrated 
Douglas  cause,  and  also  wrote  a  pamphlet 
on  the  subject.  In  177o  he  attended  John- 
*on  to  the  Hebrides ,  an  excursion  of 
which  he  published  a  nirnal  i«»  1785.  He 


ship  of  Carlisle.  Of  Johnson  i.e  was  for 
more  than  tur.nty  year.*  the  intimate  friend, 
and  his  Life  of  that  eminent  character, 
uhi'jh  appeared  in  17SO,  deservedly  ranks 
hi  £  among  the  most  amusing  and  interest- 
ing of  biographers.  Boswell  likewise  pro- 
duced the  Hypochondriac,  a  series  of  pa- 
pers in  the  London  Magazine,  and  some 
fugitive  pieces.  He  died  May  the  19th, 
1795.  . 

BOTELLO,  Don  NUNO  ALVAREZ  DE, 
one  of  the  mos  Celebrated  Portuguese  vice- 
roys of  India.  He  sailed  from  Lisbon  in 
1624,  and  gained  several  victories  over 
the  Dutch.  In  1628,  he  assumed  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Portuguese  possessions  in 
Hindostan,  succoured  Malacca,  and  de- 
stroyed the  besieging  Achenese  army  and 
fleet;  for  which  he  received  the  title  of 
father  of  the  country.  After  having  ob- 
tained other  successes,  he  was  unfortun  itely 
killed,  in  1629,  by  being  crushed  between 
his  own  and  an  enemy's  vessel. 

BOTH,  JOHN  and  ANDREW,  Dutch 
painters,  natives  of  Utrecht,  and  pupils  of 
Blomaert,  were  as  remarkable  for  their 
fraternal  affection  as  for  their  talents. 
They  studied,  lived,  and  painted  together, 
and  seemed  to  have  but  one  mind.  John 
excelled  in  landscapes,  Andrew  in  figures. 
AndiMW  was  drowned  at  Venice,  in  1650, 
and  his  brother  pined  with  grief  for  his 
b.«s,  and  died  at  Utrecht,  in  1656. 

BOTT,  JOHN  DE,  an  engineer,  born  at 
Florence,  in  1670,  of  French  parents,  served 
successively  the  prince  of  Orange  (William 
III.);  the  elector  of  Brandenberg,  and  the 
elector  of  Baxony,  He  fortified  Wesel, 
and  erected  the  afsenal  at  Berlin,  and  sev. 
end  line  edifices  at  Dresden,  He  died  in 
1745, 

BOTTAUI,JcHsGAETANO,a  learned 
Italian  prelate,  was  born  at  Florence,  in 
X689,  and  died  at  Rome,  in  1775.  The 
Crimea  Academy  intrusted  to  him  the  SUT 
perintendence  of  the  new  edition  of  its  Dicr 
tionary ;  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany  placpd 
him  at  the  head  of  his  printing  establish- 
ment; and  Pope  Benedict  XIV.  made  him 
librarian  of  the  Vatican,  h"is  almoner,  and 
a  canon.  Bottari  is  the  author  of  various 
works,  relative  to  literature  and  the  arts. 

BOTZAR1S,  MARK,  one  of  the  gallant 
dpfenders  of  liberty  in  modern  Greece,  waa 
born  in  A|bi>nia,  in  178Q,  and  is  said  to 
have  been,  at  an  early  period  of  his  life,  in 
the  French  service."  When  the  Greeks 
rose  to  throw  off  the  Ottoman  joke,  he  ar- 
dently espoused  the  cause  of  hi*  country 


and 


chosen    Etratarch    of   Western 


Greece.  The  Turks  having  invaded  Eto- 
l:a  with  a  large  army,  he,  at  the  head  of 
;wo  hundred  n:;d  fifty  volunteers,  made  • 


pu 


itWJ  BOU  BOU 

nocturna   attack  on  the  enemy*    jump,  a:>-1 ;  <«rid  died    in    1711.     He   was    no  less   re- 
I  great  numbers   of  them    to     he  Mvotd;    mrukable  for  generosity,  probity,  and  mod* 

than  for  military  talent. 

BOUFFLERS,  STANISLAUS,  Marquis 

of,  a  descendant  of  the  duke,  was  born  at 
Luneville,  i;i  1737,  and  was  celebrated  for 
wit,  talents,  accomplishments,  and  elegance 
of  manners.  He  early  embraced  a  military 
life,  and  became  a  knight  of  Malta,  and 


to.vards  the  close  of  the  routes!,  he 
received  a  mortal  wound.  Hi*  compan- 
ions in  arms,  !  y  a  <ie*|:era;e  e:i'.:'t,  MIC- 


ct-eded 


him    from  the    field,  and 


Among  his  principal  \v 
ligares  of  the  fountai. 


ne  expired  at  Mi.-snlonghi  on  the  following 
dav,  Aii-nst  23,  1 

BOUCHARDON,  KPMV,  a  rcl.-brated 
French  sculptor,  was  born,  in  1698,  at 
Chaumont  in  Bassigni,  and  died  in  1762. 
ipal  works  are,  a  part  of  the 
untai.i  of  Neptune  at  Ver- 
sailles; the  monument  of  the  duchess  of 
Ixiuraguais;  and  the  fountain  of  Grenelle 
:.  He  designed  also,  particularly  in 
red  chalk,  with  admirable  spirit  and  taste. 

BOUDINOT,  ELIAS,  a  descendant  of 
one  of  the  Huguenots,  was  born  in  I'liila- 
'itdphia,  in  1740.  He  received  a  liberal 
education,  and  entered  into  the  practice  of 
the  law  in  New-Jersey,  where  he  soon  rose 
to  considerable  eminence.  In  1777  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  Congress,  and  in  1782 
was  elected  president  of  that  body.  On 
the  return  of  peace  he  resumed  his  profes- 
sion, but  in  1789,  was  elected  to  a  seat  in 
the  house  of  representatives  of  the  United 
States,  which  he  continued  to  occupy  for 
six  years.  He  was  then  appointed  by 
Washington  Director  of  the  National  Mint, 
ji  which  oflice  he  remained  for  alx>ut 
twelve  years.  Resigning  this  oflice  he  re- 
tired to  private  life,  and  resided  from  that 
time  in  Burlington,  New-Jersey.  Here  he 
'  passed  his  time  in  literary  pursuits,  lib- 
eral hospitality,  and  in  discharging  all  the 
duties  of  an  expansive  and  ever  active  be- 
nevolence. Being  possessed  of  an  ample 
fortune,  he  made  munificent  donations  10 
various  charitable  and  theological  institu- 
tions, and  was  one  of  the  earliest  and  most 
efficient  friends  of  the  American  Bible  So- 
ciety. Of  this  institution  he  was  the  first 
president,  and  it  was  particularly  the  ob- 
1  bounty.  He  died  in 


jcct  of  his  princely- 
October,  1821. 


BOUCICAUT,   JOMN   LE  MAINGRE 

DE,  a  marshal  of  France,  one  of  the  bravest 
atid  be.st  of  his  countrymen,  was  born  at 
Tours,  in  13G4 ;  served  at  the  age  of  twelve 
years  under  Dugnesclin ;  acquired  distin- 
guished honour  at  the  battle  of  Nicopolis, 
in  1396,  where,  however,  he  was  taken 
prisoner;  governed  the  city  of  Genoa  for 
nine  years  with  humanity  and  integrity; 
was  made  captive  at  the  battle  of  Azincour, 
which  was  fought  against  his  advice;  and 
ilied  in  England,  in  1421,  after  a  captivity 
of  six  > 

BOUFFLERS,  Louis  FRANCIS, Duke 


governor  of 


During  the  revolu- 


polished and  playful,  but 
licentious;   his  prose  wo 


tion  he  emigrated  to  Berlin,  and  was  chosen 
a  meml)er  of  the  Academy  of  that  city. 
He  died  at  Paris,  in  1815.  His  poems 
some  of  them 
prose  works,  also  have 
considerable  merit. 

BOUGAINVILLE,  Louis  ANTHONY 
DE  (brother  of  JOHN  PETER,  who  trans- 
lated the  Anti-Lucretius,  and  wrote  a 
Parallel  between  the  Expeditions  of  Alex- 
ander and  Kouli  Khan),  was  born  at  Paris 
in  1729.  In  Canada  he  acted  as  aid-de- 
camp to  Montcalm,  and  displayed  such 
bravery  in  many  actions,  that  he  obtained 
the  rank  of  colonel,  and  a  gift  of  two  can- 
non. He  next  made  a  voyage  round  the 
world,  which  was  completed  in  1769. 
The  narrative  of  it  was  published  in  1772. 
He  rose  to  high  military  and  naval  rank; 
but  retired  from  the  service  in  1790.  Un- 
der the  empire  he  was  made  a  senator,  and 
a  member  of  the  Institute.  The  Royal  So- 
ciety also  chose  him  one  of  its  members. 
He  died  in  1811.  Besides  his  Voyage,  he 
gave  to  the  press  a  Treatise  on  the  Inte- 
gral Calculus,  2  vols.  4to. 

BOUGEANT,  WILLIAM  HYACINTH, 
a  Jesuit,  born  at  Quimper,  in  1690,  who 
died  at  Paris,  in  1743,  is  the  author  of 
various  works  of  merit  ;  among  the  most 
prominent  of  which  are  a  History  of  the 
Treaty  of  Westphalia,  and  a  volume  on 
the  Language  of  Beasts.  The  latter  pro- 
duction, in  which  he  maintains  that  beasts 
are  animated  by  demons,  was  merely  meant 
as  a  pleasantry  ;  but  some  stupid  animals 
about  the  court  having  taken  him  seriously, 
they  procured  his  temporary  exile.  His 
end  is  said  to  have  been  hastened  by  the 
virulence  of  his  literary  assailants. 

BOUGUER,  PETER,  eminent  as  a 
mathematician  and  hydrographer,  was  born 
at  Croisic,  in  Lower  Britanny,  in  1698, 
and  at  thirteen  possessed  such  mathematical 
knowledge  that  he  publicly  foiled  a  pro- 
fessor. He  was  sent  with  Condamine  and 
others  to  measure  a  degree  in  South  Amer- 
ica; a  task  on  which  they  were  ten  years 
employed.  Bouguer  invented  the  helio- 
meter,  and  made  numerous  observations 
>n  the  pendulum,  the  atmosphere,  the  ex- 


of,  an   eminent  French  marshal,  was   born   pansion    of    metals,    and    other    subjects, 
in  1644;   served   with    distinction    under!  He  died  in  1758.     Among  his  works  aio 


Crequi,  and  Turenne;  immortalized  him- 
self by  his  defence  of  Lisle,  in  1708,  and 
bis  retreat  after  the  battle  of  Malplaquet; 


Treatises  on  the   Construction  of  Ships-, 
on  Navigation  and  Pilotage ;   and  on  Light. 
BOUHOURS,  DOMINIC,  a  critic,  ruaa 


BOU 

of  letter*,  and  member  cf  the  Society  of 
Jesus,  was  born  at  Pans,  in  1628,  and  was 
tutor  to  the  sons  of  the  duke  of  Longue- 
ville  and  the  son  of  Colbert.  lie  died  in 
the  French  capital,  in  1702.  His  princi- 
pal works  are,  Conversations  of  Ariatiu 
and  Eugenius;  Remarks  and  Doubts  on 
the  French  Language;  and  the  Art  of 
forming  a  correct  Judgment  on  Literary 
Productions. 

BOUILLE,  FRANCIS  CLAUDE  AMOUR, 
Marquis  de,  a  native  of  Auvergne,  was 
born  about  1733,  and  commanded  with 
great  success  in  the  West  Indies  during 
the  American  war.  When  the  French 
revolution  Began,  he  warmly  espoused  the 
royal  cau.se,  and  was  compelled  to  emi- 
grate. After  having  vainly  endeavoured 
to  rouse  Russia  and  Sweden  to  a  war 
against  France,  he  settled  at  London,  where 
he  died,  November  14,  1800.  His  Memoirs 
nf  the  French  Revolution  is  a  valuable 
work. 

BOULAINVILLIERS,  HENRY,  Count 
de,  a  native  of  Normandy,  was  born  at 
St.  Saire,  in  that  province,  in  1658,  and 
died  in  1752.  As  an  historian  he  is  depre- 
ciated by  Henault,  but  Montesquieu  and 
Voltaire  speak  of  him  with  considerable 
respect.  He  was  an  idolater  of  the  feudal 
times,  which  he  considered  as  the  -golden 
age  of  the  monarchy!  He  is  the  author 
of  a  History  of  the  Ancient  Government  of 
France;  the  State  of  France;  the  Life 
of  Mahomet ;  a  History  of  the  Arabs ;  and 
various  other  works. 

BOULANGER,  NICHOLAS  ANTHONY, 
a  native  of  Paris,  was  born  in  1722,  and 
died  in  1759.  lie  was  brought  up  as  an 
engineer,  and  appointed  superintendant  of 
roads  and  bridges.  In  his  principles  he 
was  dcistical.  He  contributed  some  arti- 
cles to  the  Encyclopedia,  and  wrote  Anti- 
quity Unmasked;  and  an  Inquiry  into  the 
Origin  of  Eastern  Despotism.  Damila- 
ville's  obnoxious  work,  intitled  Christianity 
Unmasked,  has  erroneously  been  attributed 
to  Bonl;ui£rer. 

BOULTER, HUGH,  an  eminent  prelate, 
was  born  in  London,  or  its  vicinity,  in 
lo'71,  and  was  educated  at  Merchant 
Tailors'  school,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
After  having  enjoyed  the  minor  prefer- 
ments of  minister  of  St.  Olave,  Southwark, 
archdeacon  of  Surrey,  chaplain  to  the  king, 
ile-»nof  Christ  Church,  and  bishop  of  Bris- 
tol, he  was,  in  1721,  nominated  archbishop 
of  Armagh,  and  primate  of  all  Ireland, 
which  dignities  he  held  till  his  death,  in 
1742.  lie  wsu  i»so  thirteen  times  one  of 
the  lords  justices  of  Ireland.  Boulter  was 
an  al.le  and  benevolent  man,  and  did  much 
to  relieve  the  wants  of  the  country  in  which 
he  was  placed;  but  his  policy  was  narrow, 
us  it  tended  to  keep  the  Irish  in  a  stute  of 
perpetua  leru'ession,  and  consequently  of 


BOU  107 

hostility  against  those  whom  tney  consid- 
ered as  their  oppressors. 

BOULTON,  MATTHEW,  an  emin«n 
engineer,  was  born  at  Birmingham,  in 
1728,  and  established  there  a  manufactory 
of  hardware,  in  which  he  brought  work* 
in  polished  steel  to  the  highest  perfectfon 
In  1762,  he  built  his  immense  manufactory, 
at  Soho,  two  miles  from  Birmingham,  ana 
in  1769  he  entered  into  partnership  with 
the  celebrated  James  Watt.  From  that 
time  their  establishment  became  famous 
throughout  Europe  for  its  steam  engines, 
and  numerous  other  productions.  Boulton, 

ho  was  a  fellow  of  the  London  and  Edin- 
burgh Royal  Societies,  and  an  associate  of 
other  scientific  institutions,  died,  at  Soho, 
August  17,  1809. 

BOURBON,  CHARLES,  Duke  of,  son 
of  the  count  of  Montpensier,  was  born  in 
1489,  and  received  the  constable's  staff, 
from  Francis  I.,  at  the  age  of  *wenty-six. 
He  displayed  consummate  valour  at  the 
battle  of  Marignan,  and  was  made  viceroy 
of  Milan.  Unfortunately,  however,  the 
persecution  inveterately  carried  on  against 
him  by  Louisa,  the  king's  mother,  whose 
love  he  had  rejected,  at  length  drove  him 
into  rebellion.  He  gave  his  services  to  the 
emperor,  and  contributed  to  the  victory  of 
Pavia.  He  was  slain  in  an  assault  upon 
Rome,  on  the  5th  of  May,  1527. 

BOURCET,  PETER  JOSEPH  DE,  a 
French  officer  and  topographer,  was  born 
in  1700,  at  Usseaux,  in  the  valley  of  Pra- 
gelas,  served  with  distinction  in  the  cam- 
paigns of  1733, 1741,  and  1756,  and  died  a 
lieutenant-general,  in  1780.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  a  fine  map  of  Upper  Dauphine ; 
Military  Memoirs  on  the  Frontiers  of 
France  and  Piedmont;  and  Historical  Me- 
moirs of  the  War  in  Germany,  from  1757 
to  1762. 

BOURCHIER,  THOMAS,  son  of  the 
earl  of  Eu,  was  educated  at  Oxford,  be- 
came chancellor  of  that  university,  and  was 
successively  bishop  of  Worcester  and  of 
Ely,  and,  in  1454,  archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury. He  was  subsequently  made  a  cardi- 
nal'and  lord  chancellor;  and  died  in  1486. 
Three  English  sovereigns  were  crowned  by 
him.  He  is  said  to  have  introduced  print- 
ing into  England,  in  1464;  but  this  in 
doubted. 

BOURCHIER,  JOHN,  Lord  Berners, 
was  born  about  1469,  and  was  educated 
at  Oxford.  In  1495  he  took  an  active 
part  in  suppressing  the  Cornish  rebellion, 
and  he  distinguished  himself  at  the  siege 
of  Teronenne.  Henry  VIII.  made  him 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  and  after- 
wards governor  of  Calais.  Lord  Bernera 
died  at  Calais,  in  1532.  His  love  of  lite- 
rature was  as  remarkabfa  as  his  valour. 
}Je  wrote  various  pieces,  and  translated 
some  French  ronvincea ;  but  his  greateil 


i<*  nor 

work  is  his  translation  of  Froissart's  Chro-  twice  Ju|'ed  mmi  home  to  moid  it.     T!* 

nicle  ; reading  of  mystical    works    inflamed   r*r 

BOURDALOUE,  Louis,  a  Jesuit,  ami  imagination,  a'nd  she  believed  that  she  hai) 

H   French    preacher    of    consummate    elo-  vi.-ions  and  ecstatic  trances,  in    which  she 

quence,    was    born    at    llourges,    in    1().'>2.  \\us  commanded  t«>  re.-tore  the   true  evan- 

The    reputation     which     he     acquired     by  -^dical  spirit  in  the  world.     She  wanderrn 

preaching  in  the  country  induced  his  supe-  about   iace^santlv,  and  was  expelled   from 

riors  to  send  him  to  Paris,  where  he  imme  many  countries;   but  she  made  numerous 
diately   acquired    popularity,    and  became;  proselytes,  among  whom  were  men  of  abil- 

the  favourite  preacher  of  Louis  XIV.,  who  ities.     The  virtue  of  charity  she  certainly 

pent    him   into   Languedoc,  to  convert  the  (lid  not  possess ;    for  she  never  gave  alms 

prutestants.     The  latter  part  of  his  life  was  She  died  at  Franeker,  in  Holland,  in  1680 

e=pchi  in  visiting  the  sick  and  the  prisons,  Her  reveries  (ill  twenty-two  volumes, 
mid  in  other  works  of  charity.     He  died, 
universally  regretted,  in  1704."  His  sermons 
occupy   sixteen  volumes,   and    have    often 
been  reprinted. 


BOURLJE,  AHTHOHT 

Abbe  de  la,  who  is  known  in  English 
history  as  the  marquis  de  Guiscard,  was 
bora  in  Quercy,  in  1658,  and  entertd  the 


BOURDON,  SEBASTIAN,  a  painter  of  church.  For  some  crime,  however,  he  was 
merit  in  various  styles,  but  particularly  I  compelled  to  fly.  Failing  in  an  nttempl 
in  landscape,  was  born  at  Montpelier,  in  to  spread  the  revolt  of  the  Cevennes,  he 
1616,  and  studied  al  Rome,  where  he  was!  took  refuge  in  England,  where  he  received 
the  friend  of  Claude  Lorraine.  In  1652,  a  pension  from  Q,ueen  Anne's  ministers; 
wishing  to  avoid  the  civil  wars  which  but,  having  betrayed  them  to  his  own  gov- 

1  ernmenl,  he  was  summoned  before  the 
privy  council.  There  he  stabbed  Mr. 
Harley,  and,  in  return,  was  so  danger- 


threatened  France,  he  visited  Sweden,  and 
was  patronised  by  Christina.  She  made 
him  a  present  of  some  pictures  which 


Gustavus  had  brought  from  Dresden;   but,|ously  "wounded  by  some  of  the  counsellors, 
on  examining  them,  Bourdon  disinterest-:  that  he  died  in  Newgate,  in  1711. 


odly  told  her  that  she  ought  not  to  part 
with  so  valuable  a  collection.  Christina 
afterwards  took  them  to  Rome,  and  they 
at  length  formed  a  part  of  the  famous 
Orleans  gallery.  Bourdon  died  at  Paris, 


in  1671. 
painter 


He  was  an  engraver  as  well  as  a 


BOURNE,  VINCENT,  one  of  the  most 
elegant  of  modern  Latin  poets,  was  educat- 
ed at 'Westminster  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge,  took  his  degree  of  M.  A.  in 
1721,  and  di«d  undermaster  of  Westmin- 
ster school  in  1747.  Cowper  describes  him 
as  having  been  the  neatest  of  all  men  in 


BOURGEOIS,  Sir   FRANCIS,    whose  j  his  vers:fbation,  the  most  slovenly   in  hi* 


parents  were  Swiss,  was  born  in  London 
in  1756,  and  was  designed  for  the  army, 
but  displayed  such  an  attachment  to  paint- 
ing that  he  was  placed  under  Louther- 
bourg.  After  having  travelled  for  improve- 
ment, he  became  a  royal  academician.  In 
1791  he  was  appointed  painter  to  the  king 
of  Poland ;  and,  in  1794,  landscape  painter 
to  George  III.  He  died  in  1811.  The 
splendid  collection  of  pictures  which  Mr. 
Desenfans  had  bequeathed  to  him,  Sir 
Francis  left  to  Dulwich  College,  with  ten 
thousand  pound*  to  build  3  gallery  for  them. 
BOURGOING,  JOHN  FRANCIS,  Baron 
de,  was  born  tit  Nevers,  in  1748,  served 
early  in  the  army,  and  successively  acted 
as  secretary  of  legation,  and  lastly  as 
ambassador  at  various  courts.  He  died, 
envoy  at  Dresden,  in  1811.  Of  IPS  writ- 


person;  and,  as  a  poet,  he  thinks  him  not 
at  all  inferior  to  Ovid. 

BOURRIT,  MARK  THEODORE,  a  na- 
tive of  Geneva,  born  in  1739,  and  died  in 
1819,  was  a  chanter  in  the  cathedral  of  his 
native  city.  He  is  known  to  the  public 
by  his  various  journeys  to  the  Alps,  and 
particularly  to  the  glaciers  and  Mont  Blanc ; 
of  which  he  published  narratives  in  1772 
and  1785.  The  last  of  these  works  was 
reprinted  in  1789,  with  a  Description  of 
the  Glaciers  of  the  Pennine  and  Rhetian 
Alps. 

BOURSAULT,  EDMUND,  a  French 
writer,  was  born  at  Muci  1'Eveque,  in  Bur- 
gundy, in  1638,  and  though  his  father,  a 
dissipated  officer,  to  prevent  him  from 
knowing  more  than  himself,  wojlcl  give 
him  no  education,  he  acquired  a  consuni- 


ings  the  principal  are,  the  Picture  of  Mod-  1  mate  knowledge  of  the  French  languago 
ern  Spain,  3  vols.  ;  and  Historical  and  He  wrote  several  c.oiredie.*,  particularly 
Philosophical  Memoirs  of  Pius  VI.  Es;>p  in  Town,  and  Esop  at  Court,  three 

BOURIGNON,  ANTOi.\KTTA,a  fanat-   romances,  and  other  works  of  considerable 


ic,  born  at  Lisle,    in  1616.     So  frightful  !  merit,  among  which  nviy  be  mentioned  Let- 
was  her  appearance  at  her  birth,  that  neruers  to  Babet      Boursault  was  a  man  of  a 
parents  hesitated  whether  the     ouht  not  modest  mind 
to  destroy  her  as  a  monster. 
however 


He 


ght  not  j  modest  mind  and  a  forgiving  spirit. 
As  jhe  grew  'died  in  1701 

up,  owever,  her  appearance  improved,)  BOUSMARD,  M.  DE,  a  military  engi- 
and  she  gave  signs  of  considerable  talent,  necr,  after  having  been  in  the  French  jser- 
littviug  an  aversion  to  matrimony,  the  \ie«,  passed,  in  1792,  into  that 


pht 
luicj 


BOW  ttOY  109 

unl  ruse  to  the  rank  of  major  general.     HejDougn*,     the    detector    of  Lauder.      He 
was  killed,  by  a  bomb,  at  the   siege    of  j  died  in  1766.     Lower  conducted  the  His- 
Dantzick,  May  25,  1807.     He  is  the  author'  tor  ia   Lileraria;'  wrote  a  very   indifferent.. 
of  a  valuable   Essay   on   Fortification,   in  'History    o-f  the    Popes;     and    contributed 
four    quarto    volumes,    with    a    volume  of   largeU  to  the  l~r.ivt>i  >;:!  History. 
htes;     and  of  a  Defence  of  Vauban,  who       JBOWYER,     WILLIAM,     an     eminent 
cj  been  attacked  by  Lnclos*  s'  h.Jar  and  typographer,  was  born  in  Lon- 

BOWDLF.R,  THOMAS,  the  son  of  n;d:jn,  in  1699,  and,  after  having  been  for 
physician  at  Bjth,  wan  born  in  1754,  and  ;  pome  time  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
died  in  1825.  lie  wrote  Reform  and  Ku-  'bridge,  became  a  partner  with  his  father 
in;  Letters  written  in  Holland;  and  edited!  in  tho  printing  business.  He  was  printer 
tne  Family  Shakspearc;  and  an  cxpurgai-j  to  various  learned  bodies,  and  to  the  hou?fe 
ed  edition  of  Gibbon's  History.  His  two  |  of  lords.  He  published  several  philologi- 
:si:-ters,  .lane  and  Hannah,  and  his  brother  leal  tracts,  and  added  notes  to  many  erudite 
John,  all  possessed  literarv  talents.  {works  from  his  press;  but  his  principal 

BOWDICH,  THOMAs'EmvARi),  a  na-  1  production  is  an  edition  of  the  New  Tenta- 
tive of  Bristol,  where  he  was  born  in  1793,  i  men  t  in  (neck,  with  conjectural  emenda- 
received  a  good  education,  and  engaged  in  tions.  He  died  in  1777. 
trade  at  his  native  place,  but  relinquished  BOYCE,  WILLIAM,  was  born  in  Lon- 
it  to  become  a  writer  in  the  service  of  the  j  don,  in  1710,  and  studied  music  under 
African  Company.  In  1816,  he  «•  as  rent  |  Greene,  the  organist  of  St.  Paul's.  Not- 
on  a  mission,  from  Cape  Coast  Caske,  to  i  withstanding  that  he  unfortunately  became 
the  king  of  Asbantee.  Of  this  embassy  he!  deaf  in  his  youth,  he  attained  to  high  emi- 


subsequently  published  a  valuable  narra- 
tive. By  nis  exposures  and  representa- 
tions government  was  induced  to  dissolve 
the  company.  Eager  to  pursue  his  discov- 
eries in  Africa,  he  again  visited  that  coun- 
try ;  but,  unfortunately  for  geography  and 
science,  disease,  brought  oij  by  anxiety  and 
toil,  closed  his  career,  on  the  10th  of  Jan- 
uary, 1824,  shortly  after  he  reached  the 
river  Gambia. 

BOWDOIN,    JAMES,    a   governor   of 
Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Boston  in  the 


nence  in  his  profession.  He  became  Mus 
D.,  master  of  the  king's  band,  and  organ 
ist  and  composer  to  his  majesty.  Both  in 
sacred  and  secular  compositions  he  dis- 
played great  talent.  He  died  in  1779. 

BOYI),  MARK  ALEXANDER,  a  Scotch 
poet,  who  was  considered  as  a  second 
"  admirable  Crichton,"  was  born  in  Gallo- 
way, in  15C2,  studied  at  Glasgow  and  Par- 
is, wandered  over  the  continent  for  four- 
teen years,  and  died  at  his  father's  seat, 
"  khill,  in  1601.  Some  of  his  Latin 


year  1727,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  { poems  are  in  the  Delicia1  Poetarum  Scot- 
Ccllegs  in  1745.  He  took  an  early  stand!  orum ;  and  many  of  his  manuscripts  are 
against  the  encroachments  of  the  British!  said  still  to  exist. 

government  upon  the  provincial  rights,  andl  BOYD,  HUGH  MACAULAY,  whose  ori- 
in  1774  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  first  jginal  name  was  Macaul  y,  was  born  in 
Congress.  The  state  of  his  health  prevent-!  Ireland,  in  1746,  and  educated  at  Trinity 
ed  his  attendance,  and  his  place  was  after-' College,  Dublin.  For  some  time  he  was 
wards  filled  by  Mr.  Hancock.  In  177S  he ;  a  political  writer  in  London;  after  which 
was  chosen  president  of  the  convention  he  accompanied  Lord  Macartney  to  Ma- 
which  formed  the  constitution  of  Massa-  dras,  \\here  he  died  in  17S1.  The  Letters 
chusetts,  and  in  1785  was  appointed  gov-  <>f  Junius  have  absurdly  been  atti-ibuted  to 
rrnor  of  that  State.  He  was  a  member -his  po».  His  Incompetence  to  produce 
c»f  the  Massachusetts  convention  assembled  those  Letters  \'\  however,  amply  proved 
to  deliberate,  on  the  adoption  of  the  Con- 1  by  hi*  own  work?,  \\hkh  have  been  col- 
Ftituticn  of  the  United  States,  and  exerted  lected  in  two  volumes.  Talent  he  had,  but 
Mmself  in  its  favour.  He  was  the  first  far  fadeed  inferior  to  the  talent  of  Juntas. 
president  of  the  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sci-'  BOYDELL,  JOHN,  was  born  in  Staf- 
e'lces  established  at  Boston  in  17SO,  and !  fordshire,  in  1719,  and  was  originally 
was  admitted  a  member  of  several  f.-.reign'an  engraver.  Toms  was  his  preceptor  in 
i  nf  distinction.  He  died  at  Boston  the  art.  Having  gained  some  money  by 
i'i  1"  ihis  talents  and  industry,  he  commenced 

P.OWER.  ARCHIBALD,  a  uati\e  of  business  as  a  printseller," and  soon  became 
Dundee,  born  in  16S6,  was  educated  at  |  one  of  the  most  eminent  in  Europe  En- 
St.  OIIKM-,  entered  the  order  of  the  Jesuits, '  terprising  and  liberal,  he  was  a  great  en- 
and  became  a  counsellor  of  the  inquisition,  j  courager  of  painters  and  engravers.  The 
at  Macerata,  in  the  papal  states.  He,  j  most  celebrated  artists  were  employed  by 
however,  (led  to  England,  in  1726, embrac-  him  to  paint  pictures  for  the  Shak'speare 
ed  the  protestant  faith,  and  was  patronised .  Gallery,  of  which,  in  consequence  of  his 
by  persons  of  eminence.  But  his  sincerity  j  trade  being  injured  by  the  continental  war, 
was  much  Joubted,  and  I  .a  conduct  was  I  he  at  length  disposed  by  lottery.  After 
attacked  by  many,  part  :ularly  by  Dr.  j  having  bpen  iheriff,  alderman,  aad  lord 


no 

mayor  of  Lon  on, 


BRA 
he  died  December  the 


]'••  >Y  !•:•';.      \r,Fi..  n    Fro.irh  h'U'.io-.vit, 

'.  i    hit)  I,  qakicd    1-Vamv 

on    th.'    rcv'i-.itioa    of  the    edii-t    of   Xa.-.t/.. 

la  1.  »id.i!i.      lie   die  1  i 
He  published  vari.iiis  u>>T.d   works,  partly 
coui(-il.i:ions,  a:no:i;  which  a.c  his    Politi'- 


c.il  Sure  i.f  Europe ; 
William;  a  i.l  \nna!» 
but  he  is  best  known  l> 


His-, 


ot"     King 


>f   Queen    A  line: 
his   French  unit 


English  Dictionary  and  Grammar. 


BOYLE,  ROBERT,  a  philosopher,  who 


ranks  with  Bac  »n  and  with  Xewton,  was   la?  ge  fortune. 

the  seventh  son  of  tho  celebrated  earl  of 

Cork,  and  was  born   at   Lisniore,   in   Iie- 

)anl,    January    the  26th,   1626;    th,i  year 

that   Bacon    die  1.      Eaton  has  the  honour 

of  felt  early  education,  wbicii  \\as  perfect- 

ed by  private  tutors,  and  lastly  at  Geneva. 

After  having  travelled  over  various  parts 

of  the  continent,  he    settled    in    England, 

and  devoted  himself  to  science,  especially 

to    natural   philosophy   and   to   chemistry; 

und  till  the  close  of  his  existence,  he  unre- 

mittingly persevered   in  his  scientific  pur- 

suits.    Of  the  Roval  Society  he  was  one 

of  the  first  members,  but  ha  declined  the 

office  of  president,  as  he  did  also  that  of 

provost    of    Eton     College.       Philosophy, 

however,  did  not  wholly  engross  his  time; 

much  of  his  leisure  was  given  to  theological 

studies,  to   the  composition  of  moral  and 

religions  works,  and  to  the  advancement 

of  religion,  for  which  latter  object  he   ex- 


BRA 

ached,  a-id  with  whom  he  had  lived 
for  th.>  most  pail  of  nenrly  half  a  century, 
liis  numerous  wn-ks  have  been  collected 

i>i  l;\e  \  •!. HMOS   f.dio,  and   also    in   MX  vo- 

.  I.E.     See  BURM.NGTON,  CORKE, 

, :  V . 

I'.OYLSTOX,  X\»<i>iK.r.,  was  born  at 
i'.r.K  kl.nc,  Ma.^a.-liiiseits,  in  16S4.  He 
studied  medicine  at  Boston,  and  entered 
into  the  practice  of  his  profession  in  that 
].ia  •;'.  Iii  1721,  when  the  sin:>ll-nox  broko 
out  ia  Boston  and  spread  alarm  through 
the  whole  country,  the  practice  of  inocu- 
lation was  introduced  by  Dr.  Bo\lston, 
notwithstanding  it  was  discouraged  by  the 
rest  of  the  faculty,  and  a  public  or.i, nance 
was  pas.-ed  to  prohibit  it.  He  persevered 
in  his  practice  in  spite  of  the  most  v A  lent 
opposition,  and  had  the  satisfaction  of 
seeing  inoculation  in  general  use  in  New 
England,  for  some  time  before  it  became 
common  in  Great  Britain.  In  1725  he 
visited  England,  where  he  was  received 
with  much  attention,  and  was  elected  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.  Upon  liis  re- 
turn, he  continued  at  the  head  of  his  pro- 
fession for  many  years,  and  accumulated  a 


,  - 

pended very  considerable  sums.  Among 
his  pious  acts  was  the  founding  of  a  lecture 
for  the  defence,  of  natural  and  revealed  re- 


the  royal  society,  he   published 

tises  o"n  the  Small  1'ox.      He  di 


Besides  communications  to 
two    trea- 
He  died  in  1766. 

BOYSE,  SAMUKL,  the  son  of  a  dissent- 
ing minister,  was  born  at  Dublin,  in  1708. 
He  embraced  literature  as  a  profession, 
and  was  employed  in  various  compilations, 
and  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine.  II  is 
poetical  powers  obtained  for  him  the 
patronage  of  the  duchess  of  Gordon,  and 
other  persons  of  rank  and  fortune,  but 


ho  wa 
pation 


patronage  was  bestowed  in  vain  on  Boyse, 
negligent  and  fond  of  low  dissi- 
After  having,  for  several  years, 
experienced  every  variety  of  wretchedness, 
he  expired,  in  1749,  at  a  miserable  lodging 
in  Shoe  Lane.  Some  of  his  poems  have 
been  admitted  into  the  collected  works  of 
the  British  poets.  Of  his  productions,  the 
principal  is  The  Deity,  a  religious  poem, 
which,  in  spite  of  many  faults,  is  honour- 
able to  his  talents. 

BRACCIOLI.M,  FRANCIS,  an  Italian 


poet,  was   born   at 
died  in  1645.     He 


Pistoia,   in  1566,  and 
was   secretar     to   car- 


'<gion.     As  an  experimental  philosopher,   dinal    Barbarini,    and     having    celebrated 


he  displayed  indefatigable  ardour,  and  un- 
comaion  penetration  and  skill,  and  he, 
Undoubtedly,  opened  th::  way  to  many  mo- 
dern discoveries.  As  a  man,  his  character 


prelate's  elevation  to  the  popedom 
( L'rban  VIII.),  his  patron  gave  him  the 
surname  of  deiPApi,  in  allusion  to  the  bee«, 
which  ave  the  arms  of  the  Barbarini  family. 


wa>  of  the  most  c-timabh  kind;  his  man-  1  Bracciolini  \\-ia  a  fertile  and  not  con- 
ners  wer"  .«i  i^du-  iy  miiil  and  courteous,  |  temptible  poet,  in  various  stsles.  Ilia 
and  he  p  s  •<  .-.-e  :  piety  without  I  :igotry,  'principal  works  are,  an  heroic  poem,  called 
learning  \\it!nut  aivoga.icf,  and  charity  the  Cross  Reconquered  ;  and  a  ir;ock  heroic 
without  oste  itation.  Boyle  was  never  poem,  Le  Scherno  dejjli  Dei,  'n  ridicule 
Qiani-.l.  He  died  on  t!,e.  ^O'.h  of  Dec".-!,-  of  the  heathen  deities. 
O»r,  1  »)'!)!,  a  week  after  his  favoni  it"  sister,  BRACTON,  HKKRT  DE,  a  native  of 


Lady 


t:>  whom  he  was  a.Tertioii-    I)evon.»hi:v),  and  educated  at  Oxford, 


BRA  BRA  111 

made  one  of  the  judges  itinerant  by  Henry  |  fiAy  pounds  was,  In  consequence,  eoi.ferred 
III.  in  1214.  The  timo  of  his  death  is]  on  him.  Bradley  immortalized  his  name, 
unknown,  lie  o\\co  his  fame  to  his  valu-j  and  extended  the  bounds  of  astronomical 
able  work  on  the  Laws  and  Customs  of  :  science,  by  his  discoveries  of  the  aberra- 
England,  ulii<-h  was  first  publi>hed  in  1569.  jtion  of  the  fixed  stars,  and  the  nutation  of 
BRADBURY,  THOMAS,  a  dissenting  the  earth's  axis.  A  part  of  his  Voluminous 


minister,  born  at  Wakefield,  in  1G77,  be- 
came tin:  successor  of  Daniel  Burgess,  and 
an  imitator  of  that  preacher's  style  of 
pulpit  eloquence  He  died  in  1759.  His 
Sermons  possess  considerable  merit,  and 
his  character  was  much  esteemed. 

BRADDOCK,  EDWARD,  major-general 
of  the  British  army,  and  commander  of 
the  detachment  engaged  in  the  expedition 


against  the  F 


nt  eng 

French 


on   the  river  Ohio,  in 


1755,  arrived    in  Virginia   in   February  of 


year, 


and    in     the 


sprn 


marched 


aganst 


l.)u  Quesne.  On  his  march 
thither  he  fell  into  an  ambuscade  of  the  In- 
dians, by  which  lie  lost  nearly  one  half  of  his 


troop*,  and  receiv 


ed  himself  a  mortal  wound. 


BRADFORD,  WILLIAM,  the  second 
governor  of  Plymouth  colony,  was  born  in 
England  in  15SS.  In  1COS  "he  removed  to 
Holland,  that  he  might  enjoy  the  benefits 
of  religious  freedom,  and  in  1620  he  em- 
barked for  America  with  the  church  of  Mr. 
Robinson.  After  their  arrival  at  Plymouth, 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  talents  and 


activity,  and 


1621 


chosen  chief 


magistrate ;  he  was  continued  in  this  office, 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  years,  till  1657, 
\\hcn  he  died.  He  was  much  loved  and 
revered  for  his  public  spirit,  wisdom,  and 
piety. 

BRADFORD,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  was  born  in  Philadelphia  in  1755. 
After  graduating  at  Princeton  College,  he 
pursued  the  study  of  the  law,  and  in  1779 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  of  the  supreme 
court  of  Pennsylvania.  In  1780  he  was 
appointed  attorney-general,  and  in  1791 
he  was  made  a  judge  of  the  supreme  court 
af  his  native  state.  In  1794  he  was  ap- 
oointed  attorney-general  of  the  United 
States,  and  held  this  oliice  till  his  death. 
In  1793,  he  published  an  Inquiry  how  far 
the  Punishment  of  Death  is  necessary  in 
Pennsylvania.  He  died  in  1795.  He  was 
a  man  of  integrity,  industry,  and  talent. 

BRADLEY,  Du.  JAM  us,  an  eminent 
astronomer  And  mathematician,  was  born, 
in  1902,  at  Shirehorn,  in  G.oucestershire, 
educated  at  Baliol  College,  Oxford,  and 
took  orders,  but  resigned  two  livings,  in 
ordsr  to  give  himself  up  wholly  to  astro- 
nony.  He  was  successively  Savilian  pro- 
fessor at  Oxford,  lecturer  on  astronomy 
and  experimental  philosophy,  and  astrono- 
mer royal.  The  latter  oliice  he  held,  with 
high  reputation«  from  1741  till  his  death 
in  1672  In  1751,  George  II.  o'Veied  him 
the  rich  living  <  (  Gree  iwich,  but  Bradley 
declined  it  as  incompatible  \\iih  his  other 


and  valuable  observations,  made  at  the 
roval  observatory,  was  published  in  1798. 
BRADLEY.,  RICHARD,  a  once  popular 
writer  on  gardening  and  husbandry,  was  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  profes- 
sor of  botany  at  Cambridge.  The  date  of 


his   birth  is   unknown;  he  died 


1732. 


The  original  idea  of  the  kaleidoscope  has 
been  erroneously  attributed  to  him.  Among 
other  works,  he  wrote  a  History  of  Succu- 
lent Plants;  the  Gentleman's  and  Garden- 
er's Kalendar;  a  General  Dictionary  of 
Husbandry  and  Gardening;  and  a  Botani- 
cal Dictionary. 

BRADSHAW,  JOHN,  celebrated  as 
president  of  the  tribunal  by  which  Charles 
I.  was  tried,  is  said  by  some  to  have  been 
born  in  Derbyshire,  and  by  others  in 
Cheshire,  in  1586.  He  studied  the  law  in 
Graj  's  Inn.  In  the  contest  between  Charles 
and  the  people,  Bradshaw  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  latter.  The  parliament  made 
him  chief  justice  of  Chester,  and  he  was 
also  chosen  to  preside  in  the  high  court  of 
justice  which  sat  upon  the  king.  Crom- 
well, to  whose  usurpation  he  was  hostile, 
deprived  him  of  the  chief  justiceship. 
Bradshaw  died  in  1659;  and,  at  the  resto- 
ration, his  remains  were  disinterred,  and 
hanged  at  Tyburn. 

BRADWARDINE,  THOMAS,  denomi- 
nated the  profound  doctor,  was  born  at 
Hortfield,  in  Cheshire,  late  in  the  thir- 
teenth century,  and  educated  at  Merton 
College,  Oxford.  He  was  the  confessor  of 
Edward  III.,  and  attended  him  to  France. 
In  1349,  he  was  made  archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury, but  died  six  weeks  subsequently. 
Bradwardine  was  scarcely  less  eminent  as 
a  mathematician  than  as  a  theologian. 
Among  his  works  are,  De  Causa  Dei;  and 
Geumetiia  Spectdativa. 

BRADY,  ROBK.RT,  a  physician  and  his- 
torian, a  native  of  Norfolk,  was  educated 
at  Cair.s  College,  Cambridge;  of  which 
college  he  became  master.  He  was  also 
keeper  of  the  records  in  the  Tower,  regiui 
professor  of  physic  at  Cambridge,  physi- 
cian to  James  II.,  and  one  of  the  represen- 
tatives for  Cambridge.  He  died  in  1700. 
His  principal  works  aie,  an  Introduction 
to  the  old  English  History;  a  Complete 
History  of  England;  and  a  Treatise  on 
Burghs.  Gilbert  Stuart  justly  observes  of 
Brady,  that  "  he  prostituted  an  excellent 
i:n.!e.  standing,  and  admirable  quickness, 
to  \  indicate  tyranny,  and  to  destroy  the 
riirr.t-  «.f  his  nation." 

r.lJADY,    NICHOLAS,    a     divine    and 


it'ulies:    a   pension    of   i-.vo    h-.nuhvd    aa.l :  |.-  ct,  bor:i  in  1G59,  at  Bandon,  in  It  jland, 


ani, 


112  BRA  rtR.Y 

was  educated  at  Westminster,  CKfoid,  and;      BIlAI.N'Kltl),    DAVIT,    t:;e 
Dublin;    obtained    various  preferments  in  missionary,    \\  is    bom    ?;t   K':id:!a 

i,  among  which   was  that  of  chap-  Inecticnt,   in  1718.     Froiii  an   eariy  ;  rri<;d 
William    III.;  and  died    ia    17~(>.    he  was    ci:rn  kai  !;>  f  >:•   a    :  el:  ;'.    i  s  jurn  of 
He  tran-dated  the  Eneid,  and  wrote  a  tra-  mind,  and   in    11;.'!)  became  a  number  of 
iff  three  volumes  of  sermons  ;  but  i:- 

iid\v  remembered  only  by  his  version   of  the    fir  :;• 

,  executed  in  conjunction  with  Tate.  I  conduct.     Ho  w.~  (Vein  this  in- 

BRAHE,  Tvruo,  uii)  liis  been  railed  stiiittioa  in  17  !'_'.  i.i  consequence  •  f  having 
the  restorer  uf  astronomy,  was  born  at  said,  in  the  wa;  ;:ith  <  f  his  religious  /cal, 
Knudstorp,  i:i  Scania,  in  1.3  1(5,  of  a  noble,  that  one  of  thr  tutors  \\.-vs  ;\<  dc\oidof 
family,  nil  love  of  astronomy  was  early  grace  a>  a  chair.  la  the  spring  of  1742 
manifested,  and  his  discovery,  in  l.~»72,  uf  he  began  the  study  of  divinity,  and  at  the 
a  new  star  in  the  constellation  Cassiopeia  end  of  July  was  licen.-.-d  to  pr(:ach.  Having 
made  him  known  to  the  scientific  world.  re»  eived  from  the;  society,  for  propagating 
After  many  travels  and  adventures,  he  was  Christian  knowledge,  an  appointment  aa 
patronised  by  his  sovereign,  Frederic  II.,  !  missionary  to  the  Indians,  he  commenced 
who  gave  him  a  pension,  and  the  island  of  ,  his  labours  at  Kaunanuek,  a  \illa^e  of 
Hwen,  in  the  Sound,  on  which  Brahe  built  Massachusetts,  situated  between 
a  splendid  observatory,  named  I'ranibiirgh.  bridge  and  Albany.  He  remained  there 
There  he  resided  nearly  twenty  years,  as-  about  twelve  months,  and  on  the  removal 
siduously  labouring  in  his  astronomical  pur-  i  of  the  Kaunamecks  to  Stockbridge,  he 
suits.  Soon  after  the  death  of  Frederic,  j  turned  his  attention  towards  the  Delaware 
however,  Brahe  lost  his  pensions,  became  Indians.  In  17-14  he  was  ordained  at 
an  object  of  persecution,  and  was  compel-  1  Newark,  New  Jersey,  and  fixed  his  resi- 
led to  quit  his  country.  The  Emperor  .  dence  near  the  folks  of  the  Delaware  in 
Rodolph  invited  him  to  Prague,  and  the  Pennsylvania,  where  he  remained  about  a 


expatriated  astronomer  settled  there,  in 
1598;  but  he  did  not  1  >ng  survive  this  re- 
moval, for  he  died  in  the  Bohemian  cani- 
tal,  in  1601.  Brahe  discovered  two  new 
inequalities  in  the  motion  of  the  moon. 
made  other  valuable  observations  on  that 
satellite,  was,  perhaps,  the  first  who  had 
correct  ideas  of  the  nature  of  comets,  and, 
with  less  happiness,  invented  a  new  plane- 
tary system,  which  was  vainly  intended  to 
supersede  that  of  Copernicus.  lie  is  the 
aiuhor  of  a  Treatise  on  the  New  Phenom- 
ena of  the  Heavens;  and  other  astronomi- 
cal works. 

BRAIDWOOD,  THOMAS,  a  native  of 
Edinburgh,  the  first  person  in  Great-Brit- 
ain, who  to  any  extent,  undertook  to  ticed  to  a  carpenter;  but  very  early  evinced 


year.  From  this  place,  he  removed  to 
Crosweeksung,  in  New  Jersey,  where  his 
efforts  among  the  Indians  were  crowned 
with  great  success.  In  1747,  he  went  to 
Northampton,  Massachusetts,  where  he 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  the 
family  of  the  celebrated  Jonathan  Edwards. 
He  died  after  great  sufferings  in  17-17. 
His  publications  are  a  narrative  of  hid 
labours  at  Kaunameek, tutd  his  journal  of 
a  remarkable  woik  of  grace  among  a  num- 
ber of  Indians  in  New  Jersey  and  Penn- 
sylvania, 1746. 

"  BRAMAH,  JOSEPH,  an  eminent  mecha- 
nician and  engineer,  born  in  1749,  at 
Stainsborongh,  in  Yorkshire,  was  appro 


rpe 
for 


afford   instruction  to  the   deaf  and  dumb.  | his   genius    for    mechanics.     Removin 
In  1763  he  began  to  practice  his  valuable 
art;  and,  in  1783,  he  removed   his  estab- 


o  to 

London,  he  commenced  business,  and  laid 
the  foundation   of  his  fortune  bv   an    im- 


lishment  from  Edinburgh  to  Hackney.  He  provement  on  water-closets.  He  became, 
died  in  1806.  His  daughter,  who  died  in  however,  still  better  known  by  his  inge 
1819,  also  conducted  a  seminary  of  the !  nious  locks,  which  cunnot  be  picked,  and 
same  kind.  I  for  which  lie  obtained  a  patent.  Many 

BRAINARD,  J.  G.  C.,  a  poet  avid  man  other  inventions  fallowed;  among  which 
of  .ettc-rs,  was  born  in  Connecticut,  and  one  of  the  most  useful  is  the  hvdraulic" 
was  graduates  at  Yale  College  ia  1^15.  pi  ess,  on  the  principle  of  tho  hydrostatic 
He  Studied  the  profession  of  the.  law  and  paradox:  the  power  of  this  pres.  may  ha 
eiUercd  into  practice  at  31  iddletown, Conn. ;  said  to  he  unlimited,  and  is  of  extensive 
but  not  finding  tl;.  ial  application.  Bramah  died  in  1815. 

he  expected,  he  returned  i'i  a  short  time  I1RAMANTE  D'UKBI.NO,  FRANCIS 
to  his  native  town,  whence  be  removed  to  •  I.  v/.\  KI~S  ;i:i  Italian  architect,  born  aJ 
Hartford,  to  undertake  tlie  editorial  charge  I  Cartel  Durante,  in  1444,  was  much  es- 
of  the  Connecticut  Mirror.  His  i  ted  and  employed  by  Pope  Julius  If 

were  chiefly  short  pieces,  composed  for  the  ;  He  executed  main  great  works,  at  Home 
colum-'s  of  this  paper,  and  afterwards  cu!-  and  other  cities;  but  his  fame  principally 
lected  in  a  volume.  They  display  much  rests  upon  his  having  planned  and  begun 
patnos,  boldness,  and  originality.  Brain- !  Saint  Peter's  Church;  which,  however,  he 
ard  died  of  consumption  in  1828.  'did  not  live  to  tinuh,  aa  he  died  in  1514 


BRA 

Raphael  was  hi*  c  nisin,  and  \\-*«  instructed 
by  him  in  architecture.  Bramante  was 
an  amiable  man,  and  was  skilled  in  poetry, 
painting,  engraving,  and  music.  He  is 
Faid  to  have  invented  a  mode  of  construct- 
by 
clone  in  moulds. 

BRAMIIALL,  JOHN,  an  eminent  pre- 
late, was  born  at  Pontcfract,  in  1593,  and 
educated  at  Sidney  College,  Cambridge. 
After  having  obtaiued  several  preferments 
in  England,  and  been  one  of  the  king's 
high  commissioners,  he  went  to  Ireland, 
where  he  rose  to  be  bishop  of  Londonder- 
ry, and  took  an  active  part  in  church  af- 
fairs. In  1641,  however,  articles  of  trea- 
son were  exhibited  against  him,  but  the 
proceedings  were  subsequently  dropped, 
/hiring  the  civil  wars  he  was  highly  ser- 
viceable to  the  royal  cause;  and  v.  hen  the 
parliament  triumphed  he  withdrew  to  Brus- 
sels. After  the  restoration  he  was  made 
archbishop  of  Armagh.  He  died  in  1C63. 
Like  Laud,  Bramhall  was  a  high  church 
and  prerogative  champion,  but  had  more 
temper  and  moderation.  His  woiks  form 
a  f  .lio  volume. 

BRANCAS-LAURAGAIS,  the  Duke 
of,  a  French  nobleman,  equally  remaik;.fcle 
for  his  generosity,  wit,  and  love  of  science, 
was  born,  in  1735,  and  died  in  1824.  He 
had  a  share  in  discovering  the  basis  of  the 
diamond,  improved  the  manufacture  of 
porcelain,  and  contributed  greatly  to  spread 
inoculation  throughout  France.  He  is  the 
author  of  several  literary,  scientific,  and 
political  works  ;  among  which  are  the 
tragedies  of  Clytemnestra  and  Jocasta. 

BRAND,  JOHN,  a  native  of  Newcastle 
on  Tyno,  born  in  1743,  was  originally  a 
thoeinakef,  but  fortunately  obtained  "the 
means  of  bsing  educated  at  Oxford.  He 
died,  in  1806,  rector  of  St.  Mary  Hill, 
London,  and  secretary  of  the  Antiquarian 
Society.  II is  principal  works  are,  a  llis- 
torv  (.f  Newcastle,  two  volumes  quarto; 
and  Observations  on  Popular  Antiquities. 

BRAND,  JOHN,  a  divine,  and  political 
wtitor,  took  his  master's  degree  at  Cains 
College,  Cambridge,  in  1769,  and  obtained 
the  lixin;;.-;  of  St.  Geonje,  Southwaik,  and 
Wickha:.!  Skeigh,  in  Suft'dk,  which  he  re- 
tained till  his  decease,  in  1808.  His  chief 

oductious  are,  a  Defence  of  Mr.  Reeves; 


BRA 


111 


[1'utorical  Essav  on  P 


il  Associations ; 


Stra&uui'gh,  ia  1454,  and  was  successively 
professor  of  law  at  Basle  and  Strasburgh, 
of  which  latter  city  he  became  syndic  and 
chancellor.  He  died  in  1520.  He  is  the 
author,  among  other  works,  of  a  satire 
called  the  Ship  of  Fools,  \\hich  has  been 
translated  into  several  languages. 

BBAIVDT,  GERARD,  a  poet  and  divine, 
was  born  at  Amsterdam  in  1626,  and  died 
there  in  1685.  He  was  pastor  of  a  con- 
gregation of  Remonstrants.  His  most  im- 
portant works  are,  a  History  of  the  Re 
formation  in  the  Low  Countries,  four  vol 
nines  quarto;  a  Life  of  De  Ruyter;  and 
Latin  Poems. 

BRANDT,  a  noted  half-blooded  Indian 
Chief  of  the  Mohawk  tiibe,  was  educated 
by  Dr.  Wheelock,  of  Dartmouth  College, 
and  made  very  considerable  attainments  in 
knowledge.  In  the  revolutionary  war  he 
attached  himself  to  the  British,  and  headed 
the  party  which  destroyed  the  beautiful 
village  of  Wyoming,  lie  resided  in  Canada 
after  the  war,  and  died  there  in  1807. 

BRANTOME,  so  called  from  an  abbey 
which  he  possessed,  but  whose  name  was 
PETKR  DE  BOUKDEILLES,  was  born  in 
Perigord,  in  1527,  served  in  the  army  with 
reputation,  was  gentleman  of  the  bed- 
chamber to  Charles  IX.  and  Ilenrv  HJ.  of 
France,  and  dii 
Richemont.  His  Memoiis  of  his  Contem- 
poraries, which  have  been  repeatedly  print- 
ed, together  with  the  supplement,  form 
fifteen  volumes.  It  is  truly  observed  of 
Brantome,  by  M.  de  Bararite,  that  he  is 
one  of  the  most  attractive  and  useful  of 
modern  historians,  his  narratives  being  a 
living  and  animated  picture  of  the  whole 
age  in  which  he  lived. 

BRATHWAYTE,  RICHAF.IJ,  a  poet, 
was  born  at  Warcop,  in  Westmoreland,  in 
15S8,  educated  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge, 
became  a  captain,  justice,  and  deputy  lieu- 
tenant for  Westmorland,  and  died  in 
1673.  His  works  arc  numerous:  among 
them  are  the  Golden  Fleece;  the  Poet's 
Willow;  the  Prodigal's  Tears  ;  and  Spirit- 
ual Spicery.  The  best  known  of  them  ia 
Itiiierarium  Barnabii,  or  Drunken  Barua- 
by's  Journal. 

BRAY,  Sir  REGINALD,  a  statesman  and 
architect,  the  second  son  of  Sir  Richard 
Bray,  was  a  favourite  of  Henry  VII.,  who 
conferred  on  him  many  honours  and  im- 


1614,  at  hiscatdle  of 


and  a  Vindication  of  Marquis  Wellesley,    portant   offices.     He   died   in    lr.03.   u-itN 
oil  the  Oude  charge.  j  the  character  of  a  virtuous,  charitable,  and 

BIIANDES,  JOHN  CHRISTIAN,  an  ac-iable  man.     His  architectuial  skill  is  prov- 
tor  and  dramatist,  was  born  at  Stettin,  in  '  ed   by    Henry    the    Seventh's    Chapel, 
1735,  and  died  at  Berlin,  in  1799,  after  a 


life  of  singular  vicissitude. 

iiuiil'ereiit  actor; 


lie   was    an 


Westminster    Abbey,    and     St.    George's 
Chape!  at  Windsor,  the   former  of  which 

but  as  an  author  he  had    was  built,  and  the  latter  completed,  under 
merit,  and  lias  been  called  the  G<-ldoni  of  I  his  Direction. 
'lermanv.      lii>   works  l";ru    right  octavo  i      BRAY,  THOMAS,  D.  D.,  was  born  at 
rolumes.     He  also  wrote  his  own  Memoirs.  <  Marton,  in  Shropshire,  in    1656,  and  d«e<J 
BRANDT,   SEBASTIAN-,   wa?  bori    at  i  is  IT.'O,  r«:tor  of  St.  B  .  -l|  h's  Aldgai* 


Ill 


BKE 


BRI 


His  whole  life  was  spent  in  efforts  to  pro-  j  BRETON,  NICHOLAS,  a  pot-t  whj  en- 
mote  religion  and  works  of  utility  and  joyed  considerable  reputation,  in  the  reigr 
charilv.  lie  was  the  originator  of  paro-'of  Eli/abeth,  as  a  writer  cf  pastorals  arid 
chial  libraries  fir  the  clergy,  and  mainly  madrigals,  was  a  native  of  Staffordshire. 
contributed  to  the  establishment  of  the  His  ballad  of  Phiilis  and  Corydon,  in 
Sorittv  fir  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel.  Percy's  colliction,  is  a  pleasing  specimen 

BREBCUF, WILLIAM  in  ,  a  poet,h.>m  of  hia  talent*. 

at  Thorig'iy,  in  Normandy,  in  161S,  was  P>K F.l'v  J !  1  EL.  There  were  four  eminent 
disappointed  of  the  promi.-ed  patronage  of  painters  of  this  name.  P  ).  i  i  r. ,  commonly 
Cardinal  Ma/.arin,  and  retired  to  Yenoix,  known  as  <)KJ  Breughel,  from  his  being  the 
near  Caen,  where  he  died  in  1661,  after  father  of  Peter  the  younger,  and  the  Droll, 
having  for  muse  than  twentv  years  been  from  his  choice  of  subjects,  was  born  near 
the  victim  of  continual  fever.  Brebeufwas  Breda,  in  1510,  excelled  in  landscape  and 
a  pioirs,  gentle,  and  modest  man,  of  no  ludicrous  pictures,  and  died  in  1570.  JOHN, 
mean  talents  His  principal  works  are  a  his  son,  called,  from  his  dress,  Y<  Ivet 


translation  of  Lncan's  Pharsalia;  a  Sati- 
rical Travesty  on  the  first  book  of  Lncan ; 
and  Miscellaneous  Poems. 

BREGUET,  ABRAHAM  Louis,  one  of 


Breughel,  was  born  at  Brussels,  in  15(X), 
attained  high  reputation,  and  died  in  1625. 
He  sometimes  painted  in  conjunction  with 


Rub-ens.      PETER,    the    younger,    another 

the  most  eminent  watch  and  chronometer ;  son  of  the  elder,  denominated  Hellish 
makers  in  Europe,  was  born  in  Switser- 1  Breughel,  from  his  love  of  the  horrible, 
land,  ji  1747,  and  settled  at  Paris,  after  died  in  1642.  ABRAHAM,  a  native  of 
having  served  his  apprenticeship  at  Ver- !  Antwerp,  surnamed  the  Neapolitan,  was 
sailles.  At  his  outset  in  life  he  had  severe  ,  born  in  1672,  excelled  in  fruit  and  flowers, 
pecuniary  difficulties  to  contend  with,  but  and  died  at  Naples. 

he  surmounted  them  by  perseverance  and  BREWER,  ANTHONY, a  dramatic  wri- 
talent,  and  established  the  most  celebrated  ter,  of  the  reign  of  James  I.  Thou»h  he 
manufactory  on  the  continent.  His  im- 1  enjoyed  great  reputation,  nothing  is  known 
provements  in  watches  and  time  pieces  of  his  life.  Six  of  his  pieces  are  extant, 
were  numerous  and  highly  important.  He  •  By  acting  at  Cambridge  in  one  of  these, 
died  in  1823.  His  business  and  his  talents  named  Lingua,  or  the  Five  Senses,  the 
are  inherited  by  his  son.  dormant  ambition  of  Cromwell  is  said  to 

BREITKOPF,  JOHN  GOTTLIEB  EM-  have  been   first 


awakened.      This  story, 

MANUEL,  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  Ger-  however,  is  exceedingly  apocryphal. 
man  printers  and  letter-founders,  was  born 
at  Leipsic,  in  1719,  and  died  there  in  1794. 
The  whole  of  his  life  was  spent  in  improv- 
ing   typography    and    the    art    of    casting  j  fatigable  zeal  in  travelling  to  almost  every 


BRIDAINE,  JAMES,  a  French  ecclesi- 
astic, born  near  Uxes,  in  1701,  was  cele- 
brated for  his  eloquence,  and  for  his  inde- 


types 


gave  elegance  to  the  German 


letter,  rendered  types  twice  as  durable  as 
usual,  and  invented  musical  types  and 
moveable  characters  for  printing  Chinese. 
Breitkopf  is  the  author  of  an  Essay  on  the 
Invention  of  Printing ;  and  an  Essay  on  the 
Origin  of  Playing  Cards. 

BRENNUS,  a  general  of  the  Gauls, 
who  invaded  Italy,  about  891  years  B.  c., 
defeated  the  Romans  at  the  battle  of  Allia, 
and  captured  and  ransomed  Rome,  but  was 


at  length   expelled  from   Italy  by 
lus. — Another   BRENNUS  invaded 


Camil- 
Greece, 


at  the  head  of  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
five  thousand  Gauls,  about  125  years  B.  c. 
After  having  committed  great  ravages,  he 
was  completely  defeated,  and,  in  conse- 
quence, put  an  end  to  his  own  existence  by 
poison. 

BREREWOOD,  EDWARD,  a  mathe- 
matician, was  born  at  Chester,  in  1565, 
studied  at  Oxford,  was  appointed,  in  1596, 
the  first  astronomical  professor  atGresham 
College,  and  died  in  1613.  He  is  tire  au- 
thor of  De  Ponderibus  et  Pretiis  Vetcrum 
Niunmoium;  Inquiries  touching  the  Diver- 
•ity  of  Languages  and  Religions;  and  va- 
ricAiM  other  vt  arks. 


part  of  France  to  preach.  In  the  course 
of  his  life  he  undertook  two  hundred  and 
fifty-six  journeys  through  the  kingdom,  and 
there  was  scarcely  a  village  where  he  did 
not  display  his  powers.  His  Spiritual 
Songs  have  gone  through  forty-seven  edi- 
tions. He  died  in  1767. 

B  RIDEL,  SAMUEL  UE,  a  poet  and  bo- 
tanist, was  born,  in  1761,  at  Grassier,  in 
the  Pays  de  Valid,  became  tutor  to  the 
princes  of  Saxe  Gotha,  was  subsequently 
employed  in  negotiations  by  the  duke  of 
Saxe  Gotha,  and  died  in  1828.  He  is  the 
author  of  Poetical  Recreations ;  a  collec- 
tion of  Miscellaneous  Poems;  Muscologia 
Recentiorum,  six  volumes  quarto;  Bryo- 
logia  Univ.,  two  volumes  octavo;  and 
other  works. — His  brother  JOHN  Louis, 
born  in  1759,  arid  died  in  1S21,  was  also 
a  man  of  talent. 

BRIDGEMAN,  Sir  ORLANDO,  the  son 
of  the  bishop  of  Chester,  was,  after  the 
restoration  of  Charles  II.,  successively 
made  chief  baron  of  tne  exchequer,  chief 
justice  of  the  common  p.eas,  and  lord 
keeper.  Of  the  latter  office  he  was  de 
prived  in  1672.  The  period  of  his  death 
la  uncertain.  He  IB  the  author  of  Convey- 


BRI 

•nets;  being  Select  Precedents  of  deeds 
and  instruments. 

BRIDGEWATER,  FRANCIS  EGER- 
1  ON,  Duke  of,  who  deserves  to  be  com- 
memorated as  the  individual  who  first  de- 
monstrated to  his  country  the  benefits  of 
c:»nal  navigation,  was  born  in  1736,  and 
succeeded  to  the  title  in  1748.  Seconded 
by  the  genius  of  BRINDLEY,  he  expended 
large  sums  in  forming  canals,  and  was  at 
length  amply  repaid.  His  first  canal,  from 
Worslev  to  Manchester,  was  opened  in 
1760.  "He  died  in  1803. 

BRIDPORT,  ALEXANDER  HOOD,  Ad- 
miral Lord,  the  youngest  brother  of  Vis- 
count Hood,  like  his  relative,  entered  the 
navy  early,  and,  like  him,  distinguished 
himself  on  many  occasions,  as  an  able  and 
gallant  seaman.  He  bore  a  part  in  the  ac- 
tion of  the  first  of  June,  1794,  and,  in 
June,  1795,  defeated  a  French  squadron, 
and  captured  three  sail  of  the  line.  He 
was  created  an  Irish  peer  in  1794,  an 
English  peer  in  1796,  and  died  in  1814. 

BRIGGS,  HENRY,  a  mathematician, 
born  near  Halifax,  in  1536,  was  educated 
at  St.  John's,  Cambridge,  and  was  first 
professor  of  geometry  at  Gresham  College, 
and  afterwards  at  Oxford.  He  resided  at 
Oxford  till  his  decease,  in  1630.  Briggs 
was  a  friend  of  Lord  Napier,  and  mainly 
contributed  to  improve  and  diffuse  the 
valuable  invention  of  logarithms.  To  him 
also,  in  fact,  belongs  the  discovery  of  the 
binomial  theorem,  the  differential  method, 
and  other  things,  which  have  been  attri- 
buted to  a  later  period.  Among  his  works 
are,  Arithmetics  Logarithmica;  Trigono- 
metria  Britannica  (completed  by  Gelli- 
brand) ;  and  Tables  for  the  Improvement 
of  Navigation. 

BRILLAT-SAVARIN,  ANTHELME, 
was  born  at  Belley,  on  the  Savoy  frontier 
of  France,  in  1755,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
death,  in  1826,  filled  a  place  in  one  of  the 
higher  French  tribunal*.  He  produced 
various  works;  but  is  best  known  by  his 
Physiology  of  Taste,  or  Meditations  of 
transcendental  Gastronomy,  which  has 
passed  through  several  editions. 

BRINDLEY,  JAMES,  born  in  1716,  at 
Tunsted,  in  Derbyshire,  received  but  a 
•lender  education,  and  was  originally  a 
iniL wight.  His  mechanical  genius,  how- 
ever, soon  manifested  itself,  and  he  com- 
menced business  as  an  engineer,  in  which 
he  acquired  considerable  practice  and  repu- 
tation. But  the  circumstance  which  first 
raised  him  into  eminence  was  his  being 
employed  by  the  duke  of  Bridgewater,  in 
1759,  to  form  the  canal  from  Worsley  to 
Manchester.  When  Brindloy  first  pro- 
posed to  carry  this  canal  over  the  naviga- 
ole  river  Irwell,  by  means  of  an  aqueduct, 
an  eminent  engineer  sneeringly  remarked, 
that  "  he  had  before  krard  of  castled  in 


BRI 


115 


the  air,  but  had  never  till  then  been  shown 
where  one  was  to  be  built."  The  bold 
projector,  however,  was  completely  suc- 
cessful. Thenceforth  he  was  fully  occu- 
pied in  canals  and  other  hydraulic  works. 
Among  these  canals  may  be  mentioned  the 
Grand  Trunk,  Birmingham,  Droitwich, 
and  Chesterfield.  Brindley  died  in  1772. 
So  impressed  was  he  with  the  superiority 
of  canals  over  rivers,  that  he  is  said  to 
have  told  a  committee  of  the  house  of  com- 
mons, that  the  latter  were  created  only  for 
the  purpose  of  feeding  the  former. 

BRINV1LLIERS,  MARY  MARGARET, 
Marchioness  de,  a  woman  whose  crimes 
have  gained  her  a  niche  in  the  temple  of 
infamy,  was  the  wife  of  the  marquis  de 
Brinvilliers,  whom  she  married  in  1651 
Having  entered  into  an  illicit  connexion 
with  St.  Croix,  a  young  Gascon  officer, 
who  had  been  taught  the  art  of  compound- 
ing the  most  subtle  poisons  by  the  cele- 
brated Italian  Exili,  she  became  a  deter- 
mined poisoner,  and  her  father,  sister, 
two  brothers,  and  many  other  persons, 
fell  victims  to  her  diabolical  skill.  She 
was  at  length  detected,  put  to  the  torture, 
beheaded,  and  burned,  in  1676.  At  her 
execution  she  displayed  extraordinary  cour- 
age, and  the  stupid  mob  afterwards  Bought 
for  her  bones,  in  the  belief  that  she  was  a 
saint  ! 

BRIOT,  NICHOLAS,  a  French  engra- 
ver of  the  mint,  under  the  reign  of  Louis 
XIII. ,  for  whom  his  countrymen  claim  the 
invention  of  the  balance  press,  which  su- 
perseded the  hammer  in  coining.  That 
machine,  however,  appears  to  have  been 
invented,  long  before,  by  Bruchet,  and  to 
have  be«n  used,  both  in  England  and 
France ;  though  it  had,  undoubtedly,  fallen 
into  disuse,  till  reintroduced  by  Briot,  first 
in  England,  and  next  in  his  own  country. 

BRISSON,  MATHURIN  JAMFS,  a 
French  naturalist,  was  born  at  Fontenay 
le  Compte,  in  1723,  and  died  in  1806. 
Among  his  numerous  works,  which  possess 
considerable  merit,  are  his  Ornithology; 
Specific  Gravity  of  Bodies;  and  Physico- 
Chemical  Elements  or  Principles. 

BRISSOT,  JOHN  PETER,  one  of  the 
most  active  of  the  French  revolutionists, 
and  from  whom  a  faction  was  denomina- 
ted, was  born  near  Chartres,  in  1757,  and 
was  originally  brought  up  to  the  law.  He, 
however,  abandoned  that  pursuit,  and  be- 
came a  literary  character,  and  editor  of 
the  Courier  de  1'Europe.  His  first  works 
of  any  importance  were  a  Theory  of 
Criminal  Law,  and  a  Philosophical  Library 
of  Criminal  Law.  After  having  visited 
England,  he  returned  to  Paris,  was  patron- 
ised by  the  duke  of  Orleans,  and  was  sent 
to  the  Bastite  for  an  alleged  libel.  A  sec- 
ond time  he  was  on  the  point  of  being 
imprisoned,  but  he  made  bis  escape,  le 


116  BKO  BRO 

1788  he  went  to  America ;  but  he  did  nut  the  crown.  He  also  wrote  the  Cttrmin* 
long  remain  thrre.  He  came  back  to  Lovers,  a  comedy;  translated  part  of 
France  in  1789,  published  his  Travels,  and  Horace;  and  published  an  edition  of  ten 
became  an  active  political  writer,  par-  of  Richard  Brume's  plays.  His  own  com* 
tieularly  in  the  journal  called  the  French  positions  form  an  octavo  volume. 
Patriot!  To  royalty  lie  was  decidedly  BROM  FIELD,  Wi  i.i.i  AM,  an  eminent 
hostile.  In  1791*he  was  elected  a  raember  surgeon,  the  pupil  of  Ranby,  was  born  at 
of  the  legislative  assembly,  and  he  bore  a  London,  in  1712.  In  conjunction  with  the 
prominent  part  in  it,  as  well  as  in  its  Rev.  M.  Madan,  IK;  founded  the  Lock 
successor,  the  convention.  The  war  be-  Hospital,  of  which  he  became  first  surgeon. 
tvvecn  France  and  Austria  and  Great  He  was  also  surgeon  to  the  St.  George's 
Britain  was  brought  about  cliietly  bv  his  Hospital,  and  to  the  queen's  household 
exertions  and  intrigues.  After  the  death  He  die-l  ia  1792.  His  principal  work  \a 
of  Louis  XVI.  the  jacobin  faction  gained  Chirurgical  Cases  and  Observations,  2 
the  ascendancy^,  and  Brissot  was  at  length  vols.  octavo. 

Bent  to  the  scat  told,  on  the  31st  of  October,       BROtfGNIART,    AUGUSTUS    Lou.:, 
1793.  apothecary  to  Louis  XVI.,  was  one  of  those 

BRITTON,  TKOMA9,  a  native  of  Hig-  who  earliest  and  most  sedulously  contri- 
ham  Ferrers,  was  born  in  1G54,  and,  from  buted,  by  his  lectures,  to  diffuse  a  know- 
his  trade  and  his  musical  taste,  was  known  ledge  of  physics  and  chemistry  in  France, 
as  •'  the  musical  small  ceal  man."  Though  He  died  at  1'ariy,  in  1804.  Besides  nriny 
he  cried  h»c  small  coal  about  the  streets,  'scientific  essays,  he  is  the  author  of  an  An- 
he  gave  concerts  at  his  humble  dwelling,  aKtical  Description  of  the  Combinations 
at  which  some  of  the  most  eminent  pro-  and  Decompositions  of  various  Substances, 
fessors  and  persons  of  fashion  attended.  I  BROOKE,  H KNRY,  a  writer  of  consid- 
He  was  also  a  proficient  in  chemistry,  and  erable  merit,  was  born  in  1700',  at  Ranta- 
a  collector  of  books  and  curiosities.  Brit-  van,  in  Ireland, -and  was  bred  to  the  bar. 
ton  was  at  last  frightened  to  death,  in  In  his  youth  he  was  the  friend  of  Swift  and 
1714,  bv  a  brutal  ventriloquist,  who  pre-  Pope,  the  latter  of  whom  is  said  to  have 
dieted  to  him  his  approaching  end.  The  assisted  him  in  his  poem  called  Universal 
terrified  votary  of  music  took  to  his  bed,  Beauty,  which  appeared  in  1732.  Dar- 
and  died  in  a  few  da  vs.  win  appears  to  have  made  the  versifica- 

BROCKLESBY,  'RICHARD,  a  physi-  tion  of  this  poem  the  modal  of  his  own. 
cian,  was  born  at  Mtnehead,  in  1722,  took  Brooke's  next  production  was  the  tragedy 
his  degree  at  Leyden,  in  1745,  and,  after  of  Gustavus  Vasa,  which,  in  consequence 
having  been  physician  to  the  army  in  Ger-  cf  its  supposed  political  tendency,  the  li- 
many,  settled  in  London,  where  he  became  censer  would  not  allow  to  be  acted.  The 
popular.  He  died  in  1797.  Brocklesby  author,  however,  published  it  by  subscrip- 
was  a  liberal  minded  man,  and  was  in  tion,  and  gained  a  thousand  pounds.  Re 
habits  of  friendship  with  the  most  eminent  turning  to  Ireland,  he  obtained  the  post  of 
of  his  contemporaries.  Some  medical  barrack  master,  and  resided  in  his  native 
tracts,  and  a  Dissertation  on  the  Music  of  land  till  his  decease,  in  1783.  In  his  la»- 
the  Ancients,  are  his  only  productions.  ter  days,  his  intellectual  faculties  were 

BROGLIE,  VICTOR  FRANCIS,  Duke  much  weakened.  One  of  the  most  popu- 
de,  a  French  general,  was  born  in  1718,  lar  of  his  woiks  is  the  Fool  of  Quality,  in 
and  bore,  with  considerable  reputation,  a  five  volumes.  His  dramatic  and  miscella- 
part  in  the  wars  carried  on  by  his  country  neons  works  form  four  volumes  octavo, 
during  the  last  century,  between  1734,  and  BROOKE,  FRANCES,  whose  maiden 
1761.  From  1759  to  1761,  he  commanded  name  was  MOORE,  wr.s  the  daughter  of  a 
in  chief  in  Germany.  In  1789  he  emigra-  clergyman.  The  time  of  her  birth  is  tin- 
ted, and  in  1792  he  was  at  the  head  of  a  known;  she  died  in  17S9.  Her  first  liter- 
corps  of  emigrants  in  Champaigne.  He  ary  production  was  a  periodical  woik,  e;il- 
died,  in  1804,  at  Munster.  i  led  the  Old  Maid,  which  came  out  in  1755 

BROME,  RICHARD,  a  dramatist,  who  and  1756.  She  wrote  the  tragedies  of 
died  in  1652,  was  originally  a  servant  of  Virginia  and  the  Siege  of  Sinope;  the 
Ben  Jonson,  but  nothing  further  is  known  musical  dramas  of  Rosina  and  Marian; 
of  his  life.  His  plays,  which  are  fifteen  tlv  novels  of  Lady  Je.lia  Mandeville,  Emi- 
in  number,  possess  considerable  merit  ly  Montague,  the  Excursion,  and  tli. 
The  Jovial  Crew  was  revived  with  ap-  inoirs  of  the  Marquis  de  St.  Foi  laix ;  and 
Clause  at  Covent  Gaiden,  in  the  middle  translated  Lady  Catesby's  Letters,  and 
of  the  list  century.  Mill  >fs  History  of  England. 

!i',  ALEXANDER,  who  was  born       BROOKS,  JOHN.  J!H-  si 'ii  >T  a 
in  1C20,  and  <!i.-d  i:i  1(J66,  was   a   spi.-ked    a!,le  fanner,  was  b  TII  in  Medford,  A! 
and   fertile    writer   <f  i   chusetU,  .    37f>2.     After   nceiv. 

epigrams   ;.g  ilnst    tlie    parliament    party,    ing   a  comr.i:>n  tn-\\  v  1    e  hiration,  ha  wa» 
during  the  srvii^jli"  b  twc^a  the  people  and  placed  w  it'i  Ih\  Tr.ft.*  to  «itidy  thw  profe* 


BRO  BRO  117 

lion  of  medicine.     On  completing  his  stud-   ed    edition?    of    various   classics,    among 


ies,  he  commence*!  jiractice  in  the  neigh- 
oouring  town  of  Rending,  a  short  time  be- 
f  ire  the  commencement  (;f  the  revolution. 
When  this  event  occurred,  he  was  appoint- 
o.l  to  command  a  company  of  minute  men, 
and  was  so-)ii  after  raised  to  the  rank  of 
major  in  the  continental  service.  Ho  was 
distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  military 
•.i- tics,  and  acrpiired  the  confidence  of 
Washington.  In  1777,  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant-coloiu'l,  and  took  a  conspicuous 
part  in  the  capture  of  Burgoyne  at  Sara- 
toga. On  the  disbanding  of  the  armv, 
Col  mel  Brooks  resumed  the  practice  of 
medicine  in  Medford  and  the  vicinity,  and 
was  soon  after  fleeted  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  Medical  Society.  He  was 
for  many  years  major-general  of  the  mili- 
tia of  his  countv,  and  his  division  render- 
ed efficient  service  to  the!  government  in  the 
insurrection  of  1786.  General  Brooks  also 
represented  his  town  in  t!ie  general  court, 
and  was  a  delegate  to  the  State  convention 
for  the  adoption  of  the  federal  constitution. 
In  the  Lite  war  with  England,  he  was  the 
adjutant-general  of  governor  Strong,  wh  jm, 
on  his  retirement  from  oilice,  he  was  chos- 
en to  succeed.  He  discharged  the  duties 
cf  chief-magistrate  with  mush  ability  for 
seven  successive  years,  when  he  retired  to 
private  life.  -His  remaining  years  Were 
passed  in  the  town  of  Medford,  where  he 
died  in  1825. 

BROOME,  ^yIT,I.IAM,  was  the  son  of 
humble  parents  in  Cheshire,  and  received 
his  education  at  Eton  and  Cambridge. 
Pope  employed  him  in  making  notes  from 
Eustatliiiis,  for  the  Iliad,  and,  afterwards, 
made  him  one  of  his  associates  in  trans- 
lating the  Odyssey.  Broome  complained 
of  his  scanty  remuneration,  and  Pope,  in 
revenge,  gave  him  a  j.la:c  in  the  Dunciad. 
He  died  vicar  of  Eye,  in  Suffolk,  in  1745. 
Besides  his  share  in  the  Odyssey,  he  pro- 
duced a  volume  a  "  poems,  and  "translated 
part  of  Anacreon. 

BROSSES,  CHARLES  or,  born  in 
1709,  died  in  1779,  was  first  president  of 
the  parlianifi. i  of  Burgundy  ;  but  devoted" 
his  leisure  hours  to  literature.  He  was  the 
schoolfellow,  and,-  through  life,  the  attach- 
ed friend  of  ButTon.  Of  his  works  the 
rrincipal  ary  Letters  on  Herculaneum; 
listory  of  Voyages  to  the  Southern  Re- 
gions; and  a  History  of  Rome,  partly  from 
S'dllust.  ftp  was  also  a  liberal  contributor 
to  the  Encyclopedia. 

BROTIER,  GABRIEL,  a  French  Jesuit, 
born  at  Tannay,  in  1723,  was  libiarian  to 
the  coll.'ge  of  Lewis  the  Great;  and,  after 
his  order  was  suppressed,  Jie  speat  the  last 
twenty-six  yean  of  his  life  with  a  friend. 
He  died  at'Paris,  in  1789.  Brotier  was 
•n  excellent  classic.;'.!  scholar,  a:;d  publi*h- 


which  his  Tacitus  stands  preeminent 

BROTIER,  ANDREW  CHARI.KS,  a 
nephew  of  Gabriel,  was  born  at  Tannay, 
in  1751,  and  became  professor  of  nathe- 
matics  at  the  Paris  military  school  In 
1797,  he  was  deeply  implicated  in  a  royal- 
ist conspiracy,  for  which  he  was  transport- 
ed to  Guiana,  where  he  died  in  1798.  He 
pubfished  some  posthumous  woi  ks  of  his 
uncle,  and  translated  Aristophanes  and 
Plautus. 

BROUGHTON,  THOMAS,  a  divine  ami 
literary  character,  was  born  in  London,  in 
1704,  studied  at  Eton  and  Cambridge,  and 
died,  vicar  of  Bedminster,  St.  Mary  Red- 
elide,  Bristol,  and  a  prebendary  of"  Salis- 
bury, in  1774.  He  was  one  of  the  princi- 
pal contributors  to  the  Biographia  Brit- 
unnica;  and  also  wrote  several  works, 
among  which  is  a  Dictionary  of  all  Reli- 
gions, two  volumes  fulio. 

BROUSSONET,  PKTKR  AUGUSTUS 
MARIA,  a  French  naturalist,  v, as  born  at 
Montpelier,  in  1761,  became  a  member  of 
the  Academy  of  Sciences  and  of  the  Roy^l 
Societv,  consul  at  Tenerifie,  and,  lastiv, 
professor  of  botany  at  his  native  place, 
where  lie  died  in  1807.  Among  1m  prin- 
cipal works  are  his  Ichlhyologia ;  and  a 
kind  of  Farmer's  Journal,  which  extended 
to  eight,  volumes  quarto.  Broussonet  was 
the  first  who  introduced  merino  sheep  and 
Angora  goats  into  France.  During  the 
last  months  of  his  life,  in  consequence  of  a 
fall,  he  entirely  lost  the  power  of  remem- 
bering propei  names  and  nouns  ;  while,  on 
the  contrary,  French  and  Latin  adjectives 
crowded  into  his  memory,  and  he  used 
them  to  designate  those  objects  of  v.hicli 
he  wished  to  speak. 

BUOWN,  ROBKRT,  the  founder  of  the 
cect  of  Brownirts,  was  born  at  Northamp- 
ton, and  was  related  to  Lord  Burleigh. 
He  pursued  his  studies  at  Cambridge. 
About  1580,  he  began  to  attack  the  gov- 
ernment and  liturgy  of  the  church,  had 
many  followers,  and  was  soon  imprisoned 
by  the  ecclesiastical  commissions,  but  was 
liberated  by  the  interest  of  Lord  Burleigh. 
He  then  settled  at  Middleburgh,  in  Hol- 
land, collected  a  congregatiofe,  and  wrote 
a  book,  intitled  a  Treatise  of  Reforma- 
tion without  tarrying  for  any  Man.  In 
1585,  however,  he  returned  to  England, 
became  engaged  in  contests  with  the  bish- 
ops, was  disowned  by  his  father,  and  was, 
at  length,  excommunicated.  Conviction, 
or,  perhaps,  policy,  now  induced  him  to 
m,  and,  in  1580,  he  obtained  a  living 


,  p 

nfor 

in  Northamptonshire.  His  end 
unison  with  his  life.  At  the  age  cf  more 
than  eighty,  he  was  committed  to  gaol, 
for  striking  a  const. ble  and  abusing  a  ma- 
gistrate, and  he  died,  in  1«30,  shortly  affer 


IIS 


BRO 


his  committal.  He  used  to  boast,  M  tliat 
he  had  been  incarcerated  in  thirty-two 
prisons,  it.  some  of  which  he  could  nut  see 
his  hand  at  no<.mlay."  His  sect  1  >:'g 
survived  him.  In  the  civil  wars  it  bore 
the  name  of  the  Independents. 

BROWN,  THOMAS,  a  writer  of  talent 
and  of  considerable  though  coarse  wit,  was 
the  son  of  a  fanner  nt  Shifnal,  and  was 
educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  but 
quitted  college  <>n  account  of  hi.--  irregular- 
ities. For  a  while  he  was  a  sch  >ol-m;ister 
at  Kingston,  in  .Surrey.  Quitting  this  sit- 
uation, however,  he  settled  in  London,  as 
an  author  by  profession,  and  gained  noto- 
riety by  his  lampoons,  his  humour,  and  his 
conversational  powers.  He  died  in  1704. 
His  works  form  4  vols.  12  mo. 

BROWN,  ULYSSES  MAXIMILIAN,  an 
Austrian  field-marshal,  the  son  of  an  expa- 
triated Irish  officer,  was  born  at  Basil,  in 
1705;  served  with  distinction  against  the 
Turks,  and  at  the  battles  of  Parma  and 
Guastalla;  was  made  field-marshal  in 
1739;  signalized  his  talents  in  Italy,  from 
1744  to  174G,  particularly  at  the  battle  of 
Placentia;  and  died  in  the  Bohemian  cap- 
ital in  1757,  of  the  wounds  which  he  receiv- 
ed at  the  battle  of  Prague. 

BROWN,  Jons,  I).  D.,  a  nvin  ef  mul- 
tifarious talents,  some  of  whose  works 
onre  enjoyed  great  popularity,  was  born  at 
Rotlibury,  in  Northumberland,  in  1715, 
and  was  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge.  He  took  orders,  but  in  the 
year  1745,  he  acted  with  much  spirit  as  a 
volunteer  against  the  rebels.  In  the  church 
he  obtained  considerable  preferment,  and 
ic  was  indefatigable  as  a  writer.  He  put 
in  end  to  his  existence,  in  a  fit  of  insanity, 
.n  1766.  His  poems  and  tragedies  have 
merit.  But  the  work  by  which  he  most 
attracted  public  notice  was  his  Estimate 
of  the  Manners  and  Principles  of  the 
Times,  published  in  1757,  in  whi-h  his 
countrymen  are  represented  as  being  sunk 
into  a  state  of  utter  degeneracy.  It  ran 
through  seven  editions  in  one  year.  Splen- 
did British  victories  soon,  however,  proved 
the  falsehood  of  its  assertions.  Of  his  oth- 
er productions,  one  of  the  best  is,  Essays 
on  Lord  Shaftesbury's  Characteristics. 

BROWN,  LANCELOT,  a  landscape  gar- 
dener (conmi'Hl. y  known  by  the  designation 
of  Capability  Brown,  from  his  frequent  use 
of  tin  phrase  "  this  spot  has  great  capabil- 
ities"), was  born  at  Kirliarle,  in  Northum- 
berland, in  1715;  attained  high  reputation 
in  laying  out  grounds;  made  a  large  for- 
tune, and  was  high  sheriff  f.jr  Huntingdon- 
fhire;  and  divd  in  1782. 

BROWN,  JOHN,  -i  s-lf  educated  Scotch 
•Jivinr,  was  born,  in  1722,  at  Kerpoo,  in 
Perthshire,  became,  ;i  minister  and  school- 
•uuter,  and  died  in  17^7.  His  principal 


BRO 

works  aie,  the  Self  Interpreting  Bib<e,  1 
vols.  4t«.;  and  a  Dictionary  of  the  Bible, 
2  vo!>.  ?\,>. 

BROWN.  JOHN,  celebrated  as  the  pn 
rent  uf  the  Brunonian  system  of  medicine, 
w;is  born,  in  17.'?."),  at  Burele,  in  Berwick- 
shire, and  originally  studied  with  a  \ iew 
to  the  church,  but  afterwards  commenced 
the  study  of  physic.  For  a  while  he  was 
patronised  by  Dr.  Cullen.  He,  however, 
quarrelled  with  that  gentleman,  and  ta 
came  his  active  opponent.  After  many 
struggles  and  vicissitudes  he  settled  in  Lon- 
don, in  1786,  and  died  there  in  October, 
1788,  leaving  a  numerous  family  in  want. 
His  misfortunes  principally  arose  from  his 
habits  of  intemperance.  His  medical  sys- 
tem is  developed  in  his  Elementa  Medi- 
<  in;e,  and  has,  at  least,  the  merit  yf  simpli- 
city, as  it  classes  all  diseases  under  »»vt» 
heads — those  of  deficient  and  those  of  »e- 
dundant  excitement. 

BROWN,  JoHNx  an  eminent  landscape 
engraver,  was  a  fellow  pupil  of  Woollet, 
and  for  some  time  worked  in  conjunction 
with  him.  Their  teacher's  name  was  Tm- 
ney.  Brown  acquired  considerable  repu- 
tation for  the  taste  and  spirit  of  his  burin, 
and  became  an  associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy.  He  died,  at  the  age  of  sixty, 
in  October,  1801. 

BROWN,  WILLIAM,  a  celebrated  gem 
engraver,  was  born,  in  1748.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  his  career  he  was  patronised 
by  Catherine  of  Russia,  and  subsequently 
by  Louis  XVI.  The  French  revolution 
drove  him  from  Paris,  and  he  settled  in 
London,  where  he  produced  many  excel- 
lent works.  He  died  in  1825. 

BROWN,  JOHN,  a  painter,  was  born 
at  Edinburgh,  in  1752,  resided  ten  years 
in  Italy,  and  acquired  there  a  knowledge 
of  all  the  elegant  arts.  On  his  return,  he 
settled  at  Edinburgh,  in  which  city  he 
died  in  1787.  He  was  the  intimate  friend 
of  Lord  Monboddo,  to  whom  he  addressed 
his  Letters  on  the  Poetry  and  Music  of  the 
Italian  Opera.  They  were  published  by 
the  learned  judge  in  1789. 

BROWN,  CHARLES  BROCKDEN,  an 
American  novelist  and  man  of  letters,  was 
born  in  Philadelphia  in  January  1771 
After  a  good  school  education,  he  com 
menced  the  study  of  the  law  in  the  office 
of  an  eminent  member  of  the  bar.  Dur- 
ing the  preparatory  term,  his  mind  was 
much  engaged  in  literary  pursuits,  and 
when  the  time  approached  for  his  admis- 
si  >n  into  the  coi:rts,  he  resolved  to  aban- 
don the  profession  altogether.  His  passion 
for  letters,  and  the  weakness  of  his  physi- 
cal constitution,  disqualified  him  fir  the 
bustle  of  business.  His  first  publication 
was  Alcuiri,  a  Dialogue  on  the  Rights  of 
Wo:;i-:i,  written  in  the  autumn  and  win  et 


BRO 

•f  1797.  The  first  of  his  novels,  issued 
in  1798,  was  Wieland,  a  powerful  and 
original  romance,  which  soon  acquired  rep- 
ntation.  After  this,  followed  Ormond, 
Arthur  Mervyn,  Edgar  Huntley  and  Clara 
Howard,  in  rapid  succession,  the  last  being 
published  in  1801.  The  last  of  his  novels, 
Jane  Talbot,  was  originally  published  in 
London,  in  1804,  and  i.s  much  inferior  to 
its  predecessors.  In  1799,  Brown  publish- 
ed the  first  miMiber  of  the  Monthly  Maga- 
zine and  American  Review  ;  a  work  which 
he  continued  for  about  a  year  and  a  half 
with  much  indut-try  and  ability.  In  1805 
he  commenced  another  jonrral  with  the 
title  of  the  Literary  Magazine  and  Amer- 
ican Register;  and  in  this  undertaking  he 
persevered  for  five  years.  During  the 
same  interval  he  found  time  to  write  three 
large  political  pamphlets,  on  the  Cession 
of  Louisiana,  on  the  British  Treaty,  and 
on  Commercial  Restrictions.  In  1806,  he 
commenced  a  semi-annual  American  Regis- 
ter, five  volumes  of  which  he  lived  to  com- 
plete and  publish,  and  which  must  long  be 
consulted  as  a  valuable  body  of  annals. 
Besides  these  works,  and  many  miscella- 
neous pieces  published  in  different  periodi- 
cals, he  left  in  manuscript  an  unfinished 
system  of  geography,  which  has  been  rep- 
resented to  possess  uncommon  merit.  He 
died  of  consumption  in  1810. 

BROWN,  JOHN,  was  born,  in  1736,  in 
Providence,  Rhode  Island,  and  was  a.  lea- 
der of  the  party  which,  in  1772,  destroyed 
the  British  Sloop  of  War  Gasper  in  Nar- 
raganset  Bay.  He  became  an  enterprising 
and  wealthy  merchant,  and  was  the  first  in 
his  native  state  who  traded  with  the  East 
Indies  and  China.  He  was  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  Congress,  and  was  a  generous 
patron  of  literature,  and  a  great  projector 


of  works    of  public   utility.     He   died  in 
1803. 

BROWN,  DR.  THOMAS,  a  man  eminent 
as  a  metaphysician,  moral  philosopher,  and 
poet,  was  born  at  Kirkmabreck,  in  Scot- 
land, in  1777,  and  displayed  an  early 
acuteness  and  thirst  for  knowledge.  His 
first  education  was  received  in  the  vicinity 
of  London,  and  was  completed  at  the 
university  of  Edinburgh.  At  the  age  of 
t;vc:»ty,  he  wrote  a  masterly  answer  to 
Darwin's  Zoonomia.  In  1810,  he  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  Stewart,  at  Edinburgh,  as 
professur  of  moral  philosophy,  and  soon 
gained  universal  admiration  as  a  lecturer, 
by  his  eloquence  and  talents,  and  affection 
by  his  kindness  to  the  students.  His  bril- 
liant career  was  unfortunately  cut  short, 
by  consumption,  on  the  2d  of  April,  1820. 
As  a  philosopher,  his  reputation  is  estab- 
lished by  his  inquiry  into  the  ReHtion  of 
Cause  and  Efiect ;  Lectures  on  (lie  Phi  Jos- 


two   tolumes ; 


BRO  11§ 

Agnes;  the  Wanderer   of 


Norway;    and  the  Paradise  ot  Coquettes 

BROWN,  WILLIAM,  a  poet,  born  in 
1590,  was  a  native  of  Tavistock,  and  was 
educated  at  Oxford.  In  1624,  he  became 
tutor  to  the  earl  of  Caernarvon,  who  fell 
at  the  battle  of  IVewbury,  and  he  suose- 
quently  resided  in  the  family  of  tlie  earl 
of  Pembroke.  His*  death  is  supposed  to 
have  taken  place  about  1645.  His  Bri- 
tannia's Pastorals,  which  were  published 
in  his  twenty -third  year,  and  his  Shepherd's 
Pipe,  have  great  merit.  Discursiveness 
and  an  occasional  quaintness  are  the  faults 
of  his  poetry,  but  they  are  redeemed  by  a 
lively  fancy,  much  power  of  description, 
and  flowing  numbers. 


BROWNE,  SIR  THOMAS,  a  physician 
and  eminent  writer,  was  born  in  London, 
in  1605,  and  educated  at  Winchester  and 
Oxford.  He  took  his  degree  at  Leyden, 
and  settled  at  Norwich,  where  he  gained 
extensive  practice.  His  Religio  Medic 
having  been  surreptitiously  published,  he 
gave  to  the  world  a  correct  edition  in  1642, 
which  was  soon  translated  into  several 
languages,  and  repeatedly  reprinted.  It 
was  attacked  by  many  writers,  some  cf 
whom,  with  equal  absurdity  and  injustice, 
accused  the  author  of  being  an  infidel, 
and  even  an  atheist.  This  work  was  fol- 
lowed by  his  celebrated  Treatise  on  Vulgar 
Errors;  and  Hydriotaphia,  or  a  Treatise 
on  Urn  Burial,  published  together  with 
the  Garden  of  Cyrus.  He  died  in  1682. 
Browne  was  a  man  of  great  benevolence, 
and  of  extensive  erudition.  His  style  is 
singular  and  pedantic,  but  hns  generally 
strength,  and  often  felithy  of  expression. 
— His  son  EDWARD,  who  was  born  about- 
1642,  and  died  in  1708,  was  president  of 
the  College  of  Physicians,  and  is  the  author 
of  an  Account,  in  2  vols.  4to.,  of  his  own 
Travels  in  Austria,  Hungary,  Thcssaly,  and 
Italy. 

BROWNE,  SIMON,  was  born  at  Slicp- 
ton  Mallet,  in  1680,  and  became  a  d-ssci*. 
i'.i<4  minister,  first  at  Portsmouth, and  next 
in  the  Old  Jewry,  in  which  latter  situation 

frpiiV  of  the  Human  Mittd ;    a:id  Physiol -gy    h-    r<>;-i:uned    till    17l?:>,    when    his    reason 
•f  ihe  Mind:  as  a  poet,  by  his  poems,  in!  '<vus  shaken  by  the  lo?s  of  his  v.  ife  and  hia 


120  HKO  Hilt) 

only  ton.     The  monomania  which  afflicted  was  born   in   1703,  and    wnt  originally  a 

him  wak  of  aa  extraordinary  kind.    Though  penrntter;    but,   through   the   interest  of 

retaining1  the   power  of  reasoninj   acutely,  liarxey,  IK>  c.btained  orders,  aid  the  living 

he  believe  I  diat  God  "  bad  annihilated   in  of  Olnoy,  in  Buckinghamshire,     lie  died 

him    the    thinking    substance/'    and     that  ia  17*7,  at    Morden    College,  of  wliicli  he 

th..u;;h    lie   seeaied  to   speak    rationally.  IK-  was  chaplain.      He  i.<  the  author  of  several 

had  "  mi  more  m>ti'>n  of  what  h->  said  th  in  works,  the  principal  of  which  are  Piscatory 

a  parrot."       Imagining   hia:s;-lf  n:>   IMIV^.T  1  .nid  Sunday  Thoughts.    Browne 

a  moral  acent,  he  tefus<-d  tn  bear  a  part  in  \\  as  a  givat  lover  of  angling,  and  published 

any  art  of  worship.      While  ia   this  stale,  an  eilition  of  Walton's  Angler. 


BR<  >\\'.NE,  ISAAC  HAWKIN8,n  nati\o 
of  Burton  upon  Trrnt,  was   born   in   1706, 
at    V 


however,  he  continued  to  write  forcibly, 
and,  among  other  things,  produced  a  De- 
fence of  the  Religion  of  Nature,  and  the  studied  at  Westminster.  Cambri-1 
Christian  Revelation,  against  Christianity  Lincoln's  Inn  ;  was  called  to  the  bar ;  and 
as  old  as  the  Creation.  To  this  he  prefixed  became  M.  P.  for  Wenlock.  Though  a 
a  dedication  to  (iiieen  Caroline,  in  which  man  of  infinite  wit,  he  was  mute  in  par- 
he  alVeciingly  expatiated  on  his  soulless  liumi-nt.  He  is  the  author  of  an  excellent 
Ftate.  His  friends  suppressed  this  nv.-lan- .  Latin  p  ,em,  on  the  Immortality  of  the 
choly  pro 'f  of  his  singular  insanity;  but!  Soul,  which  has  been  more  than  once 
it  is  preserved  in  the  Adventurer.  He  translated;  and  also  of  Poems.  Of  his 

minor  poems,  the  Pipe  of  Tobacco,  in 
which  he  admirably  imitate*  six  poets  of 
that  period,  i*  the:  best  known,  and  is  de- 


died  in  1732.  He  is  the-  author  of  hymns, 
Fenmn*,  and  various  controversial  and 
theological  piec.-> 


BROWNE.  Si  11  WIT.M  A  v,  a  physician, 
an  eccentric  but  amiabl'o  character,  was 
b:>r:i  in  1692,  studied  at  Cambridge,  and 
seuh-d  at  Lynn,  whence  he  removed  to 
London,  where  hn  dic-d  in  1774.  In  dress, 
style,  and  manners,  he  was  a  complete 


servedly  p(,<pular.     He  died  in  1766. 

BROWNE,  PATRICK,  a  botanist  and 
physician,  was  born  at  Crossboync,  in 
Ireland,  in  1720,  and  studied  physic  at 
Paris  and  Leyden.  He  then  went  to  the 
West  Indies,  which  he  had  visited  in  hi\ 


.  _______________  ,  ________  „_   ______    _____  ...... 

oddity;     a    circumstance    which    exposed  !  youth,   and    finally   took   up   his    abode   at 
him  to  the  shafts  of  satire.     lie  had,  how-  1  Jamaica.     Returning  at  length  to  Ireland, 


ever,  (he  good  sense  and  dignity  of  mind 
to  smils  at  such  attacks.  At  "Lynn,  he 
nailed  to  his  house  door  a  pamphlet  which 
was  written  against  him:  and  when  Foote 
caricatured  him,  in  the  Devil  on  Two 
Sticks,  Browne  sent  him  a  note,  praising 
the  accuracy  of  the  mimic'l  personation, 
and  pending  him  his  own  muff,  to  complete 
the  picture.  Browne  left  three  gold  medals 
tc  be  yearly  given  to  Cambridge  under- 
graduates, for  Greek  and  Latin  compo- 
sitions; and  founded  a  scholarship  at 
Peterhouse,  where  he  was  educated.  He 
translated  Gregory's  Elements  of  Diop- 
trics; and  collected,  under  the  title  of 
Opnscula,  his  own  light  pieces. 

BROWNE,  GF.OHGK,  Count  de,  an 
Irish  catholic,  born  in  1698,  entered  into  the 
Russian  service.  He  saved  the  Empress 
Anna  Ivamvna  from  ihe "conspiracy  of  the 


he  died  in  1720,  at  Rusbrook,  in  the  c;.lmty 
of  Mayo.  His  chief  work  is  the  Civil  and 
Natural  History  of  Jamaica. 

B  ROW  N  E , "  W 1 1. 1. 1  A  M  GEORGE,  an 
English  traveller,  a  man  of  fortune,  who 
penetrated  into  the  interior  of  Africa,  and 
was  the  first  who  gave  an  account  of  the 
African  kingdoms  of  Darfur  and  Bornou. 
His  Travels  in  Africa,  Egypt,  and  Assyria, 
from  1792  to  179S,  were  published  in  1799. 
About  the  year  1814  he  was  murdered,  in 
Persia,  while  on  his  way  to  explore  the  re 
gions  south  of  the  Caspian. 

BRUCE,  ROBF.UT,  the  deliverer  of 
Scotland  from  the  English  yoke,  was  a  de- 
scendant, by  the  female  side,  from  David, 
brother  of  William  I.  Like  his  father, 
who  was  a  competitor  for  the  crown  with 
Baliol,  he  at  first  fought  under  the  English 


banners.     He,  however,  at  length,  H 

guards,  and  served  with  distinction  under!  his  right  to  the  sovereignty,  and  was 
Lascy,  Mu-iich,  and  Keith.  On  the  banks  :  crowned  at  Scone,  in  1306.  After  many 
of  the  Volg-i  he  stepped  with  only  three  j  reveries,  he  totally  defeated  Edward  II.", 
thousand  mei  the  whol  •  Turkish  army,  j  in  1314,  at  Bannockburn,  and  thus  e.-t  a  It- 


was,  however,  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Turks  and  f-old  ;>s  a  slave,  but  escaped. 
In  the  seven  years  war,  he  distinguished 


lishr-d  himself  firmly  on  the  throne.  He 
died  ia  1329.  Tradition  says  that,  after 
one  of  the  defeats  which  lie  sustained  at 


hiihself  at   the   battles   of  Prague,   Kollin.    the  outset  of  his   career,   when   Bruce  was 

!  *rf,  and    Zorndorii".     His  services   hiding  from   his  enemies,  and  almost  dis- 

were    rewarded    with    the    government  of    posed  to  relinquish  his  enterprise   in   des- 

Livonia.      After  ha\  ing  held  it  thirty  years,    pair,  lie  was  animated  to   perse. erauce   by 

he    wished    to    retire,    but     Catherine     II.    the    example    of  a    spider,    \\hich    he    Raw 

replied,  "  death  id. me  shall  part  us."     He  j  foiled  in  nine  attempts  to  reach  a  certain 

d.ed  in  1792.  |  point,  but  which  persisted,  and  ?nccceed*d 

/I R/>W NT,,  >!<'<;>•«:,  a  Hivlnr  and  p-->rt.    iu  th"  tenth. 


BRU 

BRUCE,  JAMES,  a  celebrated  traveller, 
ivas  boiii  in  1730,  at  Kinnaird  House,  in 
Stirlingshire.  He  was  educated  at  Harrow 
and  Edinburgh.  After  having  been,  for  a 
short  time,  in  the  wine  trade,  he  relin- 
quished it,  and,  in  1763,  was  appointed 
consul  at  Algiers.  While  holding  this  of- 
fi-e,  he  explored  a  part  of  Northern  Afri- 
ri,  proceeded  to  Cyprus,  Syria,  and  Asia 
Minor,  and  made  drawings  of  Palmyra  and 
Balbeck.  In  1768,  he  began  his  famous 
expedition  to  Abyssinia,  to  discover  the 
sources  of  the  Nile,  and  he  reached  the 
Abyssinian  capital  in  February,  1770, 
where  he  soon  acquired  considerable  influ- 
ence at  court,  by  his  manners,  courage, 
multifarious  knowledge,  and  personal  ap- 
pearance. That  he  reached  what  some 
have  considered  as  the  source  of  the  Nile  is 
certain ;  but  it  is  at  least  doubtful  whether 
the  springs  which  he  visited  form  the  real 
head  of  the  Nile.  He  did  not  return  to  his 
native  country  till  1778,  and  the  narrative 
of  hi*  Travels  did  not  appear  till  1790, 
when  it  came  forth  in  four  quarto  volumes. 
That  narrative  excited  infinite  criticism 
and  cavil,  and  has,  in  fact,  been  treated 
with  disgraceful  illiberality.  Bruce  was 
Killed  by  a  fall  down  stairs,  in  April,  1794. 

BRUCE,  MICHAKL,  a  poet,  born  at 
Kinneswood,  in  Scotland,  in  1746,  was  a 
village  schoolmaster,  and  died  at  the  early 
•ge  of  twenty-one,  after  having  long  con- 
tended with  poverty  and  sicltness.  His 
poems  have  much  merit.  One  of  them,  on 
his  approaching  end,  is  truly  pathetic. 

BRUCKER,  JOHN  JAMES,  a  learned 
Lutheran  clergyman,  was  born  at  Augs- 
->sirg,  in  1696,  and  died  minister  of  Saint 
Ulric's,  in  his  native  city,  in  1770.  Of  his 
works,  the  most  valuable  and  the  best 
known  is  the  History  of  Philosophy,  in  6 
vols.  4to.,  of  which  Dr.  Enf.eid  published 
an  English  abridgment.  Brucker  was 
nearly  fifty  years  employed  on  it;  and  it 
displays  a  degree  of  erudition,  judgment, 
and  impartiality,  which  is  highly  honour- 
able to  its  author. 

BRUEYS,  DAVID  AUGUSTIN,  a 
French  dramatic  writer,  was  born  at  Aix, 
in  1610,  and  died  at  Montpelier,  in  1723. 
Th«  comedies  of  Brueys,  two  of  which 
vvrre  written  in  conjunction  with  Palaprat, 
M to  full  of  comic  spirit.  He  also  wrote 
inr?e  tragedies.  At  his  outset  in  life  he 
was  a  protestani,  but  was  converted  by 
Bossuet,  and  obtained  ecclesiastical  pre- 
ferments. Like  most  apostates,  he  be- 
came violently  liostile  to  the  church  which 
he  had  deserted. 

BRUEYS,  FRANCIS  PAUL,  a  French 
naval  officer,  born  about  1750,  became  an 
admiral  during  the  revolution,  and  was 
entrusted  with  the  command  of  the  squa- 
dron which  conveyed  the  army  of  Bona- 
parte to  Egypt.  He  wa.«  killed  at  the  bat- 
6 


BRU  111 

tie  of  the  Nile,  in  1798.  When  mortally 
wounded,  he  refused  to  go  below.  "  A 
French  Admiral,"  said  he,  "ought  to  die 
on  his  quarter  deck." 

BRUGNATELLI,  Louis,  a  chemist 
and  physician,  was  born  at  Pavia,  in 
1761,  was  medical  and  chemical  professor 
in  that  university,  and  died  in  1818.  Sci- 
ence is  indebted  to  him  for  r.'merous  ex- 
periments, and  also  for  discoveries  with 
respect  to  the  gastric  juice  and  to  coml.us- 
lion.  He  is  the  author  of  Elements  of 
Chemistry ;  and  was  the  editor  of  several 
scientific  journals. 

BRUMOY,  PETER,  a  Jesuit  and  au- 
thor, was  born  at  Rouen,  in  1688;  dis- 
tinguished himself  as  a  theologian,  critic, 
and  teacher  of  mathematics ;  and  died  in 
1742.  He  continued  the  History  of  the 
Gallican  Church,  and  produced  other 
works;  but  his  reputation  chiefly  rests  on 
his  Greek  Theatre,  in  3  vols.  4to.  His  »• 
Latin  Poems,  especially  those  on  the  Pas- 
sions and  on  Glass  Making,  are  much 
above  mediocrity. 

BRUNCK,R'icHARD  FRANCIS  FRED- 
ERICK,  an  eminent  critic,  was  born  af 
Strasburg,  in  1729,  and  died  there  in  1803. 
The  learned  world  is  indebted  to  him  for 
the  Greek  Anthology,  and  for  excellent 
editions  of  Apollonius  Rhodius,  Aristopha- 
nes, Sophocles,  Virgil,  Plautus,  and  Te- 
rence. His  latter  days  were  clouded  with 
pecuniary  difficulties,  which  compelled  him 
to  sell  a  considerable  part  of  his  library. 

BRUNE,  WILLIAM  MARY  ANN,  a 
French  marshal,  was  born  at  Brive  la 
Gaillarde,  in  1763;  espoused  warmly  the 
cause  of  the  revolution;  and,  after  having 
been  a  printer  and  an  editor  of  a  paper,  he 
entered  the  army  in  1793.  In  1796  and 
1797  he  served  under  Bonaparte,  and  his 
distinguished  merit  gained  him  rapid  pro- 
motion. In  1799,  he  was  commander  in 
chief  of  the  united  French  and  Dutch  forc- 
es, and  displayed  high  military  talents  in 
the  defence  of  North  Holland  against  the 
duke  of  York,  whom  he  reduced  to  a  mor- 
tifying capitulation.  Under  the  consular 
government,  he  had  a  prominent  share  in 
the  pacification  of  the  royalist  provinces. 
From  1803  to  1805,  he  \\nis  ambassador  to 
Constantinople;  and,  during  his  absence, 
was  made  a  marshal.  Having,  in  1807, 
been  appointed  governor  of  the  Hanseatic 
cities,  he  gave  dissatisfaction  to  Napoleon, 
who,  during  the  remainder  of  his  first  reign, 
did  not  employ  him.  Brune  submitted  to 
the  Bourbons;  but,  being  slighted  by  them, 
he  joined  Napoleon  on  his  return  from 
Elba,  who  gave  him  a  command  in  the 
south  of  France.  After  the  second  abdica- 
tion of  the  emperor,  Brune  was  assassinated 
at  Avignon,  August  2,  1815,  by  a  b-iod  of 
royalist  murderers,  who  were  a1k>w«J  to 
remain  unpunished. 


in  BUU  mil] 

BRUNELLESCHI,  PHILIP,  the  son  <•.(  and  Prussian  f  >rco,  and  published  a  violent 
a  notary,  was  born  at  Florence,  in  1377,  and  impolitic  manifesto,  he  was  compelled 
and  was  originally  apprentice  to  a  gold-  to  retreat,  by  an  inferior  army  under  l)u- 
emith;  but  a  journey  to  Rome  inspired  him  mourier.  In  1791  he  resigned  the  com- 
with  a  love  of  architecture.  1  le  sedulously  maud.  Till  1MH),  he  was  occupied  with 
studied  the  principles  of  the  art,  and  be-  the  peaceful  labours  of  government ;  but  in 
came  the  classical  restorer  of  it  in  Italy,  that  year  he  was  appointed  leader  of  fh« 
He  erected  many  grand  structures;  panic-  Prussian  army,  and  was  mortally  wounded 
ularlv  the  admirable  dome  of  the  cathedral,  at  the  fatal  battle  of  Auerstadt.  He  ex- 
the  churches  of  the  Holv  (ilmst  and  of  St.  piled  at  Altona,  on  the  10th  of  December. 
Lomr/.o,  and  the  Pitt  i  Palace,  at  Fbrer.ce,  BRUNSWICK  WOU'KNP.CTTKI. 
and  the  monastery  of  Fiesote.  Brunellescht  DELS,  FRKDKRIC  AUGUSTUS,  Prince 
was  also  a  sculptor, an  engineer,  and  a  poet,  of,  a  younger  brotlicr  of  the  preceding, 
He  died  in  1444.  I  was  born  in  1740,  and  gained  applau.se  as 

BRUNO,  ST.,  the  founder  of  the  Car-  a  general  tlicer  ;n  'he Prussian  sf-r\ice; 
thusian  order,  was  born  at  Cologne,  in  but  his  highest  fame  is  deri\ed  from  hi* 
1030;  established  the  first  house  of  his  literary  talents.  He  is  the  author  of  .several 
order,  in  1084,  at  the  Chartreuse,  in  Dau-!  works,  among  which  are,  Critical  Remark* 
phine;  was  invited  into  Italy,  by  Pope  on  the  Character  of  Alexander  the  Gieut ; 
Urban  II.;  refused  the  archbishopric  of  and  a  Military  Life  of  Prince  Frcde:  ic 
Reggio;  founded  a  second  monastery  in  Augustus  of  Brunswick  Lunenburg.  He 
the  mountains  of  Calabria;  died  in  1101;  died  at  Weimar,  in  ISO."). 
and  was  canonized  in  1514.  BRUNSWICK  WOLFENBUTTF.L, 

BRUNO,  JORDANO,  was  born  nt  Nola,  MAXIMILIAN  JULIUS  LEOIMJLI*,  Prince 
in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  about  the  mid- of,  a  brother  of  the  preceding,  was  born  in 
die  of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  was  oiig-  1751,  and  commanded  a  regiment  in  gam- 
inally  a  Dominican,  but  quitted  his  convent,  son  at  Frankfurt  on  the  Oder,  where  be 
fled  to  Geneva,  and  embraced  the  protestant  was  universally  beloved  for  his  benev>- 
reiigiop.  Beza  and  Calvin,  however,  ex-  lencc,  and  his  charity  to  the  poor.  In 
pelled  hiffi  from  that  city.  After  having]  1785,  a  terrible  inundation  of  the  O.ier 
visited  France,  England,  and  Germany,  he  spread  destruction  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
settled  at  Padua.  'There  he  was  arrested,  Frankfort.  To  save  the  life  of  a  family 
and  was  sent  to  Rome,  where,  after  two  surrounded  by  the  waters,  the  prince  hero- 

S;ars  imprisonment,  he  was  burnt,  in  1600.  ically  put  off  in  a  boat,  but  he  was  s \\cpt 
f  his  numerous  philosophical  works  the  away  by  the  torrent,  u-r.i  perished,  to  the 
most  celebrated  is  the  Demolition  of  the  deep  regret  of  every  friend  of  humanity. 


Triumphant  Beast,  a  satire  on  superstition, 
which  kas  unjustly  been  charged  with  athe- 
istical principles. 

BRUNSWICK,  FERDINAND,  Duke  of, 
was  born  in  1721,  and,  after  his  return 
*rom  his  travels,  entered  into  the  Prussian 
service,  and  distinguished  himself  in  the 
Silesian  war.  In  the  seven  years'  war,  he 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  combined 
British  and  Hanoverian  forces,  manifested 
talents  of  the  first  order,  and  defeated  the 
French  on  many  occasions,  especially  at 
Creveldt  and  Minden.  The  peace  of  1763 
terminated  his  military  career ;  and  he  died 
at  Brunswick,  July  3,  1792. 

B  R  U  N  S  W I  C  K  L  U  N  E  N  B  U  R  G, 
CHARLES  WILLIAM  FERDINAND,  Duke 
•f,  nephew  of  Ferdinand,  was  born  in  1735, 
studied  the  art  of  war  under  his  uncle  and 
Frederic  of  Prussia,  and  gained  groat  repu- 
tation in  the  seven  years'  war,  and  in  the 
war  of  1778  with  Austria.  In  1780,  he 
succeeded  to  the  duchy,  and  proved  himself 


the  friend  of  internal  improvement  and  of 
literature.  He  resumed  his  military  career 
in  1787,  when,  at  the  head  of  the  Prussian 


BRUiNTON,  MART,  the  daughter  of 
Colonel  Balfour,  was  born  in  Barra  island, 
one  of  the  Orkneys,  in  1776,  married  a 
minister  of  the  Scotch  church  in  1796,  and 
died  in  1818,  equally  admired  for  her  tal- 
ents and  beloved  for  her  disposition  and 
virtues.  She  is  the  author  of  Discipline, 
and  of  Self  Control,  two  excellent  novels; 
and  she  left  an  unfinished  tale  called  Km- 
meline,  and  some  minor  pieces,  which  her 


hut-band  puDiisi 
BRUT  US,  L 


bibbed. 

u  c  i  u  s  J  u  N  i  u  s ,  the  f  Hinder 


of  the  republican  government  in  Rome, 
was  a  grandson  of  Tarquin  the  Elder,  by 
Tarquinia.  His  father  and  elder  brother 
having  been  murdered  by  Tarqiiin  the 
Proud,  Brutus,  for  several  \ears,  simula- 
ted insanity  to  save  his  own  life;  but,  on 
the  violation  <  f  Lucretia,  by  Tavquin,  he 
threw  ofi"  the  ma.sk,  and  animated  the  Ro- 
mans to  become  free,  ilis  sons  having 
con.spired  against  the  republic,  he  himself 
sentenced  tluiin  to  death.  He  was  slain 


u.  c.  505,  in  a  single  combat  with  Aruna, 
who  al.so  fell  at  the  same   moment. 

I  'ITS,    MARCUS     JUMUS,    a    dr- 

army,  he  restored  the  authority  of  the  stadt-  i  sci.-ndant  of  Lucius  J  Minus,  ami  nej -Lew  of 
holder  in  Holland.      In  his  next  ent-  e  if  Pum;;ey;  but, 

he     was     unsuccessful.        Ha-.ing      invaded  .  after    the    |.;,i;!e    of  i'Ku.-.dia,   be  was   re- 
,  at  the  head  i-f  j»  powerful  Austrian  '  ccivvJ    into    favour   by    the  concn:«Tor,  cn> 


DRY 

misted  with  the  government  of  Cisalpine 
Gaul,  and  made  praetor  of  Rome.  He, 
nevertheless,  joined,  in  the  conspiracy  of 
Cassius  and  others,  and  assisted  in  putting 
Csesar to  death.  Being  finally  vanquished, 
at  the  battle  of  Philippi,  B.  c.  42,  he  ter- 
minated his  own  existence,  in  the  forty- 
third  year  of  his  age.  Of  all  the  conspi- 
rators, Brutus  alone  is  believed  to  have 
been  actuated  by  purely  patriotic  motives. 

BRUYERE,  JOHN  DE  LA,  a  celebrated 
French  writer,  was  born,  in  1644,  at 
Dourdan,  in  the  Isle  of  France;  was  ap- 
pointed historical  tutor  to  the  duke  of 
Burgundy,  who  subsequently  pensioned  and 
retained  him  about  his  person ;  was  admit- 
ted into  the  French  Academy,  in  1693; 
and  died,  of  apoplexy,  in  1697.  His  ad- 
mirable Characters  appeared  in  1687. 
Delille  justly  observes,  that  "  he  who 
would  describe  La  Bruyere  ought  to  pos- 
FCSS  his  genius,  and  that  inimitable  tal- 
ent which  comprises  so  much  sense  in  a 
phrase,  so  many  ideas  in  a  word,  and  ex- 
presses in  so  novel  a  manner  that  which 
has  before  been  said,  and  in  so  pointed  a 
manner  that  which  has  never  been  .  said 
before."  La  Bruyere  also  translated  the 
Characters  of  Theophrastus;  and  wrote 
Dialogues  on  Quietism, 

BRUYN,  CORNELIUS  LE,  a  native  of 
the  Hague,  where  he  was  born  in  1652, 
acquired  reputation  both  as  a  painter  and 
a  traveller ;  but  particularly  in  the  latter 
capacity.  In  two  voyages,  which  lasted 
several  years,  he  yisiled  Italy,  Asia  Mi- 
nor, Egypt,  the  Archipelago,  Russia,  Per- 
sia, and  the  Indian  continent  and  isles. 
He  returned  to  his  native  country  in  1708. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  unknown.  His 
Voyages  form  2  vols.  folio. 

BRUYN,  NICHOLAS,  a  Dutch  poet, 
who  was  born  at  Amsterdam,  in  1671,  is 
the  author  of  seven  tragedies,  and  of  many 
poems,  which  have  been  collected  in  eleven 
volumes.  His  tragedies  still  keep  pos- 
session of  the  stage.  Among  his  best  po- 
ems are  three  descriptive  pieces,  illustra- 
tive of  the  beauties  of  North  and  South 
Holland,  and  of  the  river  Vecht. 

BRUYS,  PKTKR  DK,  a  native  of  Dau- 
phin^, who  was  burnt,  as  a  heretic,  at  St. 
Gilles,  in  Languedoc,  in  1180,  was  the 
founder  of  a  sect  called  Petrobrussians. 
He  opposed  transubstantiation,  infant  bap- 
tism, and  the  use  of  churches,  crucifixes, 
and  prayers  for  the  dead. 

BRYAN,  MICHAKL,  an  eminent  con- 
noisseur in  the  fine  a/ts,  who  was  at  one 
period  a  picture  dealer,  was  born  in  1757, 
and  died  in  1821.  He  in  the  author  of  a 
valuable  Biographical  and  Critical  Dic- 
tionary of  Painters  and  Engravers,  2  vols. 
4to. 

BRYANT,  JACOB,  a  philologist  and 
y.  u;is  bun  at  Plymouth.  i»-  1715. 


BI  c  is 

and  received  his  education  at  Eton  and 
King's  College,  Cambridge.  The  duke  of 
Maryborough,  to  whom  he  had  been  tutor, 
gave  him  a  place  in  the  ordnance  depart- 
ment. He  settled  at  Cypenham,  in  Berk- 
shire, and  died  November  14,  1804,  of  a 
mortification  in  the  leg,  occasioned  by 
bruising  the  skin  against  a  chair.  Bryant 
was  an  indefatigable  and  a  learned  writer, 
but  fond  of  paradox.  He  wrote  one  work 
to  maintain  the  authenticity  of  the  pseudo 
Rowley's  poems,  and  another  to  prove 
that  Troy  never  existed.  His  principal 
production  is  a  New  System  or  Analysis 
of  Ancient  Mythology,  in  three  volumes 
quarto,  which  was  published  in  1774  and 
1776.  It  is  ingenious  and  erudite;  but 
often  fanciful  and  erroneous.  Among  his 
other  compositions  are,  Observations  rela- 
tive to  Ancient  History;  a  Treatise  on 
the  authenticity  of  the  Scriptures;  Obser- 
vations on  the  Plagues  of  Egypt;  and  Dis- 
sertations on  the  Prophecy  ol  Balaam,  &c. 

BRYDONE,  PATRICK,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  was  born  in  1741,  and  travelled 
in  Italy,  as  companion  to  Mr.  Beckf}>rd 
and  other  gentlemen.  He  was  appointed 
comptroller  of  the  stamp  office,  which  situ- 
ation he  held  till  his  decease,  in  1819. 
The  publication  of  his  Travels  in  Sicily 
and  Malta,  gained  him  admission  to  the 
Royal  Society,  to  the  Transactions  of 
which  body  he  contributed  several  papers. 
The  narrative  of  his  travels  is  well  writ- 
ten; but  much  dissatisfaction  was  excited 
by  some  of  his  statements,  which  militato 
against  the  Mosaic  account  of  the  creation. 

BUACHE,  PHILIP,  a  geographer,  the 
pupil  and  son  in  law  of  William  Delisle, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1700,  and  died  in 
1773.  Buache  published  many  charts  and 
maps,  and  some  geographical  works.  He 
maintained  the  existence  of  a  southern 
continent,  and  framed  a  system  of  physi- 
cal and  natural  geography,  which  has  been 
overturned  by  subsequent  discoveries. 

BUAT  NANCAY,  Louis  GAKRIEL, 
Count  du,  a  learned  French  writer,  was 
born  at  Livarot,  in  Normandy,  in  1782, 
was  a  pupil  of  Folard,  became  envoy  at 
Dresden  and  Ratisbon,  and  died  in  1787. 
His  principal  works  are,  the  Ancient  His- 
tory of  the  European  nations;  the  Origins, 
or  "the  Ancient  Government  of  France, 
Germany,  &c. ;  and  the  Maxims  of  Mo- 
narchical Government. 

BUC,  GEORGE,  an  historian  and  anti- 
qiury,  a  native  of  Lincolnshire,  was  one 
of  the  gentlemen  of  the  bedchamber  to 
James  I.,  who  made  him  master  of  the 
revels,  and  knighted  him.  He  wrote  the 
Art  of  ReveJs;  the  Third  Universitie  of 
England;  and  a  Life  of  Richard  HI.  The 
'after,  in  which  he  vindicates  the  character 
of  that  monarch,  is  the  best  known  of  his 
work?  Malone  attributes  it  to  Sir 


124 


BUC 


George's  son,  but  R  it. son  maintains  thr 
claim  of  the  lather. 

B1CEK.  M\KI-I.\,  ono  of  the  fathers 
of  the  Reformation,  was  horn,  in  1  1H1, 
at  Schleafadt.  in  Alsace.  1  lc  \\  as  a  Domi- 
nican, but  was  comeitrd  to  protestantism 
In  Luther.  The  new  doctrines  were  in- 
troduced by  him  at  Strashm  -gh,  wheie  he 
was  minister  and  pr<.fe,-..M>r  rf  iheolr<;\-  for 
twenty  \ears.  P>uecr  lahonred.  Im't  in 
vain,  to  reconcile  the  disputes  of  Luther 
and  Zuingle.  In  154S  lie  went  to  Au^s- 
burgh  to  siijn  the  Interim;  after  \\liich  lie 
v  as  invited  to  |£ngland  hy  ('runnier.  lie 
died,  in  L")51,  at  Cambridge,  win-re  he  \\as 
theological  professor.  During  the  reign 
of  the  persecuting  Mary,  his  bones  \\ere 
disinterred  and  committed  to  the  Humes. 
His  works  are  numerous. 

P.rcil  \.\,  WILLIAM,  a  Sn.idi  physi- 
cian, was  horn  at  Ancram,  in  1729,  educa- 
ted at  Edinburgh,  and  became  physician 
to  the  Foundfing  Hospital  at  A ck worth, 
in  Yorkshire.  He  afterwards  practised  in 
London  with  tolerable  success.  Buchan, 
however,  was  too  fond  of  society  to  attend 
diligently  to  his  profession,  lie  was  first 
brought  into  repute  by  his  Domestic  Medi- 
cine, which  was  published  in  1770,  and 
acquired  extensive  popularity.  His  bock, 
though  it  is  creditable  to  the  author's  tal- 
ent and  knowledge,  has  done  no  small  mis- 
chief, by  its  effect  on  the  hypocondriacal, 
and  by  its  inducing  many  ignorant  persons 
to  tamper  with  their  maladies.  Buchan 
died  in  1805.  Besides  his  Domestic  Medi- 
cine, he  wrote  a  Treatise  on  Lues;  and 


Advice  to  Mothers. 
BUCHAN,     ELIZABETH, 


a    Scotch 


BUC 

latter    city    the    freedom    of   his  opinion* 
again  caused  his  imprisonment.     He  next 


fanatic,  the  wife  of  a  maker  of  delft  at 
Glasgow,  began,  about  1779,  to  prophecy 
the  approaching  end  of  the  world,  and  to 
exhort  her  hearers  to  abandon  worldly 
connections  and  pursuits,  in  order  to  be 
ready  to  receive  Christ.  This  insane  wo- 
man gained  a  considerable  number  of  fol- 
lowers, who  were  called  Buchanists.  She 
died  in  1791;  and  on  her  deathbed  is  said 
to  have  declared  herself  to  be  the  Virgin 
Mary,  and  promised  to  return  to  life. 
BUCHANAN,  GEORGE,  one  of  the 

of  Scottish  literature,  was  born,   in   deficient    in  judgment;    as   a   man   he  w;uj 
1506,  at  Killairn,  in  Dumbartonshire,  and,   nnainiable;    and    as    a    politician,   he    was 


spent  f  wr  years  at  Paris,  as  tutor  to  the 
marshal  de  Brissac's  son.  During  th.s 
continental  residence,  he  composed  his  Bap- 
tisles  and  Jepthes,  translated  the  Medea 
and  Alcestes  of  Euripides,  and  bc^an  his 
Lati'i  version  of  the  Psalms.  In  15(50 
he  returned  to  his  native  land,  and  em- 
braced protestantism.  Yet  he  had  the 
favour  of  the  court,  obtained  a  pension 
from  Mary,  was  made  principal  of  St.  Leo- 
nardfs  College,  at  St.  Andrew's,  and  was 
chosen  as  preceptor  to  James  VI.  When 
subsequently  reproached  with  ha\ing  made 
his  royal  pupil  a  pedant,  Buchanan  is  said 
to  ha\e  replied,  that  "  It  was  the  best  he 
could  make  of  him."  After  having  accom- 
panied Murray  to  England,  to  prefer  char- 
ges against  the  unfortunate  Mary,  he  pub- 
lished, in  1571,  his  virulent  Detectio 
Maria;  Regni.  The  prevailing  faction 
made  him  one  of  the  lords  of  the  council, 
and  lord  privy  seal,  and  Elizabeth  gave 
him  an  annual  pension  of  one  hundred 
pounds.  In  1579,  however,  he  forfeited  all 
royal  favour,  by  his  bold  and  masterly 
work,  De  Jure  Regni,  which  asserts  the 
rights  of  the  people.  The  closing  years 
of  his  life  were  spent  in  the  composition 
of  his  History  of  Scotland;  a  work  of 
which  the  style,  but  not  the  matter,  is 
worthy  of  praise.  Buchanan  died  poor, 
in  1582.  As  a  Latin  poet,  lie  ranks  among 


n  po 

the  highest  of  the  moderns;    as  an  historian 
he  is  elegant  and  vigorous,  but  partial  and 


after  having  punned  his  studies  at  Paris 
and  St.  Andrew's,  and  served  for  a  while 
in  the  army,  he  was  appointed  tutor  to  the 


Unscrupulous  and  violent. 

P,rCHA.\A.\,Cl.  \rmus,  I).  P.,  si  di- 

ine, was    born,  in    176'6,   at   Cambuslang, 


earl  of  Cassilis,  with    whom    he  remained    near    Glasgow,   and,    alter   ha\  ing   1  cm   a 
in    France    during   five   years.      Returning   tutor,  and  an  attorney's   clerk    in   London, 


from  Paris  with  the  earl,  he  was  made 
tutor  to  the  natural  son  of  James  V.  Two 
satires  which  he  wrote  on  the  monks  soon 


patronised    by    Mr.    Thornton,    who 

enabled  him  to   complete   his   education   at 
Cambridge.      Me     was    appointed    one    c.f 


drew  down  their  vengeance  upon  him.  the  East  Indian  company's  chaplains  in 
and  he  was  imprisoned,  but  was  fortunate  Bengal;  and  was  the  tirst  vice-provost  and 
f;iiouga  to  escape.  Once  more  visiting  the  classical  professor  of  ti.e  college  at  Fort 
continent,  he  successively  taught  at  Paris,  \\illiam.  During  his  \  ice-provostshij),  he 
•t  Bordeaux,  and  ut  Coimbra,  at  which 'gave  prizes  to  the  Oxford,  Cambridge, 


BUC 


BUG 


125 


»rd  Glasgow  notVarsitvSkj  for  sermons  and  naps,  have  lost  his  power.  But  the  acres- 
e?«ay«,  on  the  propagation  of  religion  in  sion  of  Charles  I.,  in  1625,  rendered  (!io 
(lie  east.  He  returned  to  England  in  1806,  favourite  still  more  potent.  In  vain  the 
and  died  in  LSI"),  while  superintending  an  parliament  attacked  him ;  it  was  dissolved, 

edition  of  tlie  Svriac  Testament,  for  the  and  he  enjoyed  a  conip'ete  triumph.  He 
use  of  eastern  rhristians.  He  is  the  author  next  plunged  the  nation  into  a  war  \vilh 
of  Christian  Researches  in  Asia;  and  of  France;  and  being  entrusted  with  the 
-arious  works  connected  with  the  same  command  of^an  army,  he  lost  the  flower 
subject.  'of  it  in  an  ill  conducted  attack  on  the  isle 

BUCHOZ,  P.  JOSEPH,  tt  naturalist  and  of  Rh".  He  returned  to  England  to  refit 
botanist,  one  of  the  most  industrious  and  his  shattered  armament,  and  was  again 
multifarious  of  compilers.,  uas  "jorn  at  about  to  sail  when  he  was  assassinated  at 
Mel/,  in  1737,  and  died  at  1'aris,  in  1F07.  Portsmouth,  on  the  23d  of  August,  1628, 
His  labours  form  more  than  three  lunvlred  by  a  lieutenant  by  the  name  of  Felton. 
volumes,  of  which  ninety-five  are  folios;  BUCKINGHAM,  GEORGE  VILL- 
and,  as  may  well  be  expected,  they  are  IERS,  Duke  of,  son  of  the  preceding 
crude,  and  disfigured  by  many  errors,  i  duke,  \vas  born  in  1627,  studied  at  Cam- 
Among  them  are.  a  II  istorv  of  the  Plants  bridge,  served  the  king  zealously  in  the 
of  Lorraine,  in  13  vols. ;  a  Natural  History  civil  wars,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
of  France,  in  14  vols.;  and  a  Universal  Worcester:  By  marrying  a  daughter  of 
History  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom,  with  Lord  Fairfax,  he  recovered  a  considerate 
more  than  one  thousand  two  hundred  part  of  his  forfeited  estates ;  and,  at  the 
p'afes.  Restoration,  he  was  made  a  lord  of  the  bed- 

BUCKHOLD,  or  BOCCOLD,  JOHN,  |  chamber,  master  of  the  horse,  and  lord 
known  as  John  of  Leyden,  from  the  place  lieutenant  of  Yorkshire.  These  honours, 
of  his  birth,  was  a  fanatic  of  the  sixteenth  however,  he  lost  in  1666,  for  being  engaged 
century.  Headed  by  Buckhold,  and  by  in  a  conspiracy  against  the  king;  but  he 
Matthias,  a  baker,  the  anabaptists  made  recovered  the  royal  favour,  was  once  more 
themselves  matters  of  Minister;  in  which,  "the  life  of  pleasure  and  the  soul  of  whim" 
city,  however,  they  were  soon  besieged  at  court,  and  was  employed  as  ambassador 
by  "the  bishop.  Matthias  being  killed  in  I  to  France.  Villiers  was  one  of  the  mos 
a  sally,  Buckhold  succeeded  him,  assumed  i  versatile,  projecting,  and  profligate  of 
the  titles  of  king  and  prophet,  married  i  mankind.  Dryden  has  drawn  his  charac- 
fourteen  wives,  and  committed  numerous  ter  admirably,  under  the  name  of  Zimri 
enormities.  After  the  surrender  of  the  i  This  witt  and  unprincipled  nobleman 


city,  in  1536,  he  was  put  to  death  by  the 
most  horrible  torments,  in  the  twenty-sixth 
year  of  hi*  age. 

BUCKINCK,  ARNOLD,  a  German,  the 
places  and  dates  of  whose  birth  and  death 
are  unknown,  was  the  first  person  who 
engraved  maps  upon  copper;  and  he  at 
(/nee  brought  the  art  to  considerable  per- 
fection. The  only  work  which  he  appears 
to  have  illustrated  is  an  edition  of  Ptolemy, 


published  at  Rome,  in  1478. 
BUCKINGHAM,     GEORGE 


VILL- 


IERS, Duke  of,  the  unworthy  favourite  of 
James  I.  and  Charles  I.,  was  born,  in  1592, 
at  Brookesliy,  in  Leicestershire,  and  was 
the  son  of  Sir  George  Villiers.  Having 
attracted  the  notice  of  James  I.  in  1615, 
that  monarch  appointed  him  his  cupbearer, 
became  his  tutor,  and  rapidly  and  succes- 
sively raised  him  to  be  gentleman  of  the 
bedchamber,  lord  admiral  of  England,  war- 
den of  the  cinque  ports,  master  of  the  horse, 
baron,  earl,  marquis,  and  duke.  More  a 
sovereign  than  the  sovereign  himself,  the 
dispensation  of  all  graces  and  favours  was 
in  his  hand,  and  his  insolence  and  t\ranny 
excited  general  disgust  in  the  nation.  His 
strange  expedition  t  >  .Madrid,  and  his  con- 
duct there,  is  ^aid  to  have  \\eakened  th 


died,  at  Kirby  Moorside,  in  Yorkshire, 
April  16,  1688,  of  a  fever  caught  in  fox- 
hunting.  Of  his  works,  the  most  celebra- 
ted is  the  comedy  of  the  Rehearsal,  which, 
undoubtedly,  affords  a  decisive  proof  that 
his  talents  were  of  a  superior  order. 


BUCKINGHAMSH 


per  10 
IRE, 


JOHN  SHEF- 


FIELD, Duke  of,  the  son  of  the  earl  of 
Mulgrave,  was  born  in  1649;  served  under 
Turenne;  relieved  Tangier;  took  a  part 
in  the  revolution  of  1688;  was  created 
marquis  of  Normandy  and  duke  of  Buck- 
inghamshire; and  died  in  1720.  Bucking 


ham    H 


was    erected    by    him.     His 


poetical   and   prose   works   form    two  vol- 
umes. 

BUCKMINSTER,  JOSEPH  STEVENS, 
a  celebrated  pulpit  orator,  was  born  in  Ports- 
mouth, New-Hampshire,  in  1784.  His 
male  ancestors,  on  both  sides,  for  several 
generations,  were  clergymen,  and  some  of 


them  of  considerable 


emnence. 


He 


graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1800, 
with  much  distinction;  and  spent  the  ensu- 
ing four  years  in  the  study  of  theology  and 
general  literature  lie  was  ordained"  min- 
ister over  the  clmrch  i:i  Brattle-street, 
Boston,  in  January,  1F05.  In  the  ensuing 
year  he  embarked  for  Europe  with  the 


'nfauialion  of  James   1.  for   him,  and   had  I  hopes  of  repairing  his  constitution,  which 
that   monarch    !!••  ed,    Villiers  might,   per-'  had  suffered  much  from  attacks  of  epilepsy 


1*6 


HUD 


He  returned  in  the  autumn  of  1807,  and 
resumed  the  exercise  of  his  piofession;  his 
Fermons  placing  him  in  the  first  rank  of 
popular  preachers.  In  1810  he  superinten- 
ded an  American  edition  of  Grieshach's 
Greek  Testament,  and  wrote  much  in  vindi- 
cation of  this  author's  erudition,  fidelity  and 
accuracy.  In  1S11,  he  was  appointed  the 
first  lecturer  on  Biblical  Criticism  at  the 
university  of  Cambridge,  on  the  foundation 
established  by  Samuel  Dexter.  He  imme- 
diately began  a  course  cf  laborious  and 
exten.-ive  preparation  for  the  duties  of  this 
office,  but  was  interrupted  by  a  violent 
atta.-k  of  his  old  disease,  which  prostrated 
his  intellect,  and  gave  a  shock  to  his  frame 
which  he  survived'  but  a  few  days.  He 
died  in  1812,  at  the  completion  of  his 
twenty-eighth  year.  Two  volumes  of  his 
sermons  have  been  collected  and  published 
since  his  decease;  one  in  1814,  the  other 
in  1829.  The  first  was  prefaced  with  a 
well-written  biographical  sketch. 
BUCCiUOI,  CHARLES  BONA  VENTURE 

11  K  LONGUKVAL,  Count  de,  an  eminent 
general,  was  born  in  1551,  entered  early 
into  the  Spanish  service,  and  signalized  h  " 


valour  in  the  Low  Countries. 


gn 
In 


1620,  in 


conjunction  with  the  Duke  of  Bavaria,  lie 
entirely  defeated  the  protestant  army  near 
Prague;  but  he  stained  his  laurels  by  his 
subsequent  cruelties.  After  having  reduc- 
ed Moravia,  he  was  killed,  in  1621,  at  the 
siege  of ,  Nenhansel. 

BUDE,  or  BUDyKUS,  WILLIAM, born 
at  Paris,  in  1467,  where  he  died  in  1540, 
spent  a  youth  of  dissipation,  but  at  length 
applied  himself  so  closely  to  study,  that 
his  classical  acquirements  gained  for  him 
the  title  of  the  Prodigy  of  France.  He 
was  employed  on  embassies  by  Louis  XII. 
and  Francis  I.,  to  the  latter  of  whom  he 
was  secretary  and  librarian.  Bude  trans- 
lated some  treatises  from  Plutarch,  and 
wrote  several  works,  the  chief  of  which 
are,  his  Tractatus  de  Asse;  and  Conunen- 
tarii  Linguae  Greca^. 

BUDGELL,  Eu STACK,  was  born  at 
St.  Thomas,  near  Exeter,  about  1685,  and 
educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford.  Addi- 
6<>n,  who  was  related  to  him,  took  him  to 
Ireland,  as  one  of  his  clerks,  and  in  that 
country  Budgell  rose  to  ollices  of  great 
trust  and  profit,  and  to  be  a  member  of 
the  Irish  parliament.  While  filling  those 
oflices  with  diligence  and  honour,  he  con- 
tributed to  the  Spectator  and  Guardian, 
translated  the  Characters  of  Theophrastus, 


BUF 

more  in  vnin  attempts  to  obtain  a  seat  in 


the  house  of 


commons;    an 


1  at  last  he  l>c- 


came  involved  in  lawsuits  and  embarra**- 
iiicnts.  The  finishing  stroke  was  put  to 
his  fate,  bv  thr-  setting  aside  the  will  of 
Dr.  .Matthew  Tindall,  in  which  appeared 
a  bequest  of  two  thousand  pounds  to 
Budgell.  1  1  is  difficulties,  and  the  digrace 
of  having  a  forgery  attributed  to  him,  stung 


him  to  the  heart,  and 


ded   his   exist- 


and 
tide 


wrote   various   pieces   in   verse.     The 
of  fortune,   however,  at  length   turned 


_  ainst  him.  He  was  dismissed  from  his 
oitice  of  aec.omptant  and  comptroller  gene- 
ral in  Ireland,  for  satin/ing  the  lord  lieu- 
tenan.,  who  had  treated  him  ill;  he  lost 
twenty  thousand  pounds  in,  the  South  Sea 


ence  by  throwing  himself  into  the  Thames, 
.May  4,  1737.  Besides  the  works  already 
mentioned,  he  cstabli.-hed  a  periodical 
called  the  Bee;  assisted  in  the  Craftsman; 
and  wrote  the  History  of  Clcomenes;  and 
Memoirs  of  the  Family  of  the  Boyles. 

BUFFIER,  CLAUD'K,  a  Jesuit,  was  born 
in  Poland,  of  French  parents,  in  1661*  and 
studied  at  the  college  of  Rouen,  where  he 
afterwards  held  the  situation  of  theological 
professor.  He  died  in  1737.  Buliier  was 
employed  in  the  Mcmoires  de  Trevoux, 
and  likewise  produced  a  great  number  of 
theological,  metaphysical,  biographical, 
and  geographical  works.  Several  of  them 
were  collected  in  a  folio  volume,  with  the 
title  of  a  Course  of  Sciences  on  new  and 
simple  Principles.  Though  sometimes  su- 
perficial, he  is,  on  the  whole,  an  elegant 
and  instructive  writer. 


BUFFONf, GEORGE  Louis  LE  CLERC, 
Count  de,  the  Pliny  of  France,  was  the 
son  of  a  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of 
Dijon,  and  was  born  September  7,  1707, 


at   Montbard,   in    Burgt 


He    studied 


the  law  at  Dijon,  but  never  practised  it; 
his  inclinations  leading  him  to  mathemati- 
cal and  physical  science,  and  Euclid  being 
his  constant  pocket  companion.  After 
having  travelled  into  Italy  and  England, 
he  succeeded  to  his  paternal  estate  at  Mont- 
bard,  between  whicn  and  Paris  his  time 
was  spent.  In  1739  he  was  appointed 
keeper  of  the  royal  garden  and  cabinet  at 
Paris,  the  treasures  of  which  he  greatly 
increased.  His  patent  of  nobility  he  ob- 
tained in  1771.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  the  French  Academy,  and  of  the  Acad- 
em of  Sciences.  Bullbn  died  Aril  the 


IGth,  1788.     As 


he  was  fond  of 


ousaiui  pounds  in,  the  BHHIUI  &ea    lutn,  1700.     As  a  man,  lie  was  lond  01 
he    upeut    five    thousand    pounds' dress  and   display,  lax   in  his  morals,  and 


BUL 

Wimeaaurdbly  vain.  Newton,  Bacou,  Leib- 
nitz, Montesquieu,  and  himself,  were  the 
only  persons  whom  he  would  allow  to  be 
great  geniuses!  His  first  literary  woiks 
were,  Translations  of  Hales 's  Vegetable 
Statics,  and  Newton's  Fluxions.  But  for 
his  fiine  he  is  indebted  to  his  Natural 
History,  in  thirty-six  volumes,  which  has 
been  naturalized  in  almost  every  European 
language.  Though  always  immethodical, 
though  often  inaccurate,  and  though  full  of 
the  wildest  theories,  it  is  undoubtedly  an 
astonishing  work,  whether  we  consider  the 
extent  of  its  information,  the  spirit  of  its 
descriptions,  or  the  eloquence  of  its  style. 

BULL,  JOHN,  a  doctor  of  music,  was 
born  in  Somersetshire,  about  1563,  and 
died  at  Lubeck,  in  1G22.  He  was  organist 
to  Queen  Elizabeth,  the  first  musical  pro- 
fessor at  Gresham  College,  and  chamber 
musician  to  James  I.  More  than  two 
hundred  pieces,  chiefly  for  the  organ  and 
virginals,  were  composed  by  him;  and  it 
eeems  to  be  now  fully  established,  that  we 
are  indebted  to  him  for  the  national  an- 
them of  God  save  the  King. 

BULL,  GKORGE,  an  eminent  prelate 
and  theologian,  born  at  the  city  of  Wells, 
in  1634,  was  educated  at  Tiverton  and 
Oxford,  and  was  ordained  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one.  Having  passed  through  the 
minor  dignities  of  the  church,  he  was  made 
bishop  of  St.  David's  in  1705,  and  died  in 
1709.  His  Hiirmonia  Apostolica  was  pub- 
lished in  1669,  to  the  great  annoyance  of 
the  Calvinists;  his  main  work,  Defensio 
Fidei  Nicenfe,  appeared  in  1685;  and  his 
Judicimn  Ec,clesi;n  Catholicum,  in  1694. 
For  the  latter  production  he  received  the 
thanks  of  Bossuet  and  various  French  di- 
vines. He  likewise  produced  other  pieces 
of  less  note,  and  many  sermon.*. 

BULL,  WILLIAM,  M.D.  was  the  firs-: 
white  person  born  in  South  Carolina,  and 
if  supposed  to  be  the  first  American  who 
obtained  a  degree  in  medicine.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  the  great  Boerhaave,  and  acquired 
gome  literary  and  professional  distinction. 
In  1734  lie  defended  and  published  at  the 
university  of  Ley  den,  his  inaugural  thesis 
DC  3ofica  Pictonum.  After  returning  from 
Europe  to  his  native  state,  lie  was  suc- 
cessively a  member  of  the  Council,  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  Lieu- 
tenant Governor.  When  the  British  troops 
removed  from  South  Carolina  in  1782,  he 
accompanied  them  to  England,  and  died  in 
London,  in  1791,  in  the  eighty  -second  year 
of  his  age. 

BULLET,  PJ-.IKR,  an  eminent  Frenc 
architect,  the  pupil  of  F.  Blondi-l,  was 
born  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  constructed  sp\eral  magnifi- 
cent edifices,  pawticularls  the  gate  of  St. 
Martin,  and  the  church  of  St.  Thomas 
Aquinas,  at  Paris.  Ho  alto  wrote  a  Ttca- 


127 

Use  on  Practical  Architecture;  a  Treatise 
on  Levelling;  and  other  works.  The  date 
of  his  death  is  not  recorded. 

BULLET,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  born  in 
1699,  at  Besan^'on,  was  professor  of  theo- 
logy in  the  university  of  that  city,  and  diod 
in  1775.  He  is  the  author  of  several  theo- 
logical works,  among  which  is  a  History 
of  the  Establishment  of  Christianity;  but 
lis  principal  production  is  Memoirs  on 
he  Celtic  Language,  in  3  vols.  folio. 

BULLIARD,  PKTER,  a  native  o"  lie 
Barrois,  in  France,  where  he  was  born 
ibout  1742,  combined  the  talent  of  an  artist 
,vith  that  of  an  eminent  botanist.  He 
limself  designed  and  engraved  the  plates 
ivhich  embellish  his  works.  He  died  in 
1703.  He  is  the  author  of  a  Parisian 
Flora ;  a  History  of  the  Poisonous  Plant* 
of  France;  a  History  of  French  Champig- 
lons;  and  other  productions. 

BULLINGER,  HENRY,  one  of  the 
early  reformers,  was  born  in  the  canton  of 
Zurich,  at  Baumgarten,  in  1504.  The 
works  of  Melancthon  converted  him  to 
H'otestantism,  and  he  became  closely  con- 
iccted  with  Zuingle,  to  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded as  pastor  of  Zurich.  He  was  one 
of  the  authors  of  the  Helvetic  Confession, 
and  assisted  Calvin  in  drawing  up  the 
Formulary  of  1549.  Bullinger  was  a  mod- 
erate and  conscientious  man;  and  it  ia 
nuch  to  his  honour  that,  on  the  ground  of 
t  being  inconsistent  with  Christianity  for 
any  one  to  hire  himself  out  to  slaughte" 
those  who  had  never  injured  him,  he  suc- 
cessfully opposed  a  treaty-  for  supplying 
France  with  a  body  of  Swiss  mercenaries. 
He  died  in  1575.  His  printed  works  form 
ten  folio  volumes. 

BULOW,  HENRY  WILLIAM,  a  native 
of  Prussia,  born  at  Falkenberg,  adopted 
the  military  profession,  and  bore  a  part  in 
the  ephemeral  insurrection  of  the  Nether- 
lands against  the  Emperor  Joseph ;  after 
which  he  visited  America  on  an  abortive 
commercial  speculation;  and  next  became 
a  Swedenborgian  preacher  in  that  country. 
On  his  return  to  Europe,  he  resorted  to 
his  pen  for  subsistence,  and  wrote  various 
military  works.  Of  these,  the  most  cele- 
brated is,  Principles  of  Modern  War,  in 

hich  he  proposes  a  new  stratagetical  sys- 
tem, that  has  excited  much  controversy. 
His  History  of  the  Campaign  of  1805 
having  given  oflence  to  Russia,  he  was  in 
carcerated,  and  he  died  in  prison,  at  Riga, 
in  July,  1807. 

BUNYAN,  JOHN,  the  author  of  the 
Pilgrim's  Progress,  an  admirable  allegory, 
which  enjoys  an  unexampled  but  deserved 
popularity,  was  of  humble  birth,  being  the 
son  of  a  travelling  tinker,  and  was  born, 
in  1C28,  at  El<to\v,  i  Bedfordshire.  For 
some  time  he  follower  his  father's  otciipa 
tion,  und  led' a  wandei  ing  dissipated  life- 


128  "BUG 

after  which    he   served   in  the  parliament 
army,  and  was  at  the  siege  of  Leicester. 


Religion  having  now  made  an  impression 
on  his  mino,  he  joined  the  anabaptists,  and, 
about  1655,  became  a  teacher  among  them 
at  Bedford.  Subsequent  to  the  restoration, 
his  preaching  brought  him  within  the  gripe 
of  the  law,  and  he  was  for  nearly  thirteen 
years  immured  in  Bedford  gaol,  where  he 
supported  himself  and  his  family  by  tagging 
laces.  His  leisure  hours  were  spent  in 
writing  the  Pilgrim's  Progress,  and  other 
works,  similar  in  kind,  but  inferior  in 
merit.  He  was  at  last  released,  through 
the  interposition  of  Bishop  Barlow  of  Lin- 
coln, and  he  resumed  his  ministry  at  Bed- 
ford. His  death  took  place  at  London, 
in  1688-  His  works  form  two  folio  vo- 
lumes. BunVan  had  a  talent  for  repartee. 
A  quaker  vis'ited  him  in  Bedford  gaol,  and 
declared  that,  by  order  of  the  Lord,  he  had 
sought  for  him  in  half  the  prisons  of  Eng- 
land. "  If  the  Lord  had  sent  you,"  re- 
plied Bunyan,  "you  need  not  have  taken 
so  much  trouble  to  find  me  out;  for  the 
Lord  knows  that  I  have  been  a  prisoner  in 
Bedford  gaol  for  the  last  twelve  years." 

BUONAMICI,  CASTRUCCIO,  a  native 
of  Lucca,  born  in  1710,  at  which  city  he 
died  in  1761,  after  having  been  in  the 
military  service  of  the  king  of  Naples,  is 
considered  as  one  of  the  most  elegant  of 
modern  Latin  writers.  His  principal  work 
is,  his  Commentaries  on  the  War  in  Italv: 
it  gained  him  the  title  of  count  from  the 
«luke  of  Parma,  and  a  present  from  the 
Genoese  republic,  and  was  translated  into 
English  and  French. 

BUONAROTTI,  MICHAEL  ANGELO, 
more  generally  known  under  the  name  of 
Michael  Angelo,  was  at  once  preeminent 
as  painter,  sculptor,  and  architect,  and 
was  no  mean  poet.  lie  was  torn  at  Arezzo, 
in  1474,  of  a  noble  but  poor  family,  and 
his  love  of  the  arts  is  supposed  to  have 


BUG 

in    the    gardens    of  Lorenzo  de 


One  of  these  productions 


Medicis. 

btained  him  the 


patronage  of  Loreu/.o.  \\lio  received  him 
into  his  family.  1  lere.  aiming  other  works, 
lie  executed  an  admirable  basso  relievo, 
the  Battle  of  the  (Vutaurs.  After  the 
death  of  his  patron,  Bnonarotti  pursued  his 
at  Bologna,  ami  then  again  at  Flo- 
rence. JH  the  latter  city  he  sculptured  his 
David  and  Gidiath,  and  painted  a  battle 
for  the  ducal  palace.  His  reputation 
mm-  caused  him  to  be  invited  to  Koine  by 
ijhe  pope,  and  that  reputation  was  en- 
hanced by  the  \\oiks  he.  performed  there, 
both  in  sculpture  and  painting;  among 
them  was  the  statue  of  Moses,  the  pic- 
ture of  the  Holv  Family,  and  the  ear- 
toon  of  the  War  "of  1'isa."  Having  taken 
umbrage  at  the  manner  in  which  he  was 
treated  by  Julius  II.  he  suddenly  departed 
from  Rome;  but  the  pontiff,  not  without 
difficulty,  induced  him  to  return,  and  then 
employed  him  in  casting  his  statue  in 
bronze,  and  in  painting  the  dome  of  the 
Sistine  chapel.  The  latter  task  he  accom- 
plished in  twenty  months.  It  was  not, 
however,  till  several  years  later,  that  he  ex- 
ecuted his  noble  composition  of  the  Last 
Judgment,  in  the  same  chapel.  Under  the 
pontificate  of  Leo  X.  the  talents  of  Miclnel 

marble 
Under 

that  of  Adrian  VI.  he  was  chiefly  occupied 
on  the  monument  of  Julius  II*  In  the 
years  1529  and  1530,  he  was  engaged  in 
toils  which  have  nothing  in  common  with  the 
fine  arts.  He  was  chosen  engineer  and 
superintendant  of  their  fortifications  by  the 
Florentines,  during  their  brief  struggle  for 
their  liberty,  and  in  this  new  capacity  he 
acquitted  himself  with  honour.  After  the 
restoration  of  peace,  Clement  VII.  recal- 
led him  to  Rome,  and  confided  to  him,  on 
the  death  of  San  Gallo,  the  glorious  labour 
of  carrying  on  the  building  of  St.  Peter's. 
For  seventeen  years,  till  tlie  time  of  his 
death,  February  17,  1563,  Michael  An- 
gelo continued  his  exertions  to  make  that 
magnificent  structure  one  of  the  wonders  i,f 
the  world ;  nor  would  he  accept  of  any  re- 
muneration whatever.  The  other  works 
which  he  executed  during  his  last  resi- 
dence at  Rome  are  too  numerous  to  be  de- 
scribed within  our  narrow  limits.  "  Sub- 
andeur  of  form,  and 


Angelo   were  wasted    in  opening 
quarries   and   constructing  roads. 


limity  of  conception,  gr 
breadth    of   manner," 


he,  elements  of  Michael  Angelo's  style; 
and  In  these  principles  he  selected  or  re- 

ected  the  objects  of  imitation.  A?  painter, 
sculptor,  or  architect,  he  attempted,  and 


been  first  inspired  by  his  being  nursed  in  {beyond  any  oilier  man  succeeded,  to  unite 
a  village  which  contained  many  carver-  munificence  of  plan,  and  endless  variety 
.'.(itors  in  stone.  Ghirlandaio  was  I  of  subordinate  parts,  with  the  utmost  sim- 
his  tutor  in  painting;  and  uliile  under!  plicity  and  breadth."  The  poetry  of  this 
that  master,  he  amused  himself  with  mo-  ^icat  mail  is  stanij  ed  with  ilie  yanie  fe«- 
deliing  figured  in  day,  frnni  the  antiques  t.nesas  the  creations  of  his  hund.  HJ« 


BUR  BUR  129 

personal  character  Is  well  described  by  I  a  son.  Burckhardt  was  naturalized  in 
Uuatremere  de  Quincy:  "  In  his  youth,  he  |  France,  in  1799;  succeeded  Lalande  at  the 
knew  no  other  want  than  that  of  occupying  i  observatory  of  the  Military  School;  and 
his  mind,  no  other  pleasure  than  that  of  died  in  June,  1815.  He  wrote  various  sci- 


cultivating  the  arts.  When  at  a  more  ad- 
vanced age  he  became  rich,  he  despised 
luxury,  and  was  careless  of  even  llie  con- 
veniences of  lite.  To  s.f  ep  in  his  clothes, 
to  live  often  upon  bread  and  water  alone, 
and  to  pass  the  nights  in  toil,  or  in  solitary 
rambles,  are  among  the  least  of  the  traits 


entific    works,     and    translated     Laplace'* 
Celestial  Mechanism  into  German. 

BURCKHARDT,  JOHN  LKWIS,  the 
son  of  a  Swiss  colonel,  was  born  at  Lau- 
sanne, in  178-1,  and  studied  at  Leipsic  and 
Gottingen.  Being  of  an  enterprising  dis- 
position, lie  offered  his  services  to  the  Af- 


which  may  characterize  his  habits  of  liv-jrican  Association,  to  explore  Africa.  They 
ing.  Had  he  lived  among  the  Greeks,  lie  were  accepted  ;  and,  after  he  had  acquired 
would  have  been  admired  as  a  philosopher  Arabic  and  a  knowledge  of  physic  and  sur- 
oefore  he  had  been  praised  as  an  artist;  gery  at  Cambridge,  he  sailed  in  1809.  In 


but,  indisputably,  he  would  have  been  of 
the  sect  of  Zeno.  Economy,  frugality,  dis- 
interestedness, austerity  of  morals,  inflex- 
ibility of  purpose,  contempt  of  fortune,  and 
even  of  glory;  such  were  the  stoical  virtues 
which  he  always  professed.  Michael  An- 
gelo  was  beloved  and  sought  after  by  the 
great;  but  he  shunned  them."  Yet  with 
these  severe  virtues  he  was  kind  hearted, 
and  was  sometimes  singularly  indulgent  to 
the  weakness  or  vanity  of  others. 

BUONAROTTI,  MICHAEL  ANGELO, 
the  Younger,  a  nephew  of  the  great  M  i- 
chael  Angelo,  was  bom  at  Florence,  jn 
1558,  and  died  in  1646.  He  was  a  patron 
of  literature  and  the  arts;  a  member  of  the 
Florentine  and  Crusca  Academics;  wrote 
two  comedies,  la  Tancia,  and  la  Fiera,  and 
two  mythological  scenic  representations; 
and  published  an  edition  of  his  uncle's  po- 
ems. His  comedy,  as  it  is  called,  of  la 
Fiera,  is,  in  fact,  a  series  of  five  comedies 
on  the  same  subject. 

BURCH,  EDWARD,  one  of  the  most 


eminent  of  modern 


whose 


gem  engravers, 
productions  almost  rival  those  of  antiquity, 
was  born  about  1740;  was  chosen  librarian 
of  the  Royal  Academy  on  the  death  of 
Wilson;  a'nd  held  that  situation  till  his 
death  in  1814. 

BURC1UELLO,  an  Italian  poet,  whose 
real  name  was  DOMINICO,  was  born  at 
Florence,  in  13^0,  and  died  at  Rome,  in 
1448.  Burchieilo  was  a  barber,  and  his 
shop  was  the  resort  of  all  the  wits  of  the 
city.  Such  celebrity  did  this  bumble  abode 
obtain,  that  the  representation  of  it  was 
painted  in  the  Medicis  gallery.  With 
much  wit  and  elegance,  his  poems  are  in 
stvle  the  most  e;  -centric,  and  often  unintel- 


ligible, that  can  be  imagined. 
BUJU.'KIIARDT,    JOHN 


CHARLES, 


)orn  at  Leipsie,  in  1773,  and  began  tt 
study  mathematics  e\en  in  his  childhood. 
Reading  Lalande's  works  decided  him  to 
become  an  astronomer,  and  he  learned  al- 
most all  modern  languages,  to  read  astro- 
nomical books.  liis  ardour  for  calculation 
was  indefatigable.  Baron  Zach,  with 
wnom  he  resided  for  two  years,  recommen- 


yria  he  remained  two  years  and  a  half,  in 
the  character  of  a  mussulman,  and  learned 
the  spoken  Arabic  dialects.  His  first  jour- 
ney included  Nubia,  the  eastern  coast  of 
the  Red  Sea,  Mecca,  and  Medina.  He 
reached  Cairo  in  1815,  and  was  preparing 
to  penetrate  to  Timbuctoo,  when  he  died 
of  a  dysentery. 

BURDON,  WTLLIAM,  born  at  New- 
castle upon  Tyne,  in  1764,  was  educated  at 
Emanuel  College,  Cambridge,  and  died  in 
London,  in  May,  1818,  He  is  the  author 
of  various  works,  the  principal  of  which 
are,  Materials  for  Thinking;  a  Life  of  Bon- 
aparte ;  and  Thoughts  on  Politics,  Moral- 
ity, and  Literature. 

"BURETTE,  PETER  JOHN,  a  native  of 
Paris,  born  in  1665,  was  the  son  of  a  sur- 
geon who  cultivated  music.  His  delicate 
health  prevented  him  from  being  sent  to 
school,  and  he  studied  only  music  ;  which 
he  acquired  so  perfectly  that,  in  his  eighth 
year,  lie  played  before  Louis  XIV.  When 
he  was  eighteen,  however,  he  resolved  to 
become  a  physician;  and,  accordingly,  he 
dedicated  Ifmuelf  to  learning,  and  rapidly 
obtained  all  the  college  degrees.  In  the 
oriental  languages  his  knowledge  was  pro-, 
found.  After  having  been  medical  and  surgi. 
cal  professor,  royal  censor,  and  a  member 
of  several  academies,  he  died  in  1747.  For 
thirty-seven  years  he  was  one  of  the  editors 
of  the  Journal  des  Savans,  and  he  wrote 
numerous  erudite  papers  in  the  Transaction* 
of  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions. 

BURGER,  GODFRED  AUGUSTUS,  a 
poet,  was  born  at  Wolmerswende,.  in  the 
principality  of  llalbcrstadt,  in  1748,  and 
displayed  an  early  fondness  for  poetry, 


he   made  but  slow   progress    in  his 
ng.     He  was  originally   intended  for 


thoui 

Icai 

the  church,  but  he  never  Entered  it.  Bur- 
ger was,  indeed,  for  several  years,  too  idle 
and  dissipated  to  apply  senoiisly  to  any 
regular  occupation.  In  poetry,  however, 
he  acquired  a  splendid  reputation,  partic* 
nlarly  in  the  ballad  st\le.  His  Leonora, 
his  Wild  Huntsman,  and  some  of  his  other 
Compositions,  have  been  translated  into 
English,  and  become  highly  popular  Bur- 


| 
him  to  Lalande,  who  treated  him  like    {er  was   thrice   married;  liis  first  wile 


Itt 

made  unhappy ;  his  third  wife  made  him 
so,  and  he  obtained  a  divorce;  his  second, 
the  sister  of  hi.-  first,  to  whom  he  was 
madly  attached,  he  lost  soon  after  their 
union.  In  1779,  Burner  obtained  ihe  editor- 
ship of  th.1  Alinvmack  of  the  Muses;  and  in 
17S7  he  was  appointed  professor  of  belles 
lettres  at  Gottin^en  He  died  in  June, 
1794,  having  for  a  considerable  time  pre- 
viously languished  in  indigence,  sickness, 
and  sorrow.  His  works  form  four  octavo 
volumes. 

BURGESS.  IVvMKl,,  an  able  but  ec- 
centric dissenting  divine,  was  born,  in 
1645,  at  Staincs,  in  Middlesex;  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Oxford  ;  resided 
in  Ireland,  from  1667  to  1674,  as  chaplain 
and  schoolmaster ;  was  imprisoned,  under 
the  act  of  uniformity,  after  his  return  to 
England;  became  an  exceedingly  popular 
minister,  for  many  years,  in  London;  and 
died  in  1713.  His  piety  and  learning  were 
alloyed  by  too  much  of  humour  and  droll- 
ery. In  one  sermon,  he  declared,  that  the 
reason  why  the  descendants  of  Jacob  were 
named  Israelites  was,  that  God  would  r>ot 
have  his  chosen  people  called  Jacobites. 
In  another,  he  exclaimed,  "  if  you  want  a 
cheap  suit,  you  will  go  to  Monmouth  street ; 
if  a  suit  for  life,  you  will  go  to  the  court  of 
chancery;  but  for  an  eternally  durable  suit, 
you  must  go  the  Lord  Jesus,  and  put  on  his 
robe  of  righteousness." 

BURGH,  JAMES,  the  author  of  the 
Dignity  of  Human  Nature;  Political  Dis- 
quisitions; and  other  works  of  merit;  was 
born,  in  1714,  at  Madderty,  in  Perthshire, 
and  was  educated  at  St.  Andrew's.  After 
having  been  a  linen  draper,  an  assistant  at 
a  grammar  school,  and  a  corrector  in  Bov\r- 
yer's  printing  office,  he  opened  an  acade- 
my at  Stoke  Newington,  which  he  conduc- 
ted for  nineteen  years.  He  died  in  1775. 
BURGOYNE',  Lieut.  Gen.  JOHN,  was 
a  natural  son  of  Lord  Bingley;  entered 
early  into  the  army;  and  in  1762 displayed 
much  talent  and  enterprise,  in  command 
of  a  party  of  the  British  troops  in  Portugal. 
In  the  American  war,  he  led  the  army 
which  was  to  penetrate  from  Canada  into 
the  revolted  provinces.  At  first,  he  was 
successful;  but.  insuperable  obstacles  thick- 
ening round  him,  he  was  ultimately  com- 
pelled to  surrender  at  Saratoga.  Disgusted 
by  the  conduct  of  the  ministry  after  his 
'eturn,  he  resigned  all  his  employments. 
He  died  in  August,  1792.  Burgoyne  wrote 
the  dramas  of  the  Heiress,  the  Maid  of  the 
Oaks,  the  Lord  of  the  Manor,  and  Richard 
Coeur  de  Lion ;  some  pamphlets  in  his  own 
defence;  and  a  Probationary  Ode. 

BURIDAN,  JOHN,  a  native  of  Bethune, 
in  Flanders,  born  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
u  nominalist  philosopher,  was  rector  of  the 
university  of  Paris;  and  has,  but  errone- 
ously, been  deemed  the  foundei  o.  ic  uui- 


BUR 

y  of  Vienna.     He  is  believed  to  have 

died  about  l'.}^.  His  memory  has  been 
perpetuated  by  his  dilemma  of 'the  ass  be- 
tween tw<>  bundles  of  hay,  which  he  used  to 
illustrate  the  doctrine  of  tree  will,  and  which 
lias  thrown  into  a  proverb. 

BURIGN  Y,  JOHN  Li  VF.S^CI,  a  French 

writer,  member  of  tin-  Academy  i  f  Inscrip- 
tions, was  b.irn  at  Rhcims,  ill  1691,  and 
died  at  Paris,  in  I  ?>>.').  HP  wrote  Histo- 
ries of  Pagan  Philosophy;  Sicily;  and  the 
( '.mslantinopolitan  empire;  Lives  of  Gro- 
tius,  Erasmus,  Bossuet,  and  Cardinal  da 
Perron;  a  Treatise  on  the  Papal  Authori- 
ty; and  numerous  other  productions. 


BURKE,  E  DM  I'M),  whose  name  fills  so 
large  a  space  in  our  political  and  literary 
•annals,  was  the  son  of  an  eminent  attorney, 
and  was  born  at  Dublin,  January  1,  1730. 
After  having  received  his  early  education 
from  Abraham  Shackleton,a  quaker  school- 
master of  Ballytore,  he  went  to  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  in  1746,  where  he  re- 
mained three  years,  and  pursued  an  exten- 
sive course  of  study,  on  a  plan  of  his  own. 
In  1753,  he  entered  as  a  law  student  at 
the  Temple,  but  applied  himself  almost 
wholly  to  literature;  his  unremitting  atten- 
tion to  which  at  length  injured  his  health. 
During  his  illness  he  became  an  inmate  in 
the  house  of  Dr.  Nugent,  a  physician,  to 
whose  daughter  he  was  afterwards  united. 
This  union  he  always  described  as  the  chief 
blessing  of  his  life.  II  is  first  acknowledged 
work,  which  was  of  course  published  anony- 
mously, was  his  Vindication  of  Neural 
Society;  an  admirable  imitation  of  Lord 
Bolingbroke's  style  and  manner  of  icason- 
ing,  which  deceived  even  some  of  the  best 
judges.  This  was  followed,  in  the  ensuing 

S-ar,  by  his  Essay  on  the  Sublime  and 
eautiful.  It  completely  established  his 
reputation  as  a  man  of  genius  and  a  fine 
writer,  and  brought  him  acquainted  with 
some  of  the  most  eminent  personages  of  tl»4 
age.  His  political  career  did  not  com- 
mence till  1761,  when  he  accompanied  tht 
Irish  secretary,  William  Gerard  Hamilton, 
to  Ireland.  Nor  can  he  be  said  to  have 
entered  fully  on  that  career  till  1765,  when 
he  became  the  private  secretary  and  friend 


BUR 

of  the  HiArquis  of  Rockingham,  then  the  first  there  are  few 

loul  of  the  treasury,  who  brought  him  into 

parliament,    as    member    for    Wendover. 

Thenceforth  lie  took  a  prominent  part  in 

the  debates  of  the  house  of  commons.     Injcated  at  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  and 

177-1,  without  any  solicitation  on  his  part,  became    vicar  of   Dedliarn.    in    Essex,    in 

he  was  elected  for  Bristol ;  but  this  seat  he  j  1692,  where  he  died   v\  1703.     His  Prae- 

lost.  at  the  next  election,  in  consequence  of   lical  Exposition  of  the  New  Testament  II.-M 

his  having  displayed  too  much  liberality  of  •  gonr-.  through  many  editions,  and  still  con- 


BUR  131 

who  equal,  am   none  who 
transcend  him. 

BURKITT,  WILLIAM,  a  divine,  bora 
1(550,  at  Hitdiam,  in  Suffolk,  was  edu- 


tinues  to  be  popular. 

BURLAMAQUI,  JOHN  JAMES,  bora 
at  Geneva,  in  1694,  and  who  died  there  in 
1748,  was  at  first  professor  of  law  jn  his 


native    city ;    resi 


ded    for 


principle,  with  respect  to  the  catholics  and 
to  Ireland.  He  subsequently  sat  for  Mai- 
ton.  In  the  mean  while  he  gave  to  the 
public  his  Observations  on  Grenville's  State 
of  the  Nation;  a  Short  Account  of  a  late 

short  Administration;  Thoughts  on  the  Hesse  Cassel,  with  the  prince,  who  had 
Causes  of  the  present  Discontents;  and  his  I  been  his  pupil;  and  then  returned  to  Ge- 
speee-hes  on  American  Affairs.  To  the  j  neva,  where  he  became  a  member  of  the 
impolitic  contest  with  America  he  made  a  sovereign  council.  His  great  works  are, 
strenuous  and  eloquent  resistance  as  a  scn-|  the  Principles  of  Natural  Law;  the  Prin- 


some   years   at 


ator.  On  the  downfall  of  Lord  North's 
ministry,  Burke  obtained  the  office  of  pay- 
master-general, and  a  seat  in  the  council; 
and  he  availed  himself  of  this  opportunity 
to  carry  his  celebrated  reform  bill,  which 

brought  forward  in  vain. 

the  coalition  ministry  of 


he  had  previously  b 
The  expulsion  of  tl 


course  deprived  him   of  his    office. 


y  ot 

The 

prosecution  of  Mr.  Hastings,  and  the  op- 
position to  Mr.  Pitt's  regency  bill,  were 
among  his  next  and  greatest  parliamentary 
efforts.  Though  the  former  of  these  has 
irawn  down  upon  him  much  censure,  and 
even  calumny,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that 
ne  undertook  it  as  a  sacred  and  imperative 
duty.  This  is  irrefragably  proved  by  his 
recently  published  letters  to  Dr.  Lawrence. 
When  the  French  revolution  took  place,  he 
early  foresaw  the  result,  and,  in  1790,  he 


ciples  of  Political  Law;   and  the  Princi- 
ples of  the  Law  of  Nature  and  Nations. 

BURLEIGH,  WILLIAM  CECIL,  Lord, 
whom  one  of  his  early  biographers  charac- 
terizes as  "  the  oldest,  the  gravest,  and  the 
greatest  statesman  in  Christendom,"  was 
born,  in  1520,  at  Bourne,  in  Lincolnshire, 
was  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, and  studied  the  law  at  Gray's  Irin. 
In  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  he  was 
patronised  by  the  protector  Somerset,  was 
knighted,  and  became  a  privy  counsellor, 
master  of  requests,  and  secretary.  With 
Elizabeth  he  was  in  still  higher  favour 
which,  indeed,  he  earned  by  his  political 
sagacity  and  his  devotion  to  her.  Leicester 
endeavoured,  but  in  vain,  to  overthrow  him, 
and  is  even  said  to  have  aimed  against  his 
life.  In  1571 ,  he  was  created  Lord  Burleigh, 


produced  his  celebrated  Reflections  on  that  i  and,  in  the  following  year,  he  was  appointed 
event.  A  breach  between  him  and  Mr.  lord  high  treasurer,  and  received  the  order 
Fox  was  also  occasioned  by  their  difference  I  of  the  Garter.  To  Burleigh  must,  in  a 


of  opinion  on  this  important  subject.  In 
1794,  he  retired  from  parliament,  and  a 
pension  of  one.  thousand  two  hundred 
pounds  a  year  was  bestowed  on  him  by  the 
government.  From  the  time  when  his  Re- 
flections were  published,  till  his  decease, 
his  literary  hostility  to  the  doctrines  of 
revolutionary  France  was  continued  with 
unabated  vigour.  The  last  work  which  he 
gave  to  the  press  was  Two  Letters  on  a 
Regicide  Peace:  the  concluding  two  were 
posthumous.  He  died  on  the  8th  of  July, 
1 797.  His  compositions  have  been  collected 
in  sixteen  volumes  octavo.  In  private  life 
Burke  was  amiable  and  benevolent;  in 
public,  indefatigable,  ardent,  and  abhorrent 
of  meanness  and  injustice.  It  was  this 
latter  quality  which  rendered  him  a  perse- 
vering advocate  of  the  Irish  catholics.  As 
an  orator  he  ranks  among  the  first  of  mod- 
ern times;  and  as  a  writer,  whether  we 
consider  the  splendour  of  his  diction,  the 
richness  and  variety  of  his  imagery,  or  the 
boundless  stores  of  knowledge  which  he 
it  must  be  acknowledged  that 


great  measure,  be  attributed  the  sufferings 
and  death  of  the  unfortunate  Mary,  queen 
of  Scots.  He  died  in  159^  Burleigh, 
though  not  a  man  of  genius,  was  a  man  of 
great  parts  and  prudence,  whose  state  pol- 
icy was  not  always  reconcilable  with  the 
principles  of  morality.  Of  literary  merit 
he  was,  to  say  the  least,  no  patron;  and, 
accordingly,  he  is  alluded  to  with  much 
bitterness  by  many  of  his  contemporary 
poets. 

BURLINGTON  and  CORKE,  Kiev. 
ARD  BOYLE,  Earl  of,  was  born  in  1695, 
was  made  a  knight  of  the  garter,  in  1730, 
and  died  in  1753,  when  the  title  of  Bur- 
lington became  extinct.  Lord  Burlington 
was  a  man  of  a  liberal  mind,  and  possessed 
an  admirable  taste  in  architecture.  He  was 
the  first  patron  of  bishop  Berkeley,  and 
Pope  dedicated  to  him  his  fourth  epistle. 
His  residence  at  Chiswick,  the  dormitory 
at  Westminster  school,  and  other  buildings, 
were  designed  bv  him,  and  he  improved 
the  mansion  built,  in  Piccadilly,  by  hm 
father. 


in  BUR  BUR 

BURMAN,  PETER,  an  eminent  critic, I  London,  where  lie  was  made  n   fellow  «>f 

\va>   bi-rn    at    I  trecht,    in   1668,    aiul  \\as   the    Ko\al    Society,   lie    took   orders,  and 

,  eloquence,  and  Greek,  \\--.\n  presented  i«>  tin-   living  of  Saltoun. 

iirst  at  Utrecht, and  afterwards  at  I.eulen.    While  he  htdd  this  living,  his    h 

He  subsequently   became   professor  of  his-  in    drawing    up    a    memorial    against    the 

tory    and    chief    librarian    to    the     I'niied  abuses  committed  by  the  Scntti.-h  bishops, 

Province*.      He     died    in     1711.      Besides  excited     the     iiidi-'iaiinn     of    Archbishop 

publishing   v.'.luable    editions    of    many   of  Sharpe,    \\\i  \    would    lain    ha\e    puni.-heil 

ihe  Lati.                        md   an    edition  of  Bu-  his    In.ldness   by   depriving  ;UH1   excommu- 


rhanan's  works,  he  wrote  Latin  poems, 
and  various  critical  and  philological  disser- 
tations, dix-ouives,  and  epistle.-. 

Bl'KMAN,  Jons,  a  physician  and  bot- 
anist, the  pupil  of  Boerhaave,  and  nephev 


licating  him.  "  Bclu»>«-n  lt;<>5  and  1673, 
Buriiet  was  made  professor  of  divinity  at 
Glasgow,  and  chaplain  in  ordinary  to  the 
king;  twice  declined  a  .Scottish  bishopric; 


i-pnew   and    wrote,   among  other  productions,  Me- 

of  the  celebrated  critic,  was  born  in  1707,  inoir s  of  the  Duke  of  Hamilton,  and  a 
and  died  in  17-S0.  He  was  professor  of  bot-j  work,  of  which,  no  doubt,  he  soon  repen- 
any  at  Amsterdam.  Barman,  among  other  ted,  in  defence  of  the  regul  prerogatives 
things,  pufaUabed  a  Catalogue  of  Ceylonian  of  die  crown  of  Scotland  The  court 
1'lants,  in  which  Linnaeus  assisted  him; 
.and  Descriptions  of  rare  African  and 
American  Plants  ;  and  translated  into  Latin 
Rumphius's  Herbal  of  Amboyna. 

BURMAN,  I'KTER,  brother  of  the  bot- 
anist, was  born  at  Amsterdam,  in  1714, 
and  was  brought  up  by  his  uncle,  whom 

:ed  in  his  critical  labours,  and  of  continued.    "The  most    important  of  These 
whom  he  was  no  unworthy  rival   in  eru-  was   the   History  of  the    Reformation,  the 


favour  which  he  had  thus  gained,  .le,  how- 
ever, soon  lost,  by  his  opposition  to  popery, 
and  he  was  struck  out  of  the  list  of  chap- 
lains. Settling  in  London,  he  was  appoin- 
ted preacher  at  the  Rolls  Chapel,  and  lectu- 
rer of  St.  Clement's,  and  became  popular. 
His  literary  lalxuirs  were  indefatigably 


dition.  He  was  professor  of  eloquence  at 
Franeker,  and  afterwards,  professor  of 
poetry,  librarian,  and  keeper  of  the  gym- 
nasium, at  Amsterdam,  where  he  died  of 
an  apoplexy  in  1778.  He  wrote  a  volume 
of  Latin  poems,  and  edited  Aristophanes, 
Claudius,  Propertius,  and  other  classical 
writers.  Like  his  uncle,  he  was  irascible, 


and    was    frequently 
literary  quarrels. 


engaged    in    violent 


BURN,  RICHARD,  a  native  of  Kirk  by 
Stephen,  in  Westmoreland,  was  educated 


first  volume  of  \\hich  came  forth  in  1679. 
For  this  he  received  the  thanks  of  both 
hniises  of  parliament.  His  known  hostility 
to  the  designs  of  the  court,  his  having 
attended  Lord  Russel  on  the  scaffold,  and 
having  preached,  on  the  5th  of  November, 
an  obnoxious  sermon,  at  length  occasioned 
him  to  be  deprived  of  his  lectureship  and 
the  oilice  of  preacher  at  the  Rolls.  On 
the  death  of  Charles,  Burnet  travelled 
through  France,  Italv,  and  Switzerland, 
and,  in  1687,  settled  at  the  Hague,"  where 


at  Oxford,  and  became  vicar  of  Orton,  in]  he  was  high  in  the  confidence  of  the  Prince 
his  native  county,  a  magistrate,  and  chan-!  of  Orange,  and  assisted  in  forming  the 
cellor  of  Carlisle.  He  died  in  1789.  He  plans  for  the  liberation  of  his  country. 
is  the  author  of  the  useful  book  known  asj  A  prosecution  for  treason  was  set  on  fuot 
Burn's  Jus?ice;  a  similar  work  on  Eccle-  against  him  at  home,  and  James  required 

1_T*     *,.        .    _i"*U_    V» T_  *l.          L'^^s.  1      1*  -     I     *      _  r»       ^     1-fc 


siastical  Law ;  a  History  of  the  Poor  Laws ; 
and,  in  conjunction  w  ith  Nicholson,  a  His- 
tory of  Westmoreland  and  Cumberland. 


BURNET,    GILBERT,    the    son 
Scotch  lawyer,  was  born  at  Edinburgh,  in 
1643,  and  was  educated  at  Aberdeen. 


the  States  to  deliver  him  up.  But  Burnet 
had  now  married  a  Dutch  lady  of  fortune, 
and  the  States  refused  to  give  up  one  who 
was  thus  become  a  naturalized  subject. 
In  1688  he  attended  the  Prince  of  Orange 
to  England  as  chaplain  ;  and,  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  was  made  bishop  of  Salisbury. 
A  Pastoral  Letter,  which  he  addressed  to 
the  clergy  of  his  diocese,  asserting  the 
right  of  William  and  Marv  to  the  crown 
by  conquest,  excited  the  anger  of  parlia- 
ment, and  was  burnt  by  the  common 
executioner.  In  1698  he  was  appointed 
p;e'-eptor  to  the  duke  of  Gloucester;  in 
j  1704  he  had  the  satisfaction  of 
i  carried  into  e fleet  his  scheme  for  the  aug- 
'nii-ntatioii  of  small  livings;  and  in  March, 
1714-15,  lie  died,  in  his  seventy-second 
year.  He  left  a  History  of  his  own  Times, 
which  was  published  by  his  son  Thomu 
Burnet.  Burnet's  character  has  l>een  the 


travelled    in    Holland,  and   visited!  theme  of  invective  and  ridicule  to  lories; 


BUR 

hat  he  was  an  honest,  benevolent,  find  pious 
man,  ami  a  sincere  friend  to  the  liberties 
of  his  country. 

BURNET,  THOMAS,  a  philosopher  and 
divine,  born  at  Croft,  in  Yorkshire,  about 
1635,  was  educated  at  Cambridge;  was 
travelling  tutor  to  the  sons  of  several 
noblemen ;  was  appointed  master  of  the 
Charterhouse,  in  1685;  became  chaplain 
and  clerk  of  the  closet  to  King  William; 
and  died  in  1715.  As  muster  of  the  Char- 
terhouse, he  distinguished  himself  by  boldly 
resisting  the  attempts,  of  James  II.  to  make 
a  Roman  catholic  a  pensioner  of  the  estab- 
lishment. As  a  literary  character,  he  ac- 
quired reputation  by  various  works  of  merit, 


BUR 


133 


quired  reputation  i>y  \ 

but     particularly    by 


his     Telhi 


ns    sacra 


Theoria,  which  he  subsequently  translated 

into  English,  with  the  title  of  the  Sacred 
Theory  of  the  Earth,  and  which,  though 
its  philosophy  i*  radically  defecihe,  will 
always  be  admired,  f>r  the  sublimity  <<f 
its  imagery  and  the  eloquence  of  its  stvle. 


1757,  and  educated  at  the  Charter  House, 

Cains  College,  Cambridge,  and  Aberdeen. 
After  having  been  an  assistant  to  an  acade 
my  at  Highgate,  and,  afterwards,  to  Dr. 
Rose,  of  Chiswick,  whose  daughter  he 
married,  he  established  a  school  ;it  Ham- 
mersmith, which  at  a  subsequent  period  he 
removed  to  Greenwich.  He  obtained  the 
livings  of  I)eptf;rd  and  of  Clili'e,  and  a 
prebend  at  Lincoln,  and  was  appointed  one 
of  the  king's  chaplains.  He  died  Decem- 
ber 28,  1817.  Dr.  Burncy  was  one  of  the 
most  consummate  G  reek  scholars  in  Europe. 
His  classical  acmiirements  were  first  dis- 
played in  his  criticisms  in  the  Monthly 
Review.  He  p.ublished  an  Appendix  to 
Scapula;  an  edition  of  the  Choral  Odes 
of  /Eschylns;  and  other  erudite  works. 
His  valuable  library  was  purchased  foi  the 
British  Museum. 

1 5  U  R  .\  E  r.  Rear  Admiral  J  A  M  r.  s ,  a  son 
of  the  historian  of  music,  was  born  in 
1739;  accompanied  Captain  Cook  in  two 


Account  of  the   Russian   Eastern 


first  volume  of  which,  however,  he  did  not 
give  to  the  press  till  1776.  In  1760  he 
returned  to  the  capital,- and  in  17G6  brought 
out,  at  Drury  Lane,  an  English  version 
of  the  Devil)  du  Village.  In  1770  and 
1772,  he  travelled  through  France  and 


Voyages;    and   some   philosophical 
He  died  of  apoplexy  in  1820. 


tracts. 


BUR'NfiT,  WlLLlAM,  the  *on  of  Bishop!  of  his  voyages;  was  much  beloved  by 
Burnet,  was  born  at  the  lla^ue  in  1688. 1  Johnson ;  and  displayed  a  respectable  por- 
After  having  held  the  office  of  comptroller  tion  of  the  literary  talent  of  his  family,  in 
of  the  customs  in  England,  he  was  in  1720  a  History  of  Voyages  of  Discovery,  5  vols. 
appointed  governor  of  New-York  and  New-  -tto ; 
Jersey.  In  1728  he  was  appointed  to  the 
government  of  Massachusetts  and  New- 
Hampshire;  where  his  administration  was 
rendered  unpleasant  by  a  controversy  with 
the  assembly.  He  died  at  Boston  in  1729. 
He  was  a  man  of  learning,  and  published 
several  works  on  theological  and  philosoph- 
ical subjects. 

BURNET,  JAMES.     See  MONBODDO. 

BURNEY,  CHARLES,  a  doctor  of  mu- 
sic, and  literary  character,  was  born  at 
Shrewsbury,  in  1726,  and  studied  music 
under  Dr  Arne.  In  1749,  lie  produced,  at 
Drury  Lane,  the  musical  pieces  of  Alfred, 
Robin  Hood,  and  Queen  Mab.  He  then 
settled  at  Lynn,  where  he  resided  nine 
\ears,  during  which  period  he  was  employ- 
ed on  his  General  History  of  Music,  the 


BURNS,  ROBKRT,  a  poet  of  whom 
Scotland  has  reason  to  be  proud,  though 
her  scanty  patronage  of  him  ought  to  make 
her  blush",  was  the  son  of  a  small  farmer 
and  gardener,  and  was  born  near  Ayr,  ii 
1759.  Some  education  he  received,  ana 
he  acquired  the  French  language  and  prac- 


Italy,  and  Germany  and  the  Netherlands;  tical  mathematics.  Reading  was  his  delight, 
of  which  "ours  he  published  interesting  and  every  leisure  moment  was  devoted  to 
narratives.  He  became  a  member  of  the  |  it.  The  perusal  of  some  of  the  best  English 
Royal  Society  after  his  second  return,  and  I  po"ts  gave  him  a  taste  for  poetry,  and  love 

inst  ired  him  to  pour  forth  his  feelings  in 


contributed  to  their  Transactions  an  Ac- 
count of  young  Crotch.  He  died  in  1814, 
at  Chels'ea  Hospital,  of  which  he  was 
organist.  Besides  the  productions  already 


At  his  outset  in  life.  Burns  was 
engaged  in  the  labours  of  agriculture.  He 
then  became  a  flax  dresser,  at  Irvine; 


mentioned,  and  many  musical  compositions",  i  but   his   premises   were  destroyed   by  fire 
he    produced    several    works,    one    of  the  •  In   conjunction   with   his  younger  brother, 


chief  of  which  is,  a  Life  of  Metastasio,  in 
three  volumes. 

BURN  E  Y,  CH  A  RL  E  s,  second  son  of  the 
musical    :onipostTj  was  born  ut  Lynn,  in 


he  next  took  a  small  farm,  and  in  this 
also  he  was  unsuccessful.  Fortune  now 
seemed  resolved  to  thwart  all  his  wishes; 
for  a  female  whom  he  loved,  and  who 


194 


BUR 


was  pregnant  by  him,  was  refused  <o  him 
by  her  parents!,  and  ho  was  at  once  in 
danzer  from  list1  kirk  and  the  Magistrate. 
In  this  situation,  he  re.v.Ived  to  print  his 
poems,  for  the  purpose  of  raisin.:  sum^ 
money,  and  then  to  seek  his  fortune  in  the 
West  In. lie.;,  as  an  nssi.-ta:it  o\  ersi-er. 
Hi=.  ;  actnallv  engaged  when 

n  letter  from  Dr.  Bl.ickl.«ck,  nvuinmend- 
iug  a  visit  to  Edinburgh,  put  aa  end  to 
kis  whette  of  emigration.  In  the  Scottish 
Capital  his  poems  had  excited  universal 
Admiration.  Brighter  prospecUthiu  open- 
td  upon  him.  For  more  than  twelve 
noutha  he  remained  in  Edinburgh,  invited, 
ieasted,  praised,  and  caressed,  In  the  fair 
^nd  the  great  :  at  length,  with"  tlie  sum 
%.f  five  hundred  pounds,  the  produce  of  his 
r-vjems,  he  \vitlidrevv  to  the  couutrv,  mar- 
ried  tiie  object  of  his  affection,  took  a 
firm,  and  ul.-io  obtained  the  office  of  an 
exciseman.  Of  ail  the  olii'-es  which  could 
have  been  given  to  him,  this  was  the  most 
unpoetical  and  thy  most  unsuitable.  It  is 
marvellous  that  none  of  his  professing  and 
powerful  friends  saw  the  disgrace  and 
ridicule  of  suffering  their  favourite  bard  to 
be  thus  degraded.  Among  the  numerous 
places,  either  sinecures  or  of  little  labour, 
which  are  so  lavishly  distributed,  one 
might  surely  have  beon  conferred  on  him 
whom  the  "Scotch  flighted  to  honour  ! 
No  effort,  however,  appears  to  have  been 
made  in  his  behalf.  For  three  years  and 
a  half  he  strove  to  derive  a  subsistence 
from  his  farm.  But  his  confirmed  habits 
of  intemperate  conviviality,  and  other  cir- 
cumstances, forbad  success ;  and  he  was 
at  length  compelled  to  give  up  his  lease, 
remove  to  Dumfries,  and  depend  upon  his 
profession  of  an  exciseman.  While  he 
was  occupied  in  watching  stills  and  hunt- 
ing smugglers,  and,  at  the  same  time, 
labouring  under  disease  and  dejection,  he 
wrote  his  admirable  songs,  for  Thompson's 
Collection.  Worn  out  with  vexation,  and 
the  consequences  of  his  love  of  inebriating 
liquors,  he  died  on  the  26th  of  July,  1796, 
leaving  his  wife  and  family  in  an  unpro- 
vided state.  A  subscription  made  by  his 
friends,  and  the  profits  arising  from  an 
edition  of  his  works,  raised  his  familv 
above  want;  and  a  splendid  monument 
has,  within  these  few  years,  been  erected 
to  his  memory.  Humour,  pathos,  vivid 
imagery,  energy,  and  no  small  share  of 
elegance,  distinguish  the  poems  of  Burns. 
His  prose,  though  sometimes  overstrained, 
is  flowing  and  full  of  spirit.  In  convei  - 
sation,  too,  which  is  not  always  the  c;.se 
with  men  of  genius,  he-  fully  sustained  tin- 
character  which  he  had  Required  by  his 
writing. 

BURRILL,  JAMKS,  an  eminent  lawyer 
fcnd  'tatCHinan,  v  as  born  in  Providence, 
Rbcxie  I  =  la:id.  in  1772,  and  reco'ne.l  his; 


BUR 

education  it  >  -own  university,  where  at 
graduated  in  i  S^.  lie  studied  the  pro 
fe.-sion  of  la  •,  and  ?<>on  acquired  high 
ition  in  Its  prncti;-e.  In  17.07  he 
w.is  appointed  attorney-general  of  thr  state, 
and  continued  to  discliavg"  the  duties  of 
this  o.'iice  f:>r  over  sixteen  years,  with  un- 
common abili.'y.  In  1813  "the  decline  of 
his  health  induced  him  to  retire  from  the 
bar.  lie  wa.i  immediately  Heated  to  a 
seat  in  the  st;  te  legislature,  and  in  the 
following  year  v ;i.s  chosen  «-;ieaker  of  tile 
house  of  it  pre»cutatives.  In  1816  he 
was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
court,  and  in  the  next  year  was  elected  to 
a  scat  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  State*. 
Of  this  body  he  continued  a  conspicuous 
and  highly  esteemed  member  till  his  death 
in  1820.  " 

B URROUG IIS ,  G  E  o R a  K  ,  who  suflered 
death  for  the  alleged  crime  of  witchcraft, 
during  the  mournful  delusion  on  that  sub- 
ject, was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  college, 
and  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Salem  in 
1681.  In  1692  he  was  arraigned  at  Salem 
for  having,  by  the  arts  of  witchcraft,  "  tor- 
tured, afflicted,  pined,  consumed,  wasted, 
and  tormented"  one  Mary  Wolcott,  and 
also  for  having  performed  several  feata 
which  required  wonderful  strength.  He 
was  convicted  upon  these  accusations,  and 
executed  on  the  nineteenth  of  August. 

BURROW,  Sir  JAMES,  a  lawyer,  mas- 
ter  of  the  crown  office,  was  appointed  pro 
tempore,  president  of  the  Royal  Society, 
in  1772,  on  the  death  of  Mr.  West.  He 
died  in  17S2.  His  works  consist  of  four 
volumes  of  Reports;  a  volume  of  King's 
Bench  Decisions;  an  Essay  on  Punctua- 
tion; and  Anecdotes  of  Cromwell  and  his 
Family. 

BURROW,  REUBEN,  a  mathenuu  - 
cian,  born  at  Hoberly,  in  Yorkshire,  wan 
originally  a  clerk  to  "a  merchant,  then  an 
usher,  and  next  a  schoolmaster.  He  waa 
employed  by  Dr.  Maskelvne  in  the  obser- 
vations on  Sehehallien,  and  was  made 
drawing  master  at  the  Tower;  after  which 
he  went  to  Bengal,  where  he  died,  in 
1791,  while  engaged  in  a  trigonometrical 
survey.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Asiatic 
Society.  While  in  England,  he  edited  the 
Gentleman's  and  Lady's  Diaries.  Hi* 
chief  work  is  a  Restitution  of  Apolloniu* 
on  Inclinations. 

BURTON,  ROBERT,  an  original  and 
learned  writer,  was  born  at  Lindley,  in 
Leicestershire,  in  1576,  and  received  his 
education  at  Brazenose  and  Christ  Church 
Colleges,  Oxford;  after  which  he  obtained 
the  living  of  St.  Thomas,  Oxford,  and, 
subsequently,  that  of  Segrave,  in  Leices- 
tershire. He  died  in  1639-40.  Burtcn 
was  subject  to  fits  of  hypochondria,  and  in 
.said  to  have  written  his  celebrated  Anatotay 
of  Mclaicholy  with  tiu  \iow  of  diverting 


BUS 

hit  mind  from  his  besetting  malady.  His 
work  has  great  and  diversified  merit;  and 
later  writer*,  especially  Sterne,  have  been 
indebted  to  it  for  much  that  has  been  ad- 
mired in  t  -.cir  volume.-. 

BURTON,  HENRY,  burn  at  BirdsaH, 
in  Yorkshire,  about  1579,  was  educated  at 
Oxford;  was  clerk  of  the  closet  to  Prince 
Henry,  and,  afterwards,  rector  of  Saint 
Matthew's,  Friday  Street.  Two  sermons, 
in  a  coarse  and  puritanical  style,  reflecting 
f/n  the  bishops,  which,  in  1G36,  he  preached 
to  his  parishioners,  drew  on  him  the  ven- 
geance of  the  detestable  star  chamber. 
Every  principle  of  justice  was  violated  in 
the  course  of  the  proceedings  against  him; 


BUT 


131 


and  he  was  condemned  to 
five  thousand  pounds,  to 


to   pay  a 
be  derad 


fine  of 
raded  from 


the  ministry  and  from  his  degrees,  to  have 
his  ears  cut  off  in  the  pillory,  and  to  be 
perpetually  imprisoned,  without  the  use 
of  pen,  ink,  and  paper,  and  without  seeing 
any  one  but  his  keeper.  The  mutilation 
of  his  ears,  which  was  executed  with  ex- 
traordinary cruelty,  he  bore  with  the  ut- 
most fortitude.  In  1640  he  was  liberated 
by  the  parliament,  and  he  died  in  1648. 
He  wrote  many  theological  tracts,  which 
have  sunk  into  oblivion. 

BUSBECQ,  or  BUSBEQUIUS,  Au- 
GIER  GutsLEN,  a  natural  son  of  the  lord 

of  Busbecq,  was  born  at  Commines,  in  j  born  in  1618,  and  served  with  reputation 
Flanders,  in  1522;  received  letters  of  legit-  j  in  the  army  for  some  years.  He  shone  as  a 
imation  on  account  of  his  genius;  and  courtier  till  his  scandalous  chronicle,  called 
was  employed  on  various  embassies,  par- J  the  Amorous  History  of  the  Gauls,  and  hia 
ticularly  on  a  mission  to  the  Emperor  j  lampoons  on  the  king's  connection  with 
Soliman  It.,  during  which  he  remained  sev- !  Mademoiselle  de  la  Valiere,  occasioned  him 
eral  years  at  Constantinople.  Maximilian  j  to  be  imprisoned  in  the  Bastile  for  twelve 
II.  entrusted  to  him  the  education  of  his  !  months,  and  banished  from  court  for  fifteen 
Fons.  Busbecq  died  in  France,  in  1592. 'years.  By  dint  of  mean  solicitations  he 
Among  other  works,  he  wrote  an  Account  j  was  recalled ;  but  was  so  coldly  treated  by 
of  his  Travels  in  the  East.  [the  monarch,  that  he  again  withdrew  to 

BUSBY,    DR.    RICHARD,    was    born;  his  estate,   wbere  he   died  in   1693.     He 


of  MatbeflMCiefl  proves  his  »cientiflc  knowl 

edge. 

BUSCHINGj  ANTHONY  FREDERIC, 
one  of  the  creators  of  statistics  and  mod- 
ern geography,  was  born,  in  1724,  at 
Stadthagrn,  in  Westphalia,  and  studied  at 
Halle.  After  Iraving  been  tutor  to  the  son 
of  Count  Lynar,  he  settled  for  a  while  at 
Copenhagen,  where  he  commenced  hia 
geographical  labours.  In  1754,  he  was 
chosen  extraordinary  professor  of  philoso- 
phy at  Gottingcn ;  and,  in  1761,  he  was 
invited  to  Petersburgh,  to  be  pastor  of  the 
German  Lutheran  church.  At  Petersburgh 
he  established  a  public  school,  which  soon 
became  one  of  the  most  flourishing  in  the 
north;  but  the  persecution  which  he  expe- 
rienced from  .Marshal  Munich,  to  whom  he 
would  not  implicitly  submit,  compelled 
him  to  quit  Russia.  He  finally  settled  at 
Berlin,  where  he  was  patronised  and  highly 
esteemed  by  the  king  and  the  royal  family, 
and  where  he  died  in  1793.  His  works, 
philosophical  and  geographical,  extend  to 
more  than  a  hundred  volumes.  Two  of 
the  principal  are,  a  System  of  Geography, 
6  vols.  4to. ;  and  an  Historical  and  Geo- 
graphical Magazine  of  modern  Times,  22 
vols.  4to. 

BUSSY-RABUTIN,  ROGER,  Count 
de,  a  French  writer  and  courtier,  was 


at  Lutton,  in  Leicestershire,  in   1606,  and 
educated     at     Westminster     and     Christ 


had  wit,    courage,   and    personal    accom- 
plishments ;     but    was    inordinately    vain, 


Church,    Oxford.      In    1640,    he   was  ap-i  splenetic,    and    malignant.       Besides     the 
pointed    master    of    Westminster    school ;  j  work  already  mentioned,  he  is  the  author 


which  situation  he  retained  more  than 
fifty-five  years,  till  his  decease  in  1695. 
He  nl»o  held  various  church  preferments. 
Busby  was  an  excellent  classical  teacher, 
but  a  severe  disciplinarian.  IS'onc^of  his 
pupils  \\ere  spoiled  by  a  sparing  use"  of  the 
rod. 

BUSCII,  JOHN  GEORGE,  a  native  of 


of  Letters;     Memoirs;     and    an  Abridged 
History  of  Louis  the  Great 

BUTE,  JOHN  STUART,  Earl  of,  of 
an  ancient  Scotch  family,  was  born  early 
in  the  eighteenth  century,  and,  in  1738, 
was  appointed  one  of  the  lords  of  the  bed- 
chamber to  Frederic,  prince  of  Wales,  the 
father  of  George  III.  He  possessed  the 


I.uneburg,  who  was  born  in  1728,  and  died  [entire  confidence  of  the  princess  of  Wales, 
in  1SOO,  was  director  of  the  Commercial  and  is  said  to  have  exercised  a  prejudicial 
Academy  at  Hamburgh,  and  is  the  author j  influence  in  the  political  education  of  the 
of  several  standard  woiks  on  commerce '  future  sovereign,  of  whom,  however,  he 
and  political  economy.  Among  them  may  !  became  a  favourite.  On  his  accession, 
be  mentioned,  the  Theory  of  Commerce";  George  III.  made  him  groom  of  the  stole, 
Essays  on  Commerce ;  on  Banks;  and  on  and  one  of  the  privy  council,  and,  in  1761, 
the  Circulation  of  Money.  Busche  under- 'appointed  him  one  of  the  secretaries  c-f 
el-.od  all  the  European  languages;  was  state,  in  the  room  of  Lord  Holderness 
verseu  in  the  mathematics;  and  was  a  In  the  following  year  Bute  became  first 
ITuly  pturiotic  citizen.  Ilia  E::CVC]I.JM -.!'.  i  !  >r<i  nf  t\^>  tn-.iv.iry.  Under  his  aur/Kfa, 


136 


HUT 


a  treaty,  which  disappointed  the  ho].  • -\  to  have  !»:•(•  i   lust,  by  Irinjj  put 

the    nation,   was    concluded    \\ilh    1'iaiice  out    upon   !i;i.!   Mvutity.      The   second    and 

and    Spain.       Ho.  soon    after,  apparently  tliinl    narts  ef   Hudibra:?  appeared    in   !(•'!>  I 

retired    from   public   hu.-iness;      lint    he    is  ami  1(>7S.      Th;>    remain:!. -r    of    Iii.--    works 

believed  to  have  long    influenced  th(>  moas-  was  not  given    In    tlie  world    tiil    Ion;;  after 

nres    of  llie    monarch.      He   died    ia    17M2.  hi.-  de/ea.-e-.      The    poet,   died,  in  coniparu- 

In   his   private    life.  Unto   was   an   amiahlr  the  (  bsrurity,  in  ItiiSO.  ami  was   buried  in 

and  worthy  man,  and   a  l,.\er  of  science,  the  churchyard  of  St.  Paul's,  Covcnt  d'ar- 

To  batany  he  was  particularly  partial,  and  den.     In  originality,  \\it,  and   felicit\  -of 


liad  an  extensive  knowledge  »f 


illustration  and  allusion,  lludibras  remains 


Bl'TLKH,  CHARLES,  an   Kngli.-h  di-  without  a  rival, and  seems  likely  to  remain 

\ine,  ho ru   in   1 .")."»:),  ;a  lii-h   \V\combe,  so.    Even  thechangeof  customs  and  habits, 


Bucks,  was  educated  at  Oxford,  and,  about 
1600,  became  vicar  of  Lawrence  \Vottou, 
'Hant-,  uliere  he  died  in  16-17.  Of  liis 
works,  the  chief  are,  the  Feminine  M.m- 
nrcliy,  or  a  Treatise  on  Bees,  a  curious 
a. id  elever  production;  and  the  Principles 
of  Music,  which  has  been  highly  praised 
»\  Dr.  Burney,  a  judge  whose  competence 
to  decide  on  such  a  subject  admits  of  no 
appeal. 


BUTLER,    SAMI-XI., 


wittiest    of 


which  time  has  produced,  has  not  destroyed 
its  attractions;  and  no  poem  in  our  lan- 
guage, perhaps,  allords  so  fertile  or  f.o 
fi-eijuent  a  source  of  ludicrous  ((notation. 

BUTLER,  JosKi'H,  an  eminent  pre- 
late and  theological  writer,  was  Iwirn,  in 
](iJ)2,  at  Wantage,  in  Berkshire,  and  was 
originally  a  dissgfiter,  but  eonfiirmed  to 
the  church,  and  studied  at  Oriel  College, 
Oxford.  He  was  successively  preacher  at 
the  Rolls  College,  rector  of  Houghton  and 


of  Stanhope,  a  prebend  of  Rochester,  and 
clerk  of  the  closet  to  Queen  Caroline.     In 
173<)  he  published  his  celebrated  Analogy 
of  Religion;    in  1738  he  was  made  bishop 
of  Bristol  ;    and  in  1750  bishop  of  Durham 
He  died    in    1752.     Besides  the  Analogy, 
lie    printed   a   volume  of  Sermons,  and  a 
Charge   to   his  Clergy,  on   the  subject  of 
external  religion. 

BUTLER,  AI.BAN,  a  catholic  divine, 
of  great  learning,  was  born   at  Appletree, 
in  .Northamptonshire,    in  1710;   was  edu- 
cated at  Douay;    became  tutor  to  the  duke 
of  Norfolk's  nephew;    and  died,  in  1773, 
^~,^^.»,    ._,.......  ,.~,  ...v-    ,..*.~u.    „.    president   of  the    English  College  at  St. 

English  poets,  was  born  in  1612,  and  waslOmers.     Of  his  works,  the   principal  is, 
the  son  of  a  farmer  at  Strensham,  in  Wor-   the  Lives  of  the  Saints,  in  5  vols.  4to. 


cester.shire.  The  first  part  of  his  educa- 
tion he  obtained  at  Worcester  school;  but 
whether  he  completed  it  at  Oxford  or 
Cambridge  is  a  point  in  dispute,  though 


the  weiht  of  evidence   and 


opnon     s     n 


favour  of  the  latter  university.  After  he 
left  college,  he  was  successively  clerk  to 
a  justice  of  peace  named  Jeffreys,  and  an 
inmate  in  the  families  of  the  countess  of 
Kent,  and  of  Sir  Samuel  Luke,  a  Bed- 
f  irdshire  gentleman,  wh;>  was  a  commander 


under   (Yoni\ 


While   he    was   in   this 


last  situation  he  is  believed  to  have  written 
his  Hudibras,  the  hero  of  which  is  Sir 
Samuel  Luke  liim.-e'.f.  The  first  part  of 
Hudibras  was  pnUUu.-d  in  1663,  and  im- 
mediately became  popular.  Lord  Dorset 
called  the  attention  of  the  court  to  it,  but 
the  author  benefited  little  by  this,  circum- 
stance. A  gratuity  of  three  hundred  pounds 
to  have  been  the  only  reward  which 
was  bestowed  on  him  by  the  worthless 
ign.  Hv  the  earl  of  Carbi-rv  lie  was 
appointed  steward  of  Ludlow  Castle;  and 
he  married  Mrs.  Herbert,  a  woman  of 


BUTLER.     See  ORMOND. 

BUTTNER,  CHRISTIAN  WILLIAM,  a 
German  naturalist  and  philologist,  born  at 
Wolfenbuttle,  in  1716,  was  originally  an 
apothecary,  but  relinquished  that  profession 
to  study  the  primitive  history  of  nations, 
and  the  fdiation  of  their  languages.  In 
pursuit  of  this  object,  and  of  natural  history, 
he  restricted  himself  to  what  was  barely 
necessary  to  support  life,  making  only  one 
frugal  meal  a  day,  and  expending  his 
savings  upon  books.  For  a  quarter  of  a 
century  he  was- professor  at  Gottingen, 
and  contributed  greatly  to  spread  a  love  of 
philological  studies.  '  He  died  in  1801. 
His  published  works  are,  unfortunately, 
few  in  number:  among  them  is,  Compara- 
tive Tables  of  the  Alphabets  of  Ancient 
and  Modern  .Nations,  lie  left  in  MS.  a 
I'rodromus  Linguarum. 

BUTTON,  Sir  THOMAS,  a  navigator, 
who  was  in  the  service  of  Prince  Henry, 
son  of  James  I.  In  1612,  he  sailed  with 
two  \essi  Is,  to  follow  up  the  discoveries 
of  Henry  Hudson.  He  wintered  in  Nel- 


«ome  fortune;   which  fortune,  however,  is  son's  river,  which  was  discovered  by 


BYL 

and  returned  to  England  in  the  autumn  of 
1613.  Button  was  the  first  who,  on  the 
u  estcrn  side  of  Hudson's  Bay,  readied  the 
eastern  roast  of  America.  In  this  expedi- 
tion he  displayed  much  ability  and  sound 

i'lise 

I ;  I  X  I'.  A  I '  M,  JOHN  CHRISTIAN,  a 
4  Jerman  botanist,  born  at  Merseburg,  in 
1G94,  \vas  one  of  the  foreigners  whom  the 
(V.ar  Peter  invited'intoRussia.  He  formed 
,he  boianic:  gardrn  at  Petersburg!! ;  was 
•rok-s.-or  of  the,  imperial  college  in  that 
•ity;  and  was  sent  to  travel,  for  botanical 
iiiposes,  in  Turkey,  in  Siberia,  and  on 
he  Persian  frontier.  His  chief  work  is 
vne  on  the  plants  of  Turkey.  Linnaeus 
«;ave  the  name  of  Buxbaumia  to  one  division 
f  the  family  of  the  mosses. 

BLXTON,  JKDADIAH,  an  extraordi- 
nary calculator,  was  born  at  Elm  ton,  in 
Derbyshire,  about  1704;  and,  though  the 
Ron  of  a  schoolmaster,  he  received  no  edu- 
cation whatever  He  possessed,  however, 
uncommon  powers  of  calculation  and  ab- 
straction— for,  in  the  midst  of  a  crowd,  he 
could  solve  the  most  difficult  arithmetical 
questions.  But  he  had  no  ideas  beyond  the 
mental  use  of  figures.  In  1754,  he  walked 
to  London,  and  was  presented  to  the  Royal 
Society.  While  he  was  in  the  metropolis, 
Re  was  taken  to  the  theatre,  where  he  em- 
ployed himself  solely  in  counting  the  steps 
of  the  dancers,  and  the  words  which  Gar- 
rick  uttered.  He  died  at  the  age  of  about 
seventy. 

BUXTORF,  JOHN,  the  first  of  a  family, 
the  members  of  which,  during  two  centu- 
ries, were  famous  for  a  profound  knowledge 
of  Hebrew  and  Chaldee,  was  born  at  Ca- 
men,  in  Westphalia,  in  1564,  and  became 
professor  at  Basil,  where  he  died  in  1629. 
Among  his  works  are,  a  Chaldaic,  Talmu- 
dic,  and  Rabbinic  Lexicon ;  a  Hebrew 
and  Chaldaic  Dictionary;  and  a  Hebrew 
Bible,  with  the  Rabbinical  and  Chaldaic 
Paraphrases. 

BUXTORF,  JOHN,  a  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  at  Basil,  in  1599;  suc- 
ceeded his  father,  as  professor,  in  1630; 
and  died  in  1664.  He  compiled  a  ChaKUxic 
and  Syriac  Lexicon;  translated  JMaimo- 
nides  "into  Latin;  and  produced  several 
philological  and  other  works.  At  the  early 
a^«;  of  four  years,  he  is  said  to  have  been 
uble  to  read  German,  Latin,  and  Hebrew. 
— JOHN,  his  son,  and  JOHN,  his  nephew, 
were  also  consummate  Hebraists. 

BYLES,  MATHER,  a  congregational 
minister,  was  born  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, in  1706.  He  was  educated  at  Har- 
vard university,  and  after  completing  his 
theological  studies,  was  ordained  the  lirst 
pastor  of  the  church  in  lloll:-t  street,  Bos- 
ton, in  1732.  Byles,  contributed  many 
essays  to  the  New  England  Weekly  Jour- 
Dai,  and  wrote  several  occasional  poems, 


BYR  137 

which  \\ere  afterwards  collected  in  a  vol- 
ume. He  obtained  considerable  literary 
reputation,  and  corresponded  with  Pope, 
Lansdowne,  and  Watts.  Though  in  his 
day  a  popular  preacher,  and  a  poet  of  some 
merit,  he  if  now  chiefly  remembered  by  his 
reputation  for  u  ready  and  powerful  wit. 
In  1776  his  connection  with  hie  congrega- 
tion was  dissolved  on  account  of  his  tory- 
ism,  and  in  the  following  year  he  was  de- 
nounced publicly  as,  an  enemy  to  his  country, 
and  afterwards  tried  before  a  special  court. 
He  passed  the  last  twelve  years  of  his  life 
in  retirement,  ami  died  in  1788. 

BYrNG,  the  Hon.  JOHN,  fourth  son  of 
Viscount  Torrington,  was  born  in  1704) 
and,  having  manifested  an  early  inclina- 
tion to  the  sea  service,  he,  at  the  age  of 
thirteen,  accompanied  his  father.  During 
the  war  which  ended  in  1748,  he  acquired 
the  reputation  of  a  good  officer,  and  rose 
to  be  vice-admiral  of  the  red.  In  1756, 
he  was  sent,  with  an  inadequate  force,  to 
relieve  Minorca,  in  which  he  failed.  His 
indecisive  engagement  with  the  French 
excited  public  clamour,  and  a  despicable 
ministry  resolved  to  save  themselves  by 
making  him  the  victim.  He  was  sentenced 
to  be  shot,  a  sentence  which,  in  utter  con- 
tempt of  justice,  was  executed  on  the  14th 
of  March,  1757.  He  met  death  with  a 
firmness  which  amply  refuted  the  calum- 
nies of  his  persecutors. 

BYNG.     See  TORRINGTON. 

BYNKERSHOEK,  CORNELIUS  VAN, 
a  celebrated  publicist,  was  born  at  Middle- 
burgh,  in  Zealand,  in  1673,  and  died,  at 
the  Hague,  in  1743,  at  which  period  he 
was  president  of  the  council  in  Holland. 
In  1699  he  established  the  Hague  New 
Mercury,  which  was  soon  suppressed  as 
being  too  satirical.  His  observations  on 
the  Roman  Laws,  and  other  works  of  the 
same  kind,  are  of  high  authority. 

BYRNE,  WILLIAM,  was  born  at  Lon- 
don, in  1742,  and  was  originally  an  en- 
graver of  ciphers  and  arms;  but,  display- 
ing superior  talents,  he  was  sent  to  Paris, 
to  study  the  higher  branches  of  the  art, 
under  Aliamet  and  Wille.  On  his  return 
to  England  he  soon  acquired  reputation. 
Among  his  principal  works  are,  the  Anti- 
quities of  Britain,  and  Smith's  Italiaa 
Scenery.  He  died  in  1805. 

BYROM,  JOHN,  a  poet,  and  the  in- 
ventor of  an  excellent  system  of  stenog- 
raphy, was  born,  in  1691,  at  Kersall,  near 
Manchester,  and  educated  at  Merchant 
Tailors'  School  and  Cambridge.  His  pas- 
toral of  Colin  and  Phoebe,  and  Essays  on 
Dreaming,  printed  in  the  Spectator,  gained 
him  the  patronage  of  Dr.  Bentley,  through 
whose  interest  Jie  obtained  a  fellowship 
This,  of  course,  he  forfeited  by  his  mar 
ria^e;  and  he  then  taught  short  hand  for 
a  sul-p  stence,  till  he  came  into  possession! 


1^  BYR 

of  »v  "aim  i  estate  by  the  decease  of  his 
eh.cv  othe-.  Byroni  was  a  member  of 
the  5-  j  Society.  He  died  in  17(>:?.  His 
metrl-c*  eompoaitionfl  have  been  admitted 
into  thf  British  Poets. 

BYR  »N,  the  Hon.  JOHN,  grandfather 
of  the  c  lebrated  poor,  was  burn  at  Ncw- 
•tead  A I  :-ry,  in  1723;  entered  the  navy  at 
an  early  -\ge ;  and  was  wrecked,  on  a 
desert  isl-..id  ni-ar  t'hiloe,  in  the  \Vat,rer, 
one  of  the  iquadron  which  Auaon  led  to 
tlie  South  Seas.  After  suffering  in  the 
most  dreadful  manner  bv  famine,  the  re- 
mains of  th<s  crew  surrendered  to  the  Span- 
iards, anil  vrre  captives  during  five  years. 
Of  these  calamitous  adventures  Byron  after- 
wards published  a  good  Narrative.  From 
1764  to  1766,  Hi  was  employed,  with  the 
rank  of  captain,  in  a  circumnavigators- 
voyage  of  discovery.  He  rose  to  ue  an 
admiral,  and  commanded  in  the  West  In- 
dies, during  the  American  war.  His  de- 
cease took  place  in  17S6. 


BYRON,  GEORGE  Gom  *  v,  Lord 
Byron,  the  son  of  Captain  Byroi.,  --ho  was 
notorious  for  his  dissipated  con«Wt,  and 
of  Miss  Gordon,  was  born  at  Dov«.».  Janu- 
ary the  23d,  1788.  Deserted  by  o»;r  hus- 
band, who  had  squandered  het  fwrtnne, 
and  who  died  not  long  after  his  dexi.  tion 
of  her,  Mrs.  Byron  retired  with  her  eon 
to  Aberdeen,  where,  possessed  of  a  \rry 
confined  income,  she  lived  in  pei  \*rt 
seclusion.  The  youthful  Byron  was  of 
delicate  health,  in  consequence  of  whio.i 
his  studies  were  often  interrupted,  and  Iv 
was  treated  with  an  indulgence  that,  per- 
haps, went  beyond  the  bounds  of  prudence. 
By  the  death  "of  his  great  uncle,  in  1798, 
ne  succeeded  to  the  family  title  and  estates, 
and  became  a  ward  of  his  relative,  the 
carl  of  Carlisle,  by  whom  he  was  placed  at 
Harrow  School.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he 
was  removed  to  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge. At  neither  of  these  seminaries  did 
he  particularly  distinguish  himself;  and  hi 
contempt  of  academic  rules  often  exposed 
him  to  animadversion.  It  was  at  this  pe- 
riod of  his  life  that  he  contracted  an  ar- 
dent attachment  to  Mirs  Chaworth,  and  a 
bitting  wound  was  indicted  ;n  his  hear:  by 


BYR 

her  ultimate  preference  of  an  older  suitor. 
In  his  nineteenth  year  he  quitted  the  uni- 
versity, and  took  up  his  residence  at  the 
family  seat  of  Xewstead.  It  was  during 
his  residence  at  Neustead  that  he  publish- 
ed his  first  work,  with  the  title  of  Hours 
of  Idleness.  This  volume  gave  undoubted 
indication*  of  talent;  but  the  Edinburgh 
Reviewers  pounced  upon  it  with  a  rabid 
violence  that  was  thoroughly  disgusting. 
They  soon  found,  however,  to  their  cost, 
that  they  had  made  a  wrong  selection  of 
their  victim.  His  lordship  retorted  upon 
them  in  English  Bards  and  Scottish  Re- 
.iewers,  one  of  the  most  pungent  satires  of 
modern  times,  and  thus  rendered  them  ob- 
jerts  of  public  laughter.  In  consequence 
if  his  having  become  the  friend  of  several 
of  the  individuals  satirised,  he  suppressed 
this  satire  after  it  had  reached  a  fourth 
edition.  On  his  coming  of  age,  Byron 
took  his  seat  in  the  house  of  peers;  but  in 
that  house  he  never  delivered  more  than 
three  speeches.  He  was  now  engaged  in 
a  career  of  dissipation  which  was  injurious 
u>!ike  to  his  fortune  and  to  his  health. 
Breaking,  however,  through  the  Circean 
snares  that  beset  him,  he  proceeded  on  his 
travels,  with  his  friend  Mr.  Hobhouse,and 
visited  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Greece;  in 
which  latter  country,  the  land  of  his  idola- 
try, he  continued  for  a  considerable  time. 
In  1811  he  returned  to  England,  and,  a  few 
months  afterwards,  he  gave  to  the  world 
the  first  two  cantos  of  Childe  Harold's  Pil- 
grimage, which  at  once  placed  hi«"  n  the 
foremost  rank  of  British  poets.  This  work 
was  rapidly  succeeded  by  the  Giaour;  tlie 
Bride  of  Abydos :  the  Corsair ;  Lara ;  and 
an  Ode  to  Napoleon  Bonaparte;  all  of 
which,  with  the  exception  of  the  latter,  ac- 
quired unbounded  popularity.  Byron  was, 
in  fact,  the  poetical  idol  of  the  day.  On 
the  2d  of  January,  1815,  he  married  Miss 
Milbanke.  This  ill  starred  union  termin- 
ated in  a  final  separation,  after  the  birth 
of  a  daughter.  After  having  given  to  the. 
public  his  Hebrew  Melodies;  the  Siege  of 
Corinth;  and  Parasina;  he  quitted  Eng- 
land, to  which  country  he  was  destined 
never  to  return.  For  a  while  he  lived  on 
the  borders  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva,  whenco 
he  removed  to  Italy,  where  he  fixed  him- 
self, first  at  Venice,  and  subsequently  al 
Pisa.  During  this  period  his  mind  wa> 
incessantly  active;  and,  in  rapid  succes- 
sion, he  produced  the  last  two  cantos  of 
Cl»il<le  Harold ;  the  dramas  of  Manfred,  Ma- 
rino Falieri,  Sardanapalus,  the  Two  Fos- 
cari  and  Cain;  the  poems  of  the  Prisoner 
of  C:«illon,  Monody  on  Sheridan,  the  La- 
mo.nl  of  Tasso,  the  Prophecy  of  Dante, 
Mazrroa,  Beppo,  and  Don  Juan;  a  con- 
troven.r  with  Mr.  Bowles,  respecting  tU« 
merit?  *••"  Pope ;  and  a  large  portion  of  a 
public*  in  which  bore  the  title  of  the  Lib- 


CAB 

era!.  Greece  was  now  struggling  for  her 
*reedom,  ar.d  her  struggles  could  not  be 
viewed  by  Byron  wita  indifference.  Re- 
linquishing the  tranquillity  of  private  life, 
he  resolved  to  devote  to  her  cause  his  for- 
tune, his  pen,  and  his  sword.  According- 
ly, in  the  autumn  of  1823,  he  joined  the 
Greeks,  and  had  already  made  himself  ven- 
erated by  his  personal  exertions  and  his 
generous  pecuniary  aid,  when  he  was  at- 
tacked by  a  fever,  which  terminated  fatal- 
ly on  the" 20th  of  April,  1824.  He  expired 
at  Missolonghi,  at  the  early  age  of  thirty- 
peven,  leaving  behind  him  a  name  that  will 
be  as  imperishable  as  language  itself.  His 
loss  was  mourned  by  the  Greeks  as  that  of 
a  public  benefactor,  and  almost  regal  hon- 
ours weie  ordered  by  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment, to  be  paid  to  his  memory  and  his 
remains.  Of  the  poetry  of  Byron  little 


CAB 


139 


need  be  said:  it  is  of  the  highest  order. 
Few  have  ever  called  from  the  lyre,  with 
equal  skill,  such  varied  and  seemingly  in- 
compatible tones.  He  is  by  turns  sublime, 
pathetic,  tender,  satirical,  and  sportive; 
and  in  each  of  these  dissimilar  styles,  he 
displays  an  equal  degree  of  excellence. 

BZOVIUS,  or  BZOVSKI,  ABRAHAM, 
a  Polish  dominican,  was  born  at  Prosc- 
zovie,  in  1567,  and  settled  at  Rome,  where 
he  died  in  1637.  He  wrote  various  works, 
of  which  the  principal  is,  a  Continuation, 
in  nine  volumes,  of  the  Annals  of  Baronius. 
Bzovius  having,  in  this  production,  spoken 
unfavourably  of  the  Emperor  Louis  IV.  of 
Bavaria,  several  Bavarian  writers  drew 
their  pens  against  him,  and  the  elector  in- 
stituted a  suit,  the  result  of  which  was, 
that  Bzovius  was  compelled  to  retract  Ins 
assertions. 


CABANIS,  PETER  JOHN  GEORGE,  a 
French  physician  and  literary  character, 
the  son  or  an  agriculturist  of  talent,  was 
born  at  Conac,  in  1757,  and  in  early  life 
visited  Poland,  where  the  political  ser- 
vility and  coiruption,  which  he  witnessed 
on  a  great  occasion,  inspired  him,  as  he 
tells  us,  with  a  precocious  contempt  of  man- 
kind, and  a  disposition  to  melancholy. 
This,  however,  did  not  prevent  him  from 
manifesting  infinite  kindness  and  benevo- 
lence in  his  subsequent  career.  On  his  re- 
turn to  his  native  country,  he  chose  the 
medical  profession,  and  attained  high  rep- 
utation. Tn  politics  he  also  bore  a  part. 
He  was  the  bosom  friend  of  Mirabeau,  and 
satin  the  council  of  five  hundred,  and  in 
the  ser-ate  of  Napoleon.  He  died  in  1807. 
His  collected  medical  and  other  works 
have  been  published  in  seven  octavo  vol- 
ume?. 

CABESTAN,  or  CABESTAING, 
WILLIAM,  a  Provencal  troubadour  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  is  celebrated  for  his  tal- 
ents and  misfortunes.  A  lady,  of  whom 
he  was  enamoured,  rendered  him  insane  by 
a  love  pot'on;  and  after  he  recovered  his 
senses  a  severer  fate  awaited  him.  Ca- 
bcstan  having  entered  into  the  service  of 
the  wife  of  Raymond  de  Seillans,  Ray- 
mond became  jealous  of  him,  put  him  to 
death,  about  1213,  and  served  up  the  heart 
of  the  poet,  dressed,  to  his  wife,  who  di«d 
of  grief  on  hearing  what  she  had  eaten,  or, 
as  some  say,  threw  herself  from  a  window. 
Some  of  Cabestan's  poems  are  still  in  ex- 
istence. 

CABOT,  SEBASTIAN,  a  celebrate!  nav- 
gator  (the  son  of  John  Cabot  a  Venetian, 
who  was  also  eminent  for  nautical  knowl- 


edge), was  born  at  Bristol,  in  1477.  In 
1497,  the  Cabot  family  being  then  in  the 
service  of  Henry  VII.,  he  bore  a  part  in 
the  voyages  in  which  his  father  discovered 
Newfoundland  and  the  American  continent. 
In  1517  Sebastian  made  a  fruitless  attempt 
to  reach  the  East  Indies  by  a  new  track. 
He  soon  after  entered  into  the  Spanish  ser- 
vice, in  which  he  remained  for  some  years, 
and  explored  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  and  part 
of  the  coast  of  South  America.  Under  the 
reign  of  Edward  VI.  however,  he  returned 
to  this  country,  and  was  pensioned,  made 
grand  pilot  of"  England,  and  consulted  on 
all  maritime  and  commercial  affairs.  He 
died  in  1557.  Sebastian  Cabot  was  the 
first  who  noticed  the  variation  of  the  com- 
pass.  He  published  an  account  of  his  Voy- 
ages in  the  Northern  Regions. 

CABOT,  GEORGE,  was  born  in  Salem, 
Massachusetts,  in  the  year  1752,  and  spent 
the  early  part  of  his  life  in  the  employment 
of  a  shipmaster.  He  possessed  a  vigorous 
and  inquisitive  mind,  and  took  advantage 
of  every  opportunity  of  improvement  and 
acquisition,  even  amid  the  restlessness  and 
danger  of  a  seafaring  life.  Before  he  was 
twenty-six  years  of  age,  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  provincial  Congress  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, which  met  with  the  visionary 
project  of  establishing  a  maximum  in  the 
prices  of  provision.  There  he  displayed 
that  sound  sense,  and  that  acquaintance 
with  the  true  principles  of  political  econo- 
my, for  which  he  afterwards  became  EO 
much  distinguished.  Mr.  Cabot  was  a 
member  of  the  State  Convention  assem- 
bled to  deliberate  on  the  adoption  of  the 
federal  constitution,  and  in  1790  was  elect- 
ed to  a  seat  in  the  senate  of  the  United 


140 


CM) 


State*.  Of  this  body  he  l>ecame  one  of 
tne  most  distinguished  members,  and  en- 
'oved  the  unlimited  confidence  and  friend- 
ship of  Hamilton  and  Washington.  In 
lx<)s  lie  became  a  member  of  the  council 
of  Massachusetts,  and  in  isi  t  was  ap- 
pointed a  delegate  to  the  convention  which 
met  at  Hartf  >rd,  and  uas  chosen  to  pre- 
side ii\er  its  deliberations.  He  died  at 
B-'>to:i  in  H2o,  at  ihe  a^e  of  72  yean. 
He  po.-se»ed  a  mind  of  u'rcat  en. 
penetration,  and  in  private  L-fe  wa>  much 
loved  and  esteeau-d.  As  a  public  man  lie 
uas  pine  ir.nl  disinterested,  on  hi:;h 
Iv  and  persuasive  eloquence.  His  favour- 
lie  studies  were  political  economy  and  the 
science  of  <;o\ernmcnt. 

CA15SIAL,  PKDRO  ALVARK/,  a  Por- 
tuguese, commaDded  a  fleet  which,  in  1500, 
was  lilted  out  for  thu  East  Indies,  by 
Emanuel  of  Portugal.  To  avoid  the  cal.ns 
of  the  African  coast,  Cabral  steered  so  far 
westward  that  ho  reached  the  American 
shore,  where  he  discovered  Brazil:  so  that 
the  new  world  would  have  been  revealed 
even  had  Columbus  not  succeeded  in  his 
attempt.  Cabral  afterwards  sailed  to  the 
Ea-t ;  reduced  the  Zamorin  of  Calicut  to 
eue  for  peace;  and,  in  1501,  returned  home 
richly  laden.  He  dice',  in  Portugal.  His 
Account  of  his  Voyage  was  translated  and 
published  at  Venice. 

CACAULT,  FRANCIS,  a  French  diplo- 
matist and  literary  character,  was  born  at 
Nantz,  in  1742,  and  became  mathematical 
professor  of  the  military  school ;  after  which 
he  travelled  in  Italy  for  six  years,  whence 
he  returned  in  1775.  In  1785,  he  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  embassy  at  Naples, 
and  he  subsequently  was  ambassador  at 
Rome  and  Genoa.  He  signed  the  treaty  of 
Tolentino,  and  opened  the  negotiation  for 
the  Concordat.  In  France,  he  was  thrice 
one  of  the  representatives  of  the  people. 
He  died  a  senator  in  1805.  Cacault  trans- 
lated the  Lyric  Poems  of  Ramler,  and  the 
Dramaturgia  of  Lessing. 

CADALSO,  JOSK,  one  of  the  late  wri- 
ters of  Spain,  was  born  of  a  noble  familv, 
at  Cadi/.,  in  1741.  He  was  educated  in 
Paris  where  In-  obtained  an  acquaintance 
with  the  principal  languages  of  modern 
Europe,  and  afterwards  travelled  through 
England.  France,  Portugal,  (lermany  and 
Italv.  At  the  age  of  20  he  returned  home 
and  joined  the  army,  where  he  remained 
I'll  his  death,  attentive  to  his  military  du- 
ties, though  devoted  to  literature.  11  •  was 
killed  at  the  Me_M-  of  Gibraltar  in  17*2. 
He  is  the  author  <.f  Cartas  Marrn 
series  of  letter-;  po~-e-.-;n_'  ni'icli  merit;  a 
satne  called  Erudit"-  i  It  Vi'deta;  a  tra- 
gedy; and  se\i-ral  poetical  pie  •(•.-•  under  the 
till'-  n|'  ( >  \  -  .1"  mi  Juve.itud. 

CADAMOSTA,  1.  n  is  n  v,  a  Venetian 
•avigalor,  uho,  in  1454,  w;is  takm  iato 


C.KC 

the  service  of  Prince  Henry  of  Portugal, 
and,  in  the  following  year,  explored  the 
African  coast  as  far  as  the  Gambia.  In 
1  l")o',  he  di.-co\ered  the  Cape  Verd  islands. 
Cadamosta  returned  to  Venice  on  the  death 
of  Prince  Henry,  and  drew  up  an  excellent 
\arrative  of  his  \o\:i^es,  which  was  pub- 
lished at  Vicen/.a,  in  1307. 

CADET  DE  \  A  IX.  LXTHONI  \i.r.\- 
is,  the  son  of  a  chemist  and  apothecary 
of  considerable  talent,  was  born,  in  1743, 
at  Paris,  and  died  in  1.^2S.  He  uas  a 
member  of  various  learntd  societie 
tablished  the  Journal  de  Paris;  edited  and 
contributed  to  some  other  journa's;  and 
wrote  various  works  of  merit,  chie'ly  on 
agriculture,  among  \\hich  are  Treatist  s  .  u 
the  Cultivation  of  Potatoes  and  Tobacco, 
and  the  Manufacture  of  Wine. 

CADET  DE  GASSICOURT.CHARLKi 
Louis,  (brother  of  Cadet  de  Vaux), 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  17G9,  and,  after  the 
death  of  his  father  in  1199,  quitted  the  bar 
to  devote  himself  to  chemistry  and  philoso- 
phy. He  died  in  1821.  His  works,  in 
various  departments,  are  numerous  and 
meritorious.  Aming  them  may  be  men- 
tioned his  Dictionary  of  Chemistry,  in  4 
vols. ;  Travels  in  Austria,  .Moravia,  and 
Bavaria;  Letters  on  London  and  the  Eng- 
lish .Nation;  Travels  in  Normandy,  and 
the  Supper  of  Moliere.  He  likewise  was 
a  liberal  contributor  to  all  the  scientific 
journals. 

CADOGAN,  WILLIAM,  first  earl  of 
Cadogan,  was  the  son  of  a  counsellor,  and 
entered  the  army  early  in  life.  In  1703 
he  was  made  a  brigadier-general,  and  next 
year  he  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle 
of  Blenheim.  He  was  the  friend  of  Marl- 
borough,  and  the  companion  of  that  great 
general  in  all  his  victories;  and  was  also 
mployed  as  plenipotentiary  in  the  Low 
Countries  and  at  the  Hague.  In  1716,  he 
was  created  a  baron,  and  in  171S  an  earl, 
and  he  succeeded  Marlborough  as  com- 
mander in  chief  and  master  general  of  the 
ordnance.  He  died  in  1727. 

CADWA1.ADEK,  JOHN,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  brig- 
adier-general in  the  American  army  during 
the  revolutionary  war.  He  was  a  man  of 
indexible  cotirag",  and  possessed  in  a  high 
legree  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  Wasli- 
ngton.  In  177S,  he  was  appointed  by 
Congress  general  of  cavalry,  an  appoint- 
ment which  he  declined  on  the  score  of 
being  more  useful  in  the  situation  he  then 
occupied.  After  the  war  he  was  a  nu  mber 
of  the  assembly  of  Maryland,  and  died  in 
17S(i,  in  th;-  44th  year  .'f  his  a 

C.EC1  Ell'S  STATICS,  a  native  of 
Milaa,  who  died  at  Koine,  n.  c.  lu'S  wan 
•  riginallv  a  s!a\e,  bat  uas  emancipated  in 
•oiiM-ijtu -'ice  <if  his  talent  as  a  dramatic 
writ. -i  He  wr.-te  f  uty  comedies,  of  wL'icJl 


CJES 

only  «  few  fragments  remain  Csecilius 
has  the  nine  merit  of  having  been  gencroib 
to  a  rival.  When  Terence  was  young,  and 
as  yet  unknown,  his  first  piece  was  liberally 
praised,  and  recommended  to  public  notice, 

li\    (  Veilius. 

'C.KIKJS  AURELIANUS,  a  Latin 
phvsician,  the  founder,  or  at  least  the  first 
writer,  of  the  medical  sect  of  the  Metho- 
dists, is  said  by  some  to  have  been  born  at 
in  Asia,  and  by  others,  at  Sicca  in 
Some  fix  his  existence  in  the 
while  others  make  him  a 


Aria 


fifth 


century ; 


contemporary  of  Galen.  Two  of  his 
works,  on  acute  and  chronic  disorders,  are 
still  extant,  and  possess  considerable  merit. 
The  system  of  the  Methodists  seems  to  have 
given  rise  to  that  of  Brown. 

CJ&SALPINU3,  A.NDKKW,  an  Italian 
physician  and  botanist,  was  born  at  Arex/o, 
in  1519;  became  chief  physician  to  Pope 
Clement  VIII. ;  and  died  at' Rome  in  1603. 
CtesalpiiHM  appears  to  have  had  an  idea  of 
the  circulation  of  the  blood,  and  was  the 
first  who  invented  a  regular  system  of 
plants.  He  is  the  author  of  an  excellent 
Latin  Treatise  on  Plants,  and  of  various 
medical  and  philosophical  works. 


CJTiSAR,  CAIUS  JULIUS,  the  first  Ro- 
man emperor,  the  son  of  Lucius  Ciesar  and 
Aurelia,  the  daughter  of  Cotta,  was  born 
at  Rome,  B.  c.  100,  and  lust  his  father  at 
the  age-  of  sixteen.  Being  connected,  by 
his  own  marriage  and  that  of  his  aunt, 
with  the  faction  of  Marius,  his  destruction 
was  resohe-l  upon  In  Sylla.  By  the  inter- 
cession cf  friends,  however,  the  dictator  was 
induced  to  spare  him;  but  he  at  the  same 
tini;-  told  the  intercessors  that  thev  would 
repent  of  their  interference,  for  that  in  the 
youth  who  was  the  object  of  their  solicitude 
he  f  >resaw  many  Mariuses.  After  having 
made  a  campaign  in  Asia  Miii'ir,  and  at- 


14 

million  i-ix.  hundred  thousanl  poi.nds.  I. 
was  while  he  was  passing  through  a  poor 
village  in  the  Alps,  on  his  way  to  Spain, 
that  he  uttered  the  speech  which  is  so 
characteristic  of  his  towering  ambition: 
"  1  had  rather  be  the  first  man  in  this 
place,  than  the  second  at  Rome."  On  hi* 
return  to  the  Roman  capital,  he  formed  the 
first  triumvirate,  with  Pompey  and  Crassus, 


and  became  consul,  B.  c 


pey  J 

.  59. 


When  his 


consulship   was    expired,  he   received  the 
command  in  Gaul,  for  five  years,  with  four 
legions;    and    his   commission   was  subse- 
quently   extended    to    another    five    years. 
While   he   was   in  Gaul,  he   reduced   that 
country   to    complete  subjection,   defeated 
the    German    tribes,    and    twice      nvaded 
Britain.     In  the  course  of  his  Gallic  wars, 
there  fell  a  million  of  men;    eight  hundred 
cities   and  towns   were  taken  by  him,  and 
three    hundred    tribes   subdued.     A  wider 
sphere  of  action,  however,  and   more  un- 
controlled power,  now  awaited  him.     Jeal- 
ous of  Cu-sar's  influence,  or  envious  of  his 
renown,  Pompey  was  become  his  enemy, 
and  he  induced  the  senate  to  strip  him  of 
his  command;  while  he  himself  was  allow- 
ed to  retain  his  own.     Caesar   refused  to 
obey,   passed   the  sacred  boundary  of  the 
Rubicon    with    his   army,   put    Pompey   to 
Might,  and  in  sixty  days  was  master  of  It- 
aly.    Thence  he  hastened  into  Spain,  and 
overthrew  the  partisans  of  Pompey.     Re- 
isiting  Rome,  he  was  declared  dictator, 
and  then  consul;    after'  which  he  led  his 
forces    into   Greece,   and   gave   Pompey    a 
ilecisive  defeat  at  Pharsalia,  B.  c.  48.    He 
followed  tl»e  defeated  leader  into  Egypt; 
but  though,  before  his  arrival,  Pompey  was 
no    more,    Ciesar   had   a    perilous    struggle 
with  the  Egyptians.     Thev  were,  however, 
vanqui.-hcd.     1  harnaces,  king  of  Pontus 
was  next  rapidly  subdued.     '*  Veni,  vidi, 
vici, —  I   came,  l"  saw,  I  conquered,"  was 
the  language  of  Ca-sar  to  a  friend,  with  re- 
spect to  the  \\ar  in  Pontus.     After  a  brief 
stay    at    Rome,    he    proceeded   to   Africa, 
where  he  overcame  the  partisans  of  Pom- 
pey, who  were;  headed  by  Scipio  and  Cato. 
For  these  achievements   he  was   honoured 
with  four  se\eral  triumphs.      The  sons  of 
Pompey,  meanwhile,  had  gathered  a  for- 
midable army   in   Spain.      Cirsar   pursued 
them,  and   put  an  end   to   the  hopes  of  the 
Pom*  elan  faction  by  the  battle  of  Munda; 
in  which,  however,   his  fortune  seemed  for 
a  moment  on  the  point  of  deserting  him. 
The    world    \\as    now    his   own.      lie   was 


tended  the  lectures  of  ApoHooius   M  ,!:>  at  I  created  perpetual  dictator,  and  was  ofler- 
Rliodes,  (Vsar   returned  to  Rome,  and   let   ed,  but  declined  to  accept,  the  title  of  king. 

The  power  which  he  had  gained  by  so  iaa- 
ny  Struggles  he  did  not  long  enjoy.     A  con- 


slip  no  opportunity  of  winning  the  a'lectien 
of  the  people.      He  filled  the  offices  of  chief 


pontiff  ami  pr.rtor,  and  then  obtained  the 
government  of  Spain,  in  which  he  acquired 
money  sufficient  to  pay  his  debts,  though 
they  amounted  to  the  enormous  sum  of  one 


spiracy  was  formed  against  him  by  Brutus, 
( 'assiits,  and  others,  and  he  fell  a  victim 
to  it,  in  the  seiu  te  house,  being  pierced 
with  twenty-three  wounds,  on  the  15th  of 


142 


CA1 


Marci,  B.  c.  44.  Transcendent  as  were 
•his  military  talents,  (Vsar  was  not  eminent 
for  military  talents  alone.  lie  was  a  con- 
summate orator,  and  an  admirable  writer. 
Unfortunately,  of  his  composition?,  only  his 


CIL 

by  studying  theology;  but  soon  devoted 
himself 'to  astronomy.  Cassini  obtained 
for  him  a  place  in  the  observatory;  and 
he  assisted  the  younger  Cassini  in  verify- 
ing the  meridian  throughout  France.  Being 


Commentaries  are  extant.  Science  is  also  '  appointed  professor  of  mathematics  at  the 
indebted  to  him  for  the  reformation  of  the  Mazarine  college,  nc  delivered  there  a 
calendar.  His  placability  and  clemency,  scries  of  highly  valuable  lectures.  In  1750 
rare  virtues  as  they  are  in  an  ambitious  he  went  to  the  Cape,  to  examine  the  stars 


man  and  a  conqueror,  are  entitled  to  no 
scanty  share  of  praise.  To  subvert  the 
liberties  of  our  country  is,  indisputably,  a 
crime  of  the  deepest  dye,  and  of  this  Cjesar 
is  accused ;  but  it  may,  perhaps,  admit  of  a 
doubt,  whether,  at  the  period  in  which  he 
lived,  liberty,  in  the  true  sense  of  the  word, 
had  any  existence  at  Rome,  and  whether 
the  interests  of  the  human  race  would  have 
been  benefited  by  the  triumph  of  Pompey 
over  his  illustrious  antagonist. 

BASS  US,  a  Roman  lyric 
poet  and  grammarian,  of  the  reign  of  JVero, 
was  buried  in  his  country  house  by  an  erup- 
tion of  Vesuvius,  A.  D.  79.  Quintilian  and 
Pliny  praise  his  lyric  poetry,  and  Persius 
addressed  one  of  his  satires  to  him ;  but, 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  fragments,  his 
works  have  perished. 

CAGLIARI,  or  CALTARI,  PAUL,  a 
celebrated  painter,  generally  known  by  the 
name  of  PA  PL  VERONESE,  was  born  at 


Verona,   in   1532,   and 


instructed   in 


painting  by  his  uncle  Badile.  Having  ac- 
companied an  embassy  to  Rome,  he  profit- 
ed from  studying  the  works  of  Michael 
Angelo  and  Raphael.  His  pictures  are 
numerous,  and  in  high  estimation.  The 
Marriage  of  Cana  is  the  finest  of  them. 
Cagliari  excels  in  colouring  and  composi- 
tion; but  is  defective  in  drawing  and  cos- 
tume. He  died  at  Venice,  in  1588.  His 
sons,  CARLKTTO  and  GABRIEL,  and  his 
brother  BENEDICT,  were  all  painters 

CAGLIOSTRO,  Count  ALEXANDER, 
an  adventurer,  whose  real  name  is  said  to 
have  been  JOSEPH  B A LSAMO,  was  born  at 
Palermo,  in  1743.  Under  various  names, 
and  ostensibly  in  the  character  of  a  chemist 
and  physician,  but,  as  some  aflirm,  really  in 
that  of  a  swindler,  he  wandered  through 
Greece,  Egypt,  Arabia,  Persia,  and  other 
countries.  In  17?0,  he  visited  France, 
where  he  lived  in  a  st\le  of  great  splen- 
dour, and  was  much  admired  for  his  medi- 
cal skill,  and  his  liberality-  He  was, 
however,  intulred  with  the  cardinal  dc 
Kchan,  in  the  mysterious  atl'air  of  tin- 
diamond  neck'a:e,  :ind  confined  in  the 
Basilic;  but  was  finally  pronounced  inno- 
cent. He  was  tried  at  Rome,  in  1789,  as 
being  guilty  of  freemasonry,  and  he  died. 


ttle  <  ••(  >Sai;it 


in  1795,  a  "prisoner  i 

Angelo. 

CAILLE,  NlCHGLlJ  I.'Hi^  n>  i.  A.  a 
French  nr.themal.icia  i  and  as-'trnnoiii-r, 
vas  b-jra,  in  1713.  at  lt;unijny,  aad  began 


of  the  southern  hemisphere;  and,  during 
his  residence  there  of  two  year?,  he  ascer- 
tained the  position  of  nine  thousand  eight 
hundred.  Astronomy  also  owes  to  him 
many  other  important  services.  He  died 
in  1762.  Besides  his  Elementary  Lessons, 
the  substance  of  his  lectures,  he  published 
Elements  of  Optics,  and  \arious  other 
works. 

CAILLET,  WILLIAM,  a  French  peas- 
ant,  born  at  Mello,  in  the  Beauvaisis,  wan 
the  leader  of  the  famous  insurrection  called 
the  Jacquerie,  which  broke  out  in  the  north 
of  France,  in  1358,  extended  its  ravages 
to  several  provinces,  and  C'uised  the 
slaughter  of  many  noblemen  and  gentle- 
men, and  the  burning  of  more  than  two 
hundred  castles.  The  insurgents  were  at 
length  subdued,  and  Caillet  was  beheaded 
in  1359. 

CAILLY,  JAMES  Dr.,  n  French  poet, 
better  known  under  the  name  of  d'Aceilly, 
was  Wn  at  Orleans,  in  1604;  and  died 
in  1673,  one  of  the  king's  household.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  great  number  of  epi- 
grams, many  of  which  are  pointed  and 


CAIUS,  or  K  AYE,  JOHN,  a  physician, 
was  born  in  1510,  at  Norwich;  was  edu- 
cated at  Gonville  Hall,  Cambridge;  took 
his  degree  at  Bologna ;  and  became  suc- 
cessively physician  to  Edward  VI.,  Mary, 
and  Elizabeth.  He  endowed  Gonvillt 
Hall  with  several  estates,  and  converted 
it  into  a  college,  by  the  name  of  Caiut 
College,  of  which  he  was  the  first  master, 
and  where  he  died  in  1573.  His  epitaph 
is  truly  laconic.  "  Fui  Caius."  HP.  wrote 
various  works  on  medicine  and  natural 
philosophy;  and  a  History  of  Cambridge. 

CAJETAN,  Cardinal,  "so  denominated 
from  Cajeta,  or  Gaeta,  where  he  was  born 
in  1469,  but  whose  real  name  was  THOMAS 


DE    Vio, 


sent   bv    Leo   X.  into  Ger- 


many, to  incite  the  emperor  against  the 
Turks,  and  to  stop  the  progress  of  Luther's 
doctrines.  By  his  haughtiness  to  the  re- 
former, however,  in  tbe  conferences  which 
he  hold  with  him,  he  only  augmented  the 
evil.  He  died  in  1534.  "Though  all  his 
life  he  was  actively  engaged  in  public 
affairs, 


never  failed  to  devote  some 
hour*  daily  to  study.  He  wrote  various 
works,  of  which  the  chief  are,  Commen- 
taries on  the  Bible;  and  a  Treatise  on  the 
. 

(lt:i>Ti-.«,  or 


apal  Authority. 

CALABER, 


CAL 

SM  YRNvEUS,  a  Greek  poet,  is  supposed 
to  have  been  a  native  of  Smyrna,  in  the 
Jiird  century.  He  wrote  a  supplement  to 
the  Iliad,  which,  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
was  discovered  in  a  Calahrian  monastery, 
by  Cardinal  Bessarion.  This  supplement 
is  in  fourteen  books,  and  possesses  much 
poetical  merit.  The  best  edition  is  that 
of  Tychsen,  published  in  1807. 

CALAMY,  EDMUND,  a  celebrated  non- 
conformist divine,  was  born  at  London,  in 
1600,  and  studied  at  Cambridge.  Having 
embraced  presbyterianism,  he  took  an  ac- 
tive part  in  the  religious  disputes  of  the 
age,  and  was  one  of  the  authors  of  the 
treatise  which  bore  the  title  of  Smectym- 
nus,  and  was  directed  against  episcopacy. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  assembly  of  di- 
vines at  Westminster;  but  he  strenuously 
opposed  the  trial  of  the  king,  and  the 
usurpation  of  Cromwell,  and  had  a  share 
in  effecting  the  restoration  of  Charles  the 
Second.  The  restored  monarch  offered 
him  the  bishopric  of  Litchfield,  but  he  re- 
fused it,  and  he  was  subsequently  expelled 
from  his  living  by  the  act  of  uniformity. 
Such  was  his  grief  in  consequence  of  the 
fire  of  London,  that  he  i?  said  to  have 
died  of  it,  in  1666.  He  produced  many 
sermons  and  controversial  writings. 

CALAMY,  EDMUND,  grandson  of  the 
preceding,  was  born  in  1671,  succeeded 
Mr.  Alsop,  in  Westminster,  as  presbyte- 
rian  preacher,  and  died  in  1732.  He 
abridged  Baxter's  Life  and  Times;  pub- 
lished some  tracts  and  sermons;  and  wrote 
An  Historical  Account  of  my  own  Life, 
with  some  reflections  on  the  Times  I  have 
lived  in,  which  has  recently  l>een  printed. 

CALANUS,  an  Indian  philosopher,  of 
the  sect  of  gymnosophists,  accompanied 
Alexander  in  his  Indian  expedition.  He 
was  then  in  his  eighty-third  year;  and 
being  taken  sick,  he  "voluntarily  burned 
himself  to  death  on  a  pile,  B.  c.  325,  in 
presence  of  the  whole  Greek  armv. 

GALAS,  JOHN,  an  unfortunate  merchant 
of  Toulouse,  of  the  protestant  religion. 
When  his  son,  Marc  Antoine,  who  had 
embraced  the  tenets  of  the  catholic?,  had 
strangled  himself  in  a  fit  of  melancholy, 
the  father  was  seized  by  the  suspicious 
government,  as  guilty  of  the  murder.  iVo 
proof  could  be  offered  against  him,  and 
self-evident  as  it  was  that  a  weak  old  man 
could  not  execute  such  a  deed  of  violence 
on  a  yout-t  full  of  strength,  in  a  house 
where  the  family  was  then  resident,  even 
if  the  feelings  of  a  parent  were  put  out  of 
the  question,  yet  he  was  condemned  and 
broken  upon  the  wheel  in  1762,  in  the 
MXty-tifth  year  of  his  age.  The-  family  of 
the  unhappy  man  retired  to  Geneva,  and 
Voltaire  subsequently  undertook  to  defend 
his  memory.  He  succeeded  in  drawing 
public  attention  towards  ihs  rircum.  tanros 


CAL  14 

of  the  case,  and  a  revision  of  the  tria.  wi 
granted.  Fifty  Judges  once  more  examine^ 
the  facts,  and  declared  Calas  altogethe 
innocent. 

CALASIO,  MARIUS,  a  Franciscan  fri 
ar,  was  born  at  Calasio,  near  Aquila,  ii 
the  Neapolitan  territory,  about  1550.  H« 
died  in  1620,  just  as  he  was  on  the  poin. 
of  publishing  his  Concordance  of  tin 
Bible,  in  four  folio  volumes;  an  excellen. 
work,  which  forms  a  complete  Hebrew 
Lexicon,  and  on  which  he  had  spent  fort} 
years  of  incessant  labour.  Hebrew  was 
as  familiar  to  Calasio  as  his  native  lan- 
guage. His  Concordance  appeared  in  1621, 
and  was  republished  by  Romaine,  in  1747. 

CALDARA,  POLIDORE,  a  celebrated 
painter,  called  also  CARAVAGGIO,  from 
his  native  place,  in  the  Milanese,  was  born 
in  1495,  and  went  to  Rome  as  a  common 
labourer.  From  observing  Giovanni  da 
Udina  and  other  painters,  while  thev  were 
j  employed  on  their  productions,  he  acquired, 
I  however,  such  a  knowledge  of  painting, 
that  Raphael  gave  him  lessons,  and  en- 
trusted him  to  paint  the  friey.es  for  his 
works  in  the  Vatican.  Gaidar. i  resided 
for  many  years  in  Naples  and  in  Sicily, 
where  his  works  were  much  esteemed. 
Most  of  his  compositions  were  in  fresco; 
and,  unfortunately,  many  of  them  have 
perished.  He  was  murdered  in  his  bed, 
by  his  servant,  in  1543. 
"CALDERON  DE  LA  BARCA,  DON 
PEDRO,  one  of  the  most  famous  of  the 
Spanish  dramatists,  was  born  in  1600,  and 
produced  his  first  piece  at  the  age  of  four- 
teen. Like  Cervantes,  he  became  a  sol- 
dier, and  he  served  several  campaigns  in 
Italy  and  the  Netherlands.  Philip  IV., 
however,  who  was  fond  of  the  theatre,  in- 
vited him  to  Madrid,  knighted,  and  patron- 
ised him.  In  1652  Calderon  took  orders, 
and  became  a  canon  of  Toledo.  He  died 
in  1687.  His  printed  plays  form  ten 
quarto  volumes;  but  he  is  said  to  have 
produced  the  astonishing  number  of  more 
than  fifteen  hundred  pieces.  It  may  easily 
be  imagined  that,  though  displaying  bril- 
liant talent,  his  dramas  are  often  disfigured 
by  absurdity  and  extravagance. 

CALDERWOOD,  DAVID,  a  Scotch 
presbyterian  divine,  was  born  in  lf>75, 
and  strenuously  opposed  the  plan  of  James 
VI.  to  establish  conformity  between  the 
English  and  Scotch  churches;  for  which 
opposition  he  was  banished.  Retiring  to 
Holland,  he  published,  in  1625,  his  work 
j entitled  Altaic  Damasceiv.ini;  a  severe 
j  attack  on  episcopacy.  He  returned  to 
Scotland;  contributed  greatly  to  the  estab 
i  lishmcnt  of  prr-siiyterianisn; ;  and  died  in 
:1651.  Culderwood  left  a  voluminous  His- 
tory of  the  Church  (.f  Scotland,  of  which 
(.nlv  ;i  portion  lias  been  printed. 

'  ALKriM>,  or  PA    CALKl'IO,  AM- 


144 


CAL 


Aumistine    friar,  wa-   ' 
C.ilepio,  near  r>er_r;im»,  in    Italv,  in  1  lo.~>. 

i  1  in   lol  I.      lie  i-'il;-.-  compi- 

A'hich    has    :  j    .1    and 

led. 
CALIDASA,  an  Indian   drama;! 

by  Sir  William  Jones   to  have 
but    Bent  ley 

ic  peri  id  of  hi-  c  late    as 

ill  century.  He  is  considered  to  be 
the  principal  of  the  nin<.-  poets  wl, 
th:'  title  of  the  .Ni'u-  Pearb,  II  s  drama 
of  Sacontala  has  been  translated  by  Sir 
William  Jones.  Other  works  of  his  are 
l-xta-it. 

C  \LICi  LA,  CAM-  called 

from  his  wearing  tin-  cali^a,  was  a  Roman 
emperor,  the  son  of  ( Jermanicus  and  AITI  ip- 
pina;  succeeded  Tiberius,  A.  I>.  .'57 ;  and 
.:ui-  months  rei_>  led  worthilv.  He 
50011,  however.  ^.,ve  way  to  all  kinds  of 
debauchery,  cruelty,  and  tyranny;  acted 
on  many  occasions  as  if  insane;  and  was 
at  last  assassinated,  after  a  reigu  of  three 

ml  ten  months. 

CALlI'IMS.a  Creek  astronomer  and 
mathematician,  a  native  of  Cyzicus,  who 
flourished  about  3£0  years  E.  c.,  is  the  in- 
ventor of  a  new  cycle  of  seventy-six  years, 
tin-  Calippic  period,  formed  to  rem- 
edv  the  incorrectness  of  the  cycle  invented 
oy  .Melon. 

CALIXTUS,     GF.ORGE,    a    Lutheran 


theologian,  was  born,  in  1386,  at  .Medel- 
bni,  in  Holstein ;  became  professor  of 
divinity  at  Helmstadt;  and  bore  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  conference  at  Thorn,  which 

was  convoked  in  1645.  Calixtus  strove, 
with  all  his  eloquence  and  zeal,  to  bring 
about  a  union  between  the  Lutherans  and 
the  other  protestant  sects;  but  his  well 
intended  efforts  were  repaid  only  by  re- 
proach and  calumny  from  all  parties.  The 
few  who  espoused  his  opinions  were  called 
Syncretists  and  Calixtins;  and,  as  well  as 
their  leader,  were  considered  as  little  if  at 
all  better  than  heretics.  Bossuct,  how- 
denominates  him  "  the  most  able 
Lutheran  of  our  times,  and  the  one  who 
ha-  written  the  most  learnedly  against  us." 
Calixtus.  died  in  ](>o6.  His  theological 
vroiks  are  nnmei 

CALLCOTT.  JOHN   W.M.T,,  Doctor  of 

Minic,  was  born    at   Kensington,  in    1766. 

He  was  intended    for    the    medical   profes- 

«ion;    but,  having  led    by   wit- 

an  operat  ion,  he  turned  his  attention 

\  t    the:    same-  time    he  acquired 

ide-rable  knowleii.  al   and 

oriental  literature.     lie  as.-isted  Dr.  Arnold 

in  forming  the   G!ee  Club;     in  which  club, 

and    in    the    .\ol  I  h    Club,  of 

which  member,   he 

obtained    numereiu-    pri/.ei.       He    died     i:i 

•  M  in  a  melaii 


CAL 

I  intellect.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
Musical  Grammar.  The  most  celebrated 
of  his  admirable  cat  .  and  canon* 

have   been    published,    in    two   Volumes,  by 
his  son  in  law  Mr.  lior.-lev. 

CALLICRATI  k    architect, 

who  lived  at    Athens    in    the    ei-lilv -fourth 
Olympiad,  was,  in   conjunction    will)    li  li- 
nns, the  arti.-t  wh  .  the  famous 
Parthenon,    of    which    the;    se-ulptun 
decorations  were  the  work  of  1'lii.i: 

CAI.LI.MAC1MS,  a  native  of  Corinth, 
flourished  about  the  year  u.  c.  540 

an   architect,   sculptor, 

and  painter.  To  him  is  ascribrd  the  in- 
vention of  the  Corinthian  order;  lh 
of  which  is  said  to  have  been  suggested  to 
him  by  see-in^  the  foliage  of  an  acanthus 
encircling  a  basket,  on  the  top  of  which 
i  ile-. 

CAI.LIMACm   S,  a  Cre-ek  poet,  a  na- 
tive of  Cv  rene,  flourished  at   Alexandria, 
in  the  time  of  Ptolemy  Philadelphia.      He 
wrote    many  works,  but   only   his   Hymns, 
which    have    twice     been     translated    into 
Kuglish,  are-  extant.      Apedlonins    Ivhoelius 
was  his  pupil,  and  having  acted    u 
fully    towards    him,   Callimaclms    a 
himself  by  a    satirical    poem,    which    was 
entitled  Ibis. 

CALLLMCUS,  an  architect*,  was  born 
at  lleliopolis,  in  Egypt,  in  the;  seventh 
'•en'ury,  and  discovered  the  Greek  lire, 
which  was  so  long  one  of  the  most  effective 
defences  of  the  eastern  empire.  With  this 
powerful  means  of  attack,  he  destroyed 
the  whole  of  the  Saracen  fleet  off  Cy- 
/.icns. 

CALLL\US,orCALLINOUS,aGreek 
poet  and  orator,  a  native  of  Ephesns, 
flourished  in  the  eighth  century  u.  c.  The 
invention  of  elegiac  pen-try  is  attributed  to 
him.  A  few  fragments,  preserved  in 
Brnnck's  Analecta,  are  all  that  time  has 
spared  of  his  works. 

CALLLSTHFNES,  a  Greek  philoso- 
pher and  historian,  who,  recommended  by 
his  friend  and  master  Aristotle,  accompa- 
nied Alexander  on  his  cxpcelitin-,.. 
honest  to  (latter,  he  re-fused  to  pa\  divine 
honours  to  the-  monarch.  For  thi,-."  lie  wad 

!  of  conspiracy,  mutilated,  ani 
j.endeel  in  an    iion   cage,    till    Lvsimaclmsj 
in  pity,  ga\e    him    poison   to  end    li 
meats,  i;.  c.  ;',2s.     None  of  his  works  are 
extant. 

CALL(  >T..I.\M1. -,  an  fvim 
born  at  Nancy,  in   Lorraine,   in   15!>3,  was 
taught   drawing    at  Koine   by    I'ari^i,    and 
engraving  by  Thomassin.     On  the  artist's 
return  to    Lonaine,  the-   duke    became   his 
patrr  n,  and    yave    him   a  pension.      In  this 
happv   situation,  ('allot  woike.d  with   inele- 
fatigable  ardour,  and  exee  nte-d  no  1. 
one  thousand  six    lumdreel    plates.     When 
.  conquered  Lorraine,  he  wislied 


CAL 

*/>  employ  Caflot  to  perpetuate  his  triumph ; 
out  the  artist  nobly  replied,  "  I  will  sooner 
cut  off  my  thumb  than  do  any  thing  derog- 
atory to  the  honour  of  my  prince  and  my 
country."  He  died  in  1635.  The  en- 
gravings of  Callot  are  remarkable  for  spirit, 
and  his  drawings  are  even  more  so. 

CALMET,  AUGUSTINE,  an  erudite 
divine  and  critic,  and  a  monk  of  the  Bene- 
dictine order,  was  born  near  Commercy, 
in  Lorraine,  in  1672;  became  abbot  of 
St.  Leopold  near  Nancy,  and,  afterwards, 
ofSenones;  and  died  in  1757.  Calmet  is 
n  voluminous  author,  and  his  works  abound 
in  information,  but  they  are  exceedingly 
prolix,  and  written  in  an  ungraceful  style. 
The  most  popular  of  his  numerous  pro- 
ductions is,  a  Commentary  on  the  Bible, 
in  twenty-six  volumes  quarto,  which,  in  a 
compressed  form,  has  been  naturalized  in 
the  English  and  other  languages. 

CALOGERA,  ANGELO,  a  learned  na- 
tive of  Padua,  and  a  Camaldulian  monk, 
was  born  in  1699,  and  commenced,  in  1729, 
an  Italian  scientific  and  philological  peri- 
odical, which  he  continued  to  the  extent 
of  nearly  sixty  volumes.  He  also  published 
eighteen  volumes  of  a  kind  of  review;  con- 
tributed to  the  Minerva;  and  translated 
Telemachus  into  Italian.  He  died  in  1768. 

CALONNE,  CHARLES  ALEXANDER 
DE,  a  French  minister  of  state,  was  born 
at  Douav,  in  1734;  was  brought  up  to  the 
bar,  and,  after  having  filled  several  im- 
portant offices,  was  raised,  in  1783,  to  be 
comptroller  general  of  the  finances.  The 
tinaiu-es,  however,  were  in  such  a  shattered 
state,  that  it  was  impossible  to  restore 
them.  In  order  to  obtain  the  means  of 
filling  up  the  deficiency,  Calonne  advised 
the  king  to  convoke  the  notables;  and  to 
that  body  he  proposed  measures  which 
would  have  obliged  the  privileged  orders 
to  bear  a  part  of  the  public  burthens. 
These  orders  were  immediately  in  arms 
against  him,  and,  in  1787,  they  "succeeded 
in  having  him  exiled  to  Lorraine.  He 
emigrated  in  1791 ;  and  for  four  years  his 
fortune  and  all  his  faculties  were  devoted 
to  the  supporting  of  the  royal  cause.  In 
1796,  however,  ne  retired  from  public  life, 
and  he  resided  in  England  till  1802,  when 
l-r  returned  to  France,  where  he  died,  in 
tlic  October  of  the  same  year.  Calonne 
was  an  elegant  and  animated  writer,  and 
produced  several  works,  the  most  remark- 
able of  which  is  an  octavo  volume,  on  the 
Present  and  Future  State  of  France.  His 
ta.ste  in  the  fine  arts  was  also  conspicuous. 

CALPRENEDE,  GAUTIER  DE  COS- 
TES,  Sieur  de  la,  one  of  the  gentlemen  of 
t\\f.  king  of  France's  bedchamber,  was  born 
at  Toulgon,  in  Perigord,  in  1612,  and  ob- 
tained high  favour  at  court  for  his  plea- 
wntry  and  talent.  He  was  killed,  in  1663, 
by  a  kick  from  a  horre.  Calprenede  wrote 
T 


CAL 


140 


tragedies  and  romances,  the  latter  of  whicK, 
though  prolix  beyond  measure,  and  full  of 
bad  taste,  were  in  that  age  universally 
read  and  admired.  His  Cleopatra  occu- 
pies twenty-three  octavo  volumes,  and  his 
Cassandra  ten.  The  whole  of  his  works 
are  now  completely  forgotten. 

CALPURNIUS,  or  CALPHURNIUS, 
TITUS  JULIUS,  a  pastoral  poet,  a  native 
of  Sicily,  is  supposed  to  have  been  born  in 
the  reign  of  Diocletian.  He  was  a  con- 
temporary of  Nemesianus,  to  whom  he 
dedicated  his  eleven  Eclogues,  seven  of 
which  are  extant. 

CALVERT,  GE OR G  E,  descended  from  a 
noble  family,  was  born  at  Kipling,  in  York- 
shire, 1585.  He  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
and  after  his  return  from  the  tour  of  En- 
rope,  he  became  secretary  to  Robert  Cecil. 
In  1605  he  attended  James  I.  on  his  visit 
to  the  university  of  Oxford,  and  was  there 
made  M.  A.,  and  afterwards  he  was  made 
clerk  to  the  privy  council,  was  knighted 
by  the  king  in  1617,  in  1619  made  secre- 
tary of  state,  and  the  next  year  honoured 
with  a  pension  of  JC. 1,000  out  of  the  cus- 
toms. He  was  created  Lord  Baltimore 
in  1625.  He  twice  visited  Newfoundland, 
where  the  king  had  granted  him  a  large 
tract  of  land,  out  abandoned  his  property 
in  this  part  for  the  neighbourhood  of  Vir- 
ginia,  when  Charles  I.  granted  him  a 
patent  for  Maryland.  He  died  at  London 
in  1632.  His  son,  who  inherited  his  en- 
terprising spirit,  planted  in  Maryland  a 
colony  of  about  two  hundred  families, 
which  bore  the  name  of  Baltimore. 

CALVERT,  FREDERIC,  Baron  of 
Baltimore,  and  proprietor  of  Maryland, 
succeeded  Charles,  lord  Baltimore,  in  1751. 
He  corresponded  with  Linnaeus,  was  a  man 
of  learning  and  talent,  and  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society.  He  published  a  Tour  in 
the  East,  and  a  volume  of  prose  and  poet- 
ical works,  entitled  Gaudia  Poetica,  La- 
Itina,  Anglica,  et  Gallica  lingua  Compoiita 
He  died  at  Naples  in  1771. 


CALVIN,  JOHN*,  one  of  the  apostle*  d 
the  reformation,  and  the  founder  of  tba 
1  sect  of  the  Calviniste,  was  born  at  Noyon, 
in  Picardy,  in  1509.  Hit  family  namt 


.46 


CAM 


was  Cauvin,  which  he  latinized  into  Cal- 
Yinus.  He  was  rirst  intended  for  the  church, 
and,  subsequently,  for  the  profession  of 
civil  law.  Having  embraced  the  princi- 
ples of  protestantism,  he  was  under  the 
necessity  of  quitting  France;  and  he  settled 
at  Basil,  where  lie  published  his  celebrated 
Institutions  of  the  Christian  Religion.  After 
having  visited  Italy,  he  was  returning  bv 
the  way  of  Geneva,  in  1536,  when  Farcl 
and  other  reformers  induced  him  to  take 
up  his  abode  in  that  city.  He  was  chosen 
one  of  the  ministers  of  the  gospel,  and  pro- 
fessor of  divinity.  A  dispute  with  the 
city  authorities  soon  compelled  him  to 
leave  Geneva,  and  he  withdrew  to  Stras- 
burg;  whence  he  was  recalled  in  15-11. 
From  the  time  of  his  recall,  he  possessed 
almost  absolute  power  at  Geneva;  and  he 
exerted  himself  vigorously  in  establishing 
the  presbyterian  form  of  church  govern- 
ment. He  died  in  1564.  The  most  re- 
markable of  his  tenets  is,  that  of  predes- 
tination to  eternal  happiness  or  misery  by 
the  absolute  decree  of  God!  Calvin  was  a 
learned  and  pious  man,  of  eminent  talents, 
but  of  an  arrogant  and  persecuting  spirit; 
and  his  conduct  to  Servetus,  whom  he 
brought  to  the  stake,  has  fixed  an  indelible 
•tain  upon  his  character.  The  theological 
and  'controversial  works  of  Calvin  form 
nine  volumes  folio. 

CALVO,  JOHN  SAUVKUR  DE,  known 

*  r  the  name  of  the  brave  Calvo,  was  born 

•  »  Barcelona,  in  1625;  entered  the  service 
of  Louis  XIV. ;   and  was  made  governor 
of  Mastrecht,  which    he  successfully    de- 
fended against  the  prince-  of  Orange.    When 
pressed  by  his  engineers  to  capitulate,  on 
the  ground  of  the    place    being  no   longer 
tenable,  he  replied,  "  Gentlemen,  I  know 
nothing  of  the  regular  mode  of  defending  a 
fortress;   all  I  know  is,  that  I  will  not  sur- 
render."      He    was    made    a     lieutenant 
general;    distinguished  himself  in   Catalo- 
nia in  1688  and  1689,   and  died  in  1690. 

CAMBACERES,  JOHN  JAMES  REGIS, 
one  of  those  individuals  whom  the  French 
revolution  raised  to  high  station,  was  born 
at  Montpellier,  in  1753,  and  brought  up  to 
the  law;  and,  in  1791,  wa«  appointed 
president  of  the  criminal  tribunal  of  the 
department  of  the  Herault.  As  a  member 
of  the  convention,  he  gave  a  modified  vote 
for  the  death  of  the  king;  bore  a  promi- 
nent part  in  all  judicial  questions  in  the 
committees;  and,  after  the  downfall  of 
Robespierre,  had  for  awhile  the  manage- 
ment of  foreign  affairs.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  council  of  five  hundred. 
Subsequently  he  was  minister  of  justice; 
and  was  next  chosen  by  Bonaparte  to  be 
second  consul.  When  Napoleon  became 
emperor,  he  created  him  areh-ehaiicellor, 
grand  officer  of  the  legion  of  hon-iur.  a 
prince,  aid  duke  of  Parma,  and  confided 


CAM 

l>  him  the  organization  of  the  judicial 
system.  He  joined  Napoleon  after  liia 
return  from  Elba;  was  banished  by  Louis, 
but  soon  recalled  ;  and  died  in  1824. 

CA.MKIASO,  LrcAS,  sometimes  incor 
rectly  called  Cangiangi,  an  eminent  painter, 
was  U>rn  at  Genoa,  in  1527;  was  em- 
ployed by  Pope  Gregory  XIII.  and  by 
Philip  II"  of  Spain;  and  died  in  1585. 
He  painted  with  great  rapidity,  and  equal- 
ly well  with  both  hands. 

CAMBRIDGE,  RICHARD  OWEN,  the 
son  of  an  opulent  Turkey  merchant  was  born 
at  London,  in  1717,  and  was  educated  at 
Eton  and  St.  John's  College,  Oxford.  He 
studied  the  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn:  but  his 
fortune  placed  him  above  the  necessity  of 
practising  Jt.  He  died  in  1802.  Cambridge 
is  the  author  of  the  Scribleriad,  a  poem  of 
great  merit;  a  History  of  the  War  on  the 
Coromandel  Coast ;  and  twenty-one  papers 
in  the  World.  "  You  look  very  serious, 
my  dear,"  said  his  wife  to  him  one  day. 
"  Well  I  may,"  replied  he,  "  for  I  am 
thinking  upon  the  next  world." 

CAM  DEN,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary and  historian,  was  born  in  London, 
in  1551,  and  educated  at  Christ's  Hospi- 
tal. St.  Paul's  School,  and  Oxford.  In 
1575,  he  was  appointed  second  master  of 
Westminster  School ;  in  1593,  head  mas- 
ter; and,  in  1597,  Clarencieux  king  at 
arms.  The  first  edition  of  his  Britannia, 
an  octavo  volume,  appeared  in  1586.  It 
was  subsequently  enlarged  to  a  quarto, 
from  information  which  he  had  obtained  by 
travelling  in  Wales  and  the  west  of  Eng- 
land. He  died,  November  the  9th,  1623. 
Among  his  other  works,  the  most  celebra- 
ted is,  the  Annals  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Camden  founded  a  professorship  of  history 
at  Oxford. 

CAMDEN.     See  PRATT. 

CAMERARIUS,  RODOLI-H  JAMES,  a 
physician  and  botanist,  was  born  at  Tu- 
bingen, in  Germany,  in  1665,  and  became 
professor  of  botany  and  medicine  in  his  na- 
tive place,  where  he  died  in  1721.  He 
was  one  of  the  earliest  assertors  of  the  ex- 
istence of  sexes  in  plants. — His  «on,  AL- 
EXANDER, who  was  born  in  1695,  and 
died  in  1736,  was  also  an  eminent  botanist. 

CAMILLUS,  MARCUS  FURIUS,  a  dis- 
tinguished Roman,  of  the  Furii  family, 
who  flourished  in  the  fourth  century  of 
Rome.  He  was  five  times  dictator,  and 
enjoyed  four  triumphs.  He  overcame  the 
Hernici,  Volsci,  Latini,  Etruscans,  and 
other  tribes,  and  compelled  Veii  to  surren- 
der. His  ungrateful  countrymen,  however, 
banished  him,  on  an  accusation  of  having 
embe/.'iU'd  some  of  the  spoils  of  Veii ;  but 
they  were  compelled  to  recall  him  to  make 
head  against  Bremuis.  He  died,  aged 
eighty,  n.  c.  .'U)5. 

•I OF.  \S,  I.oui- ,  the  mont  ce!rhr»t«d 


CAM 

of  the  Portuguese  poets,  a  man  who  may 
oc  considered  as  at  once  "  the  glory  and 
the  shame"  of  Portugal,  was  of  a  noble 
family,  and  was  born  at  Lisbon.  By  come, 
the  time  of  his  birth  is  fixed  in  1517;  by 
others,  about  1524.  His  education  he  re- 
ceived at  Coimbra.  By  his  poetical  tal- 
ent and  his  gallantries  he  soon  made  him- 
self conspicuous  at  court;  and  the  latter 
occasioned  his  exile  to  Santarem.  Weary 
of  inactivity,  he  served  as  a  volunteer  in 
the  fleet  which  was  sent  to  succour  Ceuta, 
and  in  this  service  he  lost  an  eye  by  a  mus- 
ket shot.  On  his  return  to  court,  he  found 
that  neither  his  courage  nor  his  genius 
could  procure  hi?  advancement;  and,  in 
disgust,  he  left  his  country,  in  1553,  and 
sailed  to  India.  In  the  East,  his  life  was 
chequered  by  numerous  adventures.  He 
bore  a  part  in  an  expedition  to  Cochin; 
made  a  voyage  to  the  Red  Sea ;  and  was 
banished  from  Goa  to  Macao,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  having  written  a  satire  on 
.he  viceroy's  maladministration.  At  Macao 
he  resided  for  five  years,  and  there  he  fin- 
ished the  Lusiad.  At  length,  he  was  re- 
called to  Goa;  but,  on  his  way  thither,  he 
was  shipwrecked  off  the  mouth  of  the  Me- 
con.  The  Lusiad  alone  he  saved, by  hold- 
ing it  above  the  waves  as  he  swam  ashore. 
New  persecutions  assailed  him  at  Goa. 
He  was  charged  with  malversation  at  Ma- 
cao, and  when  cleared  of  that  charge,  was 
arrested  for  debt.  As  soon  as  he  was  lib- 
p«Oicd,  he  accompanied  Pedro  dc  Barreto 
as  a  volunteer  to  Sofala.  But  he  now  be- 
gan to  languish  for  his  native  land;  and, 
accordingly,  in  1569,  he  returned  to  Lis- 
bon. The  Lusiad  came  forth  in  1572,  and 
was  universally  applauded.  The  laurel  of 
Caraoens  was,  however,  a  barren  one. 
King  Sebastian  accepted  the  dedication, 
but  rewarded  the  poet  with  such  a  contemp- 
tible pension  that  it  was  utterly  inadequate 
to  furnish  him  with  the  means  of  subsist- 
ence. Even  this  despicable  pittance  was 
withdrawn  by  the  inglorious  Henry,  who 
eucceeded  Sebastian;  and  Camoens  was 
reduced  to  exist  on  the  alms  which  were 
nightly  begged  for  him  in  the  streets,  by  a 
faithful  slave  whom  he  had  brought  from 
India.  Worn  out  by  poverty  and  sorrow, 
he  expired  in  an  almshouse,  in  1579;  for- 
tunate, at  least,  in  not  living  to  seethesub- 
jtion  of  his  country, 'which  so  speedily 
jwed  his  death.  A  splendid  monument 
was  erected  to  him  fifteen  years  after  his 
decease.  The  minor  poems  of  Camoens  are 
animated  and  harmonious.  It  is,  however, 
on  the  Lusiad  that  his  fame  principally  rests.  | 
In  spite  of  some  incongruities,  this  epic  will ' 
always  delight  the  lover  of  true  poetry. 
The  truth  and  spirit  of  its  descriptions, 
the  grandeur  of  some  of  its  personifications, 
and  the  melodv  of  its  verse,  mii?t  command 
.  With  rrsrx-ct  to  his  English  i 


CA-M  t47 

translators,  me  fate  of  Camoens  is  some* 
what  curious.  The  version  by  Fanshaw 
hardly  reaches  mediocrity.  Mickle  hai 
given  a  paraphrase — beautiful,  indeed,  but 
still  a  paraphrase — of  the  Lusiad ;  and  sev- 
eral of  the  smaller  poems  of  the  Portuguese 
bard  have  undergone  a  similar  transforma- 
tion under  the  hands  of  Lord  Strangford. 

CAMPANELLA,  THOMAS,  a  Domini- 
can monk,  born  at  Stillo,  in  Calabria,  in 
1568,  is  celebrated  for  his  talents  and  mis- 
fortunes. Having,  in  his  PhilosophiaSen- 
sibus  demonstrata,  published  at  Naples  in 
1591,  attacked  the  philosophy  of  Aristotle, 
he  became  an  object  of  inveterate  hatred  to 
all  the  Aristotelians.  An  old  professor, 
whom  he  had  overcome  in  a  dispute,  ac- 
cused him  of  magic,  and  he  was  compelled 
to  fly.  Returning,  however,  to  his  native 
country,  he  was  arrested  on  the  charge  of  in- 
tending to  make  himself  king  of  Calabria. 
He  was  seven  times  put  to  the  torture,  and 
was  imprisoned  for  twenty-seven  years. 
Pope  Urban  VIII.  at  length  obtained  his  re- 
lease, and  he  retired  into  France,  where  he 
was  pensioned  by  Louis  XIII.  He  died  at 
Paris,  in  1639.  His  works  are  numerous. 
Campanella  is  said  to  have  possessed  the 
extraordinary  power  of  abstracting  his  at- 
sention  from  bodily  suffering,  and  that  to 
such  a  degree,  as  to  be  able  to  endure  the 
rack  without  feeling  much  pain. 

CAMPBELL,  COLIN,  an  eminent  ar- 
chitect, who  flourished  early  in  the  last  cen- 
tury, built  various  edifices,  among  which 
was  Wanstead  House,  which  was  pulled 
down  a  few  years  since.  He  also  publish- 
ed, in  three  "folio  volumes,  in  1715,1717, 
and  1725,  Vitruvius  Britannicus,  a  collec- 
tion of  architectural  designs,  which  has 
since  been  completed  by  Gandon  and 
Wolfe. 

CAMPBELL,  the  Hon.  ARCHIBALD, 
of  the  Argyle  family,  a  nonjuror,  was  elec- 
ted bishop  of  Aberdeen,  in  1721;  resigned 
that  office  three  years  afterwards-;  and  died 
in  1744.  He  is  the  author  of  a  learned  and 
curious  work,  called  the  Doctrine  of  the 
Middle  State  between  Death  and  the  Res- 
urrection. 

CAMPBELL,  GEORGK,  a  learned 
Scotch  divine,  was  born  at  Aberdeen  in 
1709;  he  studied  at  Marischal  College;  and 
was  articled  to  an  attorney,  but  relinquish- 
ed law  for  divinity.  He  became  one  of  the 
ministers  of  his  native  city.  In  1759,  he 
was  appointed  principal  of  Marischal  Col- 
lege; and,  in  1771,  professor  of  divinity. 
The  professorship,  however,  he  resigned 
some  years  before  his  death,  anditceived  a 
pension  from  the  king.  He  di«  in  1796. 
His  Dissertation  on  Miracles;  Puilosophy 
of  Rhetoric;  Translation  of  the  Gospels; 
and  other  works,  are  deservedly  held  in 
hi'j;h  estimation. 

CAMPBELL,  JOHIS  D.  !>•»  »  muhifa- 


148 


CAM 


rioua  writer,  was  a  native  of  Edinburgh, 
horn  in  1709,  and  came  to  England  at  the 
age  of  five  years.  He  was  brought  up  to 
the  law,  but  relinquished  it  for  literature. 
His  first  work  was  the  Military  History  of 
Prince  Eugene  and  the  Duke  of  Marlbor- 
ough,  in  two  folio  volumes;  and  it  was  so 
successful,  that  he  was  thenceforth  con- 
stantly employed  by  the  booksellers.  Among 
his  numerous  works  <tre,  a  considerable 
part  of  the  Universal  History;  lour  vol- 
umes of  the  first  edition  of  tlic  Biographia 
Britannica;  the  Lives  of  the  Admirals; 
Ilermippus  Redivivus;  and  a  Political  Sur- 
vey of  Great  Britain.  A  pamphlet  which 
he  wrote,  in  defence  of  the  peace  of  Paris, 
was  rewarded  by  Lord  Bute  with  the  agen- 
cy of  the  colony  of  Georgia.  Campbell 
was  a  worthy  and  amiable  character;  he 
was  industrious,  extensively  informed,  and 
possessed  of  respectable  talent;  but  his 
judgment  is  sometimes  questionable,  and 
his  style  is  never  elegant. 

CAMPER,  PETER,  an  eminent  natur- 
alist and  physician,  born  at  Leyden,  in 
1722,  was  a  pupil  of  Boerhaave,  and  suc- 
cessively filled  professorships  of  the  medi- 
cal sciences  at  Franeker,  Amsterdam, 
and  Groningen.  Being  appointed  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  state,  he  removed  to 
the  Hague,  where  he  died  in  1789.  His 
principal  works  are,  Demonstrationum  An- 
atomico-pathologicarum,  two  volumes  fo- 
lio; a  Treatise  on  the  Difference  of  Human 
Features;  and  a  Dissertation  on  the  Vari- 
eties of  the  Human  Race.  His  writings 
have  been  collected  in  eight  octavo  vol- 
umes. 

CAMPISTRON,  JOHN  GUALBERT 
DE,  a  French  dramatist,  and  member  of 
the  Academy,  was  born  at  Toulouse,  in 
1656,  of  a  good  family,  and  was  so  fortu- 
nate as  to  enjoy  the  friendship  and  dramatic 
instruction  of  Racine,  who  also  introduced 
him  to  the  duke  of  VendJme.  Vendjme 
made  him  his  secretary,  obtained  for  him  an 
Italian  marquisate,  and  was  accompanied 
by  him  in  all  his  campaigns.  Carnpistron 
was  indolent,  and  especially  detested  letter 
writing.  "  He  is  answering  his  correspon- 
dents," paid  the  duke,  who,  one  day,  saw 
him  throw  into  the  fire  several  unopened 
epistles.  He  died,  of  apoplexy,  in  1723. 
His  dramas,  principally  tragic,  form  three 
volumes.  The  most  popular  of  his  tragedies 
were,  Virginia,  Andronicus,  Alcibiades, 
a<sd  Tiridates. 

CAMPOMANES,  PEDRO  RODRI- 
GUEZ, Count  de,  a  learned  and  enlightened 
•Spanish  statesman,  was  born  in  the  Astu- 
rias,  in  1710;  entered  the  council  of  Castile 
in  1765;  and,  in  1788,  became  minister  of 
state.  His  administration  was  beneficial 
to  his  country,  but  it  was  short ;  for  he  was 
deprived  of  all  his  offices  when  Florida 
Blanca  becwrae  prime  minister.  He  retired, 


CAIN' 

without  repining,  into  private  life,  and  died 
early  in  the  nineteenth  century.  His  works 
on  political  economy,  history,  antiquities, 
and  other  subjects  are  numerous.  He  also 
wrote  a  Complete  History  of  the  Spanish 
Marine,  which  remains  unpublished. 

CAMUS,  JOHN  PETEK,  a  French  pre- 
late,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1582,  and  was 
made  bishop  of  Belley  by  Henry  IV.  After 
having  held  his  see  for  twenty  years,  he 
resigned  it  to  live  in  retirement;  but  his 
virtues  and  piety  soon  occasioned  him  to  be 
drawn  from  his  retreat.  He  was  appointed 
vicar-general  to  the  archbishop  of  Rouen ; 
and,  subsequently,  bishop  of  Arras.  He 
died  in  his  seventieth  year,  when  on  the 
point  of  going  to  his  new  diocese.  His 
works,  which  are  said  to  amount  to  more 
than  two  hundred  volumes,  have  fallen  into 
oblivion.  Of  the  mendicant  monks  he  was 
a  determined  and  persevering  enemy,  and 
he  incessantly  attacked  them  with  the 
keenest  raillery  and  satire. 

CAMUS,  Cardinal  STEPHEN  LE,  born 
at  Paris,  in  1632,  was  in  his  youth  one  of 
the  most  dissipated  personages  of  the  Court ; 
but,  at  length,  he  gave  up  the  pursuit  of 
pleasure,  and,  in  1671,  was  appointed 
bishop  of  Grenoble.  In  his  new  character 
he  distinguished  himself  by  his  unaffected 
piety,  charity,  and  self  denial.  He  was, 
in  truth,  the  father  of  his  flock,  and  his 
memory  is  still  venerated  in  the  diocese. 
He  died,  at  Grenoble,  in  1707;  bequeath- 
ing his  property  to  the  poor.  He  is  the 
author  of  some  theological  works. 

CAMUS,  ARMAND  GASTON,  born  at 
Paris,  in  1740,  was  brought  up  to  the  law. 
He  was  one  of  the  deputies  from  Paris  to 
the  States  General  in  1789;  bore  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  labours  of  the  constituent 
assembly ;  and  was  elected  a  member  of  die 
convention,  in  which  capacity  he  voted  for 
the  death  of  the  king.  Camus  was  one  of 
the  conventional  commissioners,  whom  Du- 
nourier  put  into  the  hands  of  the  Austrians, 
when  they  came  to  arrest  him.  After  his 
liberation,  he  became  a  member  of  the 
:ouncil  of  five  hundred,  and  he  opposed  the 
establishment  of  the  consular  government. 
He  was,  nevertheless,  confirmed  by  Ilona- 
partc,  jn  his  office  of  archivist,  which  he  had 
held  for  some  years.  He  died  in  1804.  Ca 
mus  produced  many  woiks.  Among  them 
are,  the  Matrimonial  Code;  Tra\cls  in  the 
recently  united  Departments;  and  transla- 
tions of  Aristotle's  Animals  and  the  Manual 
of  Epictctup. 

CANALETTO,  CANALETTI,  or  CA- 
\ALI,  ANTHONY, a  Venetian  painter,  was 
born  at  Venice,  in  1697.  His  father  was  a 
scene  painter,  and  brought  him  up  to  that 
branch  of  the  arts.  After  having  studied  at 
Rome,  however,  Canaletto  dedicated  him- 
self to  landscape,  in  which  he  attained  a 
high  degree  of  excellence-  His  views  in 


CAN 

Venice  an  admirable  works.  lu  1746,  he 
visited  England,  and,  during-  a  residence 
of  two  years,  produced  many  fine  pictures. 
Camiletto  was  the  first  who  made  the  ca- 
mera obscura  useful  in  painting.  He  died 
in  1768. 

CANAN1,  or  CANNANI,  JOHN  BAP- 
TIST,  an  Italian  anatomist,  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  was  born  at  Ferrara,  in  the  uni- 
%-ersity  of  which  city  he  became  professor 
of  medicine  and  anatomy.  He  died  in 
1578.  The  discovery  of  the  valves  in  the 
veins  is  attributed  to  him.  He  is  tV>e 
author  of  a  scarce  book,  with  plates,  tne 
Description  of  the  Muscles. 

CANDIAC,  JOHN  Louis  DE  MONT- 
CALM  ,  a  child  of  wonderfully  precocious  tal- 
ents, was  a  brother  of  the  Marquis  de  Mont- 
calm,  who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Que- 
bec. He  was  born  in  1719,  and  died  of 
hydrocephalus,  in  1726;  but  in  the  brief 
•pace  of  seven  years  he  learned  French, 
Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  arithmetic,  herald- 
ry, geography,  and  much  of  fabulous,  and 
sacred  and  profane  history.  At  three  years 
old  he  read  French  and  Latin  fluently.  His 
extraordinary  acquirements  were  a  theme 
of  panegyric  to  many  literary  characters  of 
the  age. 

CANGE,  CHARLFS  DUFRESNE, 
Sieur  Du,  a  justly  celebrated  glossarist  and 
historian,  was  born  at  Amiens,  in  1610. 
After  having  been  at  the  bar  for  some  years, 
he  retired  from  it,  to  devote  himself  to  his 
historical  studies.  He  died  in  1688.  Du 
Cange  was  one  of  the  most  indefatigable 
of  writers.  Rocquefort  observes,  that  in 
the  productions  of  Du  Cange  are  combined 
the  qualities  of  a  consummate  historian,  an 
accurate  geographer,  a  profound  civilian, 
an  enlightened  genealogist,  and  a  learned 
antiquary,  thoroughly  versed  in  the  knowl- 
edge of  medals  and  inscriptions.  Among 
his  many  works  may  be  noticed,  a  History 
of  the  Empire  of  Constantinople,  fulio;  a 
Glossary  of  lower  Latinity,  3  vols.  folio; 
and  a  Glossary  of  the  Greek  Language  of 
the  Middle  Age,  2  vols.  folio.  He  also  left 
many  valuable  manuscripts. 


CANNING,  the  Right  Hon.  GCORGK, 
ocrn  in  London,  A-ptil  11,  1770,  VJUB  the 


149 

son  of  an  Irish  barrister,  who  was  a  man 
of  talent  and  a  poet,  but  who  died  in  such 
embarrassed  circumstances  that  he  left  his 
family  wholly  unprovided  for.  The  future 
prime  minister  was  placed  at  Eton  by  his 
father's  relations,  at  which  seminary  he 
distinguished  himself  as  a  classical  scholar, 
and  one  of  the  principal  authors  of  the  Mi- 
crocosm. From  Eton  he  removed  to  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  he  gained  several 
prizes;  after  which,  he  entered  himself  a 
member  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  intending  to  make 
the  law  his  profession.  The  exhortationi 
of  his  friend  Sheridan,  however,  induced 
him  to  relinquish  that  intention,  and  to  en- 
ter on  the  career  of  politics.  In  1793,  there- 
fore, he  obtained  a  seat  in  the  house  of 
commons,  as  member  for  Newport,  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight,  and  in  1796  he  was  appoint- 
ed under  secretary  of  state,  and  returned 
for  the  treasury  borough  of  Wendover.  In 
1798  he  contributed  some  brilliant  satirical 
pieces,  among  which  are  New  Morality, 
and  parodies  on  Darwin  and  Southey,  10 
the  Anti-Jacobin  weekly  paper.  In  1799, 
he  married  Miss  Scott,  the  sister  of  the 
duchess  of  Portland,  and  this  marriage  put 
him  in  possession  of  an  ample  fortune. 
He  resigned  with  Mr.  Pitt;  proved  a 
severe  scourge  to  the  Addington  adminis- 
tration; returned  again  to  office  with  Mr. 
Pitt,  as  treasurer  of  the  navy;  and  held 
that  situation  till  the  death  of  the  premier. 
After  having  been  once  more  in  opposition 
for  a  short  time,  he  again  formed  a  part  of 
the  ministry,  as  secretary  of  state  for  foreign 
affairs.  Btil,  in  1809,  the  Walcheren  ex- 
pedition produced  a  quarrel  between  him 
and  Lord  Castlereagh.  The  result  was  a 
duel,  in  which  he  was  severely,  wounded  in 
the  thigh,  and  his  resignation  of  the  secre- 
taryship. In  1812,  he  was  elected  one  of 
the  members  for  Liverpool,  and  was  subse- 
quently thrice  returned,  though  never  with- 
out a  strenuous  contest.  In.  1816,  he  was 
sent  ambassador  to  Lisbon,  and  on  his  re- 
turn, in  1818,  he  became  president  of  the 
board  of  coutroul;  but  he  relinquished  that 
place,  and  went  abroad,  in  order  to  avoid 
taking  part  in  the  proceedings  against  the 
queen.  He  was  appointed  governor  gen- 
eral of  India,  in  1822,  and  was  on  the  point 
of  embarking,  when  the  death  of  Lord  Lon- 
donderry opened  to  him  the  post  of  secre- 
tary for  foreign  afiairs.  This  he  held  ti  . 
the  sudden  illness  of  the  earl  of  Liverpoo. 
broke  up  the  cabinet,  when  he  was  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  prime  minister.  He  did 
not,  however,  long  retain  this  splendid 
prize  of  his  talents  and  exertions;  for, 
worn  out  by  mental  and  bodilv  toil,  he 
died  on  the  8th  of  August,  1827,  to  the 
deep  regret  of  the  majority  of  hi»  country- 
men, \vho  had  hailed  with  gratitude  and 
delight  the  energy  and  liberal  spirit  which 
ht  disi  layod  in  hip  Ky&tcin  of  government 


1»  CAN 

A*  an  oiator,  Canning  has  never  boeu  ex- 
celled for  finished  elegance,  classical  taste 
and  allusion?,  and  the  powers  of  wit,  sar- 
casm, and  satire.  His  writings  are  char- 
acterised by  the  same  qualities.  As  a 
•talesman,  especially  in  the  latter  period 
of  his  existence,  he'ranks  among  the  most 
distinguished  which  his  country  has  pro- 
duced. 

CANO,  jAME5,a  Portuguese  navigator, 
was  dispatched  to  the  East  Indies,  in  1484, 
by  King  John  of  Portugal;  discovered,  on 
his  passage,  the  kingdom  of  Congo;  and 
returned  to  give  an  account  of  his  dis- 
covery. He  was  sent  back,  on  an  embassy 
to  the  chiefs  of  the  newly  found  country, 
and  he  explored  the  coast  for  two  hundred 
leagues  beyond  the  Zaire.  He  died  about 
the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

CANO,  JOHN  SEBASTIAN  DEL,  a  na- 
tive of  Biscay,  born  at  Guetaria,  late  in 
the  fifteenth  century,  is  commemorated 
as  the  first  circumnavigator  of  the  glolxj. 
He  sailed  with  Magellan,  and,  after  the 
death  of  that  officer,  he  conducted  the  ex- 
pedition to  a  successful  end.  His  ship, 
the  Victory,  was  long  preserved  with  care 
by  the  Spaniards.  He  died  in  1526,  while 
on  a  voyage  to  the  South  Sea. 

CANO,  ALOXZO,  a  painter,  considered 
as  the  Michael  Angelo  of  Spain,  from 
his  excelling  in  painting,  sculpture,  and 
architecture,  was  born  at  Grenada,  in  j 
1600.  Architecture  he  learned  from  his  j 
father,  painting  from  Pacheco  and  Juan 
del  Castillo,  and  sculpture  he  acquired 
without  a  master.  Removing  to  Madrid, 
he  was  patronised  by  the  duke  of  Olivarez, 
and  appointed  king's  painter  and  archi- 
tect. His  .good  fortune  waa,  however,  soon 
clouded.  Being  suspected  of  having  mur- 
dered his  wife,  he  was  put  to  the  torture; 
his  right  arm  being  exempted,  in  consider- 
ation of  his  talent.  As  no  confession  could 
be  extorted  from  Iwm,  he  obtained  his  re- 
lease. He  now  entered  into  orders,  and 
was  admitted  one  of  the  chapter  of  Gre- 
nada ;  but  he  still  continued  in  the  sedulous 
practice  of  his  art.  He  died  in  1676. 
Many  of  his  pictures  are  in  the  churches 
of  Grenada  and  Malaga;  and  one  of  the  J 
finest  of  them,  a  weeping  Magdalen,  adonis 
•»  church  at  Madrid. 

CANOVA,  ANTONIO,  one  of  the  great- 
est of  modern  sculptors,  was  born,  in  1757, 
at  Passagno,  a  village  in  the  Venetian 
states.  The  first  indic.ation  of  his  talent 
he  is  said  to  have  given  when  he  was1 
twelve  years  old,  by  modelling  a  lion  in 
butter,  to  be  sent  up  to  the  table  of  Falieri, 
tire  seigneur  of  the  village.  Struck  with 
the  genius  that  .vas  llms  displayed,  Falieri 
took  hi:u  under  his  protection,  and  coin-, 
milted  him  to  the  tuition  of  Torretti.  At 
the  age  of  seventeen,  he  produced  his 
itatuc  of  Eundice.  On  lh«  death  of 


CAN 

Torretti,  CanoTa  commenced    eculptor  on 
his  own  account  at  Venice.     I'i   1779,  lie 


was  invited  to  Rome,  by  the  Venetian 
ambassador  to  the  pope,  and  there  Sir 
William  Hamilton  introduced  him  to  all 
his  friends.  The  pontiff  and  the  nobility 
also  vied  in  finding  occupation  for  him. 
Pius  VII.  knighted  him,  and  appointed 
him  inspector  general  of  the  fine  arts.  la 
1802,  at  the  desire  of  the  first  consul,  he 
visited  Paris,  was  received  with  respect, 
and  chosen  a  foreign  associate  of  the  In- 
stitute. When,  however,  he  next  went  to 
Paris,  in  1S15,  his  presence  excited  only 
feelings  of  anger  and  hatred.  He  then 
appeared  as  ambassador  from  the  pope,  to 
superintend  the  sending  back  to  Italy  its 
plundered  works  of  art.  Sarcasm  and 
witticisms  were  lavished  on  him;  and  it 
was  said  that  he  ought  to  be  called  the 
pope's  packer  instead  of  his  ambassador 
For  this,  however,  he  was  amply  indemni- 
fied by  his  reception  in  England,  where  he 
was  treated  as  a  brother  by  all  lovers  of 
art,  and  was  presented  with  a  brilliant 
snuff  box  by  the  prince  regent.  On  his 
return  to  Rome,  the  Academy  of  St.  Luke 
went  in  a  body  to  meet  him;  and  the  pope 
gave  him  a  pension  of  three  thousand 
crowns,  created  him  Marquis  of  Ischin, 
and  inscribed  his  name  in  the  Book  of  the 
Capitol.  The  pension  Canova  dedicated 
entirely  to  the  benefit  of  the  arts  and  art- 
ists. Nor  was  he  a  scanty  dispenser  i,f 
his  private  fortune.  He  established  pi  i/es, 
endowed  academies,  and  relieved  tlu>  a<jed 
and  unfortunate.  He  died  at  Venice, 
October  22,  1822.  Exquisite  grace  i.=  one 
of  the  most  distinguishing  characteristics  of 
Canova's  sculpture.  Among  hid  principal 
works  are,  several  sepulchral  monuments; 
and  statues  and  groups  of  Psyche,  Cupid 
and  Pysc.he,  Venus  and  Adonis,  a  repent- 
ai;t  ifagdalea,  Perseus,  Hebe,  the  Gracef, 
several  Venus.es,  and  a  crowned  Religion 
of  colossal  si/.e.  The  last  of  those  statues 
is  erected  in  a  church  built  by  Canova  af 
his  birthplace. 

('.\\TACUZENUS,  JOHN,  an  empe- 
ror of  the  east  in  the  fourteenth  century 
Ho  originally  held  one  of  the  highest  office* 


CAN 

§>f  the  court,  and  distinguished  himself  as 
a  statesman  and  a  warrior.  Andronicus 
III.  left  him  regent,  during  the  minority  of 
John  Paleologus;  but  he  was  persecuted 
by  the  empress  queen  and  her  party,  and 
was  ultimately  compelled,  by  the  nobles 
and  the  army,  to  assume  the  purple  in  self 
defence.  He  reigned  eight  years  in  con- 
junction with  John  Paleologns;  and  then, 
to  prevent  a  civil  war,  voluntarily  abdica- 
ted, and  retired  into  a  monastery,  where 
he  died  in  1410,  at  the  age  of  more  than 
a  hundred.  In  his  retreat,  he  wrote  vari- 
ous woiks,  among  which  are  a  Byzantine 
History,  from  1320  to  1357;  Four  Apolo- 
gies for  the  Christian  Religion;  and  Four 
Discourses  against  Mahometanism.  Can- 
tacuzenus  was  one  of  the  most  eminent 
characters  that  lived  during  the  decline  of 
the  eastern  empire. 

CANTEMIR,  DEMETRIUS,  son  of  the 
vaiwode  of  Moldavia,  was  born  at  Jassy, 
in  1673;  and,  after  having  in  tin  first  in- 
stance been  disappointed  by  a  rival,  was 
raised  to  the  government  of  the  princi- 
pality. With  the  hope  of  transmitting 
Moldavia  in  sovereignty  to  his  descend- 
ants, he  revolted  to  the  czar  Peter,  in 
1710;  and  wad  consequently  obliged  to 
take  refuge  in  Russia,  where  he  was  crea- 
ted a  prince.  He  died  in  1723.  Cantemir 
was  a  man  of  learning,  understood  eleven 
languages,  and  wrote  several  works.  His 
principal  production  is,  a  History  of  the 
Growth  and  Decay  of  the  Ottoman  Em- 
pire. 

CANTEMIR,  CONSTANTINE  DEME- 
TRIUS (or,  according  to  some  biographers, 
ANTIOCHUS),  the  youngest  son  of  Deme- 
trius, was  born  at  Constantinople,  in  1707; 
was  Russian  ambassador  at  the  courts  of 
England  and  France ;  and  died  at  Paris, 
in  1744.  Like  his  father,  he  was  highly 
informed  and  accomplished,  and  attached 
to  literary  pursuits.  He  produced  the 
Petreid,  a  poem,  Satires,  Odes,  Fables, 
and  other  poems,  in  Russian ;  and  trans- 
lations from  Anacrcon,  Horace,  Montes- 
quieu, Fontenelle,  and  Algarotti. 

CANTON,  JOHN,  a  native  of  Stroud, 
in  Gloucestershire,  born  in  1718,  was  the 
ton  of  a  cloth  weaver ;  devoted  his  leisure 
moments  to  mathematics;  and  first  mani- 
fested hi*  talent,  and  obtained  patronage, 
by  cutting  out  a  sundial  upon  stone  with 
a  common  knife.  He  was  sent  to  London, 
ind  articled  to  the  master  of  an  academy 
in  Spitul  Square,  of  whom  he  became  the 
partner,  and  ultimately  the  successor.  His 
experiments  on  the  Ley  den  phial  made 
him  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society,  and 
obtained  for  him  their  gold  medal!  His 
communications  to  the  Transactions  were 
many  and  iir.portant.  Among  them  is  a 
valuable  paper  on  the  making  of  artificial 
toafuets.  Lie  died  iu  1772. 


CAP 


161 


CAPr^L,  ARTHUR,  Lord,  the  son  of 
Sir  Henry  Capel,  was  elected  knight  of 
the  shire  for  Hertford,  in  1640,  and  at  first 
voted  with  the  reforming  party;  but,  find- 
ing that  they  were  going  farther  than  he 
deemed  proper,  he  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  king,  and  was  created  Lord  Capel. 
During  the  civil  war,  he  fought  for  Charles; 
and,  in  1649,  conjointly  with  Lucas  and 
Lisle,  he  gallantly  defended  Colchester 
against  Fairfax.  "  He  was  beheaded  the 
same  year.  He  is  the  author  of  Daily 
Observations,  or  Meditations;  and  of  some 
beautiful  verses,  written  while  he  was  >i 
the  Tower. 

CAPELL,  EDWARD,  a  dramatic  critic, 
was  born  in  1713,  at  Troston,  near  Bury, 
in  Suffolk;  obtained  the  office  of  deputy 
licenser  of  plavs ;  and  died  in  1781.  He 
published  an  edition  of  Shakspeare,  in  ten 
volumes;  the  notes  and  various  readings 
to  which,  were  given  to  the  world  after  hia 
decease.  He  also  edited  a  volume  of  an* 
cient  poetry,  under  the  title  of  Prolusions; 
and  adapted  Antony  and  Cleopatra  to  th« 
stage. 

CAPELLO,  BIANCA,  a  Venetian  lady, 
who,  after  marrying  a  person  of  inferior 
rank,  retired  to  Florence,  where  she  be- 
came the  mistress  of  Francis,  son  of  th« 
gr-and  duke  Cosmo.  After  the  death  of  ner 
husband,  she  artfully  prevailed  upon  her 
lover  to  marry  her,  and  she  was  formally 
recognized,  in  consequence  of  an  embassy 
to  the  Venetian  states,  as  a  true  daughter 
of  Venice.  Though  possessed  of  a  pow- 
erful mind,  and  much  energy  of  character, 
she  showed  herself  odious  and  tyrannical 
at  Florence,  so  that  her  memory  is  still 
held  there  in  abhorrence.  The  sudden 
death  of  her  husband  and  of  herself,  within 
a  few  days  of  each  other,  in  October, 
1587,  was  attributed  to  poison  administer- 
ed, it  is  said,  by  cardinal  Ferdinand,  their 
brother. 

C 4PM ANY,  DON  ANTONIO,  a  cele- 
brated Spanish  writer,  was  born  in  Cata- 
lonia, in  1754,  and  died  in  Andalusia,  ia 
1810.  He  is  the  author  of  several  esteemed 
works,  among  which  are,  the  Philosophy 
of  Eloquence,  Svo. ;  History  of  the  Ma- 
rine, Commerce,  and  Arts  of  Barcelona, 
4  vols.  4to. ;  and  Historical  and  Critical 
Theatre  of  Spanish  Eloquence,  5  vols.  4to. 

CAPO  D'ISTRIA,  JOHN,  Count  of, 
president  of  Greece,  the  son  of  a  physician 
of  Corfu,  was  born  in  1780,  and  studied 
medicine  at  Venice.  He  entered  into  the 
service  of  the  Russian  government,  and 
was  sent  as  ambassador  to  Vienna.  In 
1812  he  conducted  the  diplomatic  affairs 
of  the  army  of  the  Danube,  and  subse- 
quently of  the  whole  Russian  army,  under 
the  immediate  direction  of  the  emperor 
who  admitted  him  to  his  entire  confidence. 
Soon  afterward?.,  he  was  engaged  r.t  publu 


in  r.vn 

oegociutioo*  of  the  highest  importance, 
was  appointed  secretary  of  state  for  tne 
department  of  foreign  affaire,  and  received 
several  orders  of  nobility.  In  1813,  he 


CAI4 


Louis,  was  born  at  Bologna,  hi  1558,  and 
was  intended  to  be  a  goldsmith,  but  becnmt 
a  pupil  of  Louis  and  of  Fontana.  and  speed- 

ilv  proved  himself  an  admirable  painter 
i  f  _  .  i  .  1 1  _  j  •  _  •  i  .  ' . 


was  Russian  ambassador  to  Switzerland,    lie  also  excelled  in  engraving,  his  principal 
and    in  the  ensuing  year  he  was    present  i  master  in  which,  was  Cornelius  Cort.     Au- 

pustin  assisted  Annibal  in  the  Farnese 
Gallery,  but  the  jealousy  which  the  latter 
felt  of  his  brother's  talents  soon  produced 
a  separation.  He  died  in  1602. 

CARACCI, ANNIBAL,  a  brother  of  Au- 
girstin,  was  born  at  Bologna,  in  1560.  In 
early  life  he  worked  with  his  father,  who 
was  a  tailor;  but  he  was  taken  as  a  pupil 
by  his  cousin  Louis,  and  made  a  rapid 
progress.  His  reputation  induced  Cardinal 
Farnese  to  invite  him  to  Rome  to  paint  the 
gallery  of  the  Farnese  palace.  This  admi- 
rable work  cost  Annibal  the  labour  of  eight 
years,  and  his  mean  employer  rewarded 
him  with  the  beggarly  sum  of  five  hundred 


as  Russian  plenipotentiary  at  the  congress 
of  Vienna.  The  downfall  of  Napoleon 
recalled  him  to  the  head-quarters  nf 
the  allies  at  Paris,  where  he  subscribed 
the  treaty  of  November  20,  1815,  and 
returned  with  his  monarch  to  St.  Peters- 
burg. Here  be  for  some  years  look  an 
active  part  in  the  affairs  of  the  council  of 
state;  and  in  1819  visited  his  native  isl- 
and and  formed  a  connection  with  the  He- 
taria.  In  1822,  when  the  Russian  minister 
returned  from  Constantinople,  Count  D'ls- 
tria  left  the  Russian  service  and  retired  as 
a  private  man  to  Germany  and  Switzer- 
land, where  he  resided  till  1827,  when  he 


rgely 
char- 


•was   appointed  to  the  presidency   of  the  golden   crowns.     Vexation    at    being  thus 
Greek  republic.     In   this  station,  he    re-  treated,  threw  him  into  a  desponding  state, 
mained  till   his  assassination  in   October, 
1831. 

CAPRARA,  ALBERT,  a  Count  of  the 
Roman  empire,  and  nephew  of  the  cele- 
brated Piccolomini,  was  born  at  Bologna, 
in  1631,  and  died  in  1707.  He  served 
with  distinction  in  forty-four  campaigns; 
was  one  of  the  negociators  at  the  congress 
of  Nimeguen;  and  was  twice  Austrian 
ambassador  to  the  Porte.  Even  amidst 
the  din  of  arms,  he  found  time  for  literary 
pur**:ts.  He  translated  various  works 
from  the  Latin,  Spanish,  and  French ;  and 
wrote  some  miscellaneous  pieces. 

CARACALLA,  MARCUS  AURELIUS 
ANTONINDS,  a  Roman  emperor,  the  son 
of  Septimus  Sevefus,  was  born  at  Lyons, 
A.  D.  188;  and,  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother  Geta,  succeeded  his  father  in  the 
year  211.  He  was  a  monster  of  cruelty — 
stabbed  his  brother  in  their  mother's  arms ; 
slaughtered  thousands  of  the  Alexandrians 
for  having  offended  him  by  a  jest;  and 
committed  various  other  enormities;  but 
was  at  length  assassinated,  A.  D.  217. 

CARACCI,  Louis,  the  founder  of  the 
school  of  the  Caracci,  was  born  at  Bologna, 
in  1555,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Fontana  and 
Tintoretto.  On  his  first  initiation  into  the 


which,  aided  by  an  irregular  course  of  life, 
brought  him  to  the  grave,  in  1609.  He 
was  buried  by  the  side  of  Raphael.  Of  all 
the  Caracci,  Annibal  was  the  most  la 
endowed  with  genius.  In  his  private 
acter  he  was  the  least  an.iable  of  them. 
His  pupil  ANTHONY,  a  natural  son  of  Au- 
gustin,  born  at  Venice,  in  1583,  was  strong- 
ly attached  to  his  master,  and  was  a  painter 
of  high  talent.  One  of  his  most  celebrated 
productions  is  a  picture  of  the  Deluge.  He 
died  at  Rome,  in  1618. 

CARACCIOLI,  Loots  ANTHONY,  a 
native  of  Paris,  was  born  in  1721,  and 
died  in  the  French  capital,  in  1803.  Of 
his  many  works,  the  best  known  is,  Let- 
ters of  Clement  XIV.,  which  were  long 
believed  to  be  really  the  composition  of  that 
pontiff. 

CARACTACUS,  whose  real  name  was 
CAKADOG,  was  a  British  prince  of  the 
Silures,  who  for  a  while  resisted  the  Roman 
power,  but  was  at  length  defeated  by  O»- 
torius,  A.  D.  75.  Cartismundua,  queen  of 
the  Brigantes,  \vith  whom  he  had  sought  an 
asylum, 
was  sent  a 


treacherously  gave  him  up,  and  he 
a  prisoner  to  Rome.     His  firm  anc 


dignified    behaviour,    however,    produced 
such  an  effect  on  Claudius,  that  he  set  him 


art  of  painting,  he  made  so  little  progress:  at   liberty.     Mason  has  made  Caractacua 
that  his  teachers  despaired  of  him,  and  his  the  subject  of  a  drama. 


fellow    students    nicknamed    him    the  Ox. 


CARAMUEL     DE     LOBKOWITZ, 


He  soon,  however,  displayed  talents  of  the  JOHN,  a  Spanish  theologian,  was  born  at 
first  order,  and  though  envy  and  ignorance  Madrid,  in  1606,  and  studied  at  Salamanca 
carped  at  his  novel  style,  his  productions !  and  Alcala.  He  was  successively  abbot  of 
were  widely  sought  for  and  admired.  HeJMelrose  and  of  Disemburg,  and  bishop  of 
died,  at  his  native  place,  in  1619.  Louis  Missy,  Koningsgratz,  Campana,  and  Vige- 
Caracci  was  no  less  amiable  as  a  man  than  vano.  The  sword,  however,  Feems  to  have 
eminent  as  an  artist,  and  was  entirely  free  had  in  his  eves  at  least  equal  claims  with 
from  that  jealous  spirit  with  which  the  thu  crosier ;"  for  he  fought  in  the  Nether- 
character  of  men  of  genius  has  too  often  |  lands,  and  assisted  in  defending  Prague 
toeen  blemished.  'aw;iinst  the  Swedes.  He  died  in  lfrS2 

Arm* M  is,    a     eouain    of    Cnraniucl     wrot«     neaily     thre« 


CAR 

worki  on  H  variety  of  subject!.  It  was 
laid  of  him,  that  he  had  eight  parts  of 
genius,  five  of  eloquence,  and  only  two  of 
judgment. 

CARAUSIUS,  MARCUS  AURELIUS 
VALERIUS,  a  native  of  Belgic  Gaul,  born 
in  the  third  century,  was  entrusted  by 
Maximian  with  a  fleet  for  the  defence  of 
the  Armorican  and  British  coasts.  The 
emperor,  however,  became  jealous  of  his 
wealth,  and  meditated  his  death;  upon 
winch  Carausius  landed  in  Britain,  and, 
in  A.  D.  287,  assumed  the  imperial  title. 
The  Romans  were  obliged  to  acknowledge 
his  independence,  and  he  reigned  till  A.  D. 
293,  when  he  was  assassinated  by  Allectus, 
one  of  his  domestics. 

CARAVAGGIO,  MICHAEL  ANGELO 
AMERIGI  DE,  a  native  of  Caravaggio,  in 
the  Milanese,  the  son  of  a  mason,  was  born 
in  1569;  acquired  the  art  of  painting  with- 
out a  master;  and  rose  to  high  excellence. 
He  died  in  1609.  In  his  private  character 
Caravaggio  deserved  little  praise.  He  was 
quarrelsome,  envious,  and  unjust.  His 
paintings  are  true  to  nature,  and  striking 
in  effect,  but  are  deficient  in  grace  and 
dignity. 

CARDAN,  JEROM,  a  philosopher, 
mathematician,  and"  physician,  born  at  Pa- 
via,  in  1501,  was  the  illegitimate  son  of  a 
physician  and  civilian  of  Milan,  and  his 
mother  endeavoured  to  destroy  him  before 
his  entrance  into  the  world.  He  was  care- 
fully educated  by  his  father  at  Milan,  and 
completed  his  studies  at  Pavia.  His  medical 
skill  was  in  such  high  repute,  that  he  was 
invited  to  Scotland,  to  restore  to  health 
the  archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's.  He  visited 
London,  on  his  way  homeward,  and  was 
introduced  to  Edward  VI.  Cardan  pre- 
dicted length  of  days  to  the  young  sove- 
reign, who,  however,  died  in  the  following 
year.  This  was  not  the  only  occasion  on 
wh  ich  the  predictions  of  Card'un  were  falsi- 
fied ;  yet  he  obstinately  persisted  in  main- 
taining the  trutli  of  astrology.  He  died,  in 
1576,  at  Rome,  where  he  was  a  member  of 
the  college  of  phvsicians,  and  had  a  pension 
from  the  pope.  It  is  said  by  some,  that  he 
starved  himself,  in  order  that  he  miglit  not 
belie  his  astrological  calculation  relative  to 
the  period  of  his  own  death.  Cardan  was 
unfortunate  in  his  offspring;  both  of  his 
eons  having  proved  thoroughly  worthless, 
and  one  of  them  beiivg  a  murderer.  He 
was  himself,  even  from  his  own  showing, 
in  his  autobiography,  an  unamiable  and 
unprincipled  character.  He  has  absurdly 
been  accused  of  atheism,  but  he  wac,  in 
truth,  weakly  superstitious.  His  talents 
and  erudition  were  of  a  high  order.  In 
algebra  he  made  some  discoveries,  which 
have  indissolubly  connected  his  name  with 
that  science.  Ilia  works  form  ten  folio 
volume* 


CAR  1SS 

CARDON,  ANTHONY,  an  engraver, 
was  born  at  Brussels,  in  1772;  «ame  over 
to  England,  in  1792;  and  died,  in  London, 
in  1813.  Cardon  was  an  artist  of  much 
taste  and  talent.  His  Woman  taken  in 
Adultery,  after  Rubens,  and  his  Marriage 
of  Catherine  of  France  with  Henry  V.  are 
among  his  most  prominent  works. 

CARDONNE,  DENNIS  DOMINIC,  an 
eminent  orientalist,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1720,  and  at  nine  years  of  age  went  to 
Constantinople,  where  he  remained  twenty 
years,  and  acquired  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  oriental  languages,  customs,  and  man- 
ners. After  his  return  home,  he  became 
interpreting  secretary  to  the  king,  royal 
censor  and  librarian,  and  professor  of  the 
Persian  and  Turkish  languages  at  the  Royal 
College.  He  died  in  1783.  Cardonne 
published,  a  History  of  Africa  and  Spain 
under  the  Arabian  dominion;  and  Miscel- 
lanies of  Oriental  Literature;  and  contin- 
ued the  translation,  which  Galland  began, 
of  Ancient  Tales  and  Fables,  from  Bidpay. 

CAREW,  RICHARD,  an  antiquary,  was 
born  at  Anthony,  in  Cornwall,  in  1555, 
and  educated  at  Oxford  and  the  Temple. 
After  having  travelled,  he  settled  in  Corn- 
wall, and  was  high  sheriff  in  1596.  He 
died  in  1620.  He  translated  Tasso's  Jeru- 
salem and  Huarte's  Examination  of  Men's 
Wits;  but  is  principally  known  by  his 
Survey  of  Cornwall. 

CAREW,  THOMAS,  a  poet,  supposed 
to  have  been  born  in  1589,  was  educated 
at  Corpus  Christ!  College,  Oxford;  and, 
after  returning  from  his  travels,  was  ap- 
pointed a  gentleman  of  the  bedchamber, 
and  sewer  in  ordinary  to  Charles  I.  His 
early  life  was  dissipated ;  but  he  became 
thoroughly  reformed  before  his  death  in 
1639.  As  a  poet,  he  has  all  the  elegance 
of  Waller,  with  less  affectation,  and  pow- 
ers of  a  higher  order.  His  Masque,  inti- 
tled  Coeluin  Britannicuni,  contains  many 
fine  passages;  and  his  epitaph  on  Lady 
Mary  Villiers,  has  a  degree  of  simplicity 
and  "pathos  which  is  almost  unrivalled  in 
English  Epitaphs. 

CAREY,  HENRY,  Earl  of  Monmouth, 
was  born  in  1596;  educated  at  Exeter 
College,  Oxford;  and  died  in  1661.  In 
i  the  number  of  his  translations  he  rivalled 
i  the  untirable  Philemon  Holland.  He  trans- 
lated Bentivoglio's  United  Provinces ;  Boc- 
i  calini's  Parnassus  ;  Paruta's  Venice;  Bi- 
i  ondi's  Civil  Wars  of  England ;  and  several 
|  other  works ;  and  died  while  engaged  upon 
a  version  of  Priorato's  History  of  France. 

CAREY,  HENRY,  a  composer  and  poet, 
the  period  of  \rhose  birth  is  unknown, 
was  an  illegitimate  son  of  the  marquis  of 
Halifax.  His  poems  were  printed  by 
subscription  in  1737,  and  his  dramatic 
works  in  1743.  In  the  latter  year  he  put 
his  own  existence.  Of  his  dim 


CAR 


CAR 


mas,  Chro  .onhotonthologos,  the  Contrivan-  to  Constantinople;  visited  many  parts  of 
ces,  Thomas  and  Sally,  and  the  Dragon  of  the  Levant;  and,  at  his  return,  ob-aincd 
Wantlev,  are  br?t  known.  Of  his  musical  thv  rectory  of  Newcastle  upon  Tyne.  He 
compositions,  Sally  in  our  Allvy,  the  words  died  in  1804.  His  productions  are,  Spo 
of  which  are  also  his  own,  dosi-rvfdlv  OMi- 'cimcns  of  Arabian  Poetry;  Poems  sug- 
tinucs  popular.  Carry  way  an  ainiahh-  gcsted  by  scenes  in  Asia  Minor,  &c. ;  and 
man,  and  is  said  to  h.ive  l>een  the  projector !  a  Latin  translation  of  Jemaleddin's  Egyn 


of  the  Musical  Fund. — His  son,  GEORGE 
SAVILK,  gained  a  livelihood  by  his  lec- 
tures on  lu-ads,and  similar  entertainments; 


tian  Annals. 

CARMATH,    HAMDAX,   was,    in    tha 
ninth  century,  the   founder  of  an  Arabian 


wrote  some  farces;    and  died  in  1807.          |  sect,  which  was  hostile  to  Mahometanism; 
CAREY,  FELIX,  son  of  Dr.  William  I  and,  indeed,  to    the  existence   of  society 
Carey,  the  missionary,  was  born  in  1786;    itself.     He  taught  a  community  of  property 
assisted  his  father  in  his  pious  labours  in  |  and  of  women;  rejected  revelation,  prayer, 


Bengal ;  and  died  at  Serampore,  in  1822. 
Among  his  works  are,  a  Grammar  and 
Dictionary  of  the  Burman  Language;  a 
Pali  Grammar;  and  other  philological 
productions. 

CARINUS,  MARCUS  AURELIUS,  a 
Roman  emperor,  succeeded  his  father  Ca- 
ms, A.  D.  283,  conjointly  with  Numerian, 


fasting,  and  alms ;  and  allowed  free  scope 
to  the  exercise  of  the  worst  passions.  The 
time  and  mode  of  his  death  are  unknown- 
but  the  former  is  supposed  to  have  been 
about  A.  D.  900. 

CARMONTELLE,  M.,  a  French  wri- 
ter, born  at  Paris,  in  1717,  where  he  died 
in  1806,  is  the  author  of  various  works, 


his  brother.  Effeminate,  cruel,  and  coarse  [  but  is  celebrated  for  his  Dramatic  Proverbs, 
minded,  before  his  accession,  he  displayed  short  pieces,  which  have  great  comic  merit, 
his  vices  still  more  prominently  on  "the  Carmontelle  also  painted  with  the  same 
throne  While  engaged  in  a  contest  for  facility  that  he  wrote;  and  had  a  particu- 
empire  with  Diocletian,  he  was  assassinated  Jar  talent  for  drawing  transparencies,  which 
A  D.  285,  by  a  tribune,  whose  wife  he  had  contained  a  series  of  scenes,  and  were 
seduced.  |  from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  sixty 

CARISSIMI,    JAMES,    a    celebrated  feet  in  length. 

Italian  composer,  considered  as  the  re-j  CARNEADES,  a  celebrated  Greek 
former  of  music  in  Italy,  was  born  at ;  philosopher,  a  native  of  Cyrene,  supposed 
Venice,  in  1600.  He  was  chapel  master  to  have  been  born  about 'B.  c.  218,  was 
to  the  pope,  and  to  the  German  college  at  the  founder  of  the  third  or  new  Academy. 
Rome;  and  was  living  in  1672,  but  the  j  His  doctrine  was  a  mitigated  pynhonism. 
year  of  his  death^s  unknown.  His  Motets  >  The  Athenians  sent  him  to  Rome,  with 
and  Cantatas  are  much  esteemed;  par-  Diogenes  and  Critolaus,  to  obtain  the  re- 
ticularly  the  cantatas  of  Jeptha's  Sacrifice,  mission  of  a  fine;  during  which  embassy 
and  the  Judgment  of  Solomon.  Carneades  displayed  such  eloquence  in 

CARLE! ON,  Sir  GUY,  Earl  of  Dor-  maintaining  both  sides  of  a  question,  that 
Chester,  was  born,  in  1724,  at  Strabanejhe  captivated  the  people,  and  Cato  the 
in  Ireland;  distinguished  himself  at  the 'censor  induced  the  senate  to  send  back  the 
sieges  of  Quebec  and  the  Havannah;  was;  philosophers,  to  prevent  the  morals  of  the 
made  governor  of  Quebec  in  1772;  success-!  Roman  youth  from  being  injured.  He 
fully  defended  Canada  against  the  Amen-  died  at  the  age  of  ninety;  yet  had  inces- 
cans;  succeeded  Clinton,  in  1781,  as  com- >  pantly  complained  of  the  "brevity  of  life, 
mander  in  chief;  was,  in  1786,  created  a 
peer,  and  appointed  governor  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia, New  Brunswick,  and  Canada;  and 
died  in  1808. 

CA.RLI,  JOHN  RINALDO,  Count  de,  ani 
Italian    writer    on    political   economy  and  i 
antiquities,  was  born  at  Capo  d'Istria,  in! 
1720;    became  president  of  the  council  of' 
commerce  and  finance  at  Milan;    and  died 
in  1795.     His  excellent  Treatise  on  Italian 
Coinage  and  money  extends  to  six  volumes; 
and   his    American    Letters,    in   which  he 
refutes  Pauw,  form    three    volumes.     His 
Italian    Antiquities    are    in    five    volumes 
uuarto,  and  are  highly  esteemed. 

CARLYLE,  JOSEPH  DACRF.,  a  divine 
and  poet,  was  born  at  Carlisle,  in  1759, 
and  educated  at  Cambridge,  at  which  uni- 
versity he  became  Arabic  professor  in  1794. 
He  accompanied  Lord  Elgin  on  his  embassy 


CARNOT,  LAZARUS  NICHOLAS,  one 
of  the  most  prominent  actors  in  the  French 
revolution,  was  born  in  Burgundy,  in  1753; 
entered  the  engineer  corps  at  the  age  of 
eijjhtee  ;  tiid  uecame  *o  distinguished  fot 


CAR 


CAR 


155 


talent  that  Prince  Henry  Invited  him,  but  i  Nova,  in  the  March  of  Ancona.  After 
in  vain,  into  the  Prussian  service.  In  having  been  secretary  to  Prince  Pico  Louis 
1791.  the  department  of  the  Pas  de  Calais  Farnese,  and  to  cardinals  Ranuccio  and 
chose  him  one  of  its  representatives  to  the  Alexander  Farnese,  by  whom  he  was  liber- 
legislative  assembly;  by  which  assembly !  ally  rewarded,  he  died  in  1566.  Of  his 
he- was  nominated  a  member  of  the  military  works,  several  of  which  are  translations, 


committee.  In  both  capacities  he  was 
active,  and  his  principles  were  decidedly 
irpublican.  He  was  reelected  to  the  con- 
vention, and  voted  for  the  death  of  Louis 
XVI.  Of  the  too  celebrated  committee  of 
public  safety  he  was  a  member.  The  mili- 
tary operations  of  the  French  armies  were 
under  his  superintendence,  and,  though 
Napoleon  depreciates  his  abilities,  there 
can  be  little  doubt  that  the  plans  of  Carnot 
contributed  largely  to  the  triumph  of 
France.  When  the  directorial  govern- 
ment was  established,  he  was  chosen  one 
of  the  five  directors;  but,  in  September, 


the  principal  are  a  version  of  the  Eneid, 
in  blank  verse;  a  volume  of  Poems;  and  a 
comedy. 

CARPI,  HUGH  m,  a  designer  and  en- 
graver  on  wood,  born  at  Rome,  about  1486, 
was  one  of  the  first  who  introduced  into 
Italy  the  use  of  three  plates  to  produce  one 
print;  one  for  the  outline,  another  for  tho 
half-tints,  and  the  third  for  the  shadows. 
The  invention  itself  is  of  German  origin. 

CARPOCRATES,  a  heresiarch  of  the 
second  century,  was  a  native  of  Alexan- 
dria, and  lived  under  the  reign  of  Adriau 
He  believed  Jesus  Christ  to  have  been 


1797,  he  was  proscribed  with  his  colleague  |  merely  the  son  of  Joseph  and  Mary,  but 
Barthelemy,  and  nearly  seventy  members 
of  the  councils,  as  a  royalist,  and  he  took 
refuge  in  Germany,  to  avoid  transporta- 
tion. When  Bonaparte  became  first  con- 
tul,  he  recalled  him,  and  made  him  war 
minister;  an  office,  however,  which  Carnot 
retained  only  for  a  few  months.  Thoroughly 
republican  in  his  feelings,  he  saw  with  in- 
finite displeasure  the  strides  which  Bona- 
parte was  making  towards  the  throne; 
and,  as  a  member  of  the  tribunate,  he 
entered  his  protest  against  the  establish- 
ment of  the  imperial  government.  He 
lived  in  retirement,  and  in  somewhat  nar- 
row circumstances,  for  several  years  after 
the  accession  of  Napoleon,  but  at  length  a 
pension  was  given  to  him.  In  1813,  when 
the  star  of  the  French  emperor  was  on  the 
wane,  Carnot  came  forward  to  offer  his 
services  ;  he  was  entrusted  with  the  defence 
of  Antwerp;  and  he  amply  justified  the 
confidence  which  was  reposed  in  him. 
Disgusted  with  the  impolitic  conduct  of 
the  Bourbons,  he  drew  up,  early  in  1815, 
a  Memorial  to  the  King,  which  became 
public,  and  produced  an  extraordinary 
effect.  When  Napoleon  returned  from 
Elba,  he  appointed  him  minister  of  the 
home  department,  and  gave  him  the  title 
of  count ;  and,  after  the  downfall  of  the 
emperor,  Carnot  was  chosen  one  of  the 
eminent,  in  which  character 
to  prevent  a  sove- 


tcmporary  government, 
he  laboured  strenuously 
rtig.i  from  being   forced  upon  his  country 
allies.     He    was    exiled    in    1816, 


more  richly  endowed  by  the  Creator  than 
other  men.  He  is  also  accused  of  having 
denied  the  resurrection,  and  of  haviug 
taught  various  doctrines  subversive  of 
morality. 

CARR,  JOHN,  was  born  at  Muggles 
wick,  in  the  county  of  Durham,  in  1732: 
was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School;  be- 
came usher  and  subsequently  master  of 
Hertford  School ;  received  the  degree  of 
doctor  of  laws  from  Marischal  College; 
and  died  in  1807.  He  translated  Lucian, 
in  5  vols.  8vo. ;  and  wrote  some  poems. 

CARR,  Sir  JOHN,  a  native  of  Devon 
shire,  was  brought  up  to  the  law;  but 
seems  to  have  abandoned  his  profession,  to 
become  a  tourist.  His  first  work  was  the 
Stranger  in  France,  published  in  1808. 
It  was  succeeded  by  a  Tour  round  the 
Baltic;  and  that  was  followed  by  others 
in  Holland,  Ireland,  Scotland,  and  Spain. 
His  Stranger  in  Ireland  procured  for  him 
the  honour  of  knighthood,  and  drew  down 
upon  him  the  ridicule  of  an  unmerciful 
satirist,  for  whose  attack  the  knight  ab- 
surdly and  vainly  sought  redress  in  a  court 
of  justice.  He  died  about  1822.  Sir  John 
Carr  is  a  lively  but  superficial  writer. 
Besides  his  tours,  he  produced  some  very 
indifferent ,  poems. 

CARRE,  Louis,  a  French  geometri- 
cian, and  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sci- 
ences, was  the  son  of  a  husbandman  in  the 
province  of  Brie.  He  was  born  in  1663, 
and  died  in  1711.  From  Mallebranche, 


and  died  :u  Magdeburgh  in  August,  1823. 1  to  whom  he  was  an  amanuensis,  he  learned 

x'    A      :.i.  .1  ....i: i...  t...  j  K..I.I l.:~u A| ~_*! ir_     .  .,     rn—«~*! 


Notwithstanding  he  had  held  so  many  higl 
oluces,  he  lived  and  died  poor;  for  he  was 
ri»idiy  disinterested  and  incorrupt.  He  is 
.he  author  of  various  mathematical  and 
uilitary  works,  among  which  are  the  Geo- 
•netry  of  Position ;  and  a  volume  on  the 
Defence  of  Fortresses. 

CARO,  ANNIBAL,  a  distinguished  lite 


mathematics.  He  wrote  a  Treatise  on 
Music;  another,  on  the  Application  of  the 
Integral  Calculus;  and  various  papers  in 
the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
and  in  the  Journal  des  Savant.*. 

CARRIER,  JOUN  BAPTIST,  one  of  the 
mu«t  infamous  of  the  French  revolutionists, 
!x>rn  near  Aurillac,  in  1756,  and  wa* 


ary  Italian,   was  born,  in   1507,  at  Citta  au    obscure    buyer    when    tho   revolution 


1M 


CAR 


CAR 


commenced.  Being  elected  a  member  of  burgh.  la  ftivour  of  the  union,  and  of  ifce 
the  convention,  he  wa*  one  of  the  foremost  |  establishment  of  the  house  of  Hanover,  he 
in  all  sanguinary  measures.  He  declared  j  took  an  active  part.  He  died  in  1715 
that  one  third  of" the  inhabitants  of  France]  Carstares  was  an  honest,  enlightened,  and 
ought  to  be  got  rid  of.  He  was  sent  on  patriotic  man,  and  of  such  benevolent 
a  mission  into  Vendee;  and,  acting  up  to1  feelings,  that  he  delighted  in  succouring 
liis  infernal  system,  he  there  committed  even  those  who  professed  principles  dia- 


the  most  horrible  cruelties.  Thousands  of 
victims,  among  whom  were  great  numbers 
of  women  and  children,  were  drowned, 
shot,  or  beheaded.  After  the  fall  of  Ro- 
besp'rrre,  justice  overtook  Carrier,  and  he 
perished  on  the  scaffold  in  1795. 

CARRION,  EMANUEL  RAMIREZ  DE, 
a  learuid  Spaniard,  who  lived  towards  the 
latter  end  of  the  sixteenth  century,  was 
one  of  the  first  persons  who  undertook  to 
teach  the  deaf  and  dumb.  He  had  great 
•uccess.  Among  his  pupils  were  the  Mar- 
quis de  Priego  and  Don  Louis  de  Velasco. 


metrically  opposite  to  his  own.  Nor 
his  charity  the  child  of  ostentation;  for 
much  of  the  good  which  he  did  was  done 
by  stealth. 

('AUSTENS,  ASMUS  JACOB,  a  Danish 
painter,  was  born  at  Schleswick,  in  1754, 
and  was  the  son  of  a  miller.  At  the  age 
of  nine  years,  he  manifested  a  love  of 
drawing,  and  was  taught  the  rudiments  by 
his  mot'ier.  In  1783,  he  made  a  vain  at- 
tempt to  reach  the  papal  capital,  in  order 
to  study,  but  poverty  obliged  him  to  desist 
after  having  proceeded  to  Milan.  In  1792, 
however,  he  took  up  his  residence  at 
Rome,  and  he  died  there  in  1798.  Among 
his  best  works  are  his  Fall  of  the  Angel.s; 
Megapontum;  CEdipus;  and  Visit  of  the 
Argonauts  to  Chiron. 

CARTE,  THOMAS,  an  historian,  w.i* 
born  at  Dunsmoor,  in  Warwickshire,  in 
1686,  and  educated  at  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge;  and,  after  making  the  tour  of 
Europe  as  a  tutor,  he  took  orders ;  but  he 
subsequently  assumed  the  lay  habit,  in  con- 
sequence of  his  Jacobite  principles  not 
allowing  him  to  swear  allegiance  to  the 
house  of  Hanover.  He  was  secretary  to 
Bishop  Atterbury,  and  being  more  than 
once  suspected  of  taking  part  in  the  plots 
against  the  government,  he  was  compelled 
to  fly  to  France,  where  he  resided  for  sev- 
eral year*.  On  his  return  to  his  native 
country,  he  engaged  in  literary  pursuits. 
His  History  of  England  was,  at  the  outset, 
extensively  patronised;  but,  on  the  publi- 
cation of  the  first  volume,  many  of  the 
subscribers,  particularly  the  corpo'ration  of 
London,  withdrew  their  support;  he  hav- 
ing disgusted  them  by  inserting  a  silly 
story  of  a  man  being  cured  of  the  king's 
evil  by  the  touch  of  the  pretender.  De- 
fective in  style  and  many  historical  quali- 
I  ties,  and  disfigured  by  tory  prejudices,  hit 
in  Holland,  he  was  introduced  to  the  prince  work  is,  nevertheless,  valuable  for  the 


He  is  the  author  of  a  work  called  the 
Wonders  of  Nature. 

CARROLL,  JOHN,  first  Catholic  bishop 
of  the  United  States,  was  born  in  Mary- 
land, in  the  year  1734.  He  was  sent  at 
the  age  of  thirteen  to  the  College  of  St. 
Oliver's,  in  Flanders,  where  he  remained 
for  six  years,  when  he  was  transferred  to 
the  colleges  of  Liege  and  Bruges.  In 
1769  he  was  ordained  a  priest;  and  soon 
after  became  a  Jesuit.  He  returned  to 
America  in  1775,  and  when  the  Roman 
Catholic  clergy  in  the  United  States  re- 
quested from  the  pope  the  establishment  of 
a  hierarchy,  Mr.  Carroll  was  appointed 
vicar-general,  and  fixed  his  residence  at 
Baltimore.  In  1789  he  was  named  bishop, 
and  in  the  ensuing  year  was  consecrated 
in  England.  In  the  same  year  he  returned 
to  his  native  country,  and,  from  the  seat  of 
his  episcopal  see,  assumed  the  title  of 
Bishop  of  Baltimore.  A  few  years  before 
his  death  he  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of 
arch-bishop.  He  died  in  1815,  much  es- 
teemed and  regretted. 

CARSTARES,  WILLIAM,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  eminent  as  a  divine  and  a  politi- 
cian, was  born,  in  1649,  at  Cathcart,  near 
Glasgow,  and  completed  his  studies  at  the 
universities  of  London  and  Utrecht.  While 


of  Orange,  who  honoured  him  with  his 
confidence.  Af;er  hi*  return  to  England, 
he  became  connected  with  the  party  which 
strove  to  exclude  James  from  the  throne, 
and,  on  suspicion  of  being  one  of  the  Rye- 
house  conspirators,  he  was  put  to  the  tor- 


industrious    research     which    it    display 


Besides   his   History, 
to  1654,  he   wrote  a 


He   died    in    1754. 

vvhich   comes   do 

Life  of  James  Duke  of  Ormond,  and  othc-t 

works. 


CARTER,  ELI7.AKKTH,  a  female  of 
nshrinking;  exte;if-i\  t  learning,  was  the  (laughter  of  a 
went  back  rlrrpvman,  and  was  born  at  Deal,  in  Kent, 

She   was   educated 


firmness.     On  hi.-*  liberation,  hf  went 

to  Holland,  and  l>ecatne  one  of  the  priaee  December  16,  1717. 
of  Orange's  chaplains.  He  accompanied  ,  by  her  father,  and  acquired  the  Hebrew, 
William  to  England  in  1688;  was  appoint-l  Arabic,  Greek,  Latin,  Italian,  Portuguese, 
ed  king's  chaplain  for  Scotland;  and,  till  tliej  Spanish,  French,  and  German  language* 
leath  of  the.  monarch,  was  consulted  with  i  Before  she  was  seventeen,  many  of  her 


on  all  Scotch  affairs.     Queen  Anne  made]  poetical  attempts  appeared  in  the  Gentle- 
university  of  Edin-i  man's  Magazine, ana  were  higuly  anp.aua 


principal   of  the    uni 


OAR 

en  In  ner  twenty-second  year,  she  trans- 
ited Cronzas's  Remarks  on  the  Essay  on 
Man,  and  Algarotti's  Explanation  of  S>w- 
lon's  Philosophy  for  the  Ladies.  Her 
translation  oi  Epictetus  appeared  in  1758; 
and  a  volume  of  her  poems  in  1762.  Mrs. 
Carter  was  in  habits  of  friendship  with 
Johnson,  Dr.  Seeker,  the  carl  of  Bath, 
Mrs.  Montague,  and  nearly  all  the  eminent 
literary  characters  of  the  age;  and  had 
interviews  with  the  queen  and  other  mem- 
bers of  the  royal  family.  She  died  Febru- 
ary 19,  1806.  As  an  erudite  female  she 


CAR 


157 


persecuted  by  Wnitgift,Griuda.i,  and  AyW 
mer,  was  more  than  once  '.iiprisoned,  and 
was  compelled  to  reside  "broad  for  two 
years.  He  died  in  1C03  Besides  con- 
troversial t:  iirts,  he  wrote  a  Latin  Harmony 
of  the  Gospels;  a  Comn  cntary  on  the 


has  seldom  been  equalled;  as  a  poetess  she 


takes  no  lofty  flights,  but  is  pleasing  and 
elegant. 

CARTER,   NATHANIEL    H., 


born   in   Concord,   New  Hampshire,  and 


Proverbs ;   a    Confutation  of  the 
Testament;    and  other  work"-. 

CARTWRIGHT,  WILIMM,  a  dhine 
and  poet,  was  born,  in  1611,  i^ar  Tewks- 
bury,  in  Gloucestershire,  and  educated  at 
Westminster  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford. 
As  a  preacher  he  was  highly  popular;  and 
as  a  man  of  talents  and  a  poet,  h 


the    lavish    praise    of  many  of   h»r  emin- 
ent contemporaries.     Posterity,    however, 
was  though  not  denying  considerable  merit  to 


him,  has  not  ratified    the   lofty   panegyrics 


graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  1811.  j  bestowed  on  him  by  his  friends.  He  died 
In  1816  he  was  chosen  professor  of  Ian-! at  Oxford,  in  1643,  and  Charles  I.,  who 
guages  at  the  college  where  he  was  educa- 1  was  then  at  that  city,  wore  black  on  the 


ted,  and  was  subsequently  editor  of  the 
New  York  Statesman.  He  is  the  author 
of  a  few  occasional  poems,  and  of  Travels 
in  Europe,  in  two  vols.  8vo.  He  died  in 
Marseilles,  where  he  had  gone  on  account 
of  his  health,  in  January,  1880. 

CARTER,   JOHN,   an   architect,    anti-  navy  in  early  life,  and  was  present  at  the 
qmry,  and  draughtsman,  was  born  in  Pic- [taking    of    Cherbourg,  and  the  battle  be- 

Cor 


day  of  his  funeral.     He   is  the   author  of 
poems;    four  dramas;   and  a  sermon. 

CARTWRIGHT,  Major  JOHN,  a  na- 
tive of  Nottinghamshire,  distinguished  as 
a  steady  partisan  of  parliamentary  reform, 
was  born  'n  1740,  served  in  the  army  and 


radilly,  in  1747,  and  was  brought  up 
builder.  The  Sessions  House,  on  Clerk- 
enwcll  Green,  was  designed  by  him.  He 
died,  September  8,  1817.  Carter  was  an 
enthusiastic  admirer  of  Gothic  architec- 
ture, and  was  thoroughly  versed  in  all  its 
details.  Any  modern  artists  who  deviated 
from  its  true  principles  were  sure  to  en- 
counter his  severest  censure.  He  is  the 
author  of  Specimens  of  Ancient  Sculpture 
and  Painting  in  England,  2  vols.  folio; 
Ancient  Architecture  of  England,  folio; 
Views  in  England,  7  vols.  12mo. ;  and 


tween  Hawke  and  Conflans.  He  left  the 
sea  service  previously  to  1774,  and  became 
a  warm  advocate  for  the  American  colo- 
nists. About  this  time  he  obtained  a  ma- 
jor's commission  in  the  Notts  militia,  and 
he  held  it  for  seventeen  years  till  he  was 
superseded.  In  1780  he  joined  with  Dr. 
Jebb  and  Granvitle  Sharpe  in  establishing 
the  Society  for  Constitutional  Information. 
For  nearly  half  a  century  he  incessantly 
continued  his  exertions,  both  personally 
and  with  his  pen,  to  effect  a  reform  in  the 
house  of  commons.  In  1821,  he  was  tried 


Letters,    in    the    Gentleman's     Magazine,!  with    others,  for   a  conspiracy,  in    conse 

quence  of    his    having    attended  a  public 
meeting  at  Birmingham,  on  the  subject  of 


under  the  signature  of  an  Architect. 

CARTERET.     See  GRANVILLE. 
.     CARTIER,  JAMES,  a  French   naviga- 
tor of  the  sixteenth  century,  was  a  native 
of  St.  Maloes.     His    offer  to  explore  the 


the  Manchester  massacre.  He  was  sen- 
tenced to  pay  a  fine  of  one  hundred  pounds. 
He  died  September  the  23d,  1824.  Hia 


as  accepted  i  integrity    and 

by  Francis  I.,  who  entrusted  him  with  the !  acknowledged  by  all  parties.  He  is  the 
command  of  two  small  vessels,  each  of  j  author  of  the  A^gis  of  Britain;  the  Coin- 
about  sixty  tons  burthen.  With  these  monwealth  in  Danger;  and  various  other 
Cartier  sailed  in  April,  1584.  In  his  first  .works;  the  style  of  winch  is  not  such  us 
voyage  he  coasted  a  part  of  Labrador,  and  can  be  honestly  praised  by  a  reader  of  taste, 
discovered  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Laurence ;  |  CARTWRfGHT,  Ei> WA  K  u,  a  younger 
in  his  second,  in  1585,  he  penetrated  up  brother  of  Major  Cartwrigjit,  was  educated. 
the  river  as  far  as  where  Montreal  now  for  the  church,  and  obtained  preferment 
stands  He  was  dispatched  to  Canada  a;  His  reputation,  however,  is  derived  from 
third  time,  in  1640  The  date  of  his  death  i  his  poetical  and  mechanical  talent.  As  a 
is  uncertain.  poet,  he  is  honourably  known  by  his 

CARTWRIGHT,  THOMAS,  an  emi-  Armyne  and  Elvira,  and"  other  poems;  a* 
nent  divine,  was  born  in  Hertfordshire,' a  mechanician,  by  his  weaving  machine, 
about  1535,  and  was  educated  at  St.  John's  j  by  his  methods  of"  combing  wool,  and  ma- 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge  He  was  king  ropes,  and  by  various  agricultural 
freatly  admired  aa  a  preacher;  but,  being  improvements.  He  also  contributed  to 
•f  puritan  principles,  he  wa*  repeatedly  I  the  Monthly  Review.  He  died  in  1824. 


158 


OAR 


CARUS,MAXCDS  AuRELii-9,  *  Ro- 
man ""ern^ror,  the  successor  of  1'robus, 
was  born  at  N'arl>onne,  about  A.  I).  230. 
After  having  defeated  the  Sarmatians,  lie 
marched  against  the  Persians,  and  had 
made  himself  master  of  the  cities  of  Seleu- 
ria  nnd  Ctesiphon,  when  he  was  killed  by 
lightning,  in  the  latter  city,  A.  n.  2 

CARVER,  JONATHAN",  a  North  Amer- 
ican, born  in  Connecticut,  in  1732,  wad  a 
grandson  of  the  governor  of  that  provide. 
He  was  educated  for  the  medical  profes- 
sion, but  embraced  a  military  life,  and 
served  with  reputation  till  the  peace  of 
1763.  The  jears  1766,  1767,  and  1768, 
he  spent  in  exploring  the  interior  of  North 
America,  and  he  added  considerably  to 
our  knowledge  of  that  country.  Me  visited 
England,  in  1769,  hoping  for  the  patronage 
of  government,  but  he  was  disappointed. 
In  1778,  he  published  his  Travels,  while  in 
the  situation  of  clerk  of  a  lottery,  in 
Boston;  and,  subsequently,  a  Treatise  on 
the  Cultivation  of  Tobacco.  After  having 
long  contended  with  poverty,  he  died,  in 
1780,  of  disease  which  is  believed  to  have 
been  produced  by  want. 

CARVER,  JOHN,  the  first  governor  of 
the  colony  of  Plymouth,  New-England, 
was  a  native  of  England,  and  belonged  to 
the  church  of  Mr.  Robinson,  which  emigra- 
ted to  Leyden.  Having  obtained  a  patent 
from  the  Virginia  Company,  he  sailed 
from  Plymouth,  in  1620,  with  one  hundred 
emigrants,  and  striking  the  coast  of  Amer- 
ica in  the  vicinity  of  Cape  Cod,  he  landed 
and  commenced  the  settlement  of  New- 
England.  The  place  selected  for  this  pur- 
pose was  called  Plymouth,  and  Mr.  Carver 
was  chosen  first  governor  of  the  new  col- 
ony. He  died  in  the  April  of  the  next 
year. 

CARY.     See  FALKLAND. 

CARYL,  JOSEPH,  a  nonconformist 
divine,  born  at  London,  in  1602,  and  educa- 
ted at  Oxford,  was  an  active  minister,  and 
bore  some  part  in  political  affairs,  under 
the  commonwealth.  Being  ejected  from 
his  living  in  1662,  he  collected  a  congrega- 
tion, to  which  he  preached  till  his  decease, 
in  1673.  He  wrote  a  Commentary  on  Job, 
which  forms  twelve  quarto  or  two  large 
folio  volumes.  The  subject  and  the  enor- 
mous magnitude  of  it  have  afforded  to  the 
wits  an  abundant  source  of  ludicrous 
allusion. 

CARYSFORT,  JOHN  JOSHUA  PRO- 
BY,  Earl  of,  the  won  of  the  first  baron 
Carysfurt,  was  born  in  August,  1751  ;  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  I'rinity  C'olie^-, 
Cambridge;  obtained  an  Irish  earldom  i:i 
1789,  and  an  English  peerage  in  ItOl; 
held  various  state  employments,  among 
which  were  those  of  envoy  to  Berlin,  and 
ambassador  to  St.  Petersburgh  ;  and  died 
•»  the  7th  of  Ajril,  1823.  His  lord.-hip 


CAS 

'  was  a  man  of  taste,  talent,  and  learn  u.jr 
•  great  amenity  of  manners ;  and  a  trJiy 
benevolent  heart.  His  Poems  and  Dramas, 
2\cl-.  i^vo.,  contain  inanv  fine  passages 
lie  was  aUo  the  author  of' two  politica 
pamphlets 

('ASA,  JOHN  DELLA,  an  era  input  oia- 
'•t,  and  prelate,  was  born  at  Mugello, 
ne.ir  Florence,  in  1503,  and  is  hflieved  to 
h.i\e  studied  at  Bologna  and  Padua.  Being 
patronised  by  the  Cardinals  Fainese,  one 
of  whom  became  Pope  Paul  III.,  he  fillet] 
various  impoi  "unt  offices,  nnd  was  made 
arcnbishop  of  Benc-vento.  He  died  in 
1556.  His  best  works  are,  his  Galateo, 
or  Art  of  Living  in  the  World;  and  his 
Lvrical  Poems. 

VASAS,  BARTHOLOMEW  DE   LAS,  a 

|  Spanish   prelate,   of  a   noble   family,    .\as 

j  born  at  Seville,  in  1474,  and,  at  the  age  of 

nineteen,  visited   the   new    world   with   his 

I  father.     On   his   return   to   Spain  he  em- 

I  braced    the  ecclesiastical    profession,  thai 

i  he  might  act  as  a  missionary  in  the  wester* 

j  hemisphere.     Having  settled  in  St.  Dcmir>- 

I  go,  "  he  spent  his  days  there  in  preaching 

I  the  gospel   to  the  Indians,   and   humanity 

j  to  their  oppressors."     In  truth,  his  whole 

j  existence,  for  half  a  century,  was  devoted 

!  to  struggling  with  the  Spanish  tyrants,  and 

consoling  the  persecuted  natives.     Twelve 

times  he  crossed  the  ocean,  to  plead  at  the 

foot  of  the  Spanish  throne  the  cause  of  the 

wretched  Indians.     Lns  Casas  was  bishop 

of    Chiapa,    but   he    resigned    his    see    in 

1551,  and  returned  to  his  native  country, 

where  he  died,  at   Madrid,   in    1566.     It 

has  been  asserted  that  he  gave  rise  to  the 

horrible  traffic  in  African  slaves,  in  order 

to  save  the  American  Indians  from  slavery; 

but  this  calumny  is  refuted  by  Gregoire, 

and  by  passages  in  his  own  writings.     Of 

his  works,   which  form   five  quarto  parts, 

the  most  celebrated  is  his  Short  Narrative 

of  the  Destruction  of  the  Indies. 

CAS  AUBON,  Is  A  AC,  a  celebrated  critic 
and  calvinist  theologian,  was  born  at  Ge- 
neva, in  1559,  and  made  an  early  and 
extraordinary  progress  in  his  classical 
studies.  After  having  held  the  chair  of 
Greek  professor  at  Geneva  for  fourteen 
years,  he  removed  to  Montpcllier,  and 
thence  to  Paris,  where  Henry  IV.  appointed 
him  royal  librarian.  On  the  death  of 
Henry,  Casuubon  settled  in  England,  where 
James  I.  made  him  a  prel.end  of  West- 
minster and  Canteibury,  and  gave  him  it 
pension.  He  died  i  i  1614,  and  was  buried 
in  Westminster  Abl.ey.  His  liberality  ot 
feeling  induced  inanv  to  accuse  him  wrong- 
fidly  of  leaning  towards  popery.  He  puu 
li.-hcd  editions  cf  Strubo,  Polyanius,  Aris- 
totle, Theophrustutf,  Polvhius,  and  several 
other  ancient  authors;  and  produced  some 
original  works,  among  whirh  are  nearh 
one  thousand  tuo  hn:id.  r-d  letters. 


CAS 

CASAUBON,  MKRIC,  the  son  of  Isaac, 
WAS  born  at  Geneva,  in  1599;  he  studied 
at  Sedan,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 
obtained  a  prebend  of  Canterbury,  and 
two  livings,  from  which  lie  was  ejected 
during  trie  civil  war;  refused  a  liberal  gift, 
offered  by  Cromwell ;  was  restored  to  his 


CAS 


ISO 


the  fortifications  of  fort  Urbino,  and  tlie 
.senate  of  Bologna  placed  under  his  super- 
intendance  the  navigation  of  the  Po.  In 
1C69  Colbert  invited  him  to  France,  where 
he  intended  to  remain  only  six  years,  but 
he  was  ultimately  prevailed  upon  to  take 
up  his  permanent  residence  there.  lie  died 


is.  a  Treatise  on  En- 


livings  on  the  return  of  Charles  II.;   and 'in  1712,  having  been  blind  for  some  years. 

died  in  1671.     Meric  was  a  man  of  piety   Cassini    stands    high    as    an    astronomer. 

and  erudition.  He  produced  several  works,    Among  other  things,  he  solved  a  problem 

by  which  Kepler  had  been  foiled;  ascer- 
tained the  true  nature  of  comets ;  continued 
the  French  meridian  line;  made  valuable 
observations  on  the  sun,  Mars,  Venus,  and 
Jupiter;  and  discovered  the  zodiacal  light 
and  four  of  the  satellites  of  Saturn. 

CASSI.M,  JAMES,   born  at  Paris,  in 
1667,  succeeded  his  father  as  royal  astron- 


the  best  of  which 
thusiasm. 

CASLON,  WILLIAM,  a  celebrated  type 
founder,  was  born,  in  1692,  at  Hales  Owen, 
in  Shrop&hire,  and  served  his  apprentice- 
ship to  an  engraver  of  ornaments  on  gun 
barrels.  He  also  made  tools  for  book- 
binders; and  Bowyer,  the  printer,  was  so 


opposition  to  Newton,  that  the  form  of  the 
globe  is  an  oblate  spheroid.  This  gave 
rise  to  the  scientific  expeditions  for  rnea 


much  pleased  with  the  elegance  of  his  tools  jomer,  and  proved  himself  the  worthy  heir 
for  lettering,  that  he,  and  two  other  prin-jof  his  parent's  situation  and  abilities.  He 
ters,  encouraged  him  to  attempt  type  foun-  made  various  important  discoveries,  and 
ding.  Caslon  succeeded  so  admirably  in  proceeded  with  the  meridian  line  which  hi* 
this  art,  that  his  types  became  famous  all  father  had  continued.  He  died  in  1756. 
over  Europe,  and  he  acquired  a  handsome!  In  his  work  On  the  Magnitude  and  Figure 
fortune.  He  died  in  1766.  The  business  of  the  Earth,  he  erroneously  maintained,  in 
is  stiil  carried  on  by  his  descendants. 

CASSAS,  Louis  FRANCIS,  a  French 
paJ.-Jter  and    architect,   born    in    1756,    at 

A/ay  le  Feron,  a  pupil  of  Vien  and  the!  Hiring  a  degree  in  the  polar  circle  and  at 
younger  Lagrenee,  was  inspector  general  j  the  equator.  Among  his  other  productions 
and  professor  of  drawing  at  the  Gobelin  is,  Elements  of  Astronomy, 
manufactory.  He  explored  Istria,  Dal-  CASSIM  DETHURY,  C^CSAR  FRAN- 
matia,  Syria,  and  Palestine;  and  published  cis,  a  son  of  James,  was  born,  in  1714,  at 
the  result  of  his  observations  in  two  splen-  Paris,  and  died,  of  small  pox,  in  1784.  He 
did  works,  folio,  with  numerous  plates,  was  director  of  the  French  Observatory, 
under  the  titles  of  Picturesque  Travels  in  and  a  member  of  various  scientific  societies. 
Istria  and  Dalmatia,  and  Picturesque  Tra-  In  talent  he  proved  himself  no  degenerate 
vels  in  Phenicia  and  Palestine.  He  died  scion  of  his  race.  Even  when  he  was  only 
in  1S27  j  ten  years  old,  he  possessed  extensive  astro- 

CASSERIO.orCASSERIUS.Jui.iusJnomical  knowledge.  His  great  labour  ia 
an  eminent  anatomist,  was  born,  in  1545,  his  Map  of  France,  in  182  sheets,  which 
of  humble  parents,  at  Placentia,  in  Italy,  has  served  as  a  model  for  all  subsequent 
From  being  servant  to  Fabricius,  he  be-  j  works  of  the  same  kind.  He  is  also  the 
came  his  pupil  and  assistant,  and  eventu-  author  of  various  productions  on  astronom- 
ally,  in  1609,  his  coadjutor.  He  died  in '  ical  subjects,  or  connected  with  them. 
1616.  Casserio  made  the  most  generous  j  CASSIODORUS,  MARCUS  AURELI- 
exertions  to  advance  the  science  of  anat-  i  us,  a  statesman  and  historian  of  the  fifth 
omy.  Almost  all  that  he  gained  by  and  sixth  centuries,  was  born  at  Squillace, 
teaching,  he  expended  in  purchasing  sub-  in  Italy,  about  A.  l).  470,  was  minister  to 
jects  for  dissection,  and  in  paying  artists  .  Theodoric,  king  of  the  Goths,  and  preto- 
und  engravers  to  make  and  engrave  de-  rian  prefect  under  three  subsequent  sove- 
eigns.  He  is  the  author  of  De  Vocis  reigns.  Some  years  before  his  death,  he 
Auditusque  Organis;  and  of  other  valuable  retired  to  a  monastery,  where  he  died 
works.  ;  about  A.  D.  516.  Several  of  the  most 

CASSIIS7!,  JOHN  DOMINIC,  a  native  of  valuable  of  his  works  are  lost,  among 
Nice,  was  born  in  1625.  His  attention  which  is  a  history  of  the  Goths.  Such  of 
was  first  turned  to  the  study  of  the  heavenly  his  theological  and  other  works  as  have 
bodies  by  the  chance  perusal  of  a  work  on  escaped  the  ravages  of  time  form  two  fulio 
astrology,  anil  he  soon  became  so  consum-  volumes 

mate  an  astronomer  that,  at  the  age  of  j  CASSIUS  LONGINUS,  CAIUS,  one 
twenty-five,  he  was  chosen  to  fill  the  astro-  of  the  murderers  of  Ca?sar,  originally  dis- 
nomical  chair  in  the  university  of  Bologna,  tinguished  himself  in  the  Parthian  war, 
He  held  this  oilicc  fjr  many  years,  and,  when  he  was  quiestor  to  Crastms.  In  the 
while  at  Bologna,  traced  a  new  meridian  struggle  Itttwcen  Caesar  and  Pompey,  he 
line,  in  the  church  of  St.  Petronius.  The  espoused  the  cause  of  the  latter;  but  pub- 
pope  also  employed  him  as  injector  of  nutted  to  Ctc»ur  after  the  battle  of  phar- 


sion  from  the  citv,  but,  in  conjunct 
Beza,  heaped  upo 


lt»  CAS 

•alia,  and  was  kindly  received.  He,  how- 
ever, was  the  prime  mover  of  the  conspi- 
racy in  which  C;rsar  perished.  He  slew 
himself  at  I'hilippi,  R.  c.  42,  in  consequence 
of  believing  the  battle  to  be  irrecoverably 
lost. 

CASTALION,  SKB  \STIAN,  whoso 
family  name  was  Chateillon,  \\as  born  in 
Dauphinc,  in  1513.  In  1530  lie  went  to 
Geneva,  where,  through  the  friendship  of 
Calvin,  he  obtained  the  professorship  of 
languages  in  the  college.  Castalion,  how- 
ever, was  of  a  tolerant  spirit,  and,  besides, 
demurred  to  some  of  the  doctrines  of  his 
friend.  The  ire  of  Calvin  was  roused  by 
this,  and  he  not  only  procured  hi*  expul- 
vi  conjunction  with 
the  most  calumni- 
ous accusations.  Castalion  retired  to  Basil, 
where  he  died  poor,  in  1563.  He  is  best 
known  by  his  translations  of  the  Bible. 
The  Latin  version  is  not  always  accurate, 
and  violates  the  dignified  simplicity  of  the 
original  by  an  affectation  of  fastidious 
elegance.  "The  French  version,  on  the 
contrary,  has  the  opposite  defect  of  coarse- 
ness; so  that  Henry  Stephens  described  it 
as  being  composed  in  the  jargon  of  beggars. 

CASTANHEDA,  FERNANDO  LOPKZ, 
a  Portuguese  historian,  was  born  early  in 
the  sixteenth  century;  went,  when  young. 
to  India  with  his  father,  who  was  a  judge; 
and,  on  his  return  to  Portugal,  devoted 
the  remainder  of  his  life  to  composing  a 
History  of  the  Discovery  and  Conquest  of 
India  by  the  Portuguese.  Though  prolix 
and  faulty  in  style,  his  work  is  valuable 
for  his  faithful  adherence  to  fact. 

('ASTEL,  Louis  BF.RTRAND, a  Jesuit 
eminent  as  a  mathematician  and  philoso- 
uher,  was  born  at  Montpellier,  in  1668 
and  settled  at  Paris,  in  1720,  where  he 
published  several  scientific  woiks.  Of 
these  the  principal  are,  A  Treatise  on 


CASTl,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  an  Italki  re**, 
born  in  1721,  at  Montefia«i*one,  iti  Ui€ 
Papal  territory.  After  having  been  pro- 
tV>s:ir  of  Greek  a -d  Latin  at  hi?  \sli\e 
l:i.-e,  he  obtained  a  cutumry  in  the  cathe- 
Iral  of  HonteflMCOne.  Beiiij*  fond  ot  trav- 
Iliiijj,  he  visited  several  f>roig!i  countries. 
\t  the  death  of  Mctastasio,  Casti  was  ap- 
lointed  imperial  poet  lam  cat;  ln:t  he  re- 
igned this  office  on  the  decease  of  Joseph 
II.  In  1798  lie  settled  at  Paris,  and  he 
lied  there  in  February,  1803.  To  the 
atest  period  of  life  hr  retained  all  the  viva 
-ity  of  youth.  He  is  the  author  of  numerous 
Pales  and  minor  poems;  a  Satire  upon  the 
Russian  Court ;  and  three  burlesque  operas ; 
">ut  his  great  work  is,  The  Speaking  Ani 
mals,  a  satirical  poem  in  26  cantos;  a  part 
)f  which  has  been  imitated  by  Mr.  Stewan 
Rose.  Though  not  always  decorous  hu 
poetry  is  full  of  wit,  gaiety,  and  elegance. 

CASTIGLIONE,  BALTHASAR,  an 
Italian  statesman  and  writer,  was  born  of 
a  noble  family,  in  1468,  at  Casatico,  r^ai 
Mantua.  In  early  youth  he  serve*,  the 
duke  of  Milan,  and  subsequently  was  em- 
ployed on  important  embassies  by  the  duk« 
>f  Urbtfto,  Leo  X.,  and  Clement  VII. 
Charles  V.  nominated  him  bishop  of  Avila, 
but  he  did  not  long  enjoy  this  dignity  lie 
died  at  Toledo  in  1529.  Of  his  works, 
The  Courtier,  which  the  Italians  call  "  tha 
golden  book,"  is  the  principal;  it  ha» 
been  often  reprinted,  as  have  also  hii 
Poem?. 

CASTILLO,  BKRNAL  DIAZ  DEL,  a 
native  of  Medina  del  Campo, born  towardi 
the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century,  was  on€ 
of  the  adventurers  who  accompanied  Cor- 


Universal  Gravity;    and   another 


Uni- 


al  Mathematics.  Castel  was  the  in- 
ventor of  an  instrument  called  the  Ocular 
Harpsichord;  intended  to  afteot  the  eye 
l)v  colours  in  the  same  manner  that  the  ear 
is  affected  by  sounds.  He  died  in  1757. 

CASTELL,    EDMUND,    a   divine    am 
lexicographer,    was    born     at    Hatley,    it 

as  edu- 


tes   to    Mexico.     After    the    conquest,    he 
that    country,    where    he    died 


settled 


about  1560.  His  History  of  the  Expedi- 
tion of  Cortes  is  written  in  an  unpolished 
style,  but  is  highly  interesting,  from  the 
minute  and  vivid  pictures  which  it  pre- 
sents of  the  difficulties  and  the  daring 
spirit  of  the  Spanish  invaders.  It  has 
been  translated  into  English  by  Keating. 
CASTILLO  Y  SAAVEDRA,  ANTHO- 
NY,  an  eminent  Spanish  painter,  the  sou 
of  a  painter,  was  born  at  Cordova,  in  1603; 
in  the  cathedral  and  churches  of  which  art 
many  of  his  bost  pieces. 


Cambridgeshire,  in  1G06,  and  was  cdu-  many  of  his  best  pieces.  He  studied  undei 
cated  at  Kmaimel  and  St.  John's  C.. Ilexes,  his  father  and  Ziubaran.  The  cause  of  hit 
While  at  the  university,  he  compiled  his  j  death  is  singular.  In  1666,  he  returned  tc 
Dictionary  of  Seven  Language**,  on  \\hich  Seville,  where  he  had  been  educated. 
he  Ijestowed  the  labour  of  seventeen  years.  Some  pictures  by  Murillo  were  there  shown 
TLe  publication  of  it  ruined  him.  He  was, '  him.  It  was  the  first  time  he  had  beheld 
however,  rescued  from  povert\ ,  In •  bei:ig  the  works  of  that  great  painter.  He  looked 
appointed  king's  chaplain  and  Arabic  pro-  at  them  with  astonishment:  at  length,  he 


fessnr  at  Cambridge,  to  which  was  after- 
wards added  a  prebend  of  Canterbury  and 
some  livings.  He  died  in  1685,  rector  of 
Higham  Gobion,  in  Bedfordshire.  Dr. 
Walton  was  assisted  by  him  in  the  Polyglot 
Bible. 


exclaimed,  with  a  sigh,  "  Castillo  is  no 
more!"  He  died  of  grief  in  less  than  a 
vear.  It  was  not  envy  that  thus  consumed 
him — for  he  was  a  liberal  and  amiable 
man — but  an  overpowering  feeling  of  hu- 
miliation at  his  inferiority,  and  of  regret 


CAT 

fflftt,  at  his  age,  he  could  not  hope  to  attain 
perfection  in  his  art. 

CASTRO,  JOHK  tK,  a  celebrated  Por- 
tuguese general,  was  born  at  Lisbon,  in 
1500,  and  was  of  an  ancient  family.  After 
having  attended  Charles  V.  in  the  expedi- 
tion against  Tunis,  and  served  in  the  Red 
Sea,  he  was  appointed  governor  of  India 
in  1545,  and  was  subsequently  named  vice- 
roy. He  died  at  Goa,  in  1548;  having, 
in  the  course  of  his  three  years'  adminis- 
•<ation,  gained  immortal  honour  by  his 
•.umerous  victories.  Castro  was  intrepid, 
Hsinterested,  affable,  and  well  versed  in 
ftnguages  and  mathematics.  Such  was  his 
ontempt  of  riches,  that,  after  his  death, 
•nlv  three  rials  were  found  in  his  coffers! 

CASTLEREAGH.  See  LONDONDER- 
RY. 

CASTRO,  GUILHEN  DE,  a  Spanish 
poet,  a  contemporary  of  Lopez  de  Vega, 
by  whom  he  is  highly  praised.  His  Dra- 
matic Works  form  two  volumes  4to.  Among 
them  is  a  tragi-comedy  on  the  subject  of 
the  Cid ;  from  which,  and  from  Diamante's 
play  on  the  same  theme,  Cornei lie  borrowed 
many  ideas. 

CASTRUCCI-CASTRACANI,  a  na- 
tive of  Lucca,  born  in  1281,  early  embraced 
a  military  life ;  served  in  England,  France, 
and  various  parts  of  Italy;  and,  after 
many  vicissitudes,  became  duke  of  Lucca. 
He  held  his  dignity  for  fifteen  years,  de- 
feated the  Florentines  and  Pisans  in  many 
engagements,  and  displayed  great  military 
abilities.  He  died  in  1328.  Castrucci 
was  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  leaders  of 
the  Ghibelline  party. 

CATESBY,  MARK,  an  English  natural- 
ist, was  born  in  1680:  went  to  Virginia  in 
1712;  and  remained  there  for  seven  years. 
On  his  return,  he  was  encouraged,  by  Sir 
Hans  Sloane  and  others,  to  revisit  Ameri- 
ca, for  the  purpose  of  describing  and  de- 
lineating the  natural  productions  of  that 
country.  The  result  was,  The  Natural 
History  of  Carolina,  Florida,  and  the  Ba 
hama  Islands.  2  volumes  folio,  the  numerous 
plates  of  which  were  etched  by  himself. 
The  Roval  Society  elected  him  a  fellow. 
He  died" in  1749. 

CATHELINEAU,  JAMES,  a  French 
royalist  chief,  almost  the  first  who  roused 
tli :  Vcndeans  to  insurrection,  was  born  i 
1753,  and  was  a  weaver  at  Pin-en-Mauge, 
in  the  department  of  the  Maine  and  Loire. 
In  1793,  he  incited  the  young  men  of  the 
canton  of  St.  Florent  to  resist  by  force  the 
conscription;  gained  several  victories  over 
the  republicans;  was  made  generalissimo 
of  the  royalists;  but  was  at  last  mortally 
wounded  in  attacking  .\ant/,  and  died  on 
tlie  10th  of  July.  Cathcliueau  was  brave 
and  disinterested,  and  had  such  a  reputa- 
tion for  piety  that  he  was  called  the  Saint 
•f  Au;n  i. 


CAT  101 

CATHERINE  II.   empreM  of  Rnstia, 
born  in  1729,  was  a  daughter  of  the  Prince 


of  Anhalt  Zerbst,  and  was  originally  named 
Sophia  Augusta,  but  changed  her  name  in 
1745,  on  being  married  to  Peter,  the  grand 
duke  of  Russia.  After  her  husband  s  ac- 
cession to  the  throne,  in  1761,  he  is  said 
to  have  intended  to  divorce  her.  To  pre- 
vent him  from  carrying  his  intentions  into 
effect,  he  was  first  dethroned,  and  then 
murdered.  Catherine  was  crowned  at 
Moscow  in  1762.  In  1768  she  engaged  in 
a  war  with  Turkey,  which  terminated  suc- 
cessfully in  1774.  While  this  was  pro- 
ceeding, she  concluded,  in  1772,  with  the 
king  of  Prussia  and  the  emperor  of  Ger- 
many, the  infamous  partition  treaty,  by 
which  the  first  blow  was  given  to  the  exist- 
ence of  Poland.  Still  pursuing  her  scheme 
of  expelling  the  Turks  from  Europe,  and 
reigning  at  Constantinople,  she,  in  1783, 
seized  on  the  Crimea,  and  a  part  of  the 
Kuban,  and  annexed  them  to  her  empire. 
In  1787,  the  Porte  declared  war  against 
her,  and  hostilities  were  continued  till  1792, 
when  the  dread  of  a  coalition  against  her 
compelled  her  to  consent  to  a  peace.  For 
her  disappointment  on  the  side  of  Turkey, 
however,  she  indemnified  herself  by  dis- 
membering Poland,  in  the  years  1793  and 
1795,  in  which  latter  year  that  unfortunate 
kingdom  was  annihilated.  She  \vas  on  the 
point  of  turning  her  arms  against  republi- 
can France,  when  she  died,  of  apoplexy, 
on  the  9th  of  November,  1796.  In  some 
respects  the  character  of  Catherine  is  open 
to  severe  censure;  in  others  it  is  worthy 
of  admiration.  Her  animal  passions  she 
indulged  in  a  manner  which  may  be  called 
shameless;  and  her  grasping  ambition  was 
restrained  by  no  feelings  of  justice  or  com- 
punction. But,  on  the  other  hand,  she  was 
a  mild  and  beneficent  ruler  of  her  subjects. 
She  herself  drew  up  a  code  of  lawn;  ame- 
liorated the  various  branches  of  the  admin- 
istration; introduced  many  valuable  im- 
provements among  the  jeojJe;  patronised 
literature,  arts,  and  sciences;  a'\d  encour- 
aged education  and  the  diffusion  of  knowl- 
edge. She  corresponded  with  Irarned  men 
in  all  emintrie? :  and  enrolled  b  TK\(  in  th« 


Ml  CAT 

list  of  author*,  by  producing  several   Dra- 
matic Pieces,  Tales,  and  other  works. 

CATILINE,  Lucius  SEROIUS,  a  Ro- 
man noble,  descended  from  one  of  the  firs 
patrician  families,  was  of  the  party  of 
Sylla,  and  through  his  influence  obtainci 
some  high  offices.  Endowed  with  eminenl 
talents,  he  was  also  eminently  vicious  and 
profligate.  In  conjunction  with  others  of 
his  own  stamp,  he  formed  a  conspiracy  to 
destroy  the  consuls  and  senators,  and  as- 
sume the  government ;  but  it  was  frustrated 
by  the  vigilance  of  Cicero.  Catiline  then 
broke  out  into  open  rebellion,  and  was  at 
length  slain,  fighting  with  desperate  bra- 
very, in  a  battle  in  Tuscany,  B.  c.  62. 

CATIiVAT,  NICHOLAS,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  of  the  French  generals,  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  1637.  He  was  brought  up  to 
the  bar,  but  relinquished  the  gown,  in  con- 
sequence of  his  losing  a  just  cause.  En- 
tering the  array,  he  distinguished  himself 
on  innumerable*  occasions,  and  was  raised 
to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  general  in  1688. 
The  victories  of  StafTarda  and  Marsaglia 
over  the  duke  of  Savoy  gained  for  him 
the  dignity  of  marshal,  and  that  well 
earned  dignity  excited  the  envy  and  hatred 
of  many  of  his  unworthy  rivals.  In  1701, 
from  causes  over  which  he  had  no  control, 
he  was  unsuccessful  against  Prince  Eugene 
in  Italy.  He  died  in  1712.  Catinat  was 
as  remarkable  for  his  virtues  as  for  his 
military  talents.  He  was  disinterested, 
modest,  sincere,  and  pious. 

CATO,  MARCUS  PORTIUS,  called  the 
Cfensor,  was  a  native  of  Tusculum,  born 
B.  c.  232.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he 
served  in  the  army,  and  displayed  great 
valour.  Through  the  influence  of  Valerius 
Flaccus,  he  was  made  a  military  tribune  in 
Sicily,  and  he  successively  filled  the  stations 
of  quaestor  under  Scipio,  aedile,  and  praetor 
in  Sardinia  He  was  elected  one  of  the 
consuls  E.  c.  195;  and  ten  years  subse- 
quently he  was  chosen  censor.  The  latter 
office  he  exercised  with  unsparing  severity. 
He  died  B.  c.  147.  Carthage  was  the  ob- 
ject of  his  bitter  hatred,  and  all  his  speech- 
es were  closed  with  "  Carthage  must  be 
destroyed."  Scipio  was  scarcely  less  an 
object  of  his  hatred.  Cato  has  been  praised 
at  least  as  much  as  he  deserves.  He  had, 
undoubtedly,  great  qualities  -ind  talents; 
but  he  was  vainglorious,  by  no  means  free 
from  absurd  prejudices,  sometimes  incon- 
sistent, and  not  quite  so  immaculate  in  his 
own  conduct  as  a  man  ought  to  have  been 
who  was  so  rigid  a  judge  of  the  conduct  of 
others.  Of  his  works,  only  a  Treatise  on 
Husbandry  is  extant. 

CATO,  MARCUS  PORTIUS,  known  as 
Cato  of  Utica,  was  the  great-grandson  of 
the  Censor,  and  was  born  B.C.  95.  At  the 
early  age  of  fourteen,  he  manifested  his 
haired  of  tyrants,  by  desiring  his  tutor  to 


CAU 

i  give  him  a  sword,  that  he  might  slay 
Sylla,  and  deliver  his  country  from  op- 
pression. From  Antipater  of  Tyre  he  im- 
bibed the  stoical  philosophy.  He  served 
with  distinction  against  Spartacus;  was 
tribune  in  Macedonia ;  filled  the  ofiice  of 
qua-stor  with  general  applaOM;  and  was 
afterwards  tribune  and  praetor.  He  vigor- 
ously seconded  Cicero,  in  defeating  the 
conspiracy  of  Catiline.  In  the  civil  war, 
he  gave  his  support  to  Pompey ;  and,  after 
the  death  of  that  general,  he  "fortified  him- 
self  in  Utica.  Hopeless,  however,  of  re- 
sistance, he  stabbed  himself  on  the  approach 
of  Caesar,  B.  c.  46.  Before  he  struck  the 
fatal  blow,  which  deprived  liberty  of  one 
of  its  most  ardent  friends,  he  is  naid  to 
have  twice  read  Plato's  Treatise  on  the 
Immortality  of  the  Soul. 

CATROU,  FRANCIS,  a  Jesuit,  cruic, 
and  historian,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1659, 
and  died  iu  1737.  He  contributed  largely 
to  the  Trevoux  Journal ;  translated  Virgil ; 
and  wrote  a  History  of  the  Mogul  Empire, 
and  a  History  of  the  Fanaticism  of  the 
Protestant  Religions.  But  his  great  work, 
which  was  translated  into  English  by 
Bundy,  is  a  History  of  Rome,  20  volumes 
quarto,  with  annotations  by  Rouille. 

CATS,  JAMES,  a  Dutch  poet  and  states- 
man  of  a  distinguished  family,  was  born, 
in  1577,  at  Brouwershaven,  in  Zealand. 
After  having  acquired  great  reputation  as 
an  advocate,  he  held  various  eminent  ofn- 
.  He  was  twice  sent  ambassador  to 
England,  and,  for  fifteen  years,  filled  the 
lii<rh  station  of  Pensionary  of  Holland. 
His  last  years  were  spent  in  the  retirement 
which  he  loved.  He  died  in  1660.  Cats 
nolds  a  considerable  rank  among  the  poet* 
of  his  country,  and  has  been  called  the  La 
Fontaine  of  Holland. 

CATULLUS,  CAIUS  VALERIUS,  a 
Latin  poet,  was  born  at  Verona,  or,  accord- 
'ng  to  others,  at  Sirmium,  B.  c.  86;  Mas 
jf  a  family  distinguished  for  rank  and  for- 
tune; and  was  intimate  with  the  most 
eminent  of  his  contemporaries.  He  is  said 
to  have  died  at  the  early  age  of  thirty ; 
hough  some  affirm  that  he  lived  ten  or  fif- 
een  years  longer.  His  verses  breathe  the 
very  soul  of  poetry ;  and  would  be  nearly 
aimless,  were  they  not  often  stained  by 
jross  indecency. 

CAULAINCOURT,  AF-NAND  Aucus- 
TIN  Louis  DE,  duke  of  Vjcenza,  was  of 
an  ancient  family,  and  was  born  at  Caulain- 
court,  in  Picardy,  in  1773.  At  the  age  of 
ifteen  he  entered  the  army,  and  served  for 
several  campaigns.  He  was  aid-de-camp 
o  the  first  consul,  who,  when  he  became 
emperor,  made  him  grand  equerry,  a  supe- 
ior  officer  of  the  legion  of  honour,  and 
duke  of  Vicenza.  Caulaincourt  fo.lowed 
Siapoleon  in  nearly  all  Inn  campaigns;  but 
was,  nevertbelets,better  known  UM  a  diplo* 


CAT 

nmtist  than  as  a  warrior.  After  having 
been  intrusted  with  minor  missions,  he 
resided  for  four  years  as  ambassador  at 
St.  Petersburg!!.  He  was  subsequently 
employed  as  a  negotiator  at  Pleswitz, 
Prague,  Frankfort,  and  Chatillon,  and  in 
the  treaty  which  led  to  the  abdication  of 
the  emperor;  and  he  was  minister  for  the 
home  department  during  Napoleon's  second 
reign.  The  accusation  that  he  participa- 
ted in  the  seizure  of  the  duke  of  Enghein 
appears  to  be  groundless.  He  died  at  Paris, 
1111828. 

CAUSSIN,  NICHOLAS,  a  Jesuit,  born 
at  Troyes,  in  1583,  was  for  a  while  confes 
eor  to  Louis  XIII.;  but  was  displaced  in 
consequence  of  having  intrigued  against 
Cardinal  Richelieu.  He  died  at  Paris  in 
1651 .  A  number  of  devotional  works  were 
written  by  him,  of  which  the  principal  is 
The  Holy  Court.  It  has  been  translated 
into  several  languages.  Its  popularity  in- 
duced the  wits  to  say,  that  Caussin  had 
managed  matters  better  at  The  Holy  Court 
than  at  the  French  court. 

CAVALCANTI,  Guy,  a  Florentine 
poet  and  philosopher,  the  friend  of  Dante, 
was  an  active  Ghibelline,  and  was,  in  con- 
eequence,  banished  by  the  Guelfs ;  but  was 
permitted  to  return  to  Florence,  where  he 
died  in  1300.  Cavalcanti  was  one  of  the 
first  Italian  poets  who  paid  attention  to 
elegance  of  style.  His  Canzone  on  the 
nature  of  love  is  one  of  the  best  of  his 
productions. 

CAVALIER,  JOHN,  the  son  of  a  French 
peasant,  and  himself  originally  only  a  jour- 
neyman baker,  was  born  in  a  village  of  the 
Cevennes,  in  1679,  and  acquired  lasting 
fame  as  the  leader  of  the  Camisards,  or 
protestants  of  Languedoc,  when  an  attempt 
was  made  to  exterminate  them  by  Louis 
XIV.  By  his  courage  and  talents,  Cava- 
lier foiled  all  the  efforts  of  Marshal  Mon- 
trevel ;  and  the  successor  of  Montrevel, 
Marshal  Villars,  deemed  it  more  eligible 
to  conclude  a  treaty  with  the  Calvinist 
chief  than  to  continue  the  contest.  Cava- 
lier entered  into  the  English  service  ; 
commanded  a  French  refugee  corps,  at  the 
battle  of  Almanza;  was  appointed  gover- 
nor of  Jersey;  and  died,  at  Chelsea,  in 
1740. 

CAVALIERI, BON AVENTURE,  an  Ital- 
ian fi  iar,  eminent  as  a  mathematician,  was 
born  at  Milan,  in  1598;  was  a  pupil  of 
Galileo;  and  became  professor  of  mathe- 
matics at  Bologna;  where  he  died  in  1647. 
He  was  the  inventor  of  the  Geometry  of 
Indivisibles,  which  approaches  nearly  to 
the  Infinitesimal  Calculus.  He  wrote  a 
work  on  this  subject,  and  others  on  Conic 
Sections  and  Trigonometry. 

CAVALLO,  TIBERIUS,  a  native  of  Na- 
oles,  the  son  of  a  physician,  was  born  in 
1749,  aud  came  over  to  England,  ia  1771, 


CAV  it* 

to  be  initiated  in  commerce.  Science, 
however,  had  more  charms  for  uim ;  and 
to  that  he  wholly  and  successfully  devoted 
himself.  The  Royal  Society  admitted  him 
one  of  its  members,  and  he  contributed 
largely  to  its  Transactions.  He  is  the 
author  of  various  Treatises  on  Electricity, 
Magnetism,  Gases,  and  Aerostation. 

CAVAMLLES,  ANTHONT  JOSEPH,  a 
Spanish  botanist,  was  born,  at  Valencia, 
in  1743;  took  orders;  and  was  appointed 
preceptor  to  the  duke  of  Infantado's  chil- 
dren, whom  he  accompanied  into  France. 
He  resided  at  Paris  twelve  years,  and  was 
an  intimate  friend  of  Bernard  de  Jussieu. 
He  died,  in  1801,  9t  Madrid,  where  he  was 
director  of  the  royal  garden.  Of  his  works 
the  principal  are,  a  Description  of  Native 
and  Foreign  Plants,  six  volumes  folio,  w  itb 
601  plates,  designed  and  engraved  by  him 
self;  and  Observations  on  the  Natural  His 
tory,  Agriculture,  &c.  of  Valencia,  two 
volumes  folio. 

CAVE,  WILLIAM,  a  divine  and  ecclesi- 
astical historian,  the  son  of  a  clergyman, 
was  born  at  Pickwell,  in  Leicestershire,  in 
1637;  was  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Cambridge;  and  died  in  1713,  canon  of 
Windsor,  and  vicar  of  Isleworth.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  Scriptorum  Ecclesiastico- 
runi,  two  volumes  folio;  Primitive  Christi- 
anity; AntiquitatesAponolici;  Apostolici ; 
and  Ecclesiastici.  Dr.  Cave  paid  such  a 
blind  deference  to  the  authority  of  the  early 
Christian  fathers  and  writers,  that  Jortin 
denominates  him  "  the  whitewasher  of  the 
ancients." 

CAVE,  EDWARD,  a  native  of  War- 
wickshire, was  born  at  Newton,  in  1691, 
and  educated  at  Rugby  School.  After  hav- 
ing been  a  clerk  to  a  collector  of  the  excise, 
lie  learned  the  trade  of  a  printer,  and  oc- 
casionally wrote  for  the  newspapers.  He 
obtained  the  situation  of  clerk  of  the  franks 
to  the  post  office,  but  was  dismissed  in  con- 
sequence of  his  having  too  rigidly  performed 
his  duty.  In  1731,  he  established  the  Gen- 
tleman's Magazine,  the  parent  of  modern 
periodicals,  and  had  the  happiness  to  suc- 
ceed to  the  fullest  extent  of  his  wishes.  He 
died  in  1754. 

CAVEDONE,  JAMES,  an  Italian  paint- 
er, was  born  at  Sassuolo,  near  Modena,  in 
1577,  and  died  in  1660.  The  Caracci  and 
Guido  were  his  masters.  In  fresco  he  par- 
ticularly excelled.  In  his  latter  days,  a 
'all  from  a  scaffold,  grief  for  the  loss  of  a 
>eloved  and  talented  son,  and  other  cir- 
cumstances, almost  extinguished  his  intel- 
lectual and  pictorial  powers:  the  unfortu- 
nate artist  became  a  beggar,  and  at  length 
wreathed  his  last  in  a  stable. 

CAVENDISH,  Sir  WILLIAM,  a  native 
f  Suffolk,  was  born  about  1505,  and  be- 
came usher  to  Cardinal  WoUey,  to  whom, 
unlike  come  dependent!,  he  remained  t  .- 


184 


CAX 


lached  after  his  fell.  Henry  VUJ.  knighted 
him,  made  him  a  privy  counsellor,  and 
comerred  various  ouices  upon  him.  He 
was  also  in  favour  with  Edward  VI.  and 
Mary.  He  died  in  1557.  Cavendish  wrote 
a  Life  of  Cardinal  Wolsey.  <  hie  of  his  s,  .is 
was  the  first  earl  of  Devonshire. 

(' AVK.M)1SH,  THOMAS,  a:,  English 
navigator,  in  the  reign  of  Elisabeth,  was 
a  native  of  Suffolk,  and  inherited  an  estate 
at  Trimlry  St.  Martin,  which  he  injured  by 
living  at  court.  To  retrieve  his  fortune,  lie 
fitteof  out  three  ships,  in  July,  15S6,  with 
which  he  laid  under  contribution  the  west- 
ern coast  of  America,  and  took  a  rich 
Spanish  vessel.  In  September,  1588,  he 
returned  to  England,  having  effected  a 
shorter  circumnavigation  of  the  globe  than 
any  previous  adventurer.  In  a  second  voy- 
age he  was  unsuccessful:  he  was  battled  by 
tempests,  sickness,  and  other  circumstan- 
ces, and  died,  in  1591,  on  the  coast  of 
Brazil. 

CAVENDISH,  HF.NRY,  the  third  son 
of  Lord  Charles  Cavendish,  was  born  at 
Nice,  October  10,  1731,  and  educated  at 
Cambridge,  where  he  entered  deeply  into 
the  study  of  chemistry  and  natural  philoso- 
phy. His  whole  life,  after  he  quitted  col- 
lege, was  devoted  to  scientific  inquiries, 
and  his  success  was  commensurate  to  his 
assiduity.  In  his  temper  he  was  more  than 
commonly  reserved,  and  he  took  no  part 
whatever  in  public  affairs.  He  died  Feb. 
14,  1810;  leaving  the  immense  fortune  of 
£1,200,000.  Cavendish,  among  other 
things,  explained  the  theory  of  animal  elec- 
tricity; ascertained  the  levity  of  hvdrogen 
gas ;  discovered  the  composition  of  water, 
and  of  nitrous  acid;  improved  the  eudiom- 
eter; and  invented  an  apparatus  for  deter- 
mining the  density  of  the  earth. 

CAVENDISH.  See  DEVONSHIRE 
and  NEWCASTLE. 

CAWTHORN,  JAMES,  a  poet,  was 
born  at  Sheffield,  in  1719;  was  educated 
at  Cambridge ;  took  orders ;  and  became 
master  of  Tunbridge  School.  He  died,  by 
a  fall  from  his  horse,  in  1761.  His  Po- 
ems, which  have  been  admitted  into  the 
collection  of  British  PoeS,  are  above  me- 
diocrity. 

CAXTON,  WILLIAM,  a  man  worthy  to 
be  held  in  immortal  memory,  as  the  first 
who  gave  to  England  the  means  for  the 
diffusion  of  knowledge,  was  born  in  the 
weald  of  Kent,  about  1410.  Having  been 
brought  up  a  mercer,  he  was  employed  by 
the  Mercers'  Company  as  their  agent  in  the 
Netherlands;  a  situation  which  he  filled 
during  twenty-three  vcars.  He  also  nego- 
tiated a  commercial  treaty  between  Kd- 
waid  IV.  and  the  duke  of  Burgundy,  and 
was  subsequently  in  tin;  service  of  Lady 
Margaret,  the  duke's  wife.  He  had  learned 
'.ha  a't  of  printing  and,  nt  tap  reque>t  "f 


era 

the  duche«>,  he  translated  The  Recuvell  of 
the  Historyes  of  Trove,  from  the  French, 
and  printed  it,  in  ) 471,  at  Cologne.  This 
is  the  earliest  typographical  production  in 
English,  and  is"  now  so  scarce  that,  at  th- 
Roxburgh  sale,  a  ropy  of  it  sold  for  JC1060. 
He  returned  to  England,  but  in  what  year 
is  uncertain.  It  must,  however,  have  been 
previous  to  1474,  as  he  then  had  a  press  in 
Westminster  Abbey.  The  first  book  exe- 
cuted in  this  country,  was  the  Game  and 
Playe  of  the  Chesse.  Caxtoii  Continued 
his  labours  for  nearly  twenty  years,  and  ii 
supposed  to  have  died  about  1492. 

CAYLUS,  ANNE  CLAUDE  PHILIP, 
Count  de,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1720,  and 
served  with  distinction  in  Catalonia  and 
Germany,  after  which  he  travelled  through 
Turkey,  Greece,  and  Asia  Minoi  and, 
lastly,  in  Germany,  Holland,  and  En»4and 
The  remainder  of*  his  life  was  spent  in  the 
study  of  antiquities,  and  in  the  cultivation 
of  literature  and  the  arts.  His  talents 
gained  admission  for  him  into  numerous 
learned  bodies.  He  died,  at  Parid,  in 
1765.  He  rediscovered  the  ancient  art  of 
encaustic  painting,  and  published  srverai 
works,  of  which  the  principal  are,  A  Col- 
lection of  Egyptian,  Cft-eek,  Roman,  and 
Gaulish  Antiquities,  seven  -chimes  4to; 
and  twelve  volumes  of  his  Romances  and 
miscellaneous  pieces. 

CAZALES,  JAMES  ANTHONY  MARIA 
DF,  one  of  the  most  eloquent  of  modern 
French  orators,  was  born,  in  1752,  at  Gre- 
nade sur  la  Garonne ;  and  served  for  some 
time  as  a  captain  of  cavalry.  In  the  States 
Gei  eral,  and  in  the  National  Assembly,  he 
was  one  of  the  most  active  and  most  highly 
gifted  of  the  defenders  of  the  monarchy. 
The  talent  of  extempore  speaking  he  pos- 
sessed in  an  extraordinary  degree;  and  in 
eloquence  he  was  the  rival  of  Miraleau. 
After  having  twice  emigrated,  and  fought 
in  the  campaign  of  1792,  he  returned  to 
France  in  1801,  and  died  in  1805.  In 
private  life  he  was  one  of  the  most  hon- 
ourable and  amiable  of  men.  By  Burke 
he  was  held  in  high  estimation. 

CAZOTTE,  JAMES,  a  French  literary 
character,  was  born,  in  1720,  at  Dijon; 
was  appointed  a  naval  commissioner  in 
1747;  and  retired  in  17GO.  The  hours  of 
his  leisure  were  devoted  to  literature  and 
society,  and  he  was  much  admired  for  his 
wit,  gaiety,  and  conversational  powers. 
During  the  horrible  massacres  of  Septem- 
ber, 1792,  at  the  abbey  prison,  he  was 
saved  by  the  heroism  of  his  daughter;  but 
he  was  guillotined  soon  after.  He  i.*  the 
author  of  Olivier,  a  poem  in  twelve  cantos, 
and  of  several  volumes  of  tales  and  miscel- 
laneous pieces,  of  considerable  m.'i  it. 

CEBES,  a  philosopher  of  the  fourth 
century,  R.  c.,  was  a  n,iti\e  of  "rl'el>cH,  and 
a  di*ci.L*  nf  Btictxte*,  ul  wboa  uurt  iuu» 


CEL 

ments  he  was  present.  Of  his  works,  only' 
that  known  by  the  name  of  the  Picture  of 
Human  Life  has  descended  to  posterity. 
It  is  a  production  which  does  honour  to  its 
author.  Some  have  doubted  the  claim  of 
Cebus  to  it ;  but  their  doubts  appear  to  be 
unfounded. 

CECIL,  WILLIAM.     See  SALISBURY. 

CELLARIUS,  CHRISTOPHER,  an  eru- 
dite writer,  born,  in  1638,  at  Smalcalde,  in 
Franconia,  was  chosen,  in  1668,  professor 
of  ethics  and  oriental  languages  at  Weis- 
eenTels;  and  died,  in  1707,  professor  of 
rhetoric  and  history  at  Halle.  He  publish- 
ed editions  of  several  classics;  and  various 
works  on  history,  and  the  Latin,  Hebrew, 
and  Syriac  languages.  The  production, 
however,  by  which  he  is  remembered,  is 
an  Ancient  Geography,  in  two  quarto  vol- 
umes, with  maps,  which  has  been  more 
than  once  reprinted. 

CELLINI,  BKNVENUTO,  a  celebrated 
sculptor,  engraver,  and  goldsmith,  was  born 
at  Florence  in  1500,  and  was  apprenticed 
to  a  goldsmith.  He  was  employed  by  Pope 
Clement  VII.,  the  grand  duke  of  Florence, 
and  Francis  I.  the  French  monarch;  and 
executed  many  admirable  works.  He  died 
in  1570,  in  his  native  city.  Cellini  was  a 
man  of  high  talent  and  acquirements;  but 
vain,  singular  in  manner,  irascible,  and 
quarrelsome.  He  wrote  two  Treatises  on 
the  arts  in  which  he  excelled.  His  most 
valuable  literary  production,  however,  is  a 
Biography  of  himself.  If  Cellini  may  be 
credited,  he  fired  the  shot  by  which  the 
constable  de  Bourbon  was  slain. 

CELSIUS,  OLAUS,  a  Swedish  orien- 
talist and  naturalist,  was  born  in  1670,  and 
died  in  1756.  He  was  the  founder  of  natu- 
ral history  in  Sweden,  and  has  the  merit 
of  having  extended  the  most  liberal  patron- 
age to  Linmrus,  when  that  distinguished 
character  was  young  and  poor.  Celsius 
twice  refused  the  archb^hopric  of  Upsal. 
Besides  various  theological  and  antiquarian 
dissertations,  he  published,  with  the  title 
of  Hierobotanicon,  a  learned  woik  on  the 
plants  mentioned  in  the  Bible. 

CELSUS,  AURELIUS  CORNELIUS,  a 
celebrated  Roman  physician  of  the  Corneli- 
an family,  who  lived  under  the  reigns  of  Au- 
gustus, Tiberius,  and  Caligula,  was  born 
either  at  Rome  or  Verona.  He  wrote  va- 
rious works,  but  his  Treatise  on  Medicine, 
in  eight  books,  of  which  the  style  is  ex- 
tremely elegant,  is  his  chief  production. 
Celsus  has  been  denominated  the  Roman 
Hippocrates. 

CELSUS,  an  Epicurean  philosopher  of 
the  second  century,  is  famous  for  having 
been  one  of  the  most  inveterate  and  acute 
assailants  of  the  Christian  religion.  His 
woik,  called  A  True  Discourse,  is  lost; 
but  some  fragments  which  remain  bear 
to  the  talent  it  displayed.  It  was 


CER 


161 


answered  by  Origen.  Cefeus  was  a  friend 
of  Lucian,  who  dedicated  to  him  his  Pseu 
domantis. 

CENSORINUS,  a  critic  and  gramma- 
rian, who  lived  in  the  third  century,  is  the 
author  of  a  work,  written  about  A.  D.  238. 
to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  De  Die 
Natalio,  in  consequence  of  his  having  com- 
posed it  on  occasion  of  the  birthday  of  a 
friend.  It  treats  on  the  natural  history  of 
man,  religious  rites,  music,  astronomy,  and 
various  other  matters;  and  has  been  of 
great  use  in  enabling  chronologers  to  fix 
the  date  cf  remarkable  events. 

CENTLIVRE,  SUSANNA,  a  dramatic 
writer,  was  born  about  1667,  in  >eland, 
where  her  father,  Mr.  Freeman,  a  Lincoln- 
shire gentleman,  and  a  partisan  of  the 
Commonwealth,  nad  deemed  it  prudent  to 
settle,  on  the  restoration  of  Charles  II. 
At  the  age  of  twelve  years,  she  was  left  an 
orphan,  by  the  death  of  her  mother.  Un- 
kind treatment  from  those  who  had  the 
care  of  her  induced  her  to  adopt  the  wild 
resolution  of  proceeding  to  London.  While 
travelling  hither  on  foot,  she  is  said  to 
have  met  with  Anthony  Hammond,  father 
to  the  author  of  the  Love  Elegies,  who 
gained  her  affection,  and  induced  her  to 
accompany  him  to  Cambridge,  and  live 
with  him  for  some  months,  disguised  as  a 
boy.  When  only  sixteen,  she  married  a 
nephew  of  Sir  S'tephen  Fox.  He  died  i.? 
little  more  than  twelve  months,  and  she 
became  the  wife  of  an  officer  named  Car- 
rol, who,  at  the  end  of  eighteen  months, 
^vas  killed  in  a  duel.  Distress  drove  her 
to  write  for  the  stage,  and,  in  1700,  she 
produced  a  tragedy,  called  the  Perjured 
Husband.  This  play  she  followed  up  by 
several  comedi')?,  many  of  which  were 
successful.  Her  dramatic  pieces  are  nine 
teen  in  number.  Some  of  them,  among 
which  are,  The  Busy  Body,  The  Wonder, 
and  A  Bold  Stroke  "for  a"  Wife,  still  keep 
possession  of  the  stage.  For  a  while  she 
was  an  actress,  and,  in  this  capacity,  she 
i  captivated  her  last  husband,  Mr.  Centlivre, 
i  yeoman  of  the  month  to  Queen  Anne.  She 
!  died  in  1723.  As  a  dramatist,  she  excels 
J  in  plot,  incident,  and  character;  her  dia- 
i  logo*,  though  by  no  means  contemptible,  is 
of  an  inferior  order,  and  it  partakes  of  the 
licentiousness  which  stained  the  theatrical 
productions  of  that  period. 

CERCEAU,  JOHN  ANTHONY  DU,  a 
Jesuit,  dramatist,  and  poet,  was  born  at 
Paris,  in  1676,  and  was  accidentally  shot, 
in  1720,  by  the  prince  of  Conti,  to  whom 
he  was  tutor.  He  produced  a  volume  of 
Latin  poems,  and  another  of  French?  se- 
veral comedies,  one  of  the  best  of  which 
is  the  Inconveniences  of  Greatness;  and 
various  prose  works. 

CERDA,  Donna  BERNARDA  FERREI- 
RA  DE  LA,  a  Portuguese  lady  of  unconv 


168  CER 

mon  talents,  was  born  at  Oporlo,  in  the 
beginning  of  the  seventer nth  century,  and 
died  about  1650.  She  produced  several 
poems  and  comedies"  of  great  merit ;  was 
the  best  musician  of  the  age;  played  upon 
all  kinds  of  instruments ;  spoke  serial 
hngnagos;  and  was  versed  in  rhetoric, 
mathematics,  and  philosophy.  Philip  III. 
of  Spain  invited  her  to  his  court,  to  initi- 
ate his  sons,  Charles  and  Ferdinand,  into 
Latin  literature. 

CERINI,  JOSEPH,  an  Italian  poet,  born 
in  1738,  at  Solferino,  in  the  duchy  of  Man- 
tua, was  brought  up  to  the  bar.  Having 
married  a  portionless  female,  his  parents 
discontinued  a  small  pension,  on  which  he 
had  subsisted.  He  removed  to  Milan,  and, 
after  suffering  much  misery,  lie  died  in 
1779,  at  a  period  when  fortune  was  begin- 
ning to  smile  upon  him.  He  is  author  of 
the  successful  comedies  of  Clary,  and  the 
Bad  Mother- in-Law;  and  of  a  volume  of 
elegant  Anacreontic  poems. 

CERINTHUS,  an  heresiarch  of  the  first 
century,  was  born  at  Antioch,  of  a  Jewish 
family,  and  studied  at  Alexandria.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  a  disciple  of  Simon 
Magus.  He  taught  various  heterodox  doc- 
trines, among  which  was,  that  Jesus  was 
a  mere  man,  on  whom  Christ,  the  Son  of 
God,  descended  at  the  period  of  baptism, 
and  that,  at  the  crucifixion,  Jesus  alone 
suffered,  Christ  quitting  his  body,  and  re- 
turning to  his  Father  in  heaven. 

CERRETTI,  Louis,  a  native  of  Mo- 
dena,  born  in  1738,  filled  the  offices  of 
secretary,  and  afterwards  of  professor  of 
history  and  eloquence,  at  the  university  of 
Padua.  Having  been  employed  under  the 
Cisalpine  republic,  he  was  compelled  to 
fly  in  1799.  In  1801,  however,  he  return- 
ed. He  died  in  1808.  His  Lyric  Poems 
are  esteemed. 


CERVANTES, SAAVF.DR A  MICHAEL, 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  literary  cha- 
racters of  Spain,  was  born  at  Alcala  de 
Henares,  in  1547,  of  a  good  but  not  rich 
family,  and  was  well  educated.  At  an 
early  age  he  lie^an  tu  sacrifice  to  the  Mu- 
se*. Ill  1569  ho  visited  Italy,  and  l>erame 
p»»U«  to  Cardinal  Aqnavhn.  The  hop*-  of 


CES 

glory,  however,  and  perhaps  of  fortu**, 
Jed  him  to  serve  ;is  a  volunteer  under  Murk 
Anthony  Colonna,  duke  of  Paliano,  who 
comm -inded  the  pope's  jjalleys.  He  fought 
bravely  at  the  battle  of  Lepauto,  and  re- 
reived  a  wound  in  his  left  arm,  which 
crippled  him  for  life.  Notwithstanding 
his  lameness  he  continued  in  the  service 
till  1575,  when,  as  he  was  return  in?  to 
Spain,  he  was  taken  prisoner  by  an  Aljje- 
rine  corsair.  At  Algiers  he  continued  a 
captive  for  six  years,  during  which  period 
he  dbttficmshea  himself  by  his  indomitable 
courage,  his  daring  plans  to  brin'^  about 
an  insurrection,  and  his  magnanimity  in 
taking  on  himself  the  whole  responsibility 
when  his  schemes  were  discovered.  lie- 
ing  at  length  ransomed,  he  u turned  to 
Spain  in  1581.  In  1584,  lie  published  his 
Galatea,  and  married  Donna  Catalina  Sa- 
lazar.  Of  the  subsequent  life  of  Cervantei 
the  memorials  are  but  scanty.  We  know 
little  more  than  that  he  seems  to  have  reli- 
ed upon  his  pen  for  subsistence;  that  he 
obtained  the  patronage,  such  as  it  was, 
ot  the  Count  de  Lemos ;  that  he  sufferer 
much  from  poverty,  adversity,  and  the  ha- 
tred of  rivals;  and  that  he  was  even  im- 
prisoned for  debt.  Yet  it  would  appear 
that  he  was  once  in  good  circumstances; 
for,  in  the  Journey  to  Parnassus,  A|M>llo 
upbraids  him  with  having  ruined  his  for- 
tune by  want  of  economy.  Cervantes  died 
at  Ma'drid,  on  the  23d  of  April,  1617. 
Among  his  works  are  about  thirty  dramas; 
twelve  Tales;  a  poem,  in  eight  cantos, 
called  A  Journey  to  Parnassus;  and  the 
romance  of  Persiles  and  Sigismunda,  which 
was  his  last  production,  and  published 
posthumously.  But  these  are  all  eclipsed 
by  that  masterpiece  of  Spanish  literature, 
Don  Quixote.  The  first  part  of  this  was 
given  to  the  world  in  1605.  The  conclu- 
sion was  delayed  for  ten  years.  In  th« 
mean  while  a  writer,  under  the  name  of 
Avellenada,  not  only  published  a  second 
part,  but  also  heaped  abuse  upon  the  orig- 
inal author.  Of  this  surreptitious  sequel, 
though  it  is  not  utterly  contemptible,  wft 
may  say  what  a  critic  once  said  of  a  simi- 
lar attempt  to  carry  on  the  Sentimental 
Journey,  that  "  it  is  much  surh  a  continua- 
tion of  the  genuine  work  as  the  dead  wnll 
in  Pimlico  is  of  Buckingham  House." 
Don  Quixote,  as  a  biographer  of  (Vr- 
vantes  has  justly  remarked,  had  no  model, 
and  still  remains  without  a  rival;  and 
though  manners  have  changed,  and  other 
follies  have  succeeded  to  those  which  the 
writer  wished  to  destroy,  the  hero  of  La 
Mancha  still  interests  men  of  all  coimtrieu, 
of  all  ranks,  and  of  all  ages. 

CESAROTTI,  MF.LCHIOR,  a  volumin- 
ous and  eminent  Italian  author,  was  born 
at.  Padua  in  1730;  was  professor  of  rhet<»- 
ri  •  there,  at  vYi  age  of  nineteen,  nnd  mH~ 


wntly 

admired  t 


mur,  and  the  quay  at  Rouen.  But  the  in- 
vention of  the  cones  to  form  the  harbour  of 
Cherbourg  is  considered  as  his  greatest 
effort  of  talent.  He  died  in  1806. 

CEZELLI,  CONSTANCE,  a  heroine  of 


CHA  CHA  1« 

of  Greek  and  Hebrew;  was!  CHALONER,  Sir  THOMAS,  a  son  of 
and  pensioned  by  Napoleon,  and  the  above,  was  born  in  1559;  received  an 
.died,  at  his  native  place,  in  1808.  His  excellent  education ;  and  improved  hi ms«-lf 
works,  including  translations,  amount  to  j  by  travelling  in  foreign  countries.  In  1591  ' 
forty-two  volumes ;  he  produced  versions  lie  was  knighted.  He  discovered,  on  his 
of  Homer,  Demosthenes,  Juvenal,  and  Os-  estate  near  Gisborough,  the  first  aium  mine 
eian;  a  Course  of  Greek  Literature;  and  that  was  worked  in  Great  Britian.  Under 
various  original  compositions,  both  in  verse;  pretence,  however,  that  it  was  a  mine 
and  prose.  j  royal,  he  was  deprived  of  it  by  the  crown  ; 

CESSART,  Louis  ALEXANDER  DE,:but  the  Long  Parliament  restored  it  to  his 
a  civil  engineer,  was  born  at  Paris,  in i sons.  He  died  in  1603.  He  is  the  author 
1719;  and  was  originally  an  officer  in  the  j  of  a  tract  on  the  Virtue  of  Nitre. 
army.  Ill  health,  however,  obliged  him  to  CHAMBERLAYNE,  EDWARD,  was 
quit  the  military  service,  and  he  then  studi-  born  at  Odington,  in  Gloucestershire,  in 
ed  civil  engineering,  and  at  length  became  1616;  educated  at  Oxford;  became  a  inem- 
inspector-general  of  roads  and  bridges.  I  ber  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  tutor  to  the 
Among  his  works  are  the  bridge  at  Sau-  duke  of  Grafton  and  Prince  George  of 

Denmark;  and  died  in  1703.  He  wrote 
and  translated  various  works,  now  all  for- 
gotten, of  which  The  Present  State  of 
England  was  the  most  popular.  Yet,  such 
an  overweening  opinion  had  he  of  his  own 
literary  merits,  that  he  directed  some  of 
his  publications  to  be  covered  with  wax, 
and  buried  with  him  to  benefit  posterity! 

CHAMBERLEN,  HUGH,  a  physician 
and  man-midwife,  was  born  in  1664;  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  and 
died  in  1728.  He  translated  Mauriceau's 
Treatise  on  Midwifery;  and  invented  an 
improved  kind  of  forceps  for  assisting 
delivery. 

CHAMBERS,  EPHRAIM,  the  compiler 
of  a  well  known  dictionary  of  arts  and 
sciences,  was  born  at  Milton,  in  West- 
moreland ;  educated  at  Kendal  School ; 
and  afterwards  apprenticed  to  Senex,  the 
mathematical  instrument  and  globe  maker. 
While  he  was  in  the  service  of  Senex, 
Chambers  projecred  his  Dictionary,  and 
some  of  the  articles  were  written  br.-hind 
the  counter.  It  came  forth  in  172S,  in 
two  folio  volumes,  and  the  next  year  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society 
Five  editions  of  his  work  appe'ared  in  the 
course  of  eighteen  year^.  He  translated 
the  Jesuit's  Perspective  from  the  French ; 
and  joined  with  Martyn  in  translating  and 
abridging  the  Memoirs  of  the  Royal  Acade- 


the  sixteenth    centur 
Montpellier.     In  1 


tury, 

590, 


was    a    native  of 
her  husband,  Barri 


de  St.  Annez,  who  was  governor  of  Leu- 
cate,  for  Henry  IV'.,  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Spaniards.  They  threatened  Constance 
that  they  would  put  him  to  death,  if  she 
did  not  surrender  the  fortress.  She  re- 
fused, but  offered  all  her  property  to  ran- 
som him.  After  having  been  foiled  in  two 
assaults,  the  Spaniards  raised  the  siege, 
but  barbarously  murdered  their  prisoner. 
Constance  magnanimously  prevented  her 
garrison  from  retaliating  upon  a  Spanish 
officer  of  rank.  As  a  reward  for  her  pa- 
triotism, Henry  IV.  allowed  her  to  retain 
the  government  of  Leucate  till  her  son  came 

5HALMERS,  GEORGE,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  was  born  in  1744;  was  educated 
at  Aberdeen;  and  settled  in  America  as  a 
barrister;  but  returned  to  England  when 
the  colonies  assumed  independence.  He 
was  for  many  years  Chief  Clerk  of  the 
Board  of  Trade;  and  died  in  January, 
1826.  His  productions,  in  antiquities, 
criticism,  biography,  and  political  econo- 
my, are  very  numerous.  Among  them  is 


of  a 


Caledonia,  or  a  Topographical  History  of  I  my  at  Paris.     He  died  in  1740.     It  is  not, 
North  Britain,  3  vols.  4to. ;   an  Estimate  as  some  have  supposed,  to  Chambers   that 

we  are  indebted   for  the  first  Cvcl  ij;;rdi,i 


but  to  Dr.  John  Harris,  who  published  hi* 
Lexicon  Technicum  in  1708. 


of  the    Comparative    Strength    of  Great 
Britain ;   and  an  Apology  for  the  Believers 

in    the    Shakspeare    Papers.     His    works   Liexiuuu  i  r*  iimci-m  m  uuo. 
display  considerable  research;  but  his  style       CHAMBERS,  Sir  WILLIAM,  an  archi- 
is  heavy  and  monotonous.  tect,  born    at    Stockholm,    but    descended 

CHALONER,  Sir  THOMAS,  a  states-!  from  a  Scotch  family,  was  brought  to 
man,  soldier,  and  writer,  was  born  in  Lon-|  England  when  two  years  old,  and  was  edu- 
don,  about  1515;  was  in  the  expedition  cated  at  Rippon.  After  having  \isitcd 
of  Charles  V.  -to  Algiers",  and  narrowly1  China,  as  supercarg  •  of  a  Sweden  vessel, 
escaped  drowning;  fought  at  the  battle  of  he  settled  in  London  as  a  draughtsman; 
Musselhurgh,  and  was  knighted;  was  sub-;  became,  through  the  i.  terest  of  Lord  But,-, 
sequently  ambassador  to  Germany  and  j  architectural  drawing  master  to  George 
Spain;  and  died  in  1565.  His  principal  \  HI. ;  and  was  subscquc-.\'y  appointed  f«yuJ 
work  is,  On  the  right  ordering  >•(  the  Eng-  architect  ami  surveyor  y  f  •«»  -\!  c'~  the  '.x.'urd 
ish  Commonwealth.  'of  wn.ks.  Lord  Rr^Hiv"*h'«  \illa  »l 


lt»  CHA  CHA 

Rochampton  was  his  first  work  of  Import-  from  further  service,  lest,  in  the  viursitudcf 
atice.  In  laying  out  the  royal  garden?  at  of  war,  he  should  fall  into  the  hands  of  the 
Kew,  his  introduction  of  the  Chinese  style  enemy,  and  perish  upon  a  gibbet.  He  died 
exjjosed  him  to  the  pungent  ridicule  of  the  in  Kentucky  about  the  year  1797. 
author  of  the  celebrated  Heroic :  Epistle  to  CUAMPLAIN,  SY'MIT.I.,  a  French 
Sir  William  Chambers  In  1775,  the  naval  officer,  was  born  in  the  sixteenth 
building  of  Somerset  House  was  intrusted  century,  at  Brouaje,  in  the  province  of 
to  him;  and,  with  all  its  faults,  the  struc-  Sainto'nge.  He  pursued,  in  1603,  the  dis- 
ture  does  honour  to  his  talents.  He  died  coveries  of  Carlier  in  Canada,  and  wae 
in  1796.  Sir  William,  who  was  a  Swedish  governor  of  the  province  from  1608  to  1635, 
knight,  and  a  member  of  the  Royal  and  in  which  latter  year  he  died.  To  his  ex- 
Antiquarian  Societies,  is  the  author  of  ertions  France  was  indebted  f.ir  the  e.-tab- 
variotis  professional  works,  the  principal  lishment  of  the  colony.  (Quebec  v.  us 
of  which  is  A  Treatise  on  Civil  Archi-|  founded  by  him,  and  one  of  the  American 


lecture. 

CHAMFORT, 


SEBASTIAN    ROCHE 


NICHOLAS,  a  French  writer,  the  natural 
eon  of  an  unknown  father,  was  born  in 
1741,  near  Clermont,  in  Auvergne.  He 
was  eduqated  at  Grassin's  College,  at  Paris, 
where  he  gained  several  prizes.  He  ap- 


lakes  still  bears  his  name. 

CHANCELLOR,  RICHARD,  an  Eng- 
lish navigator,  accompanied  Sir  Hugh 
Willoughby,  in  1553,  in  one  of  the  \ 
which  was  fitted  out  to  seek  u  north-east 
passage  to  the  East  Indies.  Chancellor 
was  separated  from  Willoughby  by  tcm- 


plied  to  literature  for  his  subsistence,  and  i  pests,  and  discovered  the  White  Sea 
soon  acquired  considerable  reputation.  In  [Hearing  of  his  arrival,  the  Russian  grand 
1781  Chamfort  was  admitted  a  member  of  j  duke  invited  him  to  Moscow,  and  there 
the  French  Academy,  on  the  death  of  St.  Chancellor  succeeded  in  laying  the  foumla- 
Falaye.  His  principal  titles  to  this  honour'  tion  of  the  commercial  intercourse  between 
were"  his  Eulogy  on  La  Fontaine,  comedy  |  England  and  Russia.  After  having  made 
of  the  Young  Indian,  and  tragedy  of  Mus^  two  subsequent  voyages  to  Archangel,  he 
tapha  and  Zeangir.  The  latter  also  ob-j  was  unfortunately  shipwrecked  in  a  third, 
taincd  for  him  the  place  of  secretary  to  tliC|  towards  the  end  of  the  year  1556. 
Prince  of  Conde.  Chamfort  espoused  thei  CHANDLER,  EDWARD,  a  native  of 
cause  of  the  revolution,  and  feU  a  victim  |  Dublin,  was  educated  at  Cambridge;  bc- 


to  it.  After  having  been  once  imprisoned 
and  released,  he  put  an  end  to  his  exist- 
ence,  in  April,  1794,  on  being  a  second 
time  arrested.  His  works  have  been  col- 
lected in  four  volumes  8vo. 

CHAMPAGNE,  PHILIP  DE,  a  painter 
of  the  Flemish  school,  was  born  at  Brus- 
sels, in  1602,  and,  after  having  acquired 
the  rudiments  of  his  art,  completed  his 
studies  at  Paris,  under  Poussin.  He  died 
in  1674.  Champagne  was  indefatigably 
active;  had  a  wonderful  readiness  of  exe- 
cution; 
order. 


and    possessed    talents    of  a  high 
Among  his  best  pictures  are,  The 
Nuns;   the  Vow  of  Louis  XIII.;   a  Lord's 
Supper;   and  a   Magdalen  at  the  Feet  of 


JOHN,    a    soldier    in    the 


Christ. 

CHAMPE, 


American  revolution,  was  born  in  Loudon 
county,  Virginia.  In  the  year  1776  he 
was  a'ppointed  a  sergeant -major  in  Lee's 
regiment  of  cavalry,  and  after  the  discovery 
of  Arno  d's  treason  was  employed  by 
Washington  in  a  service  of  much  danger 
and  difficulty;  this  was,  to  visit  the  British 
army  an  a  deserter,  in  order  to  ascertain 
if  anv  other  American  officers  were  en- 
gaged* in  that  conspiracy,  and  to  secure 
if  possible  the  person  of  Arnold.  In  the 
latter  object  of  his  enterprise  he  unfortu- 
nately failed,  but  he  effected  his  own  es- 
cape in  safety,  and  returned  to  his  com- 
panions. Washington  treated  him  munifi- 
crnlly,  nnd  presented  him  with  his  discharge 


came  bishop  of  Litchfield  in  1717,  and  of 
Durham  in  17GO;   and  died  in  1750.     He 


is  the  author  of  A  Defence  of  Chritt 


mty, 


in  answer  to  Collins;  A  Vindication  of 
the  Defence;  Eight  Sermons;  and  some 
productions  of  minor  consequence. 

CHANDLER,  SAMUKI,,  a  dissenter,  of 
great  talents,  was  born  at  Malmesbury  in 
1693,  and  completed  his  studies  at  Levden. 
After  having  been  minister  to  a>  congrega- 
tion at  Peekham,  during  which  period  he 
was  also  a  bookseller,  he  was  chosen  lec- 
turer at  the  Old  Jewry,  and.  about  1726, 
pastor  at  the  latter  place:  this  last  otiice 


he  held  during   forty  yeai 
universities    of  Edinburgh 


In  1748,  the 
and    Glasgow 


gave  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  He  died  in 
1766.  Dr.  Chandler  is  the  author  of  nu 
merous  works;  among  which  arc,  Sermons 
in  4  volumes;  A  Review  of  Annett's  His- 


tory  of    Da> 


A    Critical    H 


of 


David;  and  a  Vindication  of  the  Christian 
Religion.  Dr.  Chandler  possessed  exten- 
sive influence  among  the  dissenters,  and 
was  highly  respected  by  the  clergy  of  the 
established  church. 

CHANDLER,  RICHARD  n  divine  and 
antiquary,  was  born  in  1738  received  hia 
education  and  doctor's  degree  at  Oxford; 
travelled,  in  1764..  through  Asia  Minor 
and  Greece,  at  the  expense  of  the  Dille- 
tanti  Society,  and  died,  in  1810,  at  hii 
living  of  Tifehurst,  in  Berkshire.  He  in 
the  author,  among  other  work*,  of  Mar- 


CHA 

g&ura  Oxoniensia;  Ionian  Antiquities; 
Travels  in  Asia  Minor ;  Travels  in  Greece ; 
ami  the  History  of  Ilium. 

CHANDOS,  JOHN,  an  English  warrior, 
of  the  fourteenth  century,  distinguished 
himself  greatly,  on  numerous  occasions^  in 
France ;  particularly  at  the  battle  of  Au- 
r.iy,  in  1364,  in  which  he  took  prisoner 
the  celebrated  Bertrand  du  Guesclin.  In 
1366,  he  gained  equal  honour  at  the  battle 
of  N ajara,  against  Henry  of  Transtamare. 
He  was  killed,  in  1369,  at  the  bridge  of 
Leusue,  near  Poitiers.  Chandra  was  ad- 
mired and  esteemed,  even  by  the  French, 
for  his  generosity  and  moderation;  and  as 
a  general  he  was  second  in  fame  only  to 
the  Black  Prince. 

CHAPELAIN,  JOHN,  a  French  poet, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1595.  After  having 
been  tutor  to  the  children  of  a  nobleman, 
and  afterwards  his  steward,  he  obtained 
the  patronage  of  Cardinal  Richelieu.  His 
undoubted  learning,  the  influence  which  he 
possessed,  and  some  minor  poem?,  rendered 
him  for  a  while  "  the  oracle  of  all  writers, 
«*nd  especially  of  all  poets."  He  was,  in- 
deed, considered  as  at  the  head  of  French 
literature.  The  publication  of  his  Pucelle, 
a  poem  on  the  subject  of  the  Maid  of 
Orleans,  the  composition  of  which  had 
occupied  thirty  years  of  his  life,  at  once 
destroyed  his  reputation.  It  was  covered 
with  ridicule  by  Boileau.  and  the  other 
satirical  wits  of  the  age.  Chapclain  died 
in  1674.  Though  avaricious  in  the  high- 
est degree,  he  was  a  kind,  disinterested, 
and  honourable  man. 

CHAPELLE,  CLAUDE  EMANUET,  Lu- 
ILLIER,  was  born  in  1626, at  La  Chapelle, 
near  Paris,  and  numbered  Gassendi  among 
his  preceptors.  He  was  intimate  with  all 
the  eminent  literary  characters  of  the 
period,  and  was  much  admired  for  his 
convivial  qualities,  his  wit,  and  his  verses. 
He  died  in  1686.  Besides  his  poems,  he 
wrote,  in  conjunction  with  Bachaumont, 
the  sprightly  Journey  to  Montpelier,  which 
Voltaire  justly  describes  as  a  masterpiece 
of  its  kind. 

CHAPMAN,  GEORGE,  one  of  the  ear- 
liest poetical  translators,  was  born  in  Kent, 
in  1557;  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
<Jxford;  and  died  in  1634.  He"  was  inti- 
mate with  Shakspeare,  Ben  Jonson,  Mars- 
ton,  Spencer,  and  others  of  his  celebrated 
contemporaries.  He  is  the  author  of  several 
dramatic  pieces.  The  first  seven  books  of 
his  version  of  the  Iliad  appeared  in  1596; 
the  remainder  was  completed  four  or  five 
years  afterwards;  and  the  Odyssey  was 
published  in  1614.  He  also  translated  the 
Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice;  and  the 
works  of  Hesiod  and  Musa-u*. 

CHAPONE,  HESTF.R,  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  a  Mr.  Mulso,  of  Twywell,  in  North 
•mptonthire,  and  was  born  r.t  that 


CHA  16* 

in  1727.  When  only  nine  years  old,  she 
is  said  to  have  written  a  romance.  Her 
mother,  however,  who  seems  to  have  been 
actuated  by  jealousy  of  her  daughter'* 
talents,  endeavoured  to  obstruct  her  stud- 
ies. Hester  Mulso,  nevertheless,  succeeded 
in  making  herself  mistress  of  Italian  and 
French.  The  story  of  Fidelia,  in  the 
Adventurer,  an  Ode  to  Peace,  and  some 
verse*  prefixed  to  her  friend  Miss  Carter's 
Epictetus,  were  among  her  earliest  printed 
efforts.  In  1760  she  married  Mr.  Cbapone, 
but  he  was  snatched  from  her  by  death  in 
less  than  ten  months.  In  1770  she  accom- 
panied Mrs.  Montague  on  a  tour  in  Scot- 
land; in  1773  she  published  her  Letter* 
on  the  Improvement  of  the  Mind;  tnd 
in  1775,  her  Miscellanies  in  Pro.se  and 
Verse.  After  having  lived  happily  for 
many  years  in  the  society  of  those  who 
loved  tier,  her  latter  days  were  heavily 
overclouded  by  the  loss  of  friends  and  rela- 
tions, by  impaired  intellect,  and  by  bodily 
debility"  She  died  at  Hadley,  near  Bar- 
net,  December  25,  1801.  Her  verses  are 
elegant,  and  her  prose  writings  are  pure 
in  style  and  fraught  with  good  sense  and 
sound  morality. 

CHAPPE  D'AUTEROCHE,  JOHN,  a 
French  astronomer  and  mathematician, 
was  born  at  Mauriac,  in  Auvergne,  in 
1722,  of  a  noble  family,  and  was  brought 
i:p  to  the  church.  Mathematics,  astro- 
nomy, and  designing,  were  early  and  suc- 
cessful objects  of  his  study.  In  1759  he 
succeeded  Lalande  as  assistant  astronomer, 
and  in  the  following  year  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy, of  which  he  was  a  member,  sent  him 
to  Tobolsk,  in  Siberia,  to  observe  the 
transit  of  Venus  over  the  sun's  disk.  On 
his  return,  he  published  his  Travels  in 
Siberia,  in  two  vols.  4to.  His  account  of 
the  Russians  was  so  unfavourable,  that  th* 
Empress  Catherine  was  provoked  to  write 
a  refutation  of  it.  Chappe  d'Auteroche 
died  in  Calefornia,  in  1761,  which  country 
he  had  visited  to  observe  another  transit 
of  Venus.  His  Voyage  was  published 
after  his  death. 

CHAPPE,  CLAUDE,  a  nephew  of  the 
astronomer,  born  in  1763,  at  Brulon,  in 
Maine,  was  the  person  who  first  brought 
the  telegraph  to  perfection  in  France.  He 
drowned  himself,  in  1805,  in  a  fit  of  in- 
sanity, brought  on  by  the  perpetual  attempts 
which  his  rivals  were  making  to  depreciate 
his  merit  as  an  inventor. 

CHARDIN,  Sir  JOHN,  a  celebrated 
traveller,  was  the  son  of  a  jeweller,  and 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1643.  He  journeyed 
twice  into  Persia  and  the  East  Indies,  and 
each  time  spent  several  years  there.  In 
1681  he  settled  in  England,  where  he  wan 
knighted,  married,  and  published  his  Trav* 
els.  He  died  at  Chiswick,  in  1713.  Hi* 
TraveN.  thp  bppt  edition  of  which  is  that 


I7t 


CHA 


CHA 


by  Langles,  in  ten  vols.   Svo.   are  of  hign 
value.     Chardin  also  wrote  an  Account  of 
the  Coronation  of  Soliman   II.  of   1 
Observations  on  I'  -i  ipture 

explained  by  Eastern  Customs  (the  MS. 
of  which  was  lost  for  many  years);  anil 
contributed  to  thn  Philosophical  Transac- 


a   Greek   statuary,  born  at 


lions. 

V.RES, 


Lindus,  was  a  pupil  of  Lysippus,  and 
flourished  about  the  121st  Olympiad.  He 
is  fa  id  to  have  made  the  famous  Colossus 
of  Rhodes.  Pliny  also  ascribes  to  him  a 


FIELD,  fail     rf, 


born  in  Dublin,  74 


17l2S.  After  having  tmvelled,  for  ?oraa 
year?,  in  France,  Italy,  Greece,  and  Asia 
.Minor,  he  returned  to  Ins  native  country, 
and,  in  17G.S,  \vas  created  enrl  of  Charle- 
mont.  From  that  period  till  his  decease 
he  touk  an  active  and  enlightened  part  in 
politics,  and  was  acquainted  with,  and  es- 
teemed by,  Burke,  Flood,  and  many  other 
eminent  characters.  He  commanded  tl>e 
Irish  volunteers;  and  this  delicate  ta.-k  ho 
performed  with  no  common  share  of  pru- 
dence and  dignity.  Lord  Charlemont  wns 


fine  colossal  head,  which  was  placed  in  the   fond  of  and    successfully   cultivated    "itera- 

ture;   and  to  him  Ireland  is  mainly  indebt 


Capitol  by  the  cc 
CHARETTE 


consul  P.  Lentuhu 


LA  CONTRIE, 
FRANCIS  ATHANASIUS,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  of  the  French  royalist  chiefs, 
was  born  in  1763,  near  Ancenis,  in  Brt- 
tanny,  and  was  brought  up  to  the  naval 
service.  In  March,  1793,  the  insurgent 
peasants  of  Lower  Britanny  chose  him  as 
their  leader,  and  he  justified  their  choice 
by  his  gall-intry  in  numberless,  combats 
against  the  republicans.  In  1795,  he  con- 


ed  for  the  establishment  of  the  Roal  Irish 


Academy.       Of 


institution    he    was 


annually   chosen   president'.       He  died    in 
1799.   " 

CHARLES  M  ARTEL,  a  natural  eon 
of  Pepin  d'Heristal,  succeeded  in  obtain- 
ing the  dukedom  of  Australia,  after  the 
death  of  his  father.  Under  the  title  of 
mayor  of  the  palace,  he  was,  in  fact,  sove- 


re  igv 


of  France  for  more  than   twenty-fix 
the 


eluded  a  treaty ;  which,  however,  he  broke  J  years,  during  the  nominal  reigns  of  the 
before  the  close  of  the  year.  He  was  I  last  of  the  Merovingians.  He  repeatedly 
taken  prisoner,  and  shot,  in  March,  1796. 1  vanquished  the  Suevians,  Prisons,  Alle- 
Charette  was  brave,  enterprising,  active,' mans,  and  Saxons.  P>ut  his  most  splendid 
and  possessed  of  considerable  talents;  but] exploit  was  his  overthrow  of  the  Saracens 
he  was  sanguinary,  and  his  inordinate  am-  at  the  terrible  battle  of  Poitiers,  by  which 

he  probably  saved  Europe  from  the  infidel 
yoke.  The  surname  of  Martel,  or  the 
Hammer,  he  acquired  by  this  victory.  He 
died  in  741,  at  Querey  sur  Oise. 

CHARLES  XII.  king  of  Sweden,  was 
born  at  Stockholm,  June  26,  1682,  and 
succeeded  his  father  in  1697.  In  his  earli- 
est  years  he  gave  indications  of  that  indo 
mitable  spirit  which  became  the  terror  of 
his  foes.  A  trailing  themselves  of  the  oppor 
tunity  which  they  supposed  to  be  afFordefl 
by  his  youth,  the  czar,  and  the  kings  o! 
Denmark  and  Sweden,  formed  an  alliance 


was  sanguinary 

bition  was  exceedingly  prejudicial  to  the 
royal  cause  by  inducing  him  to  intrigue  for 
th1?  supreme  command,  and  to  refuse  to  co- 
operate with  the  other  Vendean  chiefs  on 
many  important  occasions. 

CHARLEMAGNE,  or  CHARLES  I. 
emperor  of  the  west,  and  king  of  France, 
was  born,  in  742,  at  the  castle  of  Saltz- 
burg,  in  Upper  Bavaria,  and  was  the  son 
of  Pepin  the  Short,  and  the  grandson  of 
Charles  Martel.  In  conjunction  with  his 
brother  Carloman,  he  succeeded  to  the 
crown  in  768,  and  became  sole  monarch, 
by  the  death  of  his  brother,  in  771.  He 
was  crowned  emperor  in  800.  He  over- 
threw the  kingdom  of  the  Lombards;  re- 
duced the  Saxons  to  obedience,  after  a 
gallant  struggle  on  their  part ;  and  made 
an  irruption  into  Spain,  which  was  at  first 
successful,  but  at  the  close  of  which  his 
rear-guard  was  routed  by  the  Gascons,  at 
the  famous  battle  of  Roncesvalles.  He 
died  at  Aix  la  Chapelle,  his  capital,  in 
814.  Charlemagne  was  brave;  endowed 
with  grsat  talents  for  war  and  for  govern- 
ment; encouraged  commerce;  and  patron- 
ised literature  and  the  arts;  but  his  virtues 
were  deeply  shaded  by  faults,  especially  by 
the  shameful  barbarity  which  he  exercised 
upon  the  vanquished  .Saxons.  His  Capitu- 
laries, or  Laws,  were  chiefly  issued  in 
805  and  806;  and  were  collected,  in  822, 


against 


Charles,  however,  attackec 


Denmark  with  the  rapidity  of  lightning 
and  compelled  her  sovereign  to  sue  for 
peace.  Russia  next  felt  the  force  of  his 
arms.  He  landed  in  Livonia,  and  (Nov.  30, 
1700),  with  about  eight  thousand  Swedes, 
utterly  routed  eighty  thousand  Russians 
who  were  intrenched  under  the  walls  of 
Narva.  In  the  two  following  campaigns 
he  expelled  Augustus  king  of  Poland,  and 
raised  Stanislaus  to  the  throne.  The  de- 
posed monarch  he  pursued  into  Saxony, 
and  forced  to  sign  a  treaty.  He,  now  re- 
solved to  achieve  the  conquest  of  Russia 
and  for  that  purpose  directed  his  inarch 
upon  Moscow.  But,  after  having  obtained 
some  successes,  he  was  entirely  defeated  at 
the  battle  of  Pultowa,  oa  the  27th  of  Ju  y, 
1709.  Charles  sought  refuge  in  Turkey, 


by  Ansegise,  abbot  of  St    Wandrille,  and  j  where  he  was  at  first  honourably  received. 
Benedict,  deacon  of  Mcnt/.  IV  i  •(.•   h-tvsren   Turkey   and    Russia,  ho 

CHARLEMONT,      JAMES       CAUL- 1  ever,  render*!  hi? 


CHA 

in  the  Turkish  dominions,  and  he  was  re- 
quested to  ler.ve  them.  As  he  refused  to 
comply,  orders  were  given  to  expel  him  by 
force.  Charles  defended  himself  with  des- 
perate bravery,  in  his  house  at  Bender,  till 
the  building  was  se*  on  fire.  He  then  sallied 
forth,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  assailants, 
and  was  kept  prisoner  for  some  time.  At 
length  he  departed,  and  after  encountering 
many  difficulties  and  dangers  reached  Slral- 
eund,  which  was  soon  besieged  by  his  ene- 
mies. During  the  siege  he  displayed  his 
accustomed  talent  and  valour,  but  he  was 
finally  compelled  to  abandon  the  city,  and 
sail  to  Sweden.  His  death  took  place  on 
the  80th  of  November,  1718,  from  a  shot, 
while  he  was  besieging  Fredericshall,  in 
Norway ;  and  there  seems  reason  to  suspect 
that  he  fell  b^  the  band  of  a  Swedish  assas- 
sin, and  not  by  that  of  an  honourable  ene 


CHA  171 

the  middle  of  the  fifth  century  B.  c.  He 
gave  laws  to  the  Catanians  and  other  Eu- 
boean  colonies.  To  one  of  those  laws  he  is 
said  to  have  fallen  an  honourable  victim 
He  had  enacted  that  no  one  should  enter 
the  public  assemblies  armed,  under  pain  of 
death.  On  his  return  from  an  expedition, 
he  inadvertently  hurried  to  a  meeting  of  the 
people  without  taking  off  his  sword.  "  You 
break  the  law,"  exclaimed  a  spectator. 
"  No,"  replied  he,  instantly  plunging  the 
weapon  into  his  own  body,  "  on  the  con- 
trary, I  confirm  it." 

CHARRON,  PETER,  a  French  moral- 
ist and  divine,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1541, 
and  died  there,  suddenly,  in  1€03.  As  a 
preacher  he  enjoyed  great  celebrity.  He 
was  the  friend  of  Montague,  who  es'teemed 
him  so  much  that  he  bequeathed  to  him 
permission  to  assume  his  family  arms. 


my.     Charles  had  many  virtues,  but  they  \  His  first  work,  which  bore  the  title  of  the 


were  partly  neutralized  by  his  faults;  his 
firmness  too  often  degenerated  into  obsti- 
nacy, and  his  courage  into  rashness.  Yet 
there  are  circumstances  which  authorize  a 
belief  that,  had  he  lived,  he  would  have 


Three  ^Truths,  was  published  in  1594;  his 
Christian  Discourses,  in  1600;  and  his 
Treatise  on  AVisdom,  in  1601 .  The  last  of 
these  was  violently  attacked  by  Chanet, 
Garasse,  and  others,  as  the  dangerous  pro- 


UClftCI     iiiai,    iia.ii     uc     MWUJ     i»c     VTV/UHJ.     i»«.»  ^  i  V^CAI  o.^;?^,   BMU   viu^i  o j  no    nit;  uaugc&uuo    pi  u 

reformed    his    errors,    and,   perhaps,  ulti-  duction  of  one  who  was  an  enemy  to  relig 

.1        t  _  A    *i *_  i     _  .     _i_     .*_     j.i_        ; mi-  _     'I* *r          _       itr!    j * 


mately  have  contributed  as  much  to  the 
happiness  of  Sweden,  as  he  had  already  to 
its  glory. 

CHARLEVAL,  CHARLES  FACCON  DE 
R1S,  lord  of,  was  born  in  Normandy,  in 
1612  or  1613,  and  though  originally  "sup- 
posed to  be  too  weakly  to  live,  he  reached 
the  age  of  eighty  by  dint  of  regimen.  Scar- 
ron  said  of  him,  that  "  the  Muses  fed  him 
on  nothing  but  chicken  broth  and  blanc- 
mange." He  died  in  1693.  Charleval  was 
an  elegant  writer  both  in  prose  and  verse, 
and  was  a  liberal  friend  to  literary  men 
who  were  in  narrow  circumstances. 

CHARLEVOIX,  PETER  FRANCIS 
XAVIER  DE,  a  Jesuit,  born  at  St.  Quen- 
tin,  in  1682,  was  sent  on  a  mission  to 
North  America  in  1720,  and  remained 
there  for  two  years;  conducted  the  Tre- 
voux  Journal  for  twenty  years  after  his 
return ;  and  died  in  1761.  "  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  various  works,  of  which  the  prin- 
cipal are,  A  History  and  Description-  of 
Japan,  two  vols.  4to.;  A  General  History 
of  New  France,  three  vols.  4to.;  and  A 
General  History  of  Paraguay,  six  vols. 


12mo. 

CHARNOCK,JoHN, 


,-asborn  in  1756; 


ion.     The  Treatise  on  Wisdom  survives; 
the  attacks  upon  it  have  sunk  into  oblivion. 

CHARTIER,  ALAN,  a  French  poet  and 
writer,  of  great  reputation  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  was  born  at  Bayeux,  in  Norman 
dy,  in"l386,  and  is  supposed  to  have  died 
about  1457  or  1458.  His  works  are  now 
sunk  into  oblivion.  Yet,  in  such  esteeir 
was  he  held,  that  Pasquier  tells  us,  the  wife 
of  the  Dauphin  once  kissed  the  lips  of  Char- 
tier  when  she  found  him  asleep ;  and,  on  her 
attendants  seeming  astonished,  she  declared 
that  it  was  not  the  man  she  kissed,  but  the 
mouth  whence  so  much  eloquence  had  flow- 
ed. 

CHARTIER,  RENATUS,  a  native  of 
Vendome,  born  in  1572,  was  eminent  as  a 
physician,  and  published  ten  folio  volumes 
of  an  edition  of  the  works  of  Hippocrates 
and  Galen;  the  remaining  three  were  print- 
ed after  his  death.  By  this  work  he  bene- 
fited medical  science,  but  ruined  his  for- 
tune. He  also  wrote  some  Latin  tragedies 
and  poems.  He  died  in  1654. 

CHASE,  SAMUEL,  one  of  the  signers  of 
the  declaration  of  independence,  was  b  >rn 
in  Somerset  county,  Maryland,  in  17  11. 
He  was  educated  by  his  father,  a  learned 


was  educated  at  Winchester,  and  Merton  clergyman ;  and  after  studying  for  two 
College,  Oxford;  served  a.s  a  volunteer  in  years  the  profession  of  law,  he  was  admit- 
thc  navy;  subsequently  became  an  author;  ted  to  the  bar,  at  Annapolis,  at  the  age  of 
and  at  length  died  in  the  King's  Bench,  in  twenty.  In  1774,  he  was  sent  to  the  con- 
1807.  His  chief  works  are,  A  History  of  press  "of  Philadelphia  as  a  de  egate  from 
Naval  Architecture,  three  vols.  4to. ;  Bio-  Maryland,  and  he  continued  an  active,  bold, 

E-aphia  Navalis,  six  vols.  Svo  ;    and  The  eloquent,  and  etiicient  member  of  this  body 
ife  of  Nelson,  Svo.  |  throughout  the  war,  when  he  returned   to 

CHARONDAS,  a  Greek  legislator  an. 1  the  practice  of  his  profession.  In  1791, 
philosopher,  was  born  at  Catania,  in  Sicilv,  he  accepted  the  appointment  of  chief  jus- 
»nd  i?  supposed  to  have  flourished  abmit  ttcc  of  the  general  court  of  Maryland  J  and 


172 


CHA 


in  ITPfi  president  Washington  made  him 
an  associate  judge  of  the  supreme  court  of 
the  I'nited  States.  He  remained  upon  the 
bench  for  fifteen  years,  and  appeared  with 
ibi-lity  and  dignity.  It  was  his  ill  fortune, 
however,  to  have  \\\s  latter  days  embittered 
by  an  impeachment  by  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives at  Washington.  Tins  imj  carh- 
mrnt  originated  in  political  animosities, 
from  the  offence  \\hieli  his  conduct  in  the 
circuit  court  had  given  to  the  democratic 
party.  The  trial  of  the  judge  before  th 


is  popularity  and  sharpened 
it.      After   having    been   ten 


CHA 

justice  and  impolicy,  deprived  him  of  hi» 
commission.  This  unconstitutional  acl  on- 
ly enhanced  his 

his  resentment.  After  having 
years  in  opposition,  he  was,  early  in  1746, 
appointed  joint  vice-treasurer  of  Ireland, 
and,  in  the  same  year,  treasurer  and  pay 
master  general  of  the  army,  and  a  privy 
counsellor.  During  his  treasurership,  he 
invariably  refused  to  benefit  by  the  large 
balances  "of  money  which  necessarily  re- 
mained in  his  hand?.  In  1755,  he  was  dis- 


senate  is  memorable  on  account  of  the  ex-!  missed;   in  1756,  he  obtained  a  brief  rein 


citenicnt  which  it  occasioned,  the  ability 
of  the  defence,  and  the  nature  of  the  ac- 
quittal. Judge  Chase  continued  to  exercise 
his  judicial  functions  till  1811,  \\hen  his 


statement  in  power  as  secretary  of  state, 
and  was  again  dismissed ;  but,  in  1757,  de- 
feat and  disgrace  having  f-illen  on  the  coun- 
try, the  unanimous  voice  of  the  people  com- 


health failed   him,  and  he  expired   on   the   pelled  the  sovereign    to  place  him  at   the 
nineteenth  of  June,  in  that  year.     He  was  head    of  the    administration.     Under    his 


a  sincere  patriot,  and  a  man  of  high  intel- 
lect and  undaunted  courage. 

CHASTELET,  GABRIFLLK  EMILIA 


auspices  Britain  was,  during  four  years, 
triumphant  in  every  quarter  of  the  globe. 
Thwarted  in  his  measures,  after  the  acces- 


LETONNELIERDE  BRETEUIL,mar-  sion  of  George  III.,  he  resigned,  in  Octo- 
chioness  of,  one  of  the  most  learned  and  ;  her,  1761,  an  office  which  he  could  no 
accomplished  of  modern  females,  was  born  ,  longer  hold  with  honour  to  himself  or 
at  Paris,  in  1706,  and  died  at  Lune\  ille,  in  advantage  to  the  nation.-  A  pension  was 


1749.     She  was  a  proficient  in  Latin,  Ital- 
ian, and  English  ;  and  possessed  considera- 


granted  to  him,  and  his  wife  was  created 
a  baroness.     On  the  downfall  of  the  Rock- 


ble  knowledge  of  geometry,  astronomy,  and  ingham  administration,  Pitt  was  appointed 

natural  philosophy.     She  published  'insti-  lord  privy  seal,  and  was  raised  to  the  peer- 

tutes  of  Physics,  with  an  Analysis  of  Lcib-  age  with  the  title  of  earl  of  Chatham.     He 

itz's  Philosophy,  and  translated  Newton's  acquired  no  glory  as  one  of  the  new  and 


Principia.  Though  Madame  du  Chastelet 
was  married,  chastity  does  not  appear  to 
have  been  one  of  her  virtues.  Among  her 
ardent  admirers  was  Voltaire. 


CHATHAM,  WILLIAM  PITT,  earl 
cf,  one  of  the  most  able  and  successful  min- 
isters that  England  ever  possessed,  was  born 
November  15,  1708,  and  was  the  son  of 
Robert  Pitt,  Esq.  of  Boconnock,  in  Corn- 
wall. His  education  he  received  at  Eton, 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford.  His  en- 


trance into  public  life  \vas  as  a  cor 


net  of 

horsey  and  in  1735,  through  the  intlucnce 
of  the  duchess  dowager  of  .Marlborongh,  he 
was  returned  to  parliament  as  member  for 
Old  Sarum.  He  subsequently  sat  for  Sea- 
ford,  Aldborough,  and  Bath.  As  a  senator 
he  soon  rendered  himself  so  obnoxious  to 
Walpole,  that  the  minister,  with  equal  in- 


assorted    ministry,    and 
from  it  in  November,  1768. 


he    withdrew 
Though  suf- 


fering severely  from  gout,  he  continued  to 
speak  in  parliament  upon  all  important 
questions.  The  American  war,  in  particu- 
lar, he  opposed  with  all  his  wonted  vigour 
and  talent.  On  the  8th  of  April,  1778, 
while  rising  to  speak  in  the  House  of  Lords, 
he  fell  into  a  convulsive  fit,  and  he  expired 
on  the  llth  of  the  following  May.  He 
was  interred,  and  a  monument  raised  to 
him,  in  Westminster  Abbey,  at  the  public 
expense;  and  a  perpetual  annuity  of  jC. 4000 
was  granted  to  his  heirs.  Some  short 
poems,  and  a  volume  of  letters  to  his 
nephew,  have  appeared  in  print.  The 
character  of  Lord  Chatham  is  thus  ably 
summed  up  by  Grattan: — "There  was  in 
this  man  something  that  could  create,  sub- 
vert, or  reform  ;  an  understandings  a  spirit, 
and  an  eloquence,  to  summon  mankind  to 
society,  or  to  break  the  bonds  of  slavery 
asunder,  and  to  rule  the  wilderness  of  free 
minds  with  unbounded  authority;  some- 
thing that  could  establish 
empire,  and  strike  a  b^ 
that  should  resound  through  the  universe." 
CHATTERTON,  THOMAS  the  moM 
remarkable  instance  that  pernaps  ever 
appeared  of  precocious  talent,  wa?  the 
posthumous  son  of  the.  master  of  the  Free 
School  in  Pyle  Street,  Bristol,  ai.d  wa* 
born  November  20,  1752.  The  rudiment* 
of  education  he  received  at  Colston VChajr- 


or    overwhelm 
•    in   the  world 


CHA 

ity  School,  in  his  native  city;  and,  alout 
hw  tenth  year,  be  acquired  a  tsiste  for 
reading.  In  his  general  disposition  he  was 
grave  and  pensive,  though  at  times  exceed- 
ingly cheerful.  In  1767,  he  was  bound 
apprentice  to  an  attorney,  with  whom  he 
remained  nearly  three  years.  It  was  dur- 
ing this  period  that  he  seems  to  have  pro- 
duced many  of  his  acknowledged  works, 
and  also  those  which  he  attributed  to  Row- 
ley. He  sought  the  patronage  of  Horace 
VValpole,  but  was  treated  with  neglect. 
Encouraged  by  promises  from  booksellers, 
he  visited  London  in  April,  1770,  and  for 
a  while  was  a  frequent  writer  in  the  Town 
and  Country  Magazine,  and  several  other 
publications.  Distress,  however,  soon 
overtook  him,  and  on  the  24th  of  August, 
1770,  the  unhappy  youth  terminated  his 
existence  by  swallowing  arsenic.  The 
number  and  variety  of  his  compositions 
are  astonishing;  the  genius  which  they 
display  is  still  more  so.  Imagination, 
pathos",  caustic  satire,  vivid  description, 
and  sublime  imagery,  are  all  to  be  found 
in  the  productions  of  this  highly  gifted 
stripling.  The  poems  ascribed  to  Rowley 
gave  rise  to  a  vehement  controversy  among 
antiquaries,  but  they  are  now  generally 
admitted  to  belong  to"  Chatterton 


CIIA 


173 


CHAUCER,  GEOFFREY,  wno  has  been 
called  the  day-star  and  the  father  of  English 
poetry,  is  believed  to  have  been  born  in 
London,  in  1323,  to  have  been  educated 
both  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  and  to  have 
studied  law  in  the  Temple.  He  was  pat- 
ronised by  John  of  Gaunt,  the  sister  of 
whose  mistress  he  married  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  various  lucrative  offices,  and 
more  than  once  was  sent  upon  missions  to 
foreign  countries.  Having,  however,  im- 
bibed the  doctrines  of  Wicklifie,  he  was 
compelled  to  fly  to  Zealand,  whence  want 
of  resources  soon  obliged  him  to  return. 
Imprisonmei  t  awaited  him  at  home,  and 
he  regained  his  liberty  only  by  disclosures 
which  drew  down  upon  him  the  indigna-l 
tion  of  his  party.  At  length,  In-  recovered  I 
the  pensions  of  \\hu-h  liv  had  hc'cri  deprived,! 
and  the  remainder  of  his  life  was  spe.it  in  i 
retirement,  first  Ht  Woodstock,  ami  noxt 


at  Donnington  Castle.  He  died,  in  1400, 
in  London,  to  which  city  he  had  journeyeu 
upon  business.  Considered  merely  with 
reference  to  his  own  merits,  Chaucer  ranks 
high  among  poets;  compared  with  his  pre- 
decessors, his  contemporaries,  and  many 
of  his  successors,  he  is  absolutely  unrivalled*. 
His  great  work,  The  Canterbury  Tales, 
was  not  begun  till  he  was  far  advanced  in 
year?,  but  it  displ;ivs  all  the  freshness, 
vigour,  and  variety  of  youth. 

CHAUDET,  ANTHONY  DENNIS,  an 
eminent  French  sculptor,  was  burn  at 
Paris,  in  1763,  and  was  a  pupil  of  StouC 
At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  gained  the  high- 
est prize  of  the  Academy,  for  a  basso 
relievo  of  Joseph  sold  by  his  Brethren.  He 
died  in  1810,  professor  of  the  schools  of 
sculpture  and  painting.  His  statues  and 
groups  are  numerous,  and  he  excelled  with 
the  pencil  no  less  than  with  the  chisel. 

CHAUDON,  Louis  MAYEUL,  an  au- 
thor, was  born,  in  1737,  at  Valensoles,  iu 
Provence,  and  died  in  1817.  He  was  a 
Benedictirfe  monk  of  the  order  of  Cluny. 
Of  his  numerous  original  works  and  com- 
pilations,  the  best  known  is  The  New 
Historical  Dictionary,  which  was  first 
published  in  only  four  volumes,  in  1766. 
It  was  enlarged,  in  successive  editions,  till 
it  reached  thirty  volumes;  but  the  eighth 
edition,  in  thirteen  volumes,  was  the  last 
which  Chaudon  superintended. 

CHAUFFEPIE,  JAMES  GEORGE  DE, 
the  author  of  several  works,  among  which 
is  a  continuation  of  Bayle,  in  four  folio 
volumes,  was  born  at  Leuwarden,in  Fries- 
land,  in  1702,  and  was  the  son  of  a  French 
protestant  refugee.  Like  his  father,  he 
was  an  ecclesiastic,  and  was  successively 
pastor  at  Flushing,  Delft,  and  Rotterdam, 
at  which  latter  city  he  died  in  1786.  His 
supplement  to  Bayle,  more  than  one  half 
of  which  is  translated  from  the  English,  is 
far  inferior  to  the  learned  a«id  acute  pro- 
duction of  his  great  predecessor. 

CHAULIEU, WILLIAM  AMFRYE  DE, 
a  French  poet,  was  born,  in  1639,  at  Fon- 
tenai,  and  died  in  1720.  Being  a  man  of 
considerable  fortune,  fond  of  good  cheer, 
and  devoid  of  ambition,  his  whole  life  was 
spent  in  enjoying  the  pleasures  of  society. 
He  resided  at  the  Temple  in  Paris,  of 
which  he  was  called  the  Anacreon.  Ilia 
poems,  though  often  incorrect,  are  distin- 
guished by  gaiety,  voluptuousness,  and  un- 
studied elegance.  They  have  gone  through 
many  editions,  and  are  still  popular. 

CHAUNCY,  CHARLES,  second  presi- 
dent of  Harvard  College,  was  born  in 
England  in  1589.  He  received  his  gram- 
mar education  at  Westminster,  and  took 
the  degree  of  M.  1).  at  the  university  of 
Cambridge.  He  emigrated  to  New  Eng- 
land in  1638,  and  after  serving  for  a  num- 
ber of  vears  in  th«  ministry  at  ScituaM* 


174 


CUE 


was  appointed  in  1654,  president  of  har- 
vard College.  In  this  office  he  remained 
till  his  death  in  1671,  performing  all  its 
duties  with  industrious  fidelity.  He  was 
eminent  as  a  physician,  and  was  of  opinion 
that  there  ought  to  be  no  distinction  be- 
tween physic  and  divinity. 

CHAUNCEY,  BirHKMKY,  was  born 
•  o  Hertfordshire,  in  1632;  studied  at  Caius 
College,  Cambridge,  and  the  Middle  Tem- 
ple; was  knighted  in  1681,  and  made  a 
Welsh  jiulgi?  in  1688;  and  died  in  1700. 
He  is  the  author  of  Historical  Antiquities 
of  Hertfordshire,  in  folio;  a  work  of  con- 


siderable merit. 
CHAL'SSARD, 


PKTER,   a   poet    and 


criticised,  and  as  enthusiastically  prais 
Fashionable    Prejudice,     Melanide,    T 


miscellaneous  author,  was  born  at  Paris, 
in  1766.  He  was  one  of  the  partisans  of 
the  French  revolution,  and  filled  some  sub- 
ordinate offices  during  the  early  part  of  it. 
He  died  in  1823.  Of  his  numerous  works 
the  chief  are,  a  Translation  of  Arrian; 
The  Festivals  and  Courtisans  of  Greece; 
Heliogabalus;  and  some  Poems. 

CHAUSSEE,  PETER  CI>AUDE  XI- 
VELLE  DE  LA,  a  dramatist,  the  father  of 
sentimental  comedy  in  France,  was  born 
at  Paris,  in  1692,  and  died  in  1754.  He 
was  past  the  age  of  forty  when  he  began  to 
write  for  the  stage.  The  species  of  drama 
which  he  introduced  has  been  severely 

«f. 
The 

School  for  Mothers,  Lo\e  for  Love,  and 
the  Governess  are  among  his  most  popular 
pieces.  His  works  form  five  volumes. 

CHAUSSIER,  FRANCIS,  a  French 
physician,  was  born  at  Dijon,  in  1716, 
and  died  at  Paris,  in  1828.  He  was 
equally  celebrated  as  a  practitioner  and  a 
lecturer;  was  looked  up  to  as  the  head  of 
his  profession  in  the  capital;  and  contri- 
buted much  to  the  progress  of  physiological 
BI  ience.  He  is  the  author  of  various  medi- 
cul  tracts  and  dissertations. 

CHAZELLES,  JOHN  MATTHEW,  a 
French  astronomer  and  hydrographer,  was 
born  at  Lyons  in  1657,  and  was  a  pupil  of 
Cassini,  whom  he  assisted  in  forming  his 
great  planisphere  at  the  Observatory,  and 
drawing  the  meridian  line.  He  was  ap- 
pointed hydrographical  professor  at  Mar- 
seilles, in  1685.  Chazelles  visited  Greece, 
Turkey,  and  Egypt,  in  the  latter  of  which 
countries  he  measured  the  pyramids. 
During  the  last  nirre  \ears  of  his  life,  he 
was  employed  in  collecting  materials  for  a 
description  of  the  Mediterranean  coasts. 
He  died  in  1710.  Severa.  of  his  charts 
are  in  the  French  Neptune. 

CHEKE,   Sir  JOHN,  a   statesman  and 
classic.-.il  scholar,  was  born  at  Cambridge, 
in  1514,   and  educated   at   St.  Joh.: 
k-ge.      After   having   tra\elled   on   the  con- 
tinent, he    was   nfide    regius   professor  ot 


CHE 

ntroduced  some  changes  in  the  pronunciA 
tion  of  the  language,  \\hich  produced  dis* 
putes  with  the  chancellor.  Bishop  Gardiner 
In  1544,  he  was  appointed  tutor  to  the 
young  p  Lice,  afterwards  Edward  VI.  , 
who,  on  occoming  king,  loaded  him  with 
favours,  among  which  \\erc  the  honour  of 


knighthood,  and  the  posts  of  secretary  of 
state  and  privy  counsellor,  llavii 
poused  the  cause  of  Lady  Jane  Grey  ,  Cheke 
was  imprisoned  by  Queen  Mary,"  but  was 
liberated  in  a  few  months,  and  allowed  to 
travel.  While  he  wa?  absent  his  prop-rty 
was  confiscated,  ami  he  was  at  len-th  sent 
home  a  captive.  To  save  his  life,  though 
with  infinite  reluctance,  he  abjured  ih* 
protestant  faith;  in  con.-ejjuence  of  which 
he  is  said  to  have  died  of  grief,  in  1557 
He  is  the  author  of  various  works,  some  of 
which  have  been  printed.  Among  these 
are,  The  Hurt  of  Sedition;  and  a  tiansla- 
tion  of  six  of  St.  Chrysostom's  Homilies. 

CHEMMTZER,  "IVAN  IVANOVITCH, 
a  Russian  fabulist,  of  a  German  family,  was 
bonr  at  Petersburg,  in  1744;  commenced 
his  career  in  the  army;  and  was  subse- 
quently consul  general  at  Smyrna,  xvhere 
he  died  in  1784.  Chemnitzer  is  considered 
as  the  Russian  La  Fontaine;  and  in  hit* 
character,  as  well  as  in  his  writing?,  he 
resembled  the  French  writer.  Like  La 
Fontaine  he  was  subject  to  fits  of  absence, 
which  sometimes  produced  ludicrous  scenes. 

CHEMER,  MARY  ANDREW  vv.,  a 
French  poet,  born,  in  1762,  at  Constanti- 
nople, where  his  father  was  consul  general, 
distinguished  himself  early  by  his  love  of 
learning  and  his  poetical  talent?.  He  es- 
poused the  principles  of  the  revolution  ; 
but,  being  a  friend  of  v  oderate  measures, 
he  was  arrested  in  1793,  and  was  brought 
to  the  scaffold  in  July,  1794.  His  poems, 
which  are  few  in  number,  possess  consider- 
able merit. 

CHEMER,  MARY  JOSEPH,  a  French 
poet  and  dramatist,  was  born  at  Constan- 
tinople in  1754,  studied  at  Paris,  and  en- 
tered the  army  in  1781,  but  quitted  it  in 
1783,  to  devote  himself  to  literature.  In 
1786,  he  produced,  unsuccessfully,  his  tra- 
gedy of  A/emire.  In  1789,  however,  partly 
in  consequence  of  its  political  tendency, 
his  Charles  IX.  was  more  fortunate.  It 
was  succeeded  by  Henry  VIII.,  John  Ca- 
las,  Cains  Gracchus,  Feneloit,  and  Timo- 
leon.  Besides  his  dramas,  he  wrote  many 
works  of  merit  in  verse  and  prose.  His 
collected  works,  to  which  are.  added  his 


brother's 
member 


form    nine  volumes.     He  was  a 
f  all   the   legislative  bodies  be- 


tween 1792  and  1802;  voted  fur  the  death 
of  Louis  XVI.;  and,  from  his  numerous 
patriotic  Its  mns  and  songs,  may  be  consid- 
ered as  the  poet  laureat  of  republicanism. 
Chenier  died  in  1811 


Gie<;k  ul  Cambridge.     In  thi*  cu[  acity  he  |      C  II  E  R  S  I  P  H  R  O  N,  CTESIPHON, 


CHE  Till  J7I 

A.RCHIPHKOM,  or  CRES1PHON  (for  .frequently  enij,lu)ffd,  with  powerful  effect, 
he  is  thus  variously  denominated  by  differ-  {\n  the  Craftsman  and  other  papers.  It 
rit  writers,)  was  born  at  Gnossus,  in  the  j  was  not  till  January,  1745,  that  the  govern- 
sland  of  Crete.  It  was  he  who,  about  684  rncnt  once  moie  availed  itself  of  his  tal- 
E.  c.,  drew  the  plan  and  commenced  the^ents.  In  that  month  he  was  sent  to  Hol- 
building  of  the  famous  temple  of  Diana  at ;  land,  as  ambassador  extraordinary ;  and  on 
Ephesus.  In  concert  with  Metagenes,  his  i  his  return,  in  May,  he  went  over  to  Ireland 
son,  who  continued  the  construction  of  the  ! as  lord  lieutenant.  The  viceregal  power 
temple,  he  also  determined  the  proportions  he  held  rather  less  than  twelve  months, 
of  the  Ionic  order.  i  but  the  equity  and  beneficence  of  his  sway 

CI1F.SELDE.N,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent;  is    still    remembered   with    gratitude.     Iw 
anatomist  and  surgeon,  was  born,  in  1688, !  October,  1746,  he  was  nominated  secretary 


at  Burrow  on  the  Mill,  in  Leicestershire. 
Anatomy  he  studied  under  Cowper,  and 
surgery  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital.  In  1713 
appeared  his  first  work,  The  Anatomy  of 


of  state,  and  this  office  he  held  till  the 
beginning  of  1748,  when  the  state  of  his 
health  induced  him  to  resign  it.  In  the 
senate  he  continued  to 'speak  till  increasing 


the  Human  Body.  He  subsequently  pub- !  deafness  incapacitated  him  for  oratorical 
lished  a  Treatise  on  the  high  operation  for  'exertions.  But  his  pen  did  not  remaiu 
the  stone;  Osteography;  a  translation  of  I  idle.  He  contributed  largely  to  The  World; 
Le  Dran's  Surgery;  and  various  papers  in  among  his  contributions  were  the  two  pa- 
the  Philosophical  Transactions.  Of  these  'pers  which  drew  forth  the  celebrated  letter 
the  first  two  involved  him  in  a  controversy !  addressed  to  him  by  Dr.  Johnson.  He 
with  Dr.  Douglas.  He  was  surgeon  to  St. !  died  March  24,  1773.  Chesterfield  was  a 
Thomas's,  St.  George's,  and  Chelsea  Hos-jman  of  highly  polished  manners,  extensive 
pitals,  and  to  the  Westminster  Infirmary. 'acquirements,  and  versatile  talents.  He 
He  died  in  1752.  Cheselden  had  co.isid- jheld  no  mean  place  among  diplomatists, 
erable  architectural  knowledge:  Surgeon's  |  statesmen,  wits,  writers,  and  orators;  in 
Hall,  in  the  Old  Bailey,  was  designed  by  the  latter  capacity  he  has  been  called  the 
him.  British  Cicero.  His  works  consist  of  his 

Letters  to  his  Son,  in  four  volumes,  and 
Miscellaneous  Pieces,  in  four  volumes.  He 
has  been  severely  and  justly  censured  foi 
the  lax  morality  of  several  passages  in  hits 
Letters  to  his  Son. 

CHEYNE,  GEORGE,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  mathematician,  born  in  1671, 
was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and  was  origi- 
nally intended  for  the  church,  but  subse- 
quently studied  medicine  under  Pitcairue, 
and  settled  in  London.  He  died  at  Bath, 
in  1743.  Having  rendered  himself  corpu- 
lent and  exceedingly  asthmatic  by  free 
living,  he  recovered  his  health  and  activity 
by  a  milk  and  vegetable  diet.  He  is  the 


CHESTERFIELD,  PHILIP  DORMER 


in  1694,  and  was  educated  at  Cambridge. 
Before  he  was  of  age,  he  sat  in  parliament 
as  member  for  Lostwithiel,  and  spoke  with 
eo  much  violence  as  to  provoke  from  his 
antagonists  a  hint,  that  his  minority  might 
possibly  be  taken  advantage  of  to  move 
for  his  exclusion.  In  1726,  he  succeeded 
to  the  earldom  of  Chesterfield.  The  ac- 
cession of  George  II.  opened  to  Stanhope 
the  road  to  political  honours.  He  was 
•worn  a  privy  counsellor;  was  appointed, 
in  1728,  ambassador  extraordinary  to  Hol- 
land; received  the  Garter  in  1730;  and 
was  nominated  steward  of  the  household. 


author  of  a  Treatise  on   the  Gout;  an  Es- 


STAN  HOPE,  earl  of,  was  born  in  London,  say  on  Health;  a  New  Theory  of  Fevers; 


The  English  Malady;  The  Natural  Method 
of  curing  Diseases;  Philosophical  Princi- 
ples of  Religion ;  and  Fluxionum  Metho- 
dus  Inversa. 

CHIABRERA,  GABRIEL,  who  bears 
the  lofty  title  of  the  Italian  Pindar,  wa* 
born  at  Savona,  in  1552,  a'nd  did  not 
manifest  his  poetical  talent  till  he  was  of 
a  mature  age.  As  soon,  however,  as  his 
productions  became  known,  his  fame  spread 
widely  and  rapidlv.  It  is  not  alone  in  the 
style  of  the  Theban  bard  that  he  excels ; 
for  he  often  proves  himself  the  worthy  rival 


of  Anacreon  and  Horace.  Besides  his 
The  latter  oflke  lie  resigned  in  1733;  and  j  Odes,  he  is  the  author  of  several  dramas, 
for  many  years  he  continued  in  strenuous  and  uf  four  epic  poems.  He  died  in 
opposition  to  the  measure's  of  Sir  Robert 


Walpole.  Amonv  the  anti-ministerial  peers 
he  stood  conspicuous  for  activity  and  elo- 
quence. At  the  stunt)  time  hia  pen  was 


1637. 

CHIARI,  PETER,  an  Italian  dramatist 


and 


the 


eighteenth    century, 
war  born  at  Brescia,  where   he    ilso  died* 


ITS  cno 

in  1787  or  1788,  at  an  advanced  ajje.  lie 
19  the  author  of  more  than  sixty  comedies, 
four  tragedies,  and  several  romances.  Chi- 
ari  was  the  rival  <>f  Goldom,  and  had 
considerable  theatrical  success;  but  he  is 
inferior  to  the  writer  whom  he  stro\o  to 
otit\  ie. 

CHICHLEY,orCHICHELE,HEHRT, 

eminent  for  learning  and  munificence,  was 
born  at  Hicham  Ferrers,  in  .Northampton- 
shire, in  lo(>2,  and  was  educated  at  Oxford. 
After  having  held  various  high  ecclesiasti- 
cal dignities,  he  rose,  in  1414,  to  the  arch- 
bishopric of  Canterbury,  which  elevated 
station  he  filled  with  becoming  dignity  for 
nearly  thirty  years.  He  died  in  1443. 
He  founded  and  endowed  All  Souls  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  a  college  and  hospital  at 
his  native  place;  built  the  west  tower  of 
Canterbury  cathedral ;  and  improved  the 
archiepiscopal  palace  at  Lambeth. 
CHILLING  WORTH, 


,  a  di- 
vine and  controversial  theologian,  was  born 
at  Oxford,  in  1622,  and  educated  at  Trin- 


cnn 

downfall  of  the  Jesuits,  and  addto  Corsica 
to  France. 

cnoisF.ri.  GOUFFIER,  Count  MA. 
KY  GABJUEL  AUGUSTUS  I..-U-RF.NCF.,  a 

member  of  the  French  Academy,  was  born 
in  17f)2,  and  visited  Greece  in  1776.  Sub- 
sequently to  liis  return,  he  published,  in 
1779,  the  firtt  volume  of  his  Journey  in 
Greece.  He  was  appointed  ambassador  to 
Constantinople,  which  station  he  held  till 
a. republic  was  established  in  France,  when 
he  settled  in  Russia.  In  1802  he  revisited 
his  native  country ;  and  he  died,  at  Aix 
la  Chaj-.eile,  in  1817.  Besides  his  splendid 
Journey  in  Greece,  in  three  volumes  folio, 
he  is  the  author  of  several  learned  disser- 
tations in  the  Transactions  of  the  French 
Academy. 

CHRISTIAN,  CHARLES,  whose  real 
nanje  was  Charles  Christian  Riesen,  was 
the  son  of  a  Dane,  and  was  born  in  the 
British  metropolis  towards  the  close  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  He  is  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  modern  gem  engravers 


ity  College,  of  which  he  became  a   fellow 

in  1628;  was  for  a  while  a  convert  to  the]  Charles    XII.   of  Sweden. 

catholic  church,  but  returned  to  protestant-  London,  in  1725. 


One  of   his    best  works  is  a  portrait    of 
He   died,   in 


ism;  obtained  the  chancellorship  of  Salis- 
bury, the  prebend  of  Brixworth,'and  the 
mastership  of  Wigston's  Hospital;  espous- 
ed the  royal  cause,  and  actexl  as  engineer 
at  the  siege  of  Gloucester;  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Arundel;  and  died,  a  captive, 
in  1644.  His  principal  production  is, The 
Religion  of  Protestants  a  safe  Way  to 
His  works,  including  his  Ser- 


Salvation. 
mons.  form 


CHILO,  one  of  the  Seven  wise  men  of 
Greece,  was  an  ephonis  of  Sparta,  about 
600  B.  c.  One  of  his  most  celebrated 
maxims  is,  Know  thyself.  He  died  of  joy, 
c.  597,  while  embracing  his  son,  who 


had  been  a  victor  in 


the  Olympic*games. 


Chilo  was  remarkable  for  his  upright  con- 
duct as  a  magistrate. 

CHISHULL,  EDMUND,  a  divine  and 
antiquary,  was  born  at  Eyworth,  in  Bed- 
fordshire", and  educated  at  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford.  After  having  been  chap- 
lain at  Smyrna,  he  obtained  the  livings  of 
Walthamstow  and  South  Church,  in  Essex, 
and  was  made  chaplain  to  the  queen.  He 
died  in  1733.  His  principal  works  are, 
Travels  in  Turkey ;  and  Antiquitates  Asi- 
aticae  Christianam  seram  antecedentes. 

CHOJSEUL,  STEPHEN  FRANCIS  DE, 
duke  of  Choiseul  and  Amboise,  was  born 
in  1714,  and,  after  having  been  ambassa- 
dor at  Rome  and  Vienna,  was  raised  to  he, 
in  fact,  prime  minister  of  France,  through 
the  influence  of  Madam  de  Pompadour. 
In  1770,  he  was  dismissed  from  office, and 
exiled  to  one  of  his  estates.  He  died  iu 
1785.  Choiseul  brought  about  the  Family 


CHRISTIAN,  EDWARD,  chief  justice 
of  the  Isle  of  Ely,  and  law  professor  of 
Downing  College,  Cambridge,  was  educa- 
ted at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  He 
died,  at  Downing  College,  in  1823.  He  is 
the  author  of  various  works,  among  which 
are,  Treatises  on  the  Bankrupt  Laws,  and 
on  the  Game  Laws.  He  also  edited  an 
edition  of  Blackstone,  to  which  he  added 
numerous  notes.  To  him  belongs  the  de- 
merit of  having  been  the  originator  of  the 
iniquitous  law  which  extorts  from  everv 
author  eleven  copies  of  any  work  that  he 
may  publish. 

CHRISTINA  DI  PISANI,  an  accom 

plished  female  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
was  born  at  Venice,  in  1363,  and  was 
taken  to  France  at  the  age  of  five  veara 
by  her  father,  whom  Charles  V.  had  ap- 
pointed his  astronomer,  or  rather  astrolo- 
ger. She  became  celebrated  for  her  beauty 
and  talents,  and  was  pensioned  by  Charles 
VI.  The  period  of  her  death  is  unknown. 
Her  poems  and  prose  works  are  numerous ; 
many  of  them  are  still  in  manuscript. 

CHRISTINA,  queen  of  Sweden,  the 
only  child  of  the  great  Gustavus  Adoiphus, 
was  born  in  1626,  succeeded  to  the  throne 
at  the  age  of  five  years,  and  assumed  the 
reins  of  government  at  eighteen.  She 
seems  to  have  been  naturally  of  a  mas- 
culine character,  and  that  character  was 
strengthened  by  the  manner  in  which  she 
was  educated.  For  some  years  she  govern- 
ed in  a  manner  which  did  honour  to  her. 
She  likewise  invited  eminent  men  to  her 
court,  and  corresponded  with  others  in  va- 


Compact,  made  many  reform  in  the  annv,   rimis  part*   of  Europe.     During  the  latter 
increased  the  naval  forco,  contributed  to  toe  I  portion  of  her  reign  ther«  ua*  n  <  hang 0  in 


CHU 

her  conduct.  At  length,  In  1654,  she  ab- 
dicated the  crown  in  fevjur  of  Prince 
Charles  Gustavus,  and  quitted  Sweden 
Her  next  step  was  to  adopt  the  Catholic 
religion.  For  a  while  she  resided  in 
France,  where  she  drew  on  herself  the 
hatred  of  mankind  by  her  murder  of  Mo- 
naldeschi,  her  master  of  the  horse.  She 
died  at  Rome,  in  1689.  Christina  no 
doubt  possessed  talents,  and  some  of  the 
elements  of  greatness,  but  they  were  de- 
graded by  meanness,  caprice,  and  vindic- 
tive passions 

CHRISTOPHE,  HENRY,  king  of 
Hayti,  was  a  black  slave,  born  in  1767, 
in  Grenada.  He  served  during  the  war  in 
America,  and  was  subsequently  taken  t 
St.  Domingo.  His  activity  against  the 
whites  gained  for  him,  from  Toussaint 
Louverture,  the  rank  of  brigadier-general, 
and  his  subsequent  conduct  raised  him,  on 
the  death  of  Dessalines,  to  the  dignity  of 
president  and  generalissimo  of  Hayti.  In 
1811  he  was  crowned  king  of  Hayti,  and 
he  reigned  till  October,  1820,  when,  in 
consequence  of  a  general  insurrection 
against  him,  he  put  an  end  to  his  own 
existence. 

CHRYSIPPUS,  an  eminent  Stoic  phi- 
losopher, was  born  at  Solis,  in  Cilicia, 
about  280  or  290  B.  c.  and  died  207  B.  c. 
He  was  a  subtle  logician,  but  fond  of  deal- 
ing in  paradoxes.  Of  several  hundred 
treatises  which  he  wrote,  only  a  few  frag- 
ments remain. 

CHRYSOSTOM,  ST.  JOHN,  was  born 
at  Antioch,  about  A.  D.  344.  He  was  of  a 
noble  family,  and  his  father,  whose  name 
was  Secundus,  was  a  general  of  cavalry. 
The  name  of  Chrysostom,  which  signifies 
golden  mouth,  he  acquired  by  his  elo- 
quence. He  has  also  been  called  the 
Homer  of  orators,,  and  compared  to  the 
sun.  Successful  at  the  bar,  for  which  he 
was  educated,  he  quitted  it,  to  become, 
.or  six  years,  an  ascetic.  When  he 
efmerged  from  his  retirement,  he  became 
a  preacher,  and  gained  such  high  repu- 
tation for  his  piety  and  oratorical  talents, 
that  ho  was  raised  to  be  patriarch  of  Con- 
stantinople, A.  D.  398.  At  length  he  in- 
curred tha  hatred  of  the  Empress  Eudoxia, 
and  was  sent  into  exile,  in  which  he  died, 
A.  D.  407.  There  are  three  editions  of  his 
works  iu  eight,  ten,  and  thirteen  folio 
volumes. 

CHUBB,  THOMAS,  a  controversial  de- 
ist, was  born,  in  1679,  at  East  Harnham, 
near  Salisbury,  was  successively  a  glover, 
a  tallow-chandler,  and  a  sort  of  humble 
companion  or  dependent  in  the  family  of 
Sir  Joseph  Jekyll.  He  died  in  1747.  His 


CHU 

lished  in  two  volumes  in  1748. 


m 

However 


erroneous  his  opinions  may  be,  Chubb  was 
a  well  meaning  and  modest  m:m,  with  a 
respectable  share  of  talent  and  information. 

CHURCH,  BENJAMIN,  a  physician  of 
some  eminence,  and  an  able  writer,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1754,  and, 
after  going  through  the  preparatory  stud- 
ies, cstab.li.shod  himself  in  the-  practice  of 
medicine  in  Boston.  For  several  years 
before  th«  Revolution,  he  was  a  leading 
character  among  the  whigs  and  patriots; 
and  on  the  commencement  of  the  war  he 
was  appointed  physician  general  to  the 
army.  While  in  the  performance  of  ihe 
duties  assigned  him  in  this  capacity,  he 
was  suspected  of  a  treacherous  correspond- 
ence with  the  enemy,  and  immediately  ar- 
rested and  imprisoned.  After  remaining 
some  time  in  prison,  he  obtained  permission 
to  depart  for  the  West  Indies.  The  vessel 
in  which  he  sailed  was  never  heard  from 
afterwards.  He  is  the  author  of  a  number 
of  occasional  poems,  serious,  pathetic,  and 
satirical,  which  possess  considerable  merit ; 
and  an  oration,  delivered  on  the  fifth  of 
March,  1773. 

CHURCHILL,  Sir  WINSTON,  was  born 
in  1620,  at  Wootton  Glanville,  in  Dorset- 
shire, and  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford;  fought  in  the  cause  of  Charles  I. 
and  was  consequently  deprived  of  his 
estate;  was  restored  to  his  property  and 
knighted  by  Charles  II. ;  published,  in 
1675,  under  the  title  of  Divi  Britannici. 
Remarks  on  the  Lives  of  the  British  Mon» 
archs;  and  died  in  1688,  The  great  duke 
of  Marlborouah  was  his  son. 


CHURCHILL. 
CHURCHILL, 


See  M ARLBOROOGH. 
CHARLES,    who    has 


sometimes  teen  called  the  British  Juvenal, 


was  born   in    Westminster 


1T31,  and 


educated  at  Westminster  School,  where  he 
neglected  his  studies  so  much  that,  on  the 
ground  of  his  insufficiency,  he  was  refused 
admission  at  Oxford,  In*  1756  he  entered 
into  orders,  and  became  a  curate,  but  he 


soon  ceased  to  consider  the  clerical 


pro- 


fession as  his  spheie  of  action,  He  be 
gan  his  poetical  career,  in  1761,  by  The 
Ror-ciad,  which  at  once  brought  him  into 
public  notice.  It  was  rapidly  succeeded 
by  The  Apology,  Night,  Tire  Ghost,  The 
Prophecy  of  Fumine,  and  many  other  po- 
ems, most  of  them  political,  and  all,  though 
often  careless,  abounding  with  keen  satire 
'.nd  splendid  passages.  Of  Wilkes  he 
vas  the  bosom  friend  and  ardent  partisan. 
While  he  was  thus  acquiring  popularity  as 
i  writer,  he  was  injuring  his  health  and 
lis  character  by  dissipation.  1 1  is  friends, 
lowever,  could"  not  but  love  him  for  his 


first  work^,  which   appeared  in  1715,  was   generous  feelings,  and   the  warmth  of  his 
intitled,    The    Supremacy  of    the   Father   •ittachment  to  them.     He  died  November 


asserted,  and  this  was  followed  by  several 
others.     His  postliumoft  pieces  were  pub- 
Si 


4,  1764.     Though  time  has  rendered  the 
production*  of  Churchill   lew   interesting 


178 


CIC 


CIC 


rue  too!  poet* ,  acquired   the  rudiments  of  writing. 
ic  spirit  of  i  and  supplied   the   want  of  pen  and  ink  by 

Mi\ion.        ; rae    uice  and  Ijits  o 


than  ther  originally  were,  the* 
thoroughly  imbued  with  the  true 
poetry  to  ue  ever  con>iu;ied  to  oblivion.  j grape  juice  and  bits  of  wood.  With  these 

ClBBl'lv.  '  Ml  i .,  'i  .-ruh.tnr, '  rude  materials  her  first  verses  were  written 

was  a  native    of  1  lolstein,  hern   at    Fie ns-  in  her  tenth  year.     At  a  more  mature  age, 
bur.?,  and   s-.-ttK'd   i.i    London   a  .-ii  >rt  time   sh»  made  herself  mistress  of  natural  j:hil.-s- 
hef.re  the  restoration  of  th-  Stewart.'-.     He'ophy,  and  of  th"   English  and  French   Ian- 
died  in  England,  in  1700.    The  two  figures,    uuages,  and  studied  the  works  of  Locke  and 
representing   mel.inrlh.lv    and  raving  niad-  Newton.       Her    Anacreontic    \crs?es  were 
D0M,  which  were  formerly  over  the  gate  of  I  distinguished   by  their  graceful  ease  and 
Bedlam    in    Moorfields.   andaic   now   pro-   their  spirit.     In  private  life  she  was  virtu- 
served  in  the  new  hospital,  bear  testimony   ous  and  amiable.      She  died  in  1794. 
to  his  talents.      The   basso    relievo  on   the  ; 
pedestal  of  the  Monument  is  also  his  work. 

CIBBER,  COLLKY,  a  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, was  born  in  London,  in  1671.  He 
was  educated  at  Grantham  school,  and  was 
for  a  short  time  in  the  army,  which,  how- 
ever, he  emitted  for  the  Drury  Lane  stage 
before  he  was  eighteen.  For  some  years 
h<;  acted  subordinate  parts,  till,  at  length, 
his  personation  cf  the  character  of  Fondle- 
wife  brought  him  forward,  and  his  reputa- 
tion as  a  comic  actor  continued  thenceforth 
to  increase.  In  tragedy  also  he  had  con- 
siderable merit.  His  first  dramatic  effort, 
Love's  Last  Shift,  appeared  in  1695,  and 
it  was  followed  by  Woman*!  Wit,  The 


Careless     Husband,    The     iS'onjuror,    and 


CICERO,  MARCUS  TULMCS,  OTIC  of 
the  greatest  orators  of  antiquity,  was  of  an 


other  comedies  a>nd  tragedies,  to  the  num-  ancient  family,  and  was  born  at  Arpinum, 
ber  of  twenty-five,  some  of  which  remain  ]  E.  c.  105.  His  talents  were  manifested  at 
stock  pieces.  In  1711  he  became  one  of  ian  early  age,  and  they  were  cultivated  by 
the  joint  patentees  of  Drury  Lane;  in  i  the  most  eminent  masters.  His  first  ap- 


1730  he  was  appointed  Poet  Laurcat,  an 
office  which  he  rendered  ridiculous,  for  he 
was  not  a  poet;  and  in  1757  he  died. 
Besides  his  Plays,  five  volumes,  he  is  the 
author  of  a  most  amusing  Apology  for  my 
own  Life;  and  an  Essay  on  the  Conduct 


pearance  at  the  bar  as  an  advocate  was  in 
liis  twenty-sixth  year,  and  his  success 
against  a  "freed  man  of  Sylla  renderet}  it 
prudent  for  him  to  quit  Rome  for  a  while. 
He,  therefore,  retired  to  Athens,  and  pur- 
sed his  studies.  On  his  return  to  Rome 


and  Character  of  Cicero.     Having  given  I  he  rapidly  rose  to  distinction  as  a  pleader. 


some  offence  to  Pope,  the  irritable  poet 
substituted  him,  in  the  place  of  Theobald, 
as  the  hero  of  The  Dunciad ;  an  act  of 
vengeance  by  which  the  poem  was  injured, 
without  the  desired  effect  being  produced 
of  inflicting  injury  on  Gibber. 

CIBBER,  SUSANNA  MARIA,  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  of  our  tragic  actresses, 
wag  a  sister  of  Dr.  Arne,  and  was  born 
about  1716.  Before  she  was  twenty  she 
was  so  unfortunate  as  to  be  married  to 
the  dissipated  Theophilus  Gibber,  the  son 
of  Colley  Gibber.  He  was  accessary  to 
her  adulterous  intercourse  with  a  gentle- 
man, and  Lien  sued  him  for  heavy  damages, 
but  was  defeated.  After  her  separation 
frozi  him  her  conduct  was  decorous.  She 
died  in  1766.  St.  Foix's  drama  of  The 
Oracle  was  translated  by  her. 

CICGI,  M  A  KI  A  Lou  is  A,  an  accomplish- 
ed Italian  lady,  was  born  at  Pisa,  in  1760. 
Wnen  she  was  seven  years  old  her  father 
placed  her  in  a  convent,  ordered  her  to  be 
instructed  merely  in  domestic  duties,  and 
forbade  her  even  to  be  taught  to  write.  By 
stealth,  however,  shu  read  Mrae  of  the  best 


After  having  served  the  offices  ot  quaestor 
in  Sicily,  and  of  aedile  and  praetor  in  the 
Roman  capital,  he  attained  the  dignity  of 
consul.  While  he  held  this  high  station 
he  gained  the  glorious  title  of  father  of  his 
country,  and  second  founder  of  the  republic, 
by  frustrating  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline. 
It  was  not  long,  however,  before  he  was 
driven  into  exile  by  the  intrigues  of  his 
enemy  Clodius,  and  he  took  refuge  at  Thes- 
salomca.  But  he  was  soon  unanimously 
recalled  liy  the  senate  and  people,  in  a  man- 
ner which  was  highly  honourable  to  him. 
In  his  fifty-sixth  year  he  was  proconsul  in 
Cilicia,  ami  made  a  successful  campaign 
against  the  Parthians.  He  espoused  the 
cause  of  Pompey  against  Caesar,  but  was 
reconciled  to  the  latter  after  the  battle  of 
Pharsalia:  He  at  length  fell  a  victim  to 
the  resentment  of  Antony,  to  whom  he  was 
ungratefully  sacrificed  by  Octavius,  and  his 
head  and  hands  were  placed  upon  the  ros- 
trum of  Rome,  B.  c.  43.  As  an  orator, 
Cicero  has  but  one  rival;  as  a  writer  he 
possesses  transcendent  merits.  In  private 
life,  with  some  few  cxcerfcions,  such  as  di- 


cm 

Torcing  his  wife  for  gain,  his  conduct  was 
entitled  to  praise;  bin  he  was  deficient  in 
political  courage;  and  even  his  wondrous 
powers  are  inadequate  to  a  fiord  a  palliation 
For  his  inordinate  vanity. 

CIMA1UJE,  JOHN,  who  bears  the  hon- 
ourable title  of  the  Father  of  Modern  Paint- 
ers, wad  born  at  Florence,  in  1240;  dis- 
played an  early  fondness  for  draw  in  g;  and, 
with  no  other  masters  tha-i  seme  indifferent 
Greek  artists,  soon  became  the  first  painter 
of  his  age.  His  works  were  regarded  with 
enthusiasm  by  his  fellow  citizens,  and  sov- 
ereigns visited  him  in  his  painting  room. 
He  died  in  1300. 

CIMAROSA,  DOMINIC,  was  born  at 
Nafles,  in  1754,  and  studied  under  Aprile 
und  Fenaroli.  He  soon  acquired  fame  as 
a  dramatic  composer,  and  was  invited  to 
Petersburg!!  by  the  Empress  Catherine. 
He  was  subsequently  conductor  of  the 
Italian  opera  at  Vienna;  after  which  he 
returned  to  bis  native  country.  Being  a 
partisan  of  reform  in  Italy,  he  very  nar- 
rowlv  escaped  from  being  punished  with 
death,  on  the  expulsion  of  the  French 
from  Naples  in  1799.  He  died  at  Vienna, 
in  1801.  More  than  a  hundred  excellent 
operas  were  composed  by  him,  of  which 
one  of  the  most  popular  is  11  Matrimonio 
Segreto.  His  modesty  was  equal  to  his 
talent. 

CIMON,  an  Athenian  general,  was  dis- 
sipated in  his  youth;  but  became  virtuous 
as  he  attained  riper  years.  At  the  battle 
of  Salamis  he  greatly  distinguished  him- 
self; and,  as  admiral  of  the  Grecian  fleet, 
he  subsequently  obtained  many  splendid 
victories  over  the  Persians.  Among  hie 
exploits  was  the  recovery  of  the  Chersone- 
sus.  He  was,  however,  banished  through 
the  influence  of  his  enemies;  but  was  soon 
recalled,  and  began  a  new  career  of  glory. 
He  died  P..  c.  449,  aged  fifty-one,  while 
besieging  Citium,  in  Cyprus. 

CI  \CHON,  The  Countess  of.  This  lady, 
the  wife  of  the  viceroy  of  Peru,  was  the 
first  person  who  brought  the  Peruvian  bark 
to  Europe,  and  made  known  its  virtues. 
This  took  place  in  1632.  In  honour  of 
lier,  Linnaeus  gave  the  name  of  Cinchona 
to  the  genus  of  plants  by  which  the  bark  is 
produced. 

CINCINNATUS,  Lucius  QUINCTIUS, 
one  of  the  most  illustrious  of  the  Romans, 
flourished  in  the  fifth  century  B.  c.  The 
payment  of  a  heavy  fine  for  his  sen  reduced 
him  to  cultivate  a  small  farm  with  his  own 
hands.  From  this  situation,  however,  he 
was  thrice  called  by  his  countrymen,  once 
as  consul,  and  twice  as  dictator,  when  they 
were  in  circumstances  of  danger,  and  he 
overcame  the  Volscii,  Equii,  and  Prenes- 
tines.  He  lived  to  tne  age  oi  between 
eighty  and  ninety. 

CIJS  N  \,  Lucius  COUNKI.H  .*,  a  Roman 


CLA  m 

general,  of  the  Cornelian  family,  was  one  of 
the  most  active  and  sanguinary  partisans  of 
Marius.  By  his  means  Marius  was  restor- 
ed to  power.  CimiH  was  four  times  consul 
Ih»  was,  at  length,  slaia  in  a  mutiny  by  a 
centurion,  A.  • 

CINO  DA  PISTOIA,  ;;n  Italian  civil- 
ian and  pf'fit,  was  born  at  Pistoia,  in  1270; 
was  successively  professor  of  law  at  Trevi 
so,  Perugia,  and  Florence;  and  died  in 
11337.  His  Commentary  on  the  Code  wa* 
'highly  esteemed,  and  his  poema  are,  per- 
haps, among  the  lest  of  the  age  in  which 
he  lived.  Dante  was  his  friend. 

CIPRIANI,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  a  painter, 
was  born  at  Pistoia,  in  Tuscany,  in  1727, 
came  to  England  in  1755,  with  Sir  W. 
Chambers  and  Mr.  Wilton;  was  one  of 
the  original  members  of  the  Royal  Acade- 
my; and  died,  at  Chelsea,  in  1785,  leaving 
behind  him  a  high  character  for  probity, 
simplicity,  and  benevolence.  His  draw- 
ings, many  of  which  were  engraved  by 
Bartolozzi,  were  admired  for  grace,  cor- 
rectness, and  fertility  of  invention. 

CIRILLO,  DOMINIC,  an  eminent  b.o 
tanist  and  physician,  was  born,  in  1734,  at 
Grugno,  in  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  and 
displayed  an  early  fondness  for  the  study 
of  botany  and  medicine.  During  his  trav- 
els, he  attended  the  lectures  of  William 
Hunter,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Society.  On  his  return  to  his  own 
country,  he  became  deservedly  popular  for 
his  talents  and  benevolence.  He  was  put 
to  death  in  1799,  for  having  taken  a  part 
in  the  establishment  of  the  Neapolitan  re- 
public. Among  hia  productions  are,  The 
Philosophy  of  Botany;  a  Flora  of  rare 
Neapolitan  Plants;  a  work  on  Prisons  and 
Hospitals ;  and  another  on  Neapolitan  En- 
tomology. 

CLAIRAUT,  ALEXIS  CLAUDE,  an 
eminent  geometrician,  was  born  at  Paris, 
in  1713,  and  acquired  such  an  early  profi- 
ciency in  geometry,  that  when  little  more 
than  twelve  years  old  he  presented  to  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  a  scientific  paper  on 
four  remarkable  kinds  of  curves.  At 
eighteen  he  became  a  member  of  the  Acad- 
emy. He  was  one  of  the  mathematicians 
sent  to  Lapland,  to  measure  a  degree  of  the 
meridian.  He  died  in  1765.  Among  hia 
works,  all  of  which  are  valuable,  are,  Ele- 
ments of  Geometry ;  Elements  of  Algebra ; 
a  Theory  of  the  Moon ;  and  a  Theory  of 
the  Nature  of  Comets. 

CLAIRON,  CLAKA,  JOSF.PHA  DE  LA 
TUDK,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  actresses 
of  France,  was  born,  in  1723,  near  Conde, 
and  went  upon  the  stage  when  only  twelve 
years  old.  Phedra  was  the  character  in 
which  she  first  displayed  all  her  theatrical 
talents.  In  1765  she  quitted  the  stage, 
after  which  ?he  was  for  many  years  the 
cf  rlie  margrave  of  Anffjiacli.  Sli« 


t90 


CLA 


CLA 


died    in    1803.     Clairon   was   insufferably  ;  lit  became  unpopular,  and  the  kindness  uf 
Arrogant,  anil   her   private   life  was   liceu-  his  master  began  to  cool.     At  last,  in  \u« 


.ions.     She  wrote  her  own  Memoirs. 

CLAPPERTON,  HUGH,  was  born  at 
Annan,    in    Scotland,   in    1788,    and    was 


gust,  1667,  he  was  removed  from  all  hit 
employments.  Not  satisfied  with  this,  the 
Commons  proceeded  to  impeach  him,  and 


apprenticed  to  the  sea-sen  uv.  Having  Clarrndon  found  it  prudent  to  go  into  vol- 
inadvertendy  violated  the  excise  laws,  by  untary  exile.  After  having  resided  seveo 
conveying  ashore  a  few  pounds  of  rock  salt,  years  in  France,  whence  he  more  than 

once  vainly  solicited    to   oc    recalled,   he 
died  at    Rouen,  December  7,  1674.     Be- 
sides his  History  of  the  Civil  War,  which, 
the  sty  If,  and 
is  an  admirable 

work,  he  is  the  author  of  an  Account  of 
his  own  Life;  and  of  a  folio  volume  of 
Miscellaneous  Pieces.  His  daughter,  Anne, 
married  James,  duke  of  York,  afterwards 


he  was  sent  on  board  of  a  man  of  war, 
where  he  was  speedily  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  midshipman.  His  zeal  and  activ- 
ity, his  useful  and  amusing  talents,  made  in  spite  of  some  defects  in 
him  a  general  favourite;  and,  in  1814,  he  some  erroneous  principles,  i 
was  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant,  and 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Confiance 
schooner,  on  Lake  Erie.  In  1817,  he  re- 
turned to  England,  and  remained  on  half- 
pay  till  1822,  when  he  was  chosen  to!  James  II. 
accompany  Dr.  Oudney  and  Lieutenant  CLA  HEX  DON,  HENRY,  earl  of,  the 
Denham,  "on  an  expedition  to  penetrate !  son  of  the  chancellor,  was  born  in  1638; 
into  the  heart  of  Africa.  In  this  expedi- :  opposed  the  Exclusion  bill  with  great  \t;- 
tion  Oudney  died,  but  Clapperton  and  hisjhemence;  was  appointed  lord  lieutenant 
companion  greatly  extended  our  knowledge  (  of  Ireland  by  James  II.,  but  soon  recalled  ; 
of  African  geography.  .After  having  been  i  was  for  a  while  imprisoned  in  the  Towei 
at  home  less  than  six  months,  he  was  a 


iecond  time  dispatched  to  Africa,  in  No- 
vember, 1825.  He  succeeded  in  attain 
reaching  Sackatoo,  but  there  his  career 
was  closed  by  disease,  April  13,  1827. 

CLARENDON,  EDWARD  HYDE, earl 
of,  was  born,  in  1608,  at  Dinton,  in  Wilt- 
ihire;  studied  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford, 
and  the  Middle  Temple;  and  was  called 


at  the  revolution;  and  died  in  retirement 
in  1709.  He  wrote  a. History  of  the  Irial 
Rebellion;  and  his  Diary  and  State  Let- 
ters were  published  in  1763. 

CLARKE,  ABRAHAM,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  was  born  in 
New  Jersey  in  1726.  He  -was  a  delegate 
to  the  continental  congress,  a  member  of 
the  general  convention  which  framed  the 


to  the  bar  His  first  appearance  in  the  constitution,  and  a  representative  in  the 
Commons  »vas  in  1640,  as  member  for  second  Congress  of  the  United  States.  He 
Wootton  Bassett,  and  he  sat  for  Saltash  in  died  in  1794.  He  was  a  man  of  exempla- 


he consequently  threw  his  weight  into 
•cale  of  the  king.     He  joined  Charles 


the  Long  Parliament.  At  the  outset  he 
was  desirous  to  see  a  redress  of  grievances, 
but  he  soon  became  convinced  that  the  pre- 
vailing party  designed  to  overthrow  the 
kingly  and  ecclesiastical  establishment, 
and 

the  scale 

I.  at  York,  who  knighted  him,  and  ap- 
pointed him  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
and  a  privy  counsellor.  In  1644  he  was 
one  of  the  royal  •commissioners  at  Ux- 
bridge.  When  the  king's  cause  was  ru- 
ined, Hyde  retired  to  Jersey,  where  he 
resided  for  nearly  three  years,  and  wrote 
a  considerable  part  of  his  History  of  the 
ReUllion.  From  1648  till  the  Restora- 
tion le  was  employed  by  Charles  II.  on  the 
continent,  at  Paris,  Antwerp,  Madrid,  and 
oilier  places,  and  suffered  severely  from  in- 


digence. 


the  Restoration,  brighter 


prospects  dawned  on  him.  He  had,  in 
1657,  obtained  the  then  barren  honour  of 
being  made  lord  chancellor  ;  he  was  now 
elected  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Ox- 
ford, created  Lord  Hyde,  and  soon  after, 
earl  of  Clarendon,  and  received  some  grants 
from  the  crown.  In  his  judicial  capacity 
his  conduct  was  h  reproachable  ;  but  some 
of  his  political  measures  it  is  impossible 


ry  piety  and  unsullied  integrity. 

CLARKE,  GEORGE  ROGERS,  colonel 
in  the  service  of  Virginia  against  the  In- 
dians in  the  revolutionary  war,  distin- 
guished himself  greatly  in  that  post,  and 
rendered  efficient  service  to  the  inhabitants 
of  the  frontiers.  In  1779  he  descended 
the  Ohio  and  built  fort  Jefferson  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Mississippi;  in  1781 
he  received  a  general's  commission.  He 
died  in  1817  at  his  seat  near  Louisville, 
Kentucky. 

CLARKE,  SAMUEL,  a  native  of  Brack- 
ley,  in  Northamptonshire,  was  born  in 
1623,  educated  at  Merton  College,  Oxford, 
and  died,  in  1669,  superior  beadle  of  law 
and  architypographus  to  the  university. 
He  is  the  author  of  •Septimum  Bibliorun- 
Polyglottum,  Varise  Lectiones;  and  Sci 
entia  Metrica  et  Rythmic.i;  and  he  gavf 
assistance  to  Walton's  Polyglott. 

CLARKE,  DR.  SAMUEL,  eminent  as 
a  theologian  and  a  philosopher,  was  the 
son  of  an  alderman  of  Norwich,  at  which 
city  he  was  born,  in  1675.  At  Caius  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  he  was  conspicuous  for 
talent,  published  a  ne.w  translation  of  Ro» 
hault,  and  contributed  grcii!y  tc,  diffuse 
the  philosophical  prinopl.-s  of  Newton. 


not  to  coidemn.      It  was   not  long  before  j  Clarke  having  take:;  order*,  Moore 


CLA 

»p  of  Norwich,  appointed  him  hi*  domes- 
lie  chaplain,  and  gave  him  the  rectory  of 
Drayton,  and  a  parish  in  Norwich.  At  a 
later  period,  he  introduced  him  to  Queen 
4nne,  who  m;:de  him  one  of  her  chaplains, 
and  presented  him  to  the  rectory  of  St. 
James's,  on  which  occasion  he  took  his 
doctor's  decree  at  Cambridge,  and  sup- 
ported a  thesis  with  universal  applause. 
By  this  time  he  had  acquired  extensive 
reputation  bath  as  a  learned  man  and  a 
preacher.  He  had  twice  preached  the 
Boyle  lecture,  entered  into  controversy  with 
Tolcind  and  Dodwell,  translated  Newton's 
Optics  into  Latin,  and  published  a  Para- 
phrase of  St.  Matthew,  and  other  works. 
Between  1712  and  1729,  he  gave  to  the 
world  an  edition  of  Ciesar's  Commentaries, 
a  Latin  version  of  Homer's  Iliad,  a  Con- 
troversy with  Leibnitz,  Remarks  on  Col- 
lins'g  Inquiry,  a  volume  of  Ser;mon.--,  ;;nd 
the  Scripture  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity;  of 
which  the  last  "drew  upon  him  the  censure 
of  the  Convocation.  The  mastership  of 
the  Mint  was  offered  to  him  on  the  death 
of  Newton,  but  he  declined  it;  the  master- 
ship of  Wigston's  Hospital,  at  Leicester, 
he  accepted.  Dr.  Clarke  died  of  pleurisy, 
May  11,  1729.  Ten  volumes  of  his  Ser- 
mons, and  an  Exposition  of  the  Catechism, 
were  published  after  his  death.  Clarke 
was  a  man  of  profound  learning,  an  acute 
reasoner,  amiable  in  his  disposition,  and 
unimpeachable  in  his  conduct. 

CLARKE,  EDWARD  DAMEL,  a  son 
of  the  author  of  Letters  on  the  Spanish 
Nation,  was  born  in  1767,  and  educated 
at  Jesus  CoHege,  Cambridge.  In  1794,  he 
accompanied  Lord  Berwick  to  Italy,  and, 
in  1799,  he  set  out,  with  Mr.  Cripps,  on 
a  tour  which  extended  over  the  whole  of 
Scandinavia,  and  through  Russia,  Circas- 
sia,  Turkey,  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Pales- 
tine, Egypt,  and  Greece,  and  was  not  ter- 
minated till  1802.  By  his  exertions  the 
library  of  Cambridge  was  enriched  with 
nearly  a  hundred  volumes  of  manuscripts, 
and  the  colossal  statue  of  the  Eleusinian 
Ceres.  He  was  rewarded  with  the  degree 
of  LL.  D.  by  the  University.  He  also  ob- 
tained for  this  country  the  sarcophagus  of 
Alexander,  on  which  he  published  a  Dis- 
sertation. His  Travels  form  five  volumes, 
4to.  Shortly  after  his  return  he  was  in- 
stituted to  the  rectory  of  Harlton,  in  Cam- 
bridgeshire. In  1806  he  began,  at  the 
university,  a  series  of  mineralogical  lec- 
tures, and,  in  1808,  a  professorship  of 
mineralogy  being  founded,  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chair.  The  lectures  which 
lie  delivered  in  that  capacity  were  highly 
popular,  and  his  experiments  "with  the  oxy- 
hydrogen  blowpipe  were  productive  of  im- 
portant scientific  results.  Dr.  Clarke  died 
m  Pall  Mall,  March  9,  1821. 

CLAUDE    LORRAINE     who»e   real 


CLA  181 

name  was  CLAOUE  GELEE,  waj  born,  in 
1600,  in  the  diocese  of  Toul.    His  parent* 
were  poor,  and  he  was   apprenticed   to  a 
pastry-cook.     Escaping  from  this  unpoeti- 
cal  occupation,  he  obtained  some  instruc- 
tions   in  drawing,   and   made   his   way  to 
j  Rome,  where  he  learned  the  rudiments  of 
'painting  from  Tassi.     By  the  time  that  he 
!  was  thirty  he  had  acquired  a  high  reputa- 
jtion.      His  fame  continued  to  spread  more 
widely  till   his    decease,  which   took  place 
at  Rome,  in  1682.     Nature  was   the   con- 
stant object  of  his  study,  and  the  result  of 
his  observations  he  transferred  to  the  can- 
va.-«  with  unrivalled  felicity. 

CLAUDE,  JOHN,  a  celebrated  French 
jCalvinist  minister,  was  born  at  Sauvetat, 
Jin  1619,  studied  at  Montauban,  and  was 
ordained  in  1645.  He  was  considered  as 
the  most  able  and  eloquent  protestant  the- 
ologian of  the  age,  and  distinguished  as  a 
preacher,  and  in  controversy  against  Bos- 
suet,  Nicole,  and  Arnauld,  all  of  them  for- 
midable antagonists.  The  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Nantl  expelled  him  from  his 
country,  and  he  died  at  the  Hague,  in 
1687.  His  polemical  and  other  works  are 
numerous. 

CLAUDIAXUS,  CLAUDIUS,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  and  flourish- 
ed under  the  reigns  of  Theodosius,  Arca- 
dms,  and  Honorius.  He  was  patronised 
by  Stilicho,  and,  after  the  fall  of  his  pro- 
tector, Claud ian  spent  the  rest  of  his  li& 
in  retirement.  The  time  of  his  death  is 
not  known.  Among  the  secondary  Roman 
poets  he  is  entitled  to  a  distinguished 
place. 

CLAUDIUS,  TIBERIUS  DRUSUS,  em- 
peror of  Rome,  uncle  of  Caligula,  was 
born  B.  r.  9.  at  Lyons,  and  was  originally 
called  Germanicus  After  having  passed 
fifty  years  of  physical  and  moral  weakness, 
he  was  raised  to  the  throne  on  the  death 
of  Caligula.  At  first  he  performed  some 
praiseworthy  acts,  but  he  soon  became 
contemptible,  and  was  finally  poisoned  by 
his  wife  Agrippina,  A.  I).  54. 

CLAUDIUS  II.,  MARCUS  AURELIUS 
FLAVIUS,  surnamed  GOTHICUS,  emperor 
of  Rome,  was  a  native  of  Illyria,  born  A. 
D  214,  and  served  with  distinction  under 
Decius,  Valerius,  and  Gallienus.  On  the 
assassination  of  the  latter,  Claudius  was 
placed  on  the  throne;  and,  by  his  virtues 
and  his  victories,  he  proved  himself  worthy 
of  empire.  He  defeated  Aureolus,  who 
had  assumed  the  purple,  and  he  then 
marched  against  the  Goths.  At  N  ussa, 
(now  Nissa,  in  Servia),  he  overthrew  thorn 
in  a  sanguinary  battle;  and  he  followed 
up  his  success  with  such  vigour  that  he  ex- 
terminated the  invading  army  of  more  thap 
300,000  men.  He  died  shortly  after,  a 
Sirrr.ium,  A.  I>.  270. 

CLAVIGERO,  FRANCIS  XATIER.  * 


IS2 


CLE 


native  of  Vera  Cruz,  in  Mexico, born  about 
1720,  \vaa  a  Jesuit,  nnd  resided  in  that 
country  for  thirty-six  years.  On  the  ex- 
pulsion of  his  t'nhn-  "fivm  Ainci  u-a,  h:- 
M-itlM  at  (Ysi-'vi,  in  Italy,  and  employed 
his  leisure  in  writing  a  Ili.-tt>;  v 


which  was   published,   in    17SO   and    i?M, 
in  f.mr  volumes,   Svo.;    and  v.hich,  though 
defective    in   some   points,    contains 
valuable  information. 

( '] .  A  VTON,  ROBERT,  a  son  of  the  dea-i 


CLE 

Alexandria.  The  time  and  place  of  hi* 
death  are  unknown.  The  best  edition  of 
his  theological  works  is  th.it  by  Potter,  in 

'  ud'imes. 

rLF.ME.NT   XIV.    Popr,  whose  name 
'  .  \  NG  A  s  r  T.I.I,  was  born 
at  St.  near    Mimini,  in    1705; 

obtained   the  cardinal's   hat    in   1759;  wa.j 
i,)  the  pontificate  in  1761;  and  died 
io  1775.     The.   Jesuits  were  .suppressed  by 


him    in    1773.      Clement    v.  as 


of  the 


of  Killala,  was  born  at  Dublin,  in  1G!>5;  most  enlightened,  benevolent,  and  disin- 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School  and  '  terested  men  that  ever  wore  the  tiara.  He. 
Trinity  College,  Dublin;  and  rose  surcvs- ;  founded  the  Museum  which  is  now  called 
sively  to  the  bishoprics  of  Killala,  Cork, !  the  Pio-Clementine.  The  Letters  attribtit- 
and  Clogher.  Having  rendered  Iris  ortho-jed  to  him  are  spurious, 
doxy  doubtful,  he  was  on  the  eve  of  being!  CLEMENT,  JOHN  MARY  BF.RNARD, 
deprived  of  his  bishopric,  when  he  died, '  a  critic,  to  whom  Voltaire  pave  the  name 
of  a  nervous  disorder,  in  1758.  Among  I  of  Inclement,  was  born  at  Dijon,  in  1742, 
his  works  are,  An  Introduction  to  the  I  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1812.  He  is  the 
History  of  the  Jews;  A  Dissertation  on  j  author  of  Medea,  a  tragedy;  Satires, 
Prophecy;  An  Essay  on  Spirit;  and  A ;  translations  from  Achilles  Tatius,  Cicero, 
Vindication  of  the  Old  and  IV ew  Testa-;  and  Tasso;  and  various  severe  criticisms 


on  Voltaire,    Laharpe,  and   other  eminent 


mcnj, 

CLEANTHES,  a  stoic  philosopher,1  writers, 
born  at  Assus,  in  Lydia,  was  originally  a  CLEOBULUS,  one  of  the  seven  wise 
wrestler,  but  went  to  Athens,  and  studied  j  men  of  Greece,  was  the  son  of  Evagoras, 
philosophy,  first  under  Crates,  and  lastly  j  of  Lindus,  in  the  isle  of  Rhodes;  though 
under  Zeno;  maintaining  himself,  mean- :  some  declare  him  to  have  been  born  in 
the  most  laborious  Caria.  He  died,  B.  c.  564,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-  His  daughter,  Cleobulina,  was 
celebrated  for  her  talents. 

CLEOMENES,  an  Athenian  sculptor, 
is  said  to  have  lived  about  180,  B.  c.  To 
him  is  attributed  the  inimitable  statue  of 
the  Medicean  Venus.  He  also,  as  Pliny 


while,  by  performing  the 
offices.     When  Zeno  died, 
deemed    worthy    of   supplying    his 
He    starved    himself   to    death   at   : 


Clean thes  was 
place. 
L  very 

advanced  age.     Cleanthes  flourished  about 
260  B.  c. 

CLEAVER,  WILLIAM,  a  critic  and  di- 


vine, was  born  at  Twyford,  Berks,  in  1742;  j  tells  us,  produced  an  admirable  group, 
was  educated  at  Oxford;  became  principal  \  representing  The  Muses,  which  was  called 
of  Bra/.enose  College,  in  1785;  successively  [The  Thespiades. 

filled  the  bishoprics  of  Chester,  Bangor,  CLEOPATRA,  queen  of  Egypt,  was 
and  St.  Asaph;  and  died  in  1815.  He  the  daughter  of  Ptolemy  Auletes.  She 
wrote  Sermons;  Observations  on  Herbert  I  was  successively  the  mistress  of  Julius 
Marsh's  Dissertation;  and  Directions  to  Caesar  and  of  Anthony,  by  the  former  of 
the  Clergy  on  the  Choice  of  Books;  and  whom  she  had  a  son.  She  ^atftmCNMNBsWv 
edited  the  Grenville  Homer.  jher  existence  by  means  o£a*..a«p,  B.  c.  SO, 

CLEGHORN,  GEORGE,  a  physician, 'to  avoid  being  exhibited  in  the  triumph  of 
was  born  near  Edinburgh,  i-n  1716;  was  j  Augustus  at  Rome.  With  her  ended  the 
educated  in  that  city;  became  a  pupil  of  .kingdom  of  Egypt. 

Dr.  Alex.  Munroj'and  was  one  of  the!  CLERFAYT,  FRANCIS  SEBASTIAM 
founders  of  the  Royal  Medical  Society  of  '  CHARLES  JOSEPH  RE  CROIX,  Count 
the  Scottish  Metropolis.  After  having  re-  de,  an  able  officer,  was  born,  in  1733,  at 


fl 

«4 


sided    for    thirteen   years   at   Minorca,   as 
army  surgeon,  he  settled  at   Dublin,  where 


Binch,   in    Hainault,  and   served  with    so 
much  distinction  in"  the  seven  years'  war, 

he  acquired  a  well  merited  reputation.  He  that  he  was  one  of  the  first  who  received 
died  in  1789.  His  Treatise  on  the  Dts-lthe  crogs  of  Maria  Theresa.  From  the 
eases  of  Minorca  is  honourable  to  his  skill  'conclusion  of  that  war  till  1788  Clerfayt 
and  talent.  Cleghorn  is  considered  as  one  !  lived  in  the  bosom  of  his  family,  cultivat- 
of  the  first  who  employed  vegetable  acids  ing  his  estate,  and  gaining  universal  es- 
in  putrid  and  intermittent  fevers.  teem.  During  that  year  and  the  following 

CLEMENS,  Trrus  FLAVITS,  known  he  took  an  active  part  in  the  contest  with 
!i«  Clemens  Ak-xandrinus,  or  Clement  of  '.  the  Turks.  In  1792,  he  commanded  the 
A  lexandria,  or.'e  of  the  fathers  of  the-  (hard),  Austrian  corps  in  Champagne;  and  in  the 
i::d  distinguished  Dr  learning  and  elo-  :  campaigns  of  1793  and  1794  be  sustained 
j-.ience,  war-  b-;rn  about  A.  r>.  217;  was  his  leputalion,  though  in  the  latter  he  was 
•onvi-Med  to  chri.-'ianitv ;  a:;d  succeeded  overborne  bv  a  superior  furte.  Inl795ha 
t!»e  :  rterhetiral  t-\\;tn\  ;f  way  iiiade  field-  narrshal,  and  commander* 


CLI 

in-chief  on  the  Rhine,  and  he  then  closed 
his  military  career  hy  completely  foiling  the 
republicans.  He  died  at  Vienna,  in  1798, 
and  that  city  erected  a  splendid  monument 
to  his  memory. 

CLEVELAND,  or  CLIEVELAND, 
JOHN,  tiie  son  of  a  clergyman,  was  barn  at 
Loughborough,  in  Leicestershire,  in  1613, 
and  was  educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cam- 
bridge. Previously  to  and  during  the  war 
between  Charles  I.  and  his  parliament,  he 
was  an  active  satirist  of  the  republicans, 
and  his  productions  enjoyed  great  popular- 
ity among  his  own  party.  The  Rebel  Scot 
was  his  first  satire.  He  was  taken  prison- 
er at  Newark,  but  Cromwell  released  him. 
He  died  in  1659.  His  poems  went  through 
many  editions,  but  are  now  seldom  read. 

CLIFTON,  WILLIAM,  was  the  son  of 
a  wealthy  quaker  in  Philadelphia,  and  was 
born  in  1772.  He  is  said  to  have  mani- 
fested an  eager  love  of  literature  at  a  very 
early  age,  and  as  his  health  was  very  feeble, 
he  was  not  educated  with  a  view  to  any 
particular  profession.  His  earliest  per- 
formances were  various  satirical  effusions 
in  prose  and  verse  upon  the  most  prominent 
political  topics  of  the  day.  The  best  of 
his  productions  is  the  Epistle  to  Mr.  Gif- 


CLI 


18* 


us  pr 
brd, 


ford,  published  anonymously  in  the  first 
American  edition  of  Mr.  Giftbrd's  poems. 
He  died  in  December  1799. 

CLIFFORD.     See  CUMBERLAND. 

CLINTON,  Sir  HENRY,  an  English 
general,  served  in  the  Hanoverian  war,  and 
was  sent  to  America  in  1775,  with  the  rank 
of  major-general.  He  distinguished  him- 


estates.  He  waa,  however,  frequently  call  • 
ed  from  retirement  by  the  unsolicited  voice 
of  his  fellow  citizens;  and  was  a  member 
of  the  con  vent  'XMI  for  the  adoption  of  tin 
present  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
He  died  in  1812. 

CLINTON,  GEORGE,  vice-president 
of  the  United  States,  was  born  in  the 
county  of  Ulster,  New  York,  in  1739,  and 
was  educated  to  the  profession  of  the  law. 
In  1768  he  was  chosen  to  a  seat  in  the 
colonial  assembly,  and  was  elected  a  dele- 
gate to  the  Continental  Congress  in  1775. 
In  1776,  he  was  appointed  brigadier  gen- 
eral of  the  militia  of  Ulster  County,  and 
some  time  after  a  brigadier  in  the  army  of 
the  United  States,  and  continued  during 
the  progress  of  the  war  to  render  impor- 
tant services  to  the  military  department. 
In  April  1777,  he  was  elected  both  govern- 
or, and  lieutenant  governor  of  New  York, 
and  was  continued  in  the  former  office  for 
eighteen  years.  He  was  unanimously  cho- 
sen president  of  the  convention  which 
assembled  at  Poughkeepsie,  in  1788,  to  de- 
liberate on  the  new  federal  constitution. 
In  1801  he  again  accepted  the  office  of 
governor,  and  after  continuing  in  that 
capacity  for  three  years,  he  was  elevated 
to  the  vice-presidency  of  the  United  States ; 
a  dignity  which  he  retained  till  his  death 
at  Washington  in  1812.  In  private  he 
was  kind  and  amiable,  and  as  a  public  man 
he  is  entitled  to  respectful  remembrance. 

CLINTON,  DK  WITT,  was  born  in 
1769,  at  Little  Britain,  in  Orange  county, 
New  York.  He  was  educated  at  Colum- 


*elf  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  hill,  evacuated  jbia  college,  commenced  the  study  of  the 
Philadelphia  in  1778,  and  took  Charleston  I  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  but 
in  17SO;  for  this  last  service  he  was  thank- j  was  never  much  engaged  in  professional 
ed  bv  the  house  of  commons.  He  returned  j  practice.  He  early  imbibed  a  predilection 
to  England  in  1782,  and  soon  after  published  i  for  political  life,  and  was  appointed  the 
an  account  of  the  campaign  in  1781 — 83,  |  private  secretary  of  his  uncle,  George 
which  lord  Cornwallis  answered,  and  to  Clinton,  then  governor  of  the  state.  In 


which  sir  Henry  made  a  reply.  He 
governor  of  Gibraltar  in  1795,  and  also 
member  for  Newark,  and  died  spon  after. 
He  was  the  author  of  Observations  on 
Stedman's  History  of  the  American  War. 
CLINTON,  JAMES,  was  born,  in  1736, 
at  the  residence  of  his  father  in  Ulster 


1797,  lie  was  sent  to  the  legislature  from 
the  city  of  New  York;  and  two  years 
after  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  State 
Senate.  In  1801  he  was  appointed  a 
senator  of  the  United  States,  and  contin- 
ued in  that  capacity  for  two  sessions.  He 
retired  from  the  Senate  in  1S03,  in  conse- 


county,  New  York.     He  displayed  an  early  quence  of  his  election  to  the  mayoralty  of 
inclination  for  a  military  life,  and  held  sue- ;  New    York;    an    office   to   which   he   was 


cessively  several  offices  in  the  militia  and 
provincial  troops.  During  the  French  war 
he  exhibited  many  proofs  of  courage,  and 
received  the  appointment  of  captain-cora- 


annually  reelected  with  the  intermission 
of  but  two  years,  till  1815,  when  he  was 
obliged  to  retire  by  the  violence  of  party 
politics.  In  1817,  he  was  elected,  almost 


mandant  of  the  four  regiments  levied  for  unanimously,  governor  of  the  state,  waa 
the  protection  of  the  western  frontiers  of  again  chosen  in  1820,  but  in  1822  declined 
the  counties  Ulster  and  Orange.  In  1775  being  a  candidate  for  reelection.  In  1810, 


he  was  appointed  colont'l  of  the  third  regi- 
ment of  New  York  forces,  and  in  the  same 
year  marched  with  Montgoniety  to  O.ueber. 


Clinton  had  been  appointed,  by  the 
re  ;a'e  of  his  state,  one  cf  the  board  of 
canal  commiisi  >ners,  but  the  displeasure  of 


l)i'riug  the  war  he  rendered  eminent  sc:\i-  nis  political  op;  onents,  luning  been  txcit- 
ces  to  his  country,  and  on  the  conclusion  of  ;  e.l,  he  was  remove  1  from  this  oliice  in  1823, 
it  retired  to  eajoy  repo.-e  u:i  l:i»  a.n;  lo  b,  :i  vote  rf  Iv.th  branches  of  the  lug  i.- la 


184 


CLI 


-ure.  This  insult  created  a  sti\  :.g  reaction 
in  popular  feeling,  and  Mr.  C  inton  was 
immediately  nominated  for  governor,  and 
elected  by  an  unprecedented  majority.  In 
1826  lie  was  auain  elected,  but  he  died 
before  the  commotion  of  his  term.  lie 
expired  very  suddenly,  whilst  sitting  in  his 
library  after  dinner,  Feb.  11,  1S2S.  Mr. 
Clinton  was  not  only  eminent  as  a  stales- 
man,  but  he  occupied  a  conspicuous  rank 
as  a  man  of  learning.  He  was  a  member 
of  a  large  part  of  the  benevolent,  literary 


ami    scientific    societies 


the     I'nitrd 


State?,  and  an  honorary  member  of  several 
foreign  societies.  His  ^productions  are 
numerous,  consisting  of  his  speeches  and 
messages  to  the  state  legislature;  his  dis- 
courses before  various  institutions;  hi.- 
speeches  in  the  senate  of  the  Union;  his 
addresses  to  the  army  during  the  late  war; 
his  communications  concerning  the  canal ; 
his  judicial  opinions;  and  various  fugitive 
pieces.  His  national  services  were  of  the 
highest  importance;  and  the  Erie  Canal, 


accomli  -h   hi 


con 

»-s    \Vere   alv\a«    u>. 


apnsn  M*  purp< 
accordance  with  strict  morality. 

UTET,    M.   a    Frrnch  chemist    and 

mathematician,   was   b  irn   near  Me/.ieres, 

in  17,")1.      Fiance    is    indebted    to    him  fur 

perfe  -led    the  mantifacture  of  cast 

steel,  and  for  an   i;nita'i>n  of  the  Daims- 

mitar  blades.  He  died  at  Cayenne, 
in  1801.  Clonct  wasn  i  le?s  i  cinai  kable  for 
eccentricity  than  for  talent.  He  slept  lut 
little,  and  upon  straw,  made  his  own 
clothes,  aod  cooked  his  own  victuals, 
winch  were  of  the  crarsest  kind. 

CLYMER,  GEORGE,  one  of  the  sign- 
ers of  the  declaration  of  independence, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia  in  1739.  He 
was  left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  seven 
years,  and  after  the  completion  of  his 
studies,  he  entered  the  ct  inting  house  of 
his  uncle.  When  the  difficulties  commen- 
ced between  Great  Britain  and  the  colo- 
nies, Mr.  Clymer  was  among  the  first  to 
aise  his  voice  in  opposition  to  the  arbitrary 
acts  of  the  mother  country,  and  was  chosen 


especially,  though  the  honour  of  projecting' a   member   of  the   council   of  safety.      In 


it  may  telong  to  another,  will  remain  a 
perpetual  monument  of  the  patriotism  and 
perseverance  of  Clinton. 


1775  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  first 
continental  treasurers,  but  resigned  this 
office  soon  after  his  first  election  to  Con- 


CLIVE,  ROBERT,  lord,  was  born  at  i  gress  in  the  ensuing  y*»ar  In  1780  he  was 
Styche,  in  Shropshire,  of  a  good  family,  again  elected  to  congress,  and  strongly 
in  1725,  and  in  his  nineteenth  year  was  advocated  there  the  establishment  of  a 
sent  as  a  writer  to  Madras.  In  1747,  how-  national  bank.  In  1796,  he  was  appointed 
ever,  he  passed  from  the  civil  to  the !  together  with  Colonel  Hawkins  and  Colo- 
military  service,  and  soon  displayed  those  '  nel  Piekins  to  negocute  a  treaty  with  the 
talents  which  induced  Lord  Chatham  to  I  Cherokee  and  Creek  Indians,  in  Georgia. 


call  him  "a  heaven-born  general."  The 
first  occasion  on  which  he  distinguished 
himself  was  at  the  storming  of  Devicotlah. 


He  was  subsequently  president  of  the  Phi- 
ladelphia bank,  and  the  Academy  of  Fine 
Arts.  He  died  in  1S13. 


In  1751  he  put  the  seal  to  his  reputation!  CLUVIER,  or  CLUVERIUS,  PHILIP, 
by  his  capture  and  subsequent  defence  of  a  geographer,  was  born  at  Danuic,  in 
A'rcot.  Having  visited  England,  in  1753,:  1580,  and  was  originally  intended  for  the 
he  was  gratefully  received  bv  the  East  legal  profession.  After  having  served  for 
India  Company,  and  he  returned  to  India  two  years  in  the  imperial  army,  and  tra- 
with  the  raids"  of  lieutenant-colonel,  and;  veiled  into  England,  France,  Germany, 
the  governorship  of  Fort  St.  Davia°s.  j  and  Spain,  he  died  at  Leyden,  in  1623. 
After  having  reduced  the  pirate  AngriaJ  Clnvier  spoke  fluently  the  Greek  and  Latin, 
he  sailed  to  Bengal,  where  he  recovered  and  seven  modern  languages.  He  is  the 
Calcutta,  defeated  Surajah  Doulah,  at  the  author  of  D«  Tribus  Rheni;  Germania 
battle  of  Plassey,  dethroned  him,  and  es-l  Antiqua ;  Sicilia  Autiqua  ;  Italia  AnttqOtt ; 
tablished  Meer  Jaitier  in  his  place.  He  and  an  Introduction  to  Ancient  and  Mod- 
also  destroyed  a  considerable  Dutch  force,  ern  Geography. 

By  these  exploits  he  gained  the  title  of  an  COBB,  JAMF.S,  a  dramatic  writer,  was 
omra'i  of  the  Mogul  empire,  an  Irish  peer-  born  in  175(1,  and  became  secretary  to  the 
age,  and  enormous  wealth.  In  1764  he  East  India  Company,  which  office  he  held 
\va?  made  governor  of  Bengal,  whence,  in  till  his  death,  in  1S18.  He  is  the  author 
17«i7,  he  finally  returned  to  England.  A  of  The  Haunted  Tower;  The  Siege  ot 
sciere  attark  was  made  upon  him,  in  1773,  Belgrade;  Love  in  the  East ;  and  tevers. 
in  the  House  of  Common;,  respecting  his  other  comic  operas. 

political  conduct  in  India;  but  the  motion  COBOUltG,  FREDERIC  JOSIAH, 
wasrejefted,  and  a  vote  wa--  passed  dr-  Prince  of  SAXE,  an  Austrian  general, 
claratory  of  his  >'.T\i<-rs.  His  death  took  commanded  in  1789  the  imperial  army  on 
place,  by  hid  own  hand,  in  the  November  the  Danube,  and  fought  witli  varied  success 
of  the  fJllowing  year,  dive  must  be  con-  against  the  Turks.  In  1793  he  ga:.»ed  the 
•idered  as  the  founder  of  the  British  empire  lattle  of  Nerwinde,  expelled  the  French 
in  Hindoatan;'but  it  is  more  than  doubtful,  from  the  Netherlands, and  invaded  France; 
whether  the  measures  which  he  adopted  to  bat  in  tho  following  year  he  was  defeated, 


COK 


185 


army  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  and,  after 
greatly  distinguishing  himself  in  numerous 
jattles  and  sieges,  rose  to  the  .*ank  of 
ieutenant-general  and  chief  engineer.  He 
died  in  1704.  Bergen  op  Zoom  is  his  mas- 
terpiece in  fortification.  He  is  the  author 
of  A  New  Method  of  fortifying  Places. 


CUH 

and  competed  to  abandon  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, and  he  then  resigned  his  command. 
He  died  in  1815. 

COCCE1US,  JOHN,  a  native  of  Bre- 
men, born  in  1603,  was  appointed  theolo- 
gical professor  at  Leyden,  in  1649,  and 
held  that  office  till  his  death,  in  1669. 
His  biblical  commentaries  and  writings  on 
divinity  fill  no  less  than  twelve  folio 
volumes.  He  was  a  believer  in  the  Mil- 
lenium, and  also  held  that  the  words  and 
phrases  of  scripture  ought  to  be  understood 
in  every  sense  of  which  they  were  suscep- 
tible; that,  in  fact,  they  did  mean  all  that 
t  was  possible  for  them  to  mean.  He  gave 
rise  to  a  sect  denominated  Cocceians. 

COCKBURN,  CATHERINE,  whose 
uaiden  name  was  Trotter,  vas  born  in 
London,  in  1679,  and  died  in  I  -49.  She 
was  a  woman  of  learning  and  talent.  At 
Jie  age  of  seventeen,  she  wrote  her  tragedy 
of  Agnes  de  Castro,  and  she  subsequently 
produced  three  other  tragedies  and  a  com- 
edy. In  her  twenty-second  year  she 
printed  a  Defence  of  Locke's  Essay  on  the 
Human  Understanding,  and,  at  a  much 
later  period,  she  twice  resumed  the  pen  on 
the  same  subject.  Her  last  work  was  Re- 
marks on  Dr.  Rutherford's  Essay  on  Virtue. 
Her  Miscellanies  were  collected  in  two 
volumes,  8vo. 

CODRINGTON,  CHRISTOPHER,  a 
native  of  Barbadoes,  born  in  1668,  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  entered  the  army,  and 
became  captain-general  of  the  Leeward 
Islands.  He  died  in  1710.  A  few  of  his 
Latin  and  English  verses  are  extant.  He 
left  £.10,000  and  his  books  to  All  Soul's 
College,  and  his  West  Indian  estates  to 
the  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the 
Gospel. 

COELLO,  AI-ONZO  SANCHEZ,  anative 
of  Portugal,  to  whom  Philip  II.  gave  the 
name  of  the  Portuguese  Titian,  was  born 
in  1515,  and  died  in  1590.  He  was  a  pupi" 
of  Moro.  Coello  was  in  high  favour  witl 
several  of  his  contemporary  sovereigns. 
Many  of  his  works  are  in  theEscurial; 
but  his  best  piece,  a  St.  Sebastian,  is  i 
the  church  of  San  Geronimo  at  Madrid. 

COGAN,  THOMAS,  a  physician,  was 
born,  in  1736,  at  Kibworth,  in  Leice^ter- 
,  and  was  educated  under  Dr.  Aikin. 
In  conjunction  with  Dr.  Hawes  he  founded 
the  Humane  Society.  A  considerable  part 
of  his  life  was  spent  in  Holland.  He  died 
in  1818.  He  translated  the  works  of 

Camper,    and     published     some     original  i  lie  had  thus  excited   he  continued  to  merit 
works;   among  which   are,  The  Rhine,  or  during    the    remainder    of    his    senatorial 

'    career,  from  1623   to  1628,  and  he  had  a 


COKE,  Sir  EDWARD,  a  celebrated 
judge,  was  born  at  Mileham,  in  Norfolk, 
in  1549.  His  studies  were  pursued  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and  the  Inner 
Temple.  In  1578  he  pleaded  his  first 
cause,  and  was  appointed  reader  of  I  'ona 
Inn,  where  he  acquired  great  reputation 
by  his  lectures.  The  fortune  which  he 
gained  by  an  extensive  practice  he  increased 
by  two  advantageous  marriages,  the  last  of 
which  being  with  the  sister  of  Burleigh 
gave  him  also  political  influence.  In  1592 
and  1593  he  was  made  solicitor  and  attor- 
ney general,  and  in  the  latter  office  dis- 
graced himself  by  the  manner  in  which  he 
conducted  the  prosecution  of  the  earl  of 


Essex.      This 


he    repeated    in    his 


prosecution  of  Raleigh.  In  1603  he  wa,s 
knighted;  in  1606  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  Common  Pleas;  and  in  1615  was 
raised  to  be  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench,  and  a  privy  counsellor.  As  a  judge 
his  conduct  was  honourable  to  him.  In 
1616,  however,  falling  into  disfavour  with 
James  I.  he  was  dismissed  from  his  high 
office,  and  from  the  council,  in  a  manner 
which  was  more  disgraceful  to  the  monarch 
than  to  the  judge.  It  is  to  be  regretted 
that  Coke  endeavoured,  though  vainly,  to 
recover  his  places  by  mean  concession  to 
the  minion  Buckingham.  To  the  council 
he  vas,  indeed,  at  length  restored,  but  was 
soon  expelled  again,  and  committed  to  the 
Tower  for  his  spirited  and  patriotic  beha- 
viour in  parliament.  The  hatred  which 


A  Journey  from  Utrecht  to  Frankfort;    A. 


share  in  framing  the  celebrated 


etition    of   Right.       He    died    at    Stoke 


Philosophical   Treatise    on    the  Passions; 
Ethicw  Questions;   and   Theological  Dis-- 

quisitions.  !  Fogies,  in  Buckinghamshire,  in  1634.    Pre 

COHORN, Baron  Mr. NNO,  who  is  called  ',  eminent  in  legal  knowledge,  acute,  and  of 

the    Dutch  Vnuban,   was   born  near  Leeu-ja  solid  judgment,  Coke  had  none  of  those 

warden,  in  Friesland,  in  1641,  entered  t^e '  fiiw     intellectual    qtialitu-d    which    sl<nl  a 


tfit  COL 

lustre  round  their  possessor.  Il  Li  only  us 
a  judge  and  as  a  senator  that  he  can  be  re- 
garded with  satisfaction.  His  works  may 
be  considered  as  law  classic.-;.  .Among  the 
most  celebrated  of  them  are  his  Reports; 
Book  of  Entries;  and  Institutes  of  the 
Laws  of  England. 

COKE,  Dr.  THOMAS,  an  active  mis- 
sionary, was  born  at  Brecon,  in  South 
Wales',  in  1747;  was  educated  at  Oxford; 
and,  about  1775,  became  acquainted  with 
Wesley,  whose  opinions  he  imbibed.  In 
1784,  he  sailed  on  a  mission  to  America, 
to  which  country  he  made  eight  subsequent 
voyages,  and  h'*  efforts  were  crowned  with 
much  success.  He  died  in  1814.  Dr. 
Coke  is  the  author  of  A  Commentary  on 
the  Bible;  A  History  of  the  West  Ind'ics; 
and  other  works. 

COLARDEAU,  CHARLES  PETKK,  a 
French  poet;  was  born  at  Janville,  in 
Beauce,  in  1732,  and  commenced  his  lite- 
rary career  by  a  spirited  imitation  of  Pope's 
Eloisa.  He  subsequently  produced  the 
tragedies  of  Astarbe  and  Calista,  a  comedy, 
and  several  poems.  These  procured  his 
election  to  the  French  Academy,  but  he 
died,  in  1776,  the  day  before  he  was  to 
take  his  seat.  The  great  charm  of  his 
works  is  the  beauty  of  the  versification. 
Colardeau  was  modest,  friendly,  and  ab- 
horred the  idea  of  giving  pain. 

COLBERT,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  a  French 
minister  of  state,  was  born  at  Reims,  in 
1619,  and  is  said  to  have  been  the  son  of 
a  woollen  and  wine  merchant  of  that  city. 
He  himself,  however,  claimed  descent  from 
a  noble  Scotch  family,  a  younger  branch 
of  which  settled  in  France  about  1281. 
But,  if  not  illustrious  by  birth,  he  was  in- 
disputably illustrious  by  talent.  Mazarin, 
whom  he  had  served  with  equal  ability  and 
zeal,  as  his  confidential  agent,  recom- 
mended him  to  Louis  XIVr.  as  worthy  of 
being  implicitly  trusted;  and,  after  the 
fa  I'  of  Fouquet,  the  sole  management  of 
tilt  finances  was  committed  to  Colbert, 
with  the  title  of  controller-general.  This 
office  he  held  till  1683,  when  he  died,  worn 
out  with  incessant  toil,  and  the  incessant 
anxiety  and  vexation  arising  from  the  in- 
trigues of  his  enemies.  During  his  ad- 
ministration France  made  a  rapid  progress 
in  power,  internal  prosperity,  and  the  cul- 
tivation of  manufactures,  literature,  the 
•ciences,  and  the  arts.  It  has  been  justly 
icmarked,  that  if  Louis  XIV.  gamed  the 
name  of  The  Great,  it  is  to  Colbert  that  he 
is  indebted  for  that  glorious  appellation. 

COLBERT,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  Marquis 
de  Torcy,  a  nephew  of  the  minister,  was 
born  in  1665  at  Paris,  and,  after  having 
been  employed  as  a  negotiator  in  Portugal 
Denmark,  and  England,  filled  successive!} 
the  post*  of  secretary  and  high  treasure! 
of  itite,  minister  for  foreign  affairs,  nnc 


CO!, 


was 
wa 


superintendent  general  of  post*.  It 
ic  who,  in  the  privy  council,  led  the 
n  advising  that  the  will  of  the  king  of 
<pain  should  be  accepted;  and  he  contri- 
buted, by  his  negotiations,  to  put  an  end  to 
he  war  which  was  caused  by  that  accept- 
imv.  Torcy  was  deprived  "of  his  offices 
v  the  regent,  duke  of  Orleans.  He  died 
n  1746.  His  Diplomatic  Memoirs  have 
)cen  published  in  three  volumes. 

GOLDEN,  CADVVAI.LADER,  was  born 
n  Dunse,  Scotland,  in  1688.  After  Btudy- 
ng  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  he 
urned  his  attention  to  medicine  and  mathe- 
matical science  until  the  year  1708,  when 
ic  emigrated  to  Pennsylvania,  and  prac- 
ised  physic  with  much  reputation  till  1715. 
He  then"  returned  to  England,  and  attracted 
some  attention  by  a  paper  en  Animal  Se- 
cretion, which  was  read  by  Dr.  Halley 
before  the  Royal  Society.  Again  repair- 
ug  to  America,  he  settled,  in  1718,  in  the 
city  of  New  York,  and  relinquishing  the 
practice  of  physic,  turned  his  attention  to 
oublic  affairs,  and  became  successively 
surveyor  general  of  the  province,  master  in 
chancery,  member  of  the  council,  and  lieu- 
tenant-governor. His  political  character 
,\  as  rendered  very  conspicuous  by  the  firm- 
icss  of  his  conduct  during  the  violent  com- 
motions which  preceded  the  revolution. 
In  1775  he  retired  to  a  seat  on  Long  Island, 
where  he  died  in  September  of  the  follow- 
ing year,  a  few  hours  before  nearly  one 
fourth  part  of  the  city  of  New  York  was 
reduced  to  ashes.  His  productions  were 
numerous,  consisting  of  botanical  and 
medical  essays.  Among  them  were  trea- 
tises on  the  Cure  of  Cancer,  and  on  the 
Virtues  of  the  Great  Water  Dock.  His 
descriptions  of  between  three  and  four 
hundred  American  plants  were  printed  in 
the  Acta  Upsaliensia.  He  also  published 
the  History  of  the  Five  Indian  Nations, 
and  a  work  on  the  Cause  of  Gravitation, 
afterwards  republished  by  Dodsley  under 
the  title  of  The  Principles  of  Action  in 
Matter.  He  left  many  valuable  manuscripts 
on  a  variety  of  subjects. 

COLET,  Dr.  JOHN,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, in  1466;  was  educated  at  Oxford; 
travelled  on  the  continent  for  seven  years; 
and  obtained  church  preferment  whe'n  very 
young.  In  1502,  he  was  made  dean  of 
St.  Paul's;  in  which  capacity  his  endea- 
vours to  restore  discipline  brought  on  him, 
though  happily  without  effect,  a  charge  of 
heresy.  In  1512,  he  founded  and  endowed 
the  noble  institution  of  St.  Paul's  School, 
for  153  scholars.  He  died  in  1519. 

COLIGNI,  CASPAR  DE,  admiral  of 
France,  son  of  marshal  de  Coligni,  was 
born  at  Chatillon  sur  Loing,  in  1517. 
Entering  in  early  youth  on  the  career  of 
arms,  he  distinguished  himself  at  Cerisolr«, 
Carignan,  Renli,  SL  Quentin,  and  on  many 


COL 


occasions.  Placed  at  the  head  of 
the  protestant  party,  he  fought  gallantly  at 
Dreux,  Jarnac,  and  Montcontour,  an;l  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  an  advantageous  peace. 
After  having  so  often  braved  death  in  the 
field,  he  perished  by  the  daggers  of  assas- 
sins, in  the  horrible  massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew, August  24,  1572. 

COLLE,  CHARLES,  secretary  and 
reader  to  the  duke  of  Orleans,  was  born  at 
Paris,  in  1709,  and  died  there,  in  1783. 
His  comic  pieces  are  lively  and  witty.  The 
Hunting  Party  of  Henry  IV.  is  one  of  the 
most  popular  of  them.  As  a  song  writer 
he  was  in  such  high  repute  as  to  be  called 
the  Anacreon  of  the  age.  He  is  also  the 
author  of  an  Historical  Journal,  published 
twenty  years  after  his  death,  which  con- 
tains much  bitter  criticism  on  many  au- 
thors his  contemporaries. 

COLLIER,  JEREMY,  an  eminent  non- 
juring  divine,  was  born,  in  1630,  at  Stow 
Qui,  in  Cambridgeshire.  He  took  his 
degree  at  Caius  College,  Cambridge,  in 
1676,  and  obtained  a  living,  which  he 
resigned  for  the  lectureship  of  Gray's  Inn. 
At  the  Revolution,  he  not  only  refused 
the  oaths,  but  was  active  in  bejialf  of  the 
dethroned  monarch.  For  nearly  ten  years 
he  continued  inveterately  hostile  to  the 
government,  (luring  which  period  he  pub- 
lished several  bitter  pamphlets,  was  twice 
imprisoned,  and  at  length  outlawed.  His 
most  indecorous  act  was,  in  concert  with 
two  others,  his  attending  Friend  and  Per- 
kins on  the  scaffold,  and  giving  them 
public  absolution.  At  last  he  turned  his 
talents  to  better  ends,  and  made  war  on 
the  licentiousness  of  the  theatre.  His  first 
work  on  this  subject  was  A  Short  View  of 
the  Immorality  and  Profaneness  of  the 
Stage.  The  wits  in  vain  opposed  him,  for 
viitue  was  on  his  side;  and,  after  a  ten 
years  struggle,  he  accomplished  his  object. 
The  rest  of  his  life  was  spent  in  various 
literary  labours,  among  which  were  Essays  ; 
a  translation  of  Moreri  ;  an  Ecclesiastical 
History  of  England  ;  and  Discourses  on 
Practical  Subjects.  He  died  in  1726. 
Collier  was  a  man  of  talents;  and,  how- 
ever we  may  be  inclined  to  censure  his 
political  principles,  it  would  be  unjust  to 
deny  him  the  praise  of  having  been  an 
honest  and  disinterested  man. 

COLLIN,  HENRY  DK,  a  German  poet, 
one  of  the  aulic  counsellors  belonging  to 
the  financial  department,  was  born,  about 
1772,  at  Vienna,  where  he  died  in  1811. 
Among  the  German  tragic  dramatists  he 
holds  a  distinguished  place.  His  Wai- 
Songs  arc  full  of  animati-.n.  Ccllin  left 
i  nfinished  nn  epic,  called  The  Rodolphiad. 

COLLIN  D'HARLEVILLE,  JOH.V 
FRANCIS,  a  French  dramatist  and  poet, 
was  born,  in  1755,  at  Maintenon,  in  the 
department  of  the  Eure  »ud  Loire,  and 


COL 

died  at  Paris  in  1806. 
a  comedy 


187 


The  Inconstant, 
acted  in  1786,  was  his  first 
piece,  and  it  was  followed  by  the  Optimist, 
Castles  in  the  Air,  and  twelve  or  thirteen 
others,  some  of  which  retain  possession  of 
the  stage.  His  works  have  been  collected 
in  four  volumes  8vo. 


COLLING  WOOD,  CUTHBERT,  lord, 
was  born  at  Newcastle  in  1748,  and  en- 
tered the  naval  service  in  his  thirteenth 
year.  In  the  action  of  the  1st  of  June, 
1794,  he  commanded  the  Prince,  admiral 
Bowyer's  flag-ship;  and  in  the  action  off 
Cape  St.  Vincent,  in  1797,  he  gallantly 
seconed  his  friend  Nelson,  as  captain  of 
the  Excellent.  In  1799,  1801,  and  1804, 
he  rose  to  be  rear-admiral  of  the  white, 
of  the  red,  and  of  the  blue;  and  he  bore 
a  part  in  the  fatiguing  blockade  of  Brest. 
At  the  battle  of  Trafalgar  he  was  second 
in  command,  and  he  carried  his  ship  into 
action  in  such  a  manner  as  to  call  forth 
from  Nelson  an  exclamation  of  delight. 
His  services  were  rewarded  with  a  peer- 
age, the  rank  of  vice-admiral,  and  the 
command  of  the  Mediterranean  fleet.  He 
died,  off  Minorca,  March  7,  1810.  Com- 
bining bravery  with  prudence,  indefatiga- 
ble in  his  duty,  full  of  resources,  strictly 
preserving  discipline,  yet  winning  the  love 
of  his  men  by  justice  and  kindness,  Col- 
lingwood  may  be  safely  held  up  as  a  model 
to  every  officer  who  aspires  to  be  honour- 
ably remembered  in  the  annals  of  his 
country.  His  Correspondence,  which  has 
been  published  since  his  death,  places  in  a 
striking  light  his  virtues  and  his  talents. 

COLLINS,  ANTHONY,  a  controversial 
deist,  of  no  mean  talents,  was  born  at 
Heston,  near  Hounslow,  in  1676;  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge;  and,  being  a  man  of  property, 
spent  his  life  in  literary  pursuits,  and  in 
performing  the  duties  of  a  magistrate. 
He  died  in  1729.  His  religious  principles 
brought  him  into  violent  collision  with 
Bentley,  Chandler,  and  many  others. 
Among  his  works  may  be  mentioned, 
Priestcraft  in  Perfection ;  A  Discourse  on 
Freethinking;  A  Philosophical  Inquiry 
concerning  Human  Liberty;  and  A  Dig* 


198  COL 

course  on  the  G  rounds  ami  Ken  sons  of  the 
Christian  Religion. 

COLLINS,  AuTHfR,  n  genealogist, 
was  born  at  F.xeter  in  ll>S2,  ;:nd  died  at 
Battersea  in  17CO.  His  principal  works 
are,  a  Pecrajj",  in  four  volumes;  a  Baron- 
rt;i£o,  in  Ji\e  volumes;  and  Livrs  of  Lord 
Burieigh  and  Kdward  the  Black  Prince. 

COLLINS,  WILLIAM,  the  son  of  a  liat- 
tor  at  Chichester,  was  horn  in  1720  or  1721, 
and  received  his  education  at  Winchester, 
and  at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  While 
at  Oxford,  he  published  his  Oriental 
Eclogues.  In  1744  he  quitted  the  uni- 
versity, and  took  up  his  abode  in  London 
as  an  author.  His  projects  were  numer- 
ous, but  want  of  patronage  or  want  of 
diligence,  or  both,  prevented  them  from 
being  executed.  He  published,  however, 
his  Odes,  which,  to  the- disgrace  cf  the 
»ge,  were  utterly  neglected.  from  the 
pecuniary  distress  which  he  suffered,  lie- 
was  at  "length  relieved  by  a  leg.iey  of 
JC2000,  but  fortune  came  too  late;  he 
sank  into  a  state  of  nervous  imbecility, 
and  died  at  Chiehester,  in  1756.  His  Odes, 
'.hose  pearls  which  lie  cast  before  swine, 
have  given  him  a  place  among  the  greatest 
lyrical  writers  of  his  country.  They  re- 
main unsurpassed  in  vivid  imagination,  a'nd 
high  poetical  feeling  and  diction. 

COLLINSON,  PETKR,  F.  R.  S.  was 
born  near  Kendal,  in  Westmoreland,  in 
1694,  and  died  in  1768.  Many  valuable 
trees  and  shrubs  in  our  gardens  were  in- 
troduced by  Collinson,  who  carried  on  a 
correspondence  in  every  part  of  the  world. 
Linnaeus,  with  whom  he  was  intimate,  gave 
the  name  of  Collinsonia  to  a  genus  of  plants. 
He  was  the  first  also  to  whom  Franklin 
communicated  his  discoveries  in  electricity. 

COLLOT  D'HERBOIS,  JOHN  MARY, 
one  of  the  most  sanguinary  characters  of 
the  French  revolution,  was  born  at  Marin- 
tenon,  near  Chartres.  Originally  he  was 
a  provincial  actor,  and  a  dramatist;  and, 
though  he  gained  little  praise  in  those  ca- 
pacities, he  was  esteemed  for  the  correct- 
ness of  his  conduct.  In  that  conduct,  how- 
ever, a  woeful  change  took  place,  partly 
produced,  it  would  seem,  by  falling  into 
habits  of  drunkenness.  He  became  one 
of  the  moat  violently  Jacobinical  members 
of  the  Convention,  and  being  sent  on  a 
mission  to  Lyons,  after  the  surrender  of 
that  city,  he  committed  the  most  horrible 
atrocities*  He,  however,  contributed  to 
tl»e  fall  of  Robespierre.  In  1795  he  was 
tr-rui-poiled  to  Cayenne,  and  he  died  there 
in  1796. 

COLLVER,  JOSKPH,!  IB  son  of  parents 
both  of  whom  displayed  '.ttrary  talents, 
was  born  in  Lorulou,  in  1745,  and  died 
there  in  1827.  lie  uas  irstructed  in  eti- 
jraring  by  Anthony  and  W  Ibm  Walker, 
aiu.itful  la  eminence,  »n^  win  elected 


COL 

ae  Engraver  of  the  Royal  Aradeirt) 
Among  hi*  best  works   arc,  The  Flamifb 
Wake  of  Teniers,  The  Venus  ofSirJofllua 
Reynolds,    and    portraits    of   George    IV'., 
Queen  Charlotte,  and  Sir  William  Young. 

(  l  >LM  A.\  ,  ( i  KoniiK,  born  at  Florence, 
in  1733,  was  a  son  of  the  British  resident 
to  the  Tuscan  court,  and  of  a  sister  of  the 
countess  of  Hath.  1 1  is  education  he  re- 
ceived at  Westminster  School,  «»nd  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford;  and,  while  be 
was  at  college,  he  published  The  Conn.ij- 
seur,  conjointly  with  Bonnet  Thorit.in. 
Law  lie  studied  at  Lincoln's  Inn,  but 
never  practised.  In  1760  he  made  his 
first  attempt  as  a  dramatist,  by  bringing 
out  at  Drury  Lane  his  lively  farce  of  Poll/ 
Honeycombs,  which  met  with  great  suc- 
cess. The  Jealous  Wife,  in  the  following 
year,  established  his  character  as  a  comic 
writer.  In  the  whole,  he  produced  thirty- 
live  pieces,  a  few  of  which  continue  to  be 
acted.  His  fortune  being  increased  by 
legacies  from  Lord  Bath  and  General 
Pulteney,  he  purchased  a  share  in  Covent 
Garden  Theatre;  bit  ultimately  sold  it, 
and  became  the  proprietor  of  'the  Hay- 
market  Theatre.  In  1780,  a  derangement 
of  his  intellects  took  place,  which  gradually 
increased,  and  he  died,  in  1784,  in  a  luna- 
tic asylum.  Colman  wrote  The  Genius, 
and  many  other  pieces,  in  the  St.  James's 
Chronicle,  which  was  his  property;  and 
translated  Terence  and  Horace's  Art  of 
Poetry,  to  the  latter  of  which  he  added  a 
valuable  commentary. 

COLOMA,  DON  CARLOS,  marquis  of 
Espina,  was  born  at  Alicant,  in  Spain,  in 
1573;  served  with  distinction  in  the  Low 
Countries ;  was  governor  at  Cambray  and 
in  the  Milanese,  and  ambassador  in  Ger- 
many and  England;  held  some  of  the 
highest  offices  at  court;  and  died  in  1637. 
He  wrote  the  Wars  of  the  Netherlands; 
and  translated  Tacitus. 

COLONNA,  VICTORIA,  wife  of  Don 
Ferdinand  Francis  d'Avalos,  marquis  of 
Pescara,  was  born  in  1490.  She  was  one 
of  the  most  accomplished  females  of  Italy; 
equally  remarkable  for  virtue  and  talents 
After  the  death  of  tier  husband,  she  refuse*, 
the  hand  of  several  princes.  She  died  IP 
1547.  Her  poems  rank  among  the  mo»i 
happy  imitations  of  Petrarch. 

COLQUHOUN,  PATRICK,  a  native  of 
Dumbarton,  in  Scotland,  born  in  1745, 
was  brought  up  to  commerce,  and,  after 
a  residence  of  five  years  in  America,  set- 
tled as  a  merchant  a"t  Glasgow.  In  17?9, 
he  took  up  his  abode  in  London,  and  in 
1792  was  appointed  a  police  mug i.-t rate. 
He  resigned  in  1818,  and  died  in  1*?0. 
Mis  best  known  w;.iks  are  treatises  On 
;he  Police  c,f  tie  Metropolis,  and  On  the 
Police  of  the  Rher  Tlumes.  He  i»  aluo 
',  the  nuihor  of  \aiioii5  trad*,  and  of  » 


COL 

fVVw  Svetem  of  Education  fbr  the  Poor;  a 
Treatise  on  Indigence;  and  a  Treatise  on 
the  Population,  &c.,  of  the  British  Empire. 
CO1  STO.N, EDWARD, a  munificent  and 
philanthropic  merchant,  was  born  at  Bris- 
tol in  1636,  and  acquired  a  splendid  fortune 
in  the  Spanish  trade.  He  died  in  1721. 
The  whole  life  of  Colston  seems  to  have 
been  devoted  to  doing  good.  In  private 
nml  public  charities,  while  he  lived,  he  is 
supposed  to  have  spent  more  than  £150,000. 
He  founded  and  endowed  St.  Augustine  s 
School,  for  a  hundred  boys,  at  Bristol; 
and  various  almshouses  and  benevolent 
institutions  in  other  places. 


COLUMBUS,  CHRISTOPHER,  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  new  world,  whose  real  name 
was  Colombo,  was  born  in  the  Genoese 
territory  in  1441,  but  whether  at  Genoa 
Savona,  Nervi,  or  Cogoreo,  was  long  a 
matter  in  dispute.  That  it  was  at  Genoa 
is  no  longer  a  matter  of  doubt.  It  has 
been  asserted  that  his  origin  was  humble 
This  is  of  the  least  possible  consequence 
or  it  would  not  be  difficult  to  produce 
evidence  that  he  was  well  descended.  Hi 
studied  awhile  at  Pavia,but  quitted  theuni 
versity  at  an  early  period  to  follow'  a  mari- 
time life.  Between  thirty  and  forty  years 
were  spent  by  him  in  voyages  to  various 
parts  of  the  world,  during  which  geometry 
astronomy,  and  cosmography,  occupier 
much  of  his  attention.  At  length  he  settlec 
at  Lisbon,  where  he  married  the  orphai 
daughter  of  Palestrello,  an  Italian  naviga 
tor.  His  geographical  investigations,  sup- 
ported by  the  evidence  of  pieces  of  carvec 
wood,  trunks  of  trees,  and  canes,  driftec 
across  the  Atlantic,  induced  him  to  believ 
that,  by  stretching  across  the  ocean  in  a 
westerly  direction,  the  shores  of  Eastern 
Asia  might  be  reached,  and  he  resolved  tc 
obtain  from  some  sovereign  the  means  ol 
making  the  attempt.  Years  of  solicitation 
were  spent  in  vain;  hi?  proposals  were  no 
listened  to  at  Genoa,  Lisbon,  or  London 
At  length  they  were  tardily  accepted  b\ 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella  of  Spain.  On  th 
2nd  of  August,  1492,  Columbus  with  thre 
small  vessels  sailed  on  his  daring  adventure 
from  th*  port  of  Pnloa.  He  stopped  at  the 


COM    .  180 

^nnaries,  whence  he  departed  on  the  6th 
f  September,  and  continued  his  onward 
ourse  for  thirty-five  days,  seeing  nothing 
round  him  but  the  billows  and  the  sky. 
Already  daunted  by  the  terrors  of  unknown 
us,  the  variation  of  the  compass,  which 
vas  now  first  observed,  overpowered  the 
ourageof  the  sailors,  and  they  were  more 
han  once  on  the  point  of  breaking  into 
->pen  mutiny,  and  steering  back  to  Spain. 
The  long  sought  land  at  last  appeared,  on 
he  night  of  the  llth  of  October,  1492.  It 
was  Guanahani,  one  of  the  Bahamas,  to 
which  he  gave  the  name  of  San  Salvador. 
\ftcr  having  built  a  fort,  and  left  in  it 
jiirtv-eight  men,  he  returned  to  Europe, 
DM!  "anchored  at  Palos  on  the  15th  of 
March,  1493.  The  people  received  him 
with  enthusiasm,  the  court  heaped  honours 
ipon  him  Columbus  made  three  more 
,-oyagrs  to  the  western  world;  one  in  the 
autumn  of  1493,  another  in  1498,  and  the 
l:ist  in  1504;  and  considerably  enlarged 
the  sphere  of  his  discoveries.  His  latter 
years  were  imbittered  by  insult  and  injury. 
Complaints  of  his  conduct  at  Hispaniolu, 
in  1499,  having  been  made  to  the  court, 
Bovadilla  was  dispatched  to  the  island  to 
investigate  the  charges,  and  that  brutal 
commissioner  sent  Columbus  to  Europe  in 
irons.  For  this  shameful  indignity  he  re- 
ceived but  an  imperfect  reparation.  He 
died  May  20,  1506. 

COLUMELLA,  Lucius  JUNIUS  Moi>- 
ERATUS,  a  Latin  writer,  one  of  the  best 
agriculturist*  of  antiquity,  was  a  native  of 
Gade?,  in  Spain,  and  resided  at  Rome  in 
the  reign  of  Claudius.  He  is  the  author 
of  a  Treatise  on  Agriculture,  in  twelve 
books,  which  is  still  extant. 

COLUTHUS,a  Greek  poet,  who  flour- 
ished in  the  reign  of  Anastasius  about 
A.  u.  491,  was  a  native  of  Lycopolis,  in 
Egypt.  He  wrote  the  Calydonics,  and 
the  Persies;  but  they  are  lost.  His  only 
extant  poem  is  the  Rape  of  Helen,  the 
manuscript  of  which  was  found,  by  Cardi- 
nal Bcssarion,  in  the  monastery  of  Casoli, 
near  Otranto. 

COMLN'ES,  PHIMP  DE,  lord  of  Argen- 
ton,  was  born,  in  1445,  at  Comines,  in 
Flanders.  The  early  part  of  his  life  was 
passed  at  the  court  "of  Charles  the  Bold, 
duke  of  Burgundy,  from  whose  service  he 
passed  into  Uiat  of  Louis  XI.  of  France, 
who  employed  him  in  various  negotiations. 
Comines,  having  taken  a  part  in  the  in- 
trigues of  the  duke  of  Orleans,  was  impris- 
oned for  some  months  in  1485,  but  was  at 
length  pardoned,  and  again  trusted  as  • 
negotiator.  He  died  in  1509.  His  Me- 
moirs, which  are  written  in  a  pleasing 
style,  abound  with  valuable  information 
and  judicious  reflections. 

COMMELIN,  JOHN,  a  botanist,  *rai 
born  at  Amsterdam  in  1629,  and  died  in 


190  CON  CON 

1692.     He  had  the  direction  of  the  botanic  I'Franche  Cointr,  in  1663;   the  passage  of 

garden   of  his   native  city,  and   ho   spared  (lie  Rhine,  in  1<>72;    and  the  battle  of  Se- 

, '.either  labour  nor  expense   to    improve   it.  ne(T,  in  1674.      He  died,  in  1686,  at  Fon- 

lle  pi'blished  The   Hi'spcridcs   of  the   Low  taineblenn.      Comic    was    active,    daring, 

CuMBtries,  and  other  work*.     Hit  nephew,  full  of  resources,  and  inflexibly  persever- 

GASFAR,  is  the  author  of  Flora   Malaha-  in<j  in  spite  of  obstacles;    but   it  is  impon- 

rica,  and  various  botanical  productions.  sible  to  deny    that   lie  was   culpably    lavish 

COMMERSON,PHILIBJCRT,a  French  of  the  blood  of  his  soldiers;    a  fault  which 

physician  and  botanist,  was  born,  in  1727,  sonic  have  vainly   attempted   to  palliate  by 

at  Chatillon  les  Doinbrs,  and  died,  in  1773,  urging  that  he  was  equally  lavish  of  his  own. 


at  the  Isle  of  France,  whither  he  had  ac- 
companied   Bougainville,    in    his    voyage 


COM)ILLAC,STF.PI1KN  BO.H.NOTUK, 

a  brother  of  the  Abbe  de  Mablv,  was  tarn, 


round  the  world.  Before  he  set  out  on  in  1715,  at  Grenoble,  and  died,  on  hin 
his  voyage,  he  composed  a  Martyrology  estate  near  Bcaugenci,  in  1780.  For  the 
of  Botany,  which  is  a  history  of  botanists  use  of  Prince  Ferdinand  of  parma,  to 
who  have  fallen  victims  to  their  botanical  whom  he  was  tutor,  he  drew  up  t  Course 
!  ibours.  The  name  of  Commcrsonia  was  of  Study,  in  thirteen  volumes.  The  whole 
gnen  by  Forster  to  a  genus  of  Polynesian  Of  his  works  form  twenty-three  volumes  in 
plants.  *  j8vo.  Among  them  are,  An  Essay  on  Hu- 

COMMODUS,  Lucius  AURKLIUS  man  Knowledge  (his  first  production)  ;  and 
ANTONINUS,  emperor  of  Rome,  the  son  of  a  Treatise  on  Sensations.  As  a  mQtaphy- 
Marcus  Aurelius,  was  born  A.  D.  161,  and  sician  Condillac  has  a  high  reputation, 
succeeded  his  father  A.  D.  180.  Cruel  though  some  have  endeavoured  to  tarnish 
and  licentious  in  the  extreme,  without  a  it,  by  accusing  him  of  borrowing  from 
single  virtue,  he  disgraced  the  throne  and  Locke,  and  of  advancing  principles  which 
ecourged  the  people  for  twelve  years.  He  tend  to  materialism. 

was  at  length  poisoned  by  his"  concubine  i  CONDORCET,  JOHN  ANTHOWT 
Martia,  and,  the  poison  acting  too  slowly,1  NIC;  OLAS  CARITAT,  marquis  of,  was 
his  death  wa.s  completed  by  strangulatic^.  born  at  Ribcmont,  in  Ficardy,  in  1763. 

CONDAMINE,  CHARLES  MARY  LA,  Mathematics  and  natural  philosophy,  for 
a  mathematician  and  philosopher,  who  ^  which  he  displayed  an  early  fondness,  he 
joined  ardour  and  perseverance  with  an  studied  at  the  college  of  Navarre,  and  ac- 
insatiable  thirst  of  knowledge,  and  who  quired  such  a  mastery  of  them  that,  at  the 
was  also  a  man  of  wit  and  a  writer  of  age  of  twenty-two,  he  published  his  work 
verses,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1701,  and  On  Integral  Calculus;  which,  in  the  course 
died  in  1774.  He  travelled  much  in  his! of  three  years,  was  followed  by  his  Solu- 
youth,  and,  in  1736,  was  one  of  those  tion  of  the  Problem  of  the  Three  Bodies, 
who  were  sent  to  Peru  to  measure  a  de-land  the  first  part  of  the  Essay  on  Analysis. 
gree  of  the  meridian.  Condamine  was  !  He  was  secretary  of  the  French  Academy, 
remarkable  for  boundless  curiosity,  some  land  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences;  and  in 
ludicrous  instances  of  which  are  recorded,  [this  capacity  composed  his  celebrated  Eu- 
His  principal  works  are,  A  Journal  of  a  logies  of  the  deceased  members.  In  1786 
Voyage  to  the  Equator;  and  Observations  in  land  1787  he  gave  to  the  world  Lives  of 
a  Voyage,  on  the  River  Amazons.  I  Tnrgot  and  of  Voltaire.  Condcrcct  was 

CO'NDE,  Louis  II.  of  BOURBON,  closely  connected  with  Voltaire,  D'Alem- 
nrince  of,  snrnamed  the  Great,  was  born  bert,  and  the  rest  of  his  contemporary 
it  Paris  in  1621.  When  only  twenty-two,  philosophers,  and  he  lent  the  aid  of  his  pen 
So  was  intrusted  with  the  command  of  an  and  his  voice  to  forward  the.  French  revo- 
army  against  the  Spaniards,  and  he  utterly  lution.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Legisla- 
defeated  them  at  Rocroi.  In  1645,  1646,  the  Assembly  and  of  the  Convention.  In 
and  1648,  he  gained  the  victories  of  Fri-  the  latter  bodv  he  was  one  of  the  Girondist 
bourg,  Nordlingen,  and  Lens,  and  reduced  party,  and  this  circumstance  sealed  his 
Dunkirk;  but  lie  was  foiled  in  the  siege  doom.  Proscribed  by  Robespierre,  he  long 
of  Lerida.  During  tne  war  of  the  Fronde,  remained  in  concealment,  but  was  at  length 
he  at  first  joined  the  court,  but  afterwards  taken,  upon  which  he  put  an  end  to  his 
broke  with  it,  and  was  punished  by  an  existence  by  poison  in  March,  1794.  Con- 
imprisonment  <jf  thirteen  months.  Burn-  dorcet  was  a  man  of  multifarious  talents, 
ing  with  a  thirst  for  revenge,  he  took  up  and  possessed  many  good  qualities ;  but  he 
arms  against  the  government ;  had  a  des-  was  a  confirmed  sceptic,  and  utterly  unfit 
peratc  engag'-mrnt  with  the  royal  troops  for  a  politician.  He  left  sonic  posthumous 
in  the  suburb  of  St.  . \ntoine  ;  and  at  lfii»tli  works,  among  which  is  a  Sketch  for  an 
fled  from  France,  and  entered  the  service  Historical  Picture  of  the  Pn  gress  of  the 
of  Spain,  in  which  he  fought  whh  alternate !  Human  Mind.  It  was  written  \\hilehe 
good  and  bad  fortune.  In  !<;.">!>  lie  \\av  \\  ;is  hiding  from  his  enemies,  and  asserts 
permitted  t->  n-!iirn  to  lii-  ••,,.ui!i\.  His  !ii.-  f.nouril''  doctrine  of  the  infmi'-e  per- 
!«.«(  military  art.«  WM^,  th»  run'jn«\-t  of  fer'il  iliiy  of  the  human  race. 


CON 

CONFUCIUS,  or  KON-FU-TSE,  a 
Chinese  philosopher,  was  born  550  B.  c. 
in  the  kingdom  of  Lu,  which  is  now  the 
province  of  Shungtung,  and  died  in  his 
seventy-tli ird  year.  lie  was  the  most 
learned  and  virtuous  man  of  his  age,  and 
laboured  strenuously  in  reforming  the  man- 
ners of  his  countrymen.  His  memory  and 
the  moral  works  which  ha  wrote  arc  held 
in  the  highest  veneration  by  the  Chi- 
nese. 

CONGREVE,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the 
wittiest  of  British  dramatists,  was  born  at 
Bardsey  Grange,  near  Leeds,  in  1670; 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin; 
and  studied  at  the  Middle  Temple.  At 
seventeen,  he  wrote  the  romance  of  Incog- 
nita, or  Love  and  Duty  reconciled.  His 
comedy  of  The  Old  Bachelor  was  acted 
in  1693,  and  raised  him  at  once  to  fame 
and  affluence.  Three  lucrative  offices  were 
given  to  him  by  Lord  Halifax.  Between 
1694  and  1697  he  produced,  and  with  suc- 
cess, Love  for  Love,  The  Double  Dealer,  | 
and  The  Mourning  Bride.  Collier  cen- 
sured his  indecency  ajid  profaneness,  and 
the  dramatist  replied,  but  was  unable  to 
refute  the  charge.  In  1700,  his  Way  of 
the  World  was  so  coldly  received  that,  in 
disgust,  he  resolved  to  write  no  more  for  [ 
the  stage.  He,  however,  continued  to 
write  verses;  but  they  have  long  ceased  to 
find  readers.  On  the  accession  of  George 
I.  the  gift  of  another  sinecure  office  in- 
creased the  income  of  Congreve  to  JG1200 
per  annum.  His  latter  days  were,  never- 
theless, heavily  overckmded.  He  was 
afflicted  by  total  blindness  and  by  the  gout; 
and  at  length  the  latter,  and  an  internal 
injury  from  being  overturned,  terminated 
his  existence  on  the  19th  of  January, 
1728-9. 

CONGREVE,  Sir  WILLIAM,  F.R.S. 
the  son  of  a  lieutenant-general,  entered  the 
military  service  early,  and  rose  to  the  rank 
of  lieutenant-colonel.  He  sat  in  parliament 
for  Gatton,  and  afterwards  for  Plymouth. 
Having  unfortunately  taken  a  censurable 
part  in  one  of  the  bubble  speculations  of 
1825,  he  quitted  his  country;  and  he  died 
at  Toulouse  in  1828.  For  inventive  talents 
he  has  seldom  been  surpassed.  Among  his 
numerous  inventions  may  be  mentioned  his 
formidable  rockets,  a  hydro-pneumatic  ca- 
nal lock,  and  a  new  mode  of  manufacturing 
gunpowder. 

CONON,  an  Athenian  general,  tlve  son 
of  Timotheus,  was  defeated  by  Ly.cander,  j 
at  the  naval  battle  of  ^Egospotr.mos,  and  i 
for  a  while  withdrew  into  voluntary  ban- 
ishment. Having  obtained  aid  from  A r- 
taxerxcs,  he  returned,  and  runted  and 
killed  the  Spartan  admiral,  Pisander,  near 
Cnidos.  Conon  then  restored  the  fortifica- 
tions of  Athens.  Artaxerxes  is  said  to 
nnvc  put  him  to  death  on  a  faW  accusation  : 


CtN  1*1 

but  some  contend  that  he  died  in  Cyprw 
B.  c.  390. 

CONSTANS  I.,  FLAVIUS  JULIUS, 
born  A.  D.  320,  succeeded,  on  the  death  of 
his  father  Constantine  the  Great,  to  the 
sovereignty  of  Africa,  Italy,  and  western 
Illyricnm.  His  brother  Constantine  en- 
deavoured to  wrest  it  from  him,  but  was 
defeated  and  slain;  and  his  dominions  foil 
into  the  power  of  Constans.  The  victor, 
however,  governed  so  disgracefully,  thai 
popular  discontent  encouraged  Magnentiui 
to  hoist  the  standard  of  revolt,  and  Con- 
stans was. put  to  death  while  trying  to 
escape,  A.  i>.  350. 

CONSTANTINE,  CAJUS  FLAVIUI 
VALERIUS  AURELIUS  CLAUDIUS,  sur- 
named  the  Great,  emperor  of  Rome,  the 
son  of  Constituting  Chlorns  and  Helena,  i» 
believed  to  have  been  horn  at  Naissus,  in 

esia,  about  A.  D.  274.  After  the  death 
of  his  father,  he  had  a  severe  struggle  for 
empire  with  Maxentius,  who  was  at  length 
routed,  and  drowned  in  the  Tiber,  near 
the  Mivian  bridge.  It  was  before  this  ac- 
tion that  Constantine  is  pretended  to  have 
seen  a  blazing  cross  in  the  heavens,  with 
an  inscription  importing,  "  By  this  thou 
rthalt  conquer/'  His  next  contest  was 
with  Licinius,  whom  also  he  vanquished 
He  subsequently  chastised  the  Goths.  But 
the  two  great  events  of  his  reign  were  his 
embracing  the  Christian  religion  and  ren- 
dering it  the  dominant  faith,  and  his  remo- 
ving the  seat  of  empire  from  Rome  to 
Byzantium,  which  was  thenceforth  called 
Constantinople.  He  died  at  IS'icomcdia, 
A.  D.  337.  That  Constantine  had  a  large 
share  of  talent,  and  some  virtues,  is  unde- 
niable, but  when  we  consider  his  many 
faults,  among  which  was  a  cruelty  that  did 
not  spare  even  his  own  children,  his  claim 
to  the  title  of  great  becomes  somewhat 
more  than  dubious. 

CONSTANTINE  II.,  CLAUDIUS  FLA- 
vius  JULIUS,  the  eldest  son  of  Constan- 
tine the  Great,  was  born  in  316,  and,  on 
the  death  of  his  father  became  sovereign 
of  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Britain.  Coveting 
the  dominions  of  his  brother  Constans,  he 
attacked  him,  but  was  slain  in  an  ambush, 
A.  D.  340. 

CONSTANTINE  VII.,  PORFHT RO- 
OK MTU s,  a  Greek  emperor,  was  born  at 
Constantinople  in  905,  and  died  in  959. 
He  was  ah  accomplished  and  well  meaning 
but  weak  prince.  His  virtues,  however, 
caused  him  to  be  regretted  by  his  subjects. 
Constantine  wrote  a  Description  of  tho 
Provinces  of  the  Umpire;  a  Life  of  the 
Empeior  Basil,  the  Macedonian;  a  Trea- 
tise on  the  Government  of  the  Empire; 
and  another  on  the  Ceremonies  of  the  By- 
zantine Court. 

rn.NSTANTINE,  OR  \cosvs  or  PA- 
L.r.->LO(,rs.  the  la.-t  of  the  Greek 


192 


COO 


rors,  was  born  In  1403,  and  succeeded  his 
brother,  John  Pahrologns,  in  1449.  Threat- 
ened by  the  Sultan  Mahommed  II.,  he 
vainly  endeavoured  to  obtain  aid  from 
Christi.in  Europe.  In  1453,  Mahomet  be- 
sieged Constantinople  with  £00,000  men. 
i  ml  defence  was  made  tor  fifty-three 
days,  but  the  City  was  t;d\<  n  by  storm  on 
the  29th  of  May,  and  Constantino  fell, 
after  having  displayed  a  derive  of  heroic 
valour  which  demands  admiration. 

CO. \STA.\TI  IS,  Fi.AVirs  J  • 
who  from  his  paleness  was  cnlled  CHLO- 
Ri's,  was  the  son  of  Eutropius;  was  born 
about  A.  i).  250;  and  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  Dalmatia,  A.  D.  282.  Ten  years 
afterwards,  he  was  made  Caesar,  and  asso- 
ciated with  Diocletian  and  Maximian. 
having  under  him  Gaul,  Spain,  and  Brit- 
ain, the  last  of  which  provinces  he  recovered 
from  Allectus.  fie  became  sole  emperor 
in  305;  fifteen  months  subsequently  to 
which  event  he  died  at  York. 

CONSTAiNTIUS  II.,  FLAVIUS  JU- 
LIUS, second  son  of  Constantino  the  Great, 
was  born  A.  D.  317,  and  was  declared 
Caesar  at  an  early  age.  On  the  death  of 
his  father,  he  is  said,  in  violation  of  a  sol- 
emn oath,  to  have  murdered  nine  of  his 
relatives.  After  a  long  and  doubtful  contest 
with  Magnentius,  he  became  sole  master 
of  the  empire,  A.  D.  353.  His  subsequent 
sway  was  marked  by  weakness  and  vio- 
lence. He  died  A.  £>.  361,  while  inarch- 
ing against  Julian,  who  had  assumed  the 
purple. 

COiXWAY,  HENRY  SEYMOUR,  sec- 
ond son  of.  Lord  Con  way,  was  born  in 
1720;  and,  after  having  served  with  ap- 
plause in  the  seven  years'  war,  was  a 
member  of  the  English  and  Irish  House 
of  Commons,  and,  from  1765  to  1768, 
joint  secretary  of  state.  In  1782,  he 
was  appointed  commander-in-chief,  and 
in  1795  he  died,  being  then  the  senior 
British  field-marshal.  He  wrote  some  po- 
erns,  political  pamphlets,  and  the  comedy 
of  False  Appearances. 

COlVYBEARE,  JOHN,  a  native  of  De- 
vonshire, born  at  Pinhoe,  in  1692,  was 
educated  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford,  of 
which  he  afterwards  became  the  head.  In 
1732  he  published  a  Defence  of  Revealed 
Religion,  in  answer  to  Christianity  as  old 
as  the  Creation,  for  which  he  was  made 
dean  of  Christ  Church.  In  1750  he  was 
consecrated  Bishop  of  Bristol,  in  which 
tte  he  died  in  1757.  Two  \olnrnes  of  his 
Sermons  were  published  after  his  death. 

COOK,  JAMES,  an  eminent  circumnavi- 
gator, was  born  at  Marlon,  in  Yorkshire, 
in  1728,  of  humble  parents,  and  recei\cd 
only  the  commonest  rudiment!  of  education. 
After  having  served  for  some  \cars  in  the 
mercantile  marine,  he  entered  into  the  navy 
to  1755,  and  displayed  50  nvuh  conduct 


COO 

and  capacity  that  he  was  appointed  master 
While  thus  employed,  he  made  a  chart  of 


the  St.  Lawrence,  and  surveys  of  the  har- 
bour of  Placentia,  and  of  the  islands  of  St. 
Pierre  and  Miquelon.  He  was  now  pro- 
moted to  be  marine  surveyor,  in  which  ca- 
pacity he  twice  resided  for  a  considerablrt 
period  at  Newfoundland.  It  was  \\hile 
resident  there  that  he  communicated  to 
the  Royal  Society  an  observation  on  a 
solar  eclipse;  which,  with  his  well  known 
nautical  skill,  induced  the  government  to 
give  him  the  command  of  the  Endeavour, 
with  the  rank  of  lieutenant.  That  ship 
was  intended  to  convey  to  Otaheite  the 
astronomers  who  were  to  observe  the  transit 
of  Venus  over  the  sun's  disk.  Cook  sailed 
j  in  1768,  and  returned  in  1771 ;  having  par- 
ticularly explored  the  coasts  of  IX eu  Zea- 
land and  New  Holland.  He  was  made 
master  and  commander,  and,  in  1772,  he 
again  sailed,  in  company  with  Captain 
Furneaux,  to  solve  the  problem  of  the  ex- 
istence of  a  southern  circumpolar  continent. 
They  were  stopped  by  the  ice,  in  the  latitude 
of  seventy-one.  In  this  voyage,  \\hich  was 
not  terminated  tili  1775J  Captain  Cook 
took  such  excellent  precautions,  that  only 
one  man  died  of  scurvy  on  board  »:f  his 
ship.  For  this  he  was  chosen  F.  R.  S.  and 
received  the  Copleyan  gold  medal;  and 
was  appointed  a  post-captain,  and  captain 
of  Greenwich  Hospital.  In  1776  he  de- 
parted, with  two  ships,  the  Resolution  and 
the  Discovery,  to  search  for  an  arctic  j  as- 
sage  between  the  Pacific  and  the  Atlantic. 
In  this  voyage  he  perished.  On  the  14th 
of  February  he  was  slain  by  the  natives  of 
Owhyhee,  one  of  the  Sandwich  Islands. 
Foreign  countries  no  less  than  England 
lamented  his  loss,  and  vied  with  each  other 
in  doing  honour  to  his  memory. 

COOKE,  THOMAS,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born  in  1702,  at  Braintree,  in 
.  and  died  in  1756.  He  wrote  some 
forgotten  poems  and  dramas;  published 
editions  of  Marvell's  works,  and  of  Virgil; 
and  translated  Terence,  Hesiod,and  Cicero 
de  Natura  Deoruin.  His  Hesiod,  long  th« 
only  English  version,  is  now  superseded  by 
the  more  poetical  work  of  Elton  Popr 


coo 


cor 


whom  he  hud  attacked  in  the  Battle  of  the  I  called  the  Vandyke  of  that  branch  of  hii 
Poets,  cave  him  a  niche  in  the  Dunciad.       art,  was  born   in    London    in    1689,   and 

**.  s-Ss'Pw  -  n        ««r  11-  -1          f    TT         1-  !       .          1.  *  1_  ¥1* 


COOKE,  WILLIAM,  a  poet  and  biog- 
rapher, was  born  at  Cork,  in  Ireland  He 
came  to  England  about  1766,  and  applied 
himself  at  first  to  the  law;  but,  after  a 
brief  trial  of  it,  he  purchased  shares  in  two 
newspapers,  and  gave  himself  up  wholly  to 
literature.  He  died  April  3,  1824.  He  is 
the  author  of  The  Art  of  Living  in  London, 
a  poem;  Conversation,  a  didactic  poem; 
biographies  of  Afacklin  and  Foote;  The 
Elements  of  Dramatic  Criticism;  and  a 
pamphlet  on  parliamentary  reform. 

COOKE,  GEOKGE  FKEDKRIC,  an  ern- 
iiiciit  actor,  was  born  in  Westminster,  in 
1756.  Printing  and  the  navy,  both  of  which 
he  tried  in  early  life,  he  abandoned  for  the 
stage,  on  which  he  at  length  acquired  so 
n.uch  reputation,  that  he  appeared  at  Co- 
vent  Garden,  in  1800,  as  Richard  III. 
Thenceforth  he  stood  high  among  perform- 
ers. Sir  Giles  Overreach,  Shylock,  Sir 
Pertinax  M'Sycophant,  and  many  other 
characters,  he  personated  with  consummate 
skill.  But  habits  of  intemperance  often 
drew  on  him  the  public  anger,  and  eventu- 
ally shortened  his  days.  He  died  in  Ame- 
rica., in  1812. 

COOKE,  EL  ts  H  A  ,  a  physician  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
College,  in  1657.  He  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  vigorous  efforts  in  advocating 
popular  rights,  during  the  contentions  be- 
Iween  the  legislature  of  the  colony  and  the 
royal  gcvernors.  In  16S9  he  went  to  Eng- 
land as  agent  of  Massachusetts,  to  procure 
the  restoration  of  the  charter.  He  was 
bold  and  patriotic,  and  possessed  much 
Ftrength  of  intellect.  After  holding  vari- 
ous important  offices  in  the  province,  he 
died  in  1715.  Ei.isHA,son  of  the  preced- 
ing, and  also  distinguished  in  the  early 
political  contentions  of  the  province,  was 
graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1697, 
held  several  public  offices,  and  died  in 
1737. 

COOMBE,  WILLIAM,  a  writer,  of  ver- 
satile talent,  is  said  to  have  been  the  son  cf 
a  London  tradesman,  who  left  him  a  good 
fortune,  which,  however,  he  dissipated  in 
the  circles  of  fashion.  He  was  educated 
at  Eton  and  Oxford.  Driven  to  literature 
for  a  subsistence,  his  first  production  was 
a  patire,  called  The  Diaboliad,  which  had 
an  extensive  but  transient  popularity.  His 
novel  of  The  Devil  on  Two  Sticks  fn  Eng- 
land had  the  same  fate.  His  numerous 
political  pamphlets  are  forgotten.  Late  in 
life,  however,  he  gained  a  large  share  of 
pt'blic  attention  by  his  amusing  Tours  of 
Dr.  Syntax,  and  other  poems  of  a  similar 
kind.  Among  his  last  works,  is  a  History 
of  Westminster  Abbey.  He  died  in  1823. 

COOPER,  SAMUEL,  a  painter,  who  so 


»nch  excelled   in 
9 


miniature   that  he  was 


was  a  pupil  of  Hoskins,  his  uncle.  Hi« 
eminence,  however,  «vas  attained  by  study- 
ing the  works  of  Vandyke.  He  died  in 
1676.  His  brother,  ALEXANDER,. was  a 
portrait  painter. 

COOPER,  SAMUEL,  a  congregational 
minister,  was  born  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, in  1725.  He  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  College  in  1743,  and,  devoting 
himself  to  the  church,  acquired  great  repu- 
tation as  a  preacher,  at  a  very  early  age. 
After  an  useful  and  popular  ministry  of 
thirty-seven  years,  he  died  in  1783.  He 
was  a  sincere  and  liberal  Christian,  and  in 
his  profession  perhaps  the  most  distinguish- 
ed man  of  his  day,  in  the  United  States. 
He  was  an  ardent  friend  of  the  cause  of 
liberty,  and  did  much  to  promote  it.  With 
the  exception  of  political  essays  in  the  jour- 
nals of  the  day,  kis  productions  were  exclu- 
sively sermons. 

COOPER,  JOHN  GILBERT,  a  miscel- 
laneous writer,  a  native  of  Nottingham- 
shire, received  his  education  at  Westmin- 
ster School,  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge. Literature  was  only  his  amuse- 
ment, for  he  was  a  man  of  property.  He 
died  in  1769.  His  poems,  containing  a 
translation  of  Ver  Vert,  Epistles  from  Arie- 
tippus,  and  other  pieces,  have  been  admit- 
ted into  the  collected  works  of  the  British 
Poeta.  They  are  lively  and  elegant.  He 
also  wrote  a  Life  of  Socrates ;  and  Letters 
on  Taste;  and  contributed  to  The  World. 

COOPER.     See  SHAFTESBURY. 

COOTE,SirEYRE,a  native  of  Ireland, 
was  born  in  1726.  In  1745,  he  fought 
against  the  Scotch  rebels.  In  1754,  he 
went  to  the  East,  where  he  distinguished 
himself  at  the  siege  of  Pondicherry;  in 

1769,  he  was  for  a  while  commander-in- 
ch ief  of  the    Company's    forces;    and  in 

1770,  he   revisited    England,  whence,    in 
1780,  he  was  again  dispatched  to  India, 
with  his  former   rank.      Hyder  was  then 
ravaging  the  Carnatic  with  fire  and  sword. 
Coote  arrested  his  progress,  and,  with  an 
army  not  equal  to  one-tenth  of  his  antago- 
nists, he  defeated  him  in  several  encoun- 
ters.    He  died  at  Madras,  in  1783. 

COPERNICUS,  NICHOLAS,  a  nat.ve 
of  Prussia,  was  born,  m  1473,  at  1  horn. 
Medicine  and  philosophy  were  the  first  ob- 
jects of  his  study;  but  he  quitted  them  for 
mathematics  and  astronomy.  Travelling 
into  Italy,  he  became  acquainted  with  Re- 
giomontanus,  and  was  made  mathematical 
professor  at  Rome.  On  his  return  home, 
lie  was  made  canon  of  Frawenberg,  and 
archdeacon  of  St.  John's  Church  in  Thorn. 
As  early  as  1507  he  had  begun  to  meditate 
a  reform  of  the  Ptolemaic  system,  but  if 
was  not  til!  1530  that  he  completed  hi* 
labour*;  and  Mich  wa«  hip  dreaa  01*  «pp<»- 


1*4  COR 

•ition  that  he  did  not  \entnre  to  publish 
them  till  1543.     His  death  took  place  on 


the  23d  of  May  in  that  year,  and  the 
printed  copy  of  his  book  was  put  into  his 
hand  almost  at  the  moment  when  his  eyes 
•were  about  to  close  for  ever. 

COPLEY,  JOHN  SINGLETON,  a  dis- 
tinguished painter,  was  born  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  in  1738.  He  began  to 
paint  without  any  instruction  at  a  very 
early  age,  and  executed  pieces  unsurpassed 
by  his  later  productions.  lie  visited  Italy 
in  1774,  and  in  1776  wont  to  England, 
where  he  determined  to  remain,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  convulsed  state  of  his  native 
country.  He  therefore  devoted  himself  to 
portrait  painting  in  London,  and  was  cho- 
sen a  member  of  the  royal  academy.  His 
celebrated  picture,  styfed  The  Death  of 
Lord  Chatham,  at  once  established  his 
fame,  and  he  was  enabled  to  pursue  his 
profession  with  success  and  unabated  ar- 
dour, till  his  sudden  death  in  1815. 
Among  his  most  celebrated  productions 
are,  Major  Pierson's  Death  on  the  Island 
of  Jersey;  Charles  I.  in  the  house  of  com- 
mons, demanding  of  the  Speaker  Lenthall, 
the  five  impeached  members;  the  Surren- 
der of  Admiral  De  Winter  to  Lord  Dun- 
can; Samuel  and  Eli;  and  a  number  of 
portraits  of  several  members  of  the  royal 
family. 

CORAM,  THOMAS,  a  man  distinguished 
tor  Ins.  philanthropy,  is  believed  to  have 
been  born  about  1668,  and  was  brought  up 
to  the  sea,  in  the  mercantile  service.  The 
greatest  part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  endea- 
vours to  benefit  mankind.  Among  his  be- 
nevolent plans  was  the  establishment  of  the 
Foundling  Hospital,  for  which  institution, 
after  seventeen  years'  exertion,  and  great 
sacrifices,  he  obtained  a  charter.  His  char- 
ity having  injured  his  fortune,  a  subscrip- 
tion was  raised  for  him  in  his  old  age.  He 
died  in 

CORBET,  RICHARD, a  divine  and  poet, 
Oorn,  in  15S2,  at  Kwi-ll  in  Surrey,  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster1,  and  Christ  Church, 
Oxford.  James  I.,  v\ho  admired  his  wit, 
made  him  one  of  his  chaplains,  and  at 
length  gave  him  the  l;i.»4i"]'tic  <.f  Oxford. 


COR 

whence  he  was  translated  to  that  of  Nor 
wich.  He  died  in  lu'35  His  poems,  first 
published  in  1647,  were  repnblishcd  by  Mr 
liilchri.-t,  in  1S07.  They  possess  consider- 
able merit.  Corbet  was  "  a  fellow  of  infi- 
nite jest,"  and  sometimes  forgot  his  episco- 
pal dignity  in  his  love  of  jocularity  and 
mirth. 

CORELLI,  ARCANC.KI.O,  an  Italian 
musician,  was  born  at  Fusignano  in  1653, 
studied  under  Simonelli  and  Giovanni  Bas- 
sani,  and  Acquired  great  celebrity  as  a 
composer  and  violinist.  His  Solos  are 
among  the  most  admired  of  his  works.  He 
died  in  1713.  Geminiani,  his  pupil,  consi- 
ders a  nice  ear  and  a  highly  delicate  taste 
to  have  been  among  the  principal  merits  of 
Corelli. 

COR1NNA,  a  poetess,  to  whom  the 
Greeks  gave  the  appellation  of  the  Lyric 
Muse,  was  a  native  of  Tanagra,  in  Bccotia. 
She  flourished  in  the  fifth  century  B.  c., 
and  was  a  contemporary  of  Pindar,  from 
whom  she  five  times  won  the  prize  in 
poetical  contests.  Her  fellow  citi/ens  hon- 
oured her  memory  by  erecting  a  tomb  to 
her  in  the  most  frequented  part  of  their 
city.  Only  a  few  fragments  of  her  worki 
are  extant. 

CORIOLANUS,  CAICS  MARCIUS,  so 
called  from  his  valour  having  mainly  con- 
tributed to  the  capture  of  Corioli,  was  of 
the  patrician  family  of  the  Marcii.  In  the 
contests  between  tne  patricians  and  plebi- 
ans,  he  took  an  active  part,  and  treated 
the  latter  with  the  most  insolent  contempt. 
Being  in  consequence  banished,  he  joined 
the  Volscians,  and  made  war  upon  the  Ro- 
mans, whom  he  reduced  to  great  distress. 
Yielding  at  last  to  the  entreaties  of  his 
mother  and  wife,  he  withdrew  his  forces; 
in  revenge  for  which  he  was  murdered  by 
the  Volscians,  B.  c.  488.  The  murder, 
however,  is  denied  by  some  historians. 

CORK  and  ORRERY,  JOHN  BOYLE, 
earl  of,  was  born  in  1707;  and,  after  hav- 
ing been  under  the  tuition  of  Fenton  the 
poet,  completed  his  education  at  West- 
minster School,  and  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford. In  parliament  he  was  an  opponent 
of  Walpole.  Literature,  however,  had 
more  charms  for  him  than  politics.  Be- 
sides giving  to  the  press  the  Plays  and 
State  Letters  of  his  great  grandfather,  and 
the  Memoirs  of  the  Earl  of  Monmouth,  he 
translated  Pliny's  Letters;  and  wrote  Re- 
marks on  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Swift; 
Letters  from  Italv  ;  and  some  papers  in  The 
World  and  the  Connoisseur.  He  died  in 
1762. 

CORMONTAIGNE,  M.  a  French  en- 
gineer, \\hom  some  consider  as  ranking 
next  to  Vauban,  was  born  towards  tiki 
close  of  the.  seventeenth  century;  entered 
the  engineer  corps  in  1713;  served  in  ul- 
that 


COR 

•nit  J748;  and  died  a  major-general  in 
175*.  His  works  have  been  published, 
einoo  his  death,  in  three  volumes  8vo. 
Cormontaigne  was  the  constructor  of  the 
additional  fortifications  of  Metz  and  Thi- 
enville. 

CORIVARO,  LEWIS,  a  Venetian  noble, 
born  in  1467,  is  remarkable  only  for  his 
well  known  book  on  Temperate  Living, 
which  first  appeared  at  Padua  in  1558, 
and  has  been  translated  into  many  lan- 
guages. Having  in  youth  injured  his  health 
by  dissipation,  he  restored- it,  and  lived  to 
the  age  of  ninety-eight,  by  means  of  a 
strict  regimen  in  diet.  Cornaro  also 
wrote  a  treatise,  which  he  valued  highly, 
on  the  best  mode  of  preserving  in  a  navi- 
gable state  the  lagunes  that  surround  Ven- 
ice. 

CORNEILLE,  PETER,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  French  dramatic  writers,  was 
born  at  Rouen,  in  1606,  and  for  some  time 
practised  as  a  barrister  in  his  native  city. 
The  success  of  his  first  piece,  a  comedy 
intitled  Melite,  induced  him  to  persevere 
in  writing  for  the  stage.  His  fame  was 
stamped  by  the  tragedy  of  The  Cid,  and 
he  sustained  it  nobly  by  producing  The 
Horatii,  Cinna,  Polyeuctes,  and  numerous 
other  pieces,  of  which  the  French  theatre 
is  justly  .proud,  and  which  have  earned  for 
him  the  epithet  of  the  Great.  In  1647,  he 
was  chosen  a  member  of  the  French  Acad- 
emy. Corneille  died  October  1,  1684. 

CORNEILLE,  THOMAS,  the  brother 
of  Peter,  was  born  at  Rouen,  in  1625,  and 
died  at  Andely,  in  1709.  Like  his  great 
relative,  he  was  a  fertile  and  successful 
dramatist;  and,  at  that  period,  was  second 
only  to  him  in  merit.  He  is  the  author  of 
forty-two  pieces.  He  likewise  produced  a 
Dictionary  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  two  vol- 
umes folio;  a  Universal  Geographical  and 
Historical  Dictionary;  and  other  works. 

CORNHERT,  or  COORNHERT,  DIE- 
PERIC,  born  at  Amsterdam,  in  1522,  was 
originally  an  eminen^  engraver,  but  relin- 
quished the  burin  for  literature  and  poli- 
tics. To  Cornhert  was  intrusted  the  com- 
posing of  the  first  manifesto  issued  by  Wil- 
liam of  Nassau  against  Spain;  and  that, 
and  the  active  part  which  he  subsequently 
took  in  behalf  of  Dutch  liberty,  rendered 
him  an  object  of  incessant  persecution  to 
the  Spaniards.  He  died  at  Gouda^  in 
1590.  His  miscellaneous  works  have  been 
collected  in  three  folio  volumes. 

CORNWALLIS,  CHARLES,  marquis, 
son  of  the  first  Earl  Cornwallis,  was  born 
'in  1738,  and  entered  the  army,  after  hav- 
ing received  his  education  at  Westminster, 
and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge.  In 
1761,  he  succeeded  to  the  title.  During 
die  American  war  lie  acted  a  conspicuous 
port.  He  rignalixed  himself  at  tli'>  battle 
of  Brandywine,  a'id  the  $iege  of  Cliarles- 


COR 


199 


ton,  and  obtained  advantages  a    Camdei 
and  Guildford ;   but,  having  invided  ViT 


ginia,  he  was  surrounded  at  York  Town, 
and  compelled  to  capitulate.  From  1786 
to  1792,  he  was  governor-general  and  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  India;  and  during  that 
period  he  vanquished  Tippoo  Sultaun,  and 
obliged  him  to  accept  a  humiliating  peace. 
For  this  service  he  was  created  a  marquis, 
and  appointed  master-general  of  the  ord- 
nance. In  1798  he  was  sent  over  to  Ire- 
land as  lord-lieutenant,  and  remained  till 
1801  ;  and,  by  a  system  of  blended  firm- 
ness and  conciliation,  he  succeeded  in  re- 
storing peace  to  that  distracted  country. 
The  treaty  of  Amiens,  in  1802,  was  signed 
bj-  him.  In  1804  he  was  again  made  gov- 
erner-general  of  India,  but  he  died,  in  the 
Octob^  of  the  ensuing  year,  at  Gha/.epore, 
in  the  province  of  Benares.  Sound  prac- 
tical sense,  not  splendid  talent,  was  the 
characteristic  of  Cornwallis. 

CORONELLI,  MARK  VINCENT,  a  na- 
tive of  Venice,  professor  of  geography,  and 
cosmographer  to  the  Venetian  republic, 
died  in  1718.  A  geographical  society  was 
founded  by  him  at  Venice.  In  the  con- 
struction of  globes  he  was  particularly 
skilful.  He  published  more  than  four  hun- 
dred maps,  and  is  the  author  of  many 
works,  among  which  are,  A  History  of 
Rhodes;  a  Description  of  the  Morea;  and 
a  History  of  Venice. 

CORREA  DA  SERRA,  JOSEPH 
FRANCIS,  a  botanist,  born  at  Serra,  in 
Portugal,  in  1750,  was  the  founder  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  at  Lisbon.  The  In- 
quisition twice  compelled  him  to  fly  from 
his  country.  From  1816  to  1819  he  was 
Portuguese  envoy  to  the  United  States ;  in 
the  latter  year  he  was  recalled,  to  be  a 
member  of  the  council  of  finance;  and  in 
1823  he  died,  shortly  after  having  been 
elected  to  the  Cortes.  He  is  the  author  of 
many  papers  in  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions", and  in  other  works  of  the  same 
kind. 

CORREGIO,  ANTHONY,  whose  real 
name  was  AI.LEGRI,  was  born  at  Corre- 
gio,  in  the  Modenese,  in  1490  or  1494 
Who  was  his  ma,«t'-r  is  not  kn?wn.  Hit 


196 


COR 


GOR 


kaient*,  hewevcr,  were  transcendent,   and  basco,  Cortez  set  fire  to  his  ships,  that  hit 


he  is  the  founder  of  the  Lombard  school. 


soldiers  might  have  no  other  resource  than 


His  colour  and  mode  of  finishing,"  says  their  own  valour.  The  Tlasealans  hfl 
Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  "  approach  nearer  to  ;  conquered  and  converted  into  allies,  and 
perfection  than  those  of  any  other  painter;  |  then  advanced  towards  Mexico,  where  he 
the  gliding  motion  of  his  outline,  and  the  was  amicably  received.  Jealous  of  his 
sweetness  with  which  it  melts  into  the  'success.  Velasquez  now  sent  IVarvaez  to 
ground;  the  clearness  and  tran.«paiency  supersede  him,  hut  Cortez  marched  against 
of  his  colouring,  which  stops  at  that  exact  the  latter,  took  him  prisoner,  and  gain* 
medium  in  which  the  purity  and  perfection  ed  over  the  new  come  troops.  The  con- 


of  taste  lies,  leaves    nothing   to   l>e  wish 
for."   Yet,  notwithstanding  his  genius  a 


industry,    "  poorly 
poorlv,   poor   man, 
tuck  place  in  1534. 
CORTEREAL,  G  A  SPAR,  a 


isbed 

nd 
poor    man,    he   live;'; 


duct  of  Cortez  to  the  natives  soon  pro- 
duced hostilities,  and  he  was  driven  from 
Mexico.  By  the  decisive  victory  of 


. 

he  died!''     Hid  death  j  Otumba,  however,  he  resumed   the  ascen- 
dency,  and,  after  a   long   siege,    in    which 


ortuguese 


navigator,  was  born  at  Lisbon,  of  a  noble 
family.  Eager  to  rival  de  Gama  and  Co- 
lumbus, he  resolved  to  attempt  a  north- 


perished  100,000  Mexicans,  he  regained 
possession  of  the  capital,  and  finally  sub- 
jug-ited  the  whole  of  the  kingdom.  In 
he  commanded  in  person  a  fleet 


west  passage  to  the  East  Indies.     In  1500   which  discovered  California.     Charles  V., 
he  explored  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Laurence   while  under   the  impulse  of  gratitude,  cre- 


ard  the  coast  of  Labrador,  as  far  as  Cape 
Chidley.  He  made  a  second  voyage,  but 
his  vessel  never  returned.  His  brother, 
MIGUEL,  sailed  in  search  of  him,  and 
shared  the  same  fate.  A  third  brother, 
VASCO,  was  preparing  to  sail,  in  the  hope 
of  recovering  his  beloved  relatives,  when 
he  was  prohibited  by  the  king,  who  de- 
clared that,  having  lost  two  of  his  most 
faithful  servants  and  valuable  friends,  he 
was  resolved  to  preserve  the  third. — For 
their  father,  JOHN  VAZ  COSTA  CORTE- 
REAL, the  honour  of  having  discovered 
Newfoundland  is  claimed  by  Portuguese 
writers. 


CORTEZ,  FERDINAND,  a  descendant 
of  a  noble  but  poor  family,  was  born  at 
Medellin,  in  Estremadura,  in  1485.  The 
law,  to  which  he  was  bred  at  Salamanca, 
he  quitted  for  a  military  life.  In  1504,  he 
went  to  St.  Domingo,  and,  in  1511,  ac- 
companied Velasquez  to  Cuba,  and  re- 
ceived from  him  a  grant  of  land,  as  a  re- 
ward for  his  services.  The  conquest  of 
Mexico  being  resolved  upon,  Velasquez 
intrusted  him  with  the  command  of  the 


aundred  men,  sailed  on   the  18th   of  No- 
fembr,  IM^;   and,  on  hi*  arrival  at  Ta- 


ated  him  governor  and  captain  general  of 
Mexico,  and  marquis  of  Guaxaca;  but  he 
subsequently  removed  him  from  the  gover- 
norship. In  order  to  obtain  justice,  Cor- 
tez, in  15-10,  returned,  for  the  second  time, 
to  Spain;  and  he  accompanied  the  empe- 
ror to  Algiers,  where  he  highly  distin- 
guished himself.  Yet  he  was  unable  to 
procure  even  an  audience.  "  Who  are 


,  —  1"  exclaimed  Charles,  when  Cortez 
had,  on  one  occasion,  forced  his  way  to 
the  step  of  the  emperor's  carriage.  "  I 
am  one,"  replied  the  undaunted  warrior, 
"  who  has  given  you  more  provinces  than 
your  ancestors  Jcft  you  towns."  Cortez 
died  at  Seville,  in  comparative  obscurity, 
on  the  2d  of  December,  1554.  Were  not 
the  character  of  Cortez  stained  by  numer- 
ous acts  of  horrible  barbarity,  his  valour, 
talents,  and  perseverance,  would  give  him 
a  legitimate  claim  to  the  epithet  of  great. 
GORTON  A,  PIETRO  DA,  go  called 
from  being  born  at  Cortona,  in  Tuscany, 
w^as  named  Peter  Berettini,  was  born  in 
1596,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Ciarpi.  Though 
his  progress  in  painting  was  so  slow  at  the 
outset  that  his  fellow  students  nicknamed 
him  ass's  head,  yet  he  ultimately  rose  to 
a  high  degree  of  eminence  in  the  profes- 
sion. Ho  was  employed  in  adorning  the 
walls  of  the  Vatican,  the  Barberini  palace, 
and  many  other  edifices.  His  finest  woiks 
are  in  fresco ;  but  many  of  his  oil  paintings, 
among  which  is  a  Nativity  of  the  Virgin, 
are  much  admired. 

CORVINUS,  MATTHIAS,  the  son  of 
John  Humiades,  was  elected  king  of  Hun- 
gary, in  1458,  at  the  age  of  fifteen,  ana 
died  in  14f;0.  He  was  illustrious  as  a 
warrior,  a  legislator,  and  a  patron  of  learn- 
ing. Though  perpetually  engaged  in  wai 

enterprise.     The   expedition,   which    con- 1  to  protect  his  country  from  its  surrounding 
listed  of  ten  smull  vessels,  and  only  seven  foes,  he  enacted  good  laws,  gave  the  Hun- 
garians   a    charter,    introduced    printing, 
founded  a  university  and   library  at  Bmla 


COS  COT  197 


invited   teamed  men  into  his  domin- 
CORVISART,    JOHN    NICHOLAS,    a 


COSWAY,  RICHARD,  one  of  the  oldest 
members  of  the  Royal  Academy,  died  in 
1821,  at  more  than  ninety  years  of  age. 


physician  of  high  reputation,  wu  born  in  In  miniature  he  was  without  a  rival,  and 
Champagne,  in  1755,  and  died  at  Paris,  his  oil  paintings  and  drawings  have  great 
in  1821.  The  French  attribute  to  hi:n,  in  merit.  In  his  private  character  he  dis- 
great  part,  the  progress  which  was  made  jjl.iyed  many  harmless  eccentricities.  Hia 
in  Fiance,  of  Lite  year?,  in  experimental  wife,  MARIA,  was  also  an  artist  of  tal- 
medicine  and  pathological  anatomy.  Na-  ent. 

p,deon,  whose  physician  he  was," created !  COTES,  ROGF.K,  a  mathematician, 
him  a  baron,  a  id  "an  officer  of  the  legion  born,  in  1682,  at  Burbage,  in  Leicester, 
of  honour.  He  wrote  an  Essay  on  Dig-  shire,  was  educated  at  Leicester  and  St. 
eases  of  the  Heart;  and  translated  some  Paul's  School-;,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
medical  works.  Cambridge;  and,  in  1706,  was  appointed 

COJIYATE,  or  COR1ATE,  THOMAS,  first  Plumian  professor  of  astronomy  and 
a  traveller  and  writer,  was  the  son  of  the  experimental  philosophy.  He  died  in  1716. 
rector  of  Odcombe,  in  Somersetshire,  at;  Newton,  of  whose  I'rincipia  Cotes  gave  a 
which  pLve  he  was  born,  in  1577.  He  new  edition,  has,  in  one  short  sentence, 
died  at  Snrat,  in  1617.  Coryate's  1  fe  was  borne  decisive  testimony  to  his  talents, 
epent  in  pedestrian  tours  through  Europe,  "  Had  Cotes  lived,"  said  he,  "  we  should 
Turkey,  Persia,  and  the  East  Indies.  Dur-  have  known  something."  The  Harmonia 
ing  one  of  them  he  is  said  to  have  lived  on  jMensmarum  of  Cotes,  and  his  Hydrosta- 
two  pence  a  day.  He  had  received  a  good  tical  and  Pneumatical  Lectures,  were  pub- 
education  at  Westminster  and  Oxford,  lished  after  his  death, 
and  possessed  a  great  facility  of  learning i  COTTIN,  SOPHIA,  whose  maiden  name 
languages.  His  first  tour  was  published  was  Restaud,  was  born  at  Tonneins,  on 
with  the  ludicrous  title  of  Crudities  hastily  the  Garonne,  in  1773;  was  married  to  a 
gobbled  up  in  Five  Months'  Tour,  &c.  Parisian  banker  at  seventeen ;  and  became 
He  is  the  author  of  other  eccentric  works, 'a  widow  at  twenty,  which  she  continued  to 
and  has  the  merit  of  having  introduced  the  I  be  till  her  decease,  in  1807.  Her  first 
use  of  tible  forks  into  England.  I  work,  Clara  d'Albe,  was  begun  merely  for 

COSMAS,  surnamed  Indicopleustes,  or '  amusement,  and  was  sold  to  afford  to  a 
tfie  Voyager  in  India,  was  a  merchant  of  |  proscribed  man  the  means  of  flying  from 
Alexandria, 'living  in  the  sixth  century, !  the  guillotine.  Of  all  her  writings  the 
who,  after  having  visited  Hindostan,  quit-i  produce  was  devoted  to  benevolent  pur- 
ted  commerce  and  became  a  monk.  He  is  poses.  Of  her  subsequent  novels,  Malvina, 
the  author  of  Christian  Topography,  which,  Amelia  Mansfield,  Matilda,  and  Elizabeth, 
though  abounding  with  absurdities,  contains  the  last  is  the  most  popular, 
some  valuable  '  information.  His  otherj  COTTON,  Sir  ROBERT  BRUCE,  an 
works,  among  which  was  a  Universal  Cos- 'antiquary,  was  a  native  of  Huntingdon- 
mography,  are  L.'st.  {shire,  born  at  Demon,  in  1570,  and  wag 

OQSTANZO,  ANGELO  DI,  a  Neapoli-  educated  at  Westminster  School,  and  at 
tan  noble,  was  born  at  Naples,  in  1507, !  Trinity  College,  Cambridge.  He  devoted 
and  was  a  friend  of  Sannazaro,  who  pre-  his  time  and  fortune  to  antiquarian  pur- 
vailed  on  him  to  undertake  the  history  of  suits,  and  collected  numerous  deeds,  char- 
his  native  country.  On  this  work  Costanzo  ters,  &c.  relative  to  the  history  of  Britain, 
was  forty  years  employed.  It  includes  the  These  form  the  Cotlonian  library,  which 
period  from  1250  to'l4S9.  He  was  also  is  now  in  the  British  Museum.  To  Cam- 
one  of  the  first  poets  of  his  age.  He  died  den,  Speed,  and  others,  he  was  a  liberal 
about  1591.  i  friend.  He  died  in  1631.  He  wrote  The 

COSTER,  JOHX  LAVRENCE,  a  native!  Antiquity  and  Dignity  of  Parliaments; 
of  Haarlem,  was  born  about  1370.  The1  and  other  works. 

Dutch  claim  for  him  the  invention  of  print-]  COTTON,  CHARLES,  a  poet,  born  at 
ing.  The  cl.iim  seems,  however,  to  be  en,-|  Beresford,  in  Staffordshire,  in  1630,  was 
tirely  without  foundation.  A  sufficient  j  educated  at  Cambridge,  travelled  on  the 
proof,  pci  haps,  that  it  is  so,  is  the  circum-j  continent,  and  then  settled  on  his  paternal 
stance  of  his  grandsons  and  heirs  having  estate,  which  his  father  had  so  heavily  en- 
mado*  no  attempt  to  support  it,  in  opposi-;  cumbered,  that  Cotton,  himself  no  tfCono- 
tion  to  Guttenberg.  i  mist,  encountered  many  pecuniary  difli- 

COSTER,  SAMUEL,  a  Dutch  dramat-'  culties,  and  even  imprisonment  for  debt. 
ict,  was  born  towards  the  end  of  the  six-  He  died  in  16S7.  Cotton  was  no  mean 
teenth  century,  and  is  considered  as  the  poet,  especially  on  ludicrous  subjects ;  but 
creator  of  the  Dutch  theatre.  He  built  a  he  is,  perhaps,  best  known  as  the  friend  of 
playhouse  at  Amsterdam  in  1617.  The  Izaak  Walton,  to  whose  treatise  on  angling 
time  of  his  death  is  unknown.  He  wrot^  he  added  a  supplement.  He  wrote  a  vol- 
ivc  come  iii>  and  six  t/agediea.  j  uma  of  Poems;  Scarroniuea,  or  VngJ 


198  COU 

Tr*>e?tic;   and  translated  Montaigne's  Es- 
nys. 

COTTON.  JOHN,  n  congregational  min- 
ister of  Massachusetts,  was  born  i:)  Boston 
in  1638,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  in  1657.  He  was  accurately  ac- 
quainted with  the  language  of  the  Indians 
of  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  superintended 
the  printing  of  Elliot's  Bible,  in  that  lan- 
guage. He  died  in  Charleston,  B 
where  he  had  formed  a  church,  in  1699. 

COTTON,  NATHANIEL,  poet  and  phy- 
sician, born  in  1707,  was  a  pupil  of  Boer- 
haave,  and  practised  lirst  at  DunstaUe, 
and  next  at  St.  Albans.  At  the  latter 
place  he  kept  an  asylum  for  lunatics,  of 
which  Cowper,  who  always  retained  an 
affection  for  him,  was  at  one  time  an  in- 
mate. He  died  in  1788.  His  Visions  in 
Verse,  which  are  elegant,  animated,  and 
fraught  with  pure  morality,  are  deservedly 
popular. 

COULOMB,  CHARLES  AUGUSTIN 
DE,  an  eminent  French  philosopher,  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  engineers,  and  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  and  of  the 
Institute,  was  born  at  Angouleme,  in  1736, 
and  died  in  1806.  He  was  generally  versed 
in  the  sciences,  but  particularly  cultivated 
those  of  electricity  and  magnetism,  in  which 
he  made  many  va'luable  discoveries.  "  He 
may  fairly,"  it  is  said,  "  be  ranked  in  the 
fame  class  with  Franklin,  ^Epinus,  and 
Cavendish." 

COURAYER,  PETER  FRANCIS,  a  na- 
tive of  Normandy,  born  at  Yemen  in  1681, 
was  a  canon  and  librarian  of  St.  Gene- 
vieve,  and  a  professor  of  theology  and  phi- 
losophy. Having  written  a  Defence  of  the 
Validity  of  English  Ordinations,  he  was 
so  persecuted  that  he  took  refuge  in  Eng- 
land, in  172S,  where  he  died  in  1776.  He 
translated  into  French  Father  Paul's  His- 
tory of  the  Council  of  Trent,  and  Sleidan's 
History  of  the  Reformation;  and  wrote 
severaf  tracts. 

COURIER,  PAUL  Louis,  one  of  the 
wittiest  writers  and  most  profound  hel- 
lenists  of  France,  was  born  near  An- 
gouleme,  in  1774.  He  was  for  several 
years  in  the  corps  of  artillery,  in  which 
lie  rose  to  be  a  major;  but  at  length  he 
resigned  in  disgust.  Every  /idinent  of 
leisure  while  in  the  army  was  devoted 
\ry  him  to  the  study  of  Greek  authors. 
He  was  assassinated  in  1S25.  Courier 
published  various  translations  from  the 
Greek;  3ut  his  chief  fame  is  derived  from 
his  political  pamphlets,  which  are  remark- 
able for  wit,  irony,  and  pungency  of  style. 

COURT  DE  GEBELIN,  ANTHONV, 
a  French  anti'piary  and  philosopher,  one 
of  the  mo>t  learned  men  of  the  eighteenth 
centurv,  \\aa  bom  at  Nimes  in  1725,  the 
•on  oi  a  caKinist  minister,  and  died  at 
I'urii  in  1784.  ll'u  great  woik  in,  The 


COY 

Primitive  World  analy/ed  and  cc 
with  the  Modern  Woild.  It  consists  of 
nine  4to  volumes,  ami,  though  deformed  by 
some  I  .  nlations  and  lupotheses, 

is  richly  fi aught  with  erudition.  Among 
his  other  works  is  A  History  of  the  Wai 
of  the  Cevennes.  in  three  volumes. 

COURTOIS,  J  AMI-S,  a  painter,  known 
by  the  names  of  Cortese  and  II  Borgog- 
none,  was  born  at  St.  Hyppolite,  in 
Franche  Comte,  in  1621.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Guido  and  Albano,  and,  as  some  .-ay, 
of  Jerome.  In  battle  pieces  he  stands 
almost  unrivalled.  Being  accused  of  hav- 
ing poisoned  his  wife,  he  entered  into  the 
order  of  the  Jesuits,  and  died  in  their  con- 
vent at  Rome,  in  1676.  His  brother, 
WILLIAM,  born  1618,  died  1679,  was  a 
pupil  of  Pietro  da  Coitona,  and  was  an 
eminent  historical  painter. 

COUSIN,  Louis,  a  native  of  Paris,  \\hr 

as  born  in  1627,  and  died  in  1707,  was 
president  of  the  mint,  and  a  member  of 
the  French  Academy.  Among  his  works 
are,  a  History  of  Constantinople,  eight 
volumes  4to. ;  A  History  of  the  Church, 
four  volumes  4to. ;  and  A  Roman  History, 
two  volumes  12mo. ;  which  consist  of 
translations  of  the  Bvzantine  sacred  and 
profane  historians.  He  also  conducted  the 
Journal  des  Savants  from  1687  to  1701. 
As  a  critic,  a  translator,  and  a  man.  Cousin 
is  deserving  of  praise. 

COUSTOU,  NICHOLAS,  a  French 
sculptor,  was  born  at  Lyons  in  1658,  and 
died  in  1733.  He  was  a  pupil  of  Coyse- 
vox,  his  uncle,  and  formed  his  style  on'the 

orks  of  Michael  Angelo  and  Algardi. 
Among  his  best  productions  are,  a  Hercu- 
les-Commodus,  a  group  of  tritons,  and  a 
•jroup  of  the  Seine  and  the  Marne. — His 
brother,  WTILLIAM,  also  a  pupil  of  Coyse- 
vox,  was  born  at  Lyons  in  1678,  and  died 
n  1746.  He  was  superior  to  Nicholas. 
Daphne  and  Hippomenes,  the  Ocean  and 
the  Mediterranean,  and  a  figure  of  the 
Rhone,  are  among  his  masterpiece?.  His 
WILLIAM,  also,  born  in  1716.  died  in 
1777,  was  a  celebrated  sculptor. 

COVENTRY,   FRANCIS,  a  native    of 

ambridgeshire,  educated  at  Magdalen 
College,  Cambridge,  was  perpetual  curate 
of  Edgeware  when  he  died,  in  1759.  He 

rote  the  novel  of  Pompey  the  Little; 
a  paper  in  The  World,  on  the  absurdity 

f  modern  gardening;  and  some  poems, 
>ne  of  which,  Penshurst,  is  printed  in 
Dods  ley's  collection.— His  cousin,  HKNRY, 
i  fellow  of  Magdalen  College,  who  died 
n  1752,  contributed  to  the  Athenian  Let- 
ers,  and  wrote  The  Letters  of  Philemon 
.o  Hyd:i 

COVERDALE,  MILES,  one  of  the  ear- 
iest  English  reformers,  was  born  in  York 
shire  in  1487,  was  educated  at  Cambridge 
and  went  "abroad  on  becoming  a  protestaat 


cow 

He  aeaisted  Tyndale  in  his  version  of  the 
B:bie,  and  in  1535  published  a  complete 
translation.  In  1531,  after  having  been 
almoner  to  Queen  Catherine  Parr,  he  was 
promoted  to  the  see  of  Exeter.  In  the 
reign  of  Marv  he  retired  to  the  continent, 
but  returned  on  the  accession  of  Elizabeth. 
He  died  in  lOo'S,  or,  according  to  some 
accounts,  in  l.VH). 

COVIl.HAM,  PEDRO  DK, a  Portuguese 
gentleman,  who  served  with  distinction 
in  the  wars  of  Castile,  and  afterwards 
traded  to  Africa.  He  was  sent,  along 
with  Alphons:)  dc  Payva,  in  search  of 
Prester  John,  and  also  to  inquire  whether 
a  passage  to  India  could  be  accomplished 
round  the  Cape.  On  this  mission,  while 
Payva  proceeded  to  Abyssinia,  Covilharn 
visited  India  and  Sofala,"  obtained  the  first 
distinct  account  of  Madagascar,  and  ascer- 
tained that  the  voyage  round  the  Cape 
might  be  pert", trmed. "  He  then,  Payva  hav- 
ing1 died,  journeyed  to  Abyssinia,  where 
the  monarch  heaped  upon  him  the  highest 
honours  of  the  state,  and  induced  him  to 
spend  there  the  remainder  of  his  days. 

COWELL,  JOHN,  a  lawyer  and  anti- 
quary, born  about  1554,  at  Erncsborough, 
in  Yorkshire;  was  educated  at  Eton,  and 
at  King's  College,  Cambridge;  and  became 
master  of  Trinity  Hall.  He  died  in  1611. 
He  is  the  author  of  Institutes  of  the  Laws 
of  England ;  and  of  The  Interpreter,  or 
Explanation  of  Law  Terms;  the  last  of 
which  works  the  Commons  ordered  to  be 
burnt  for  its  unconstitutional  doctrines. 
With  his  wonted  coarseness  of  wit,  Coke, 
who  hated  him,  used  to  call  him  Dr.  Cow- 
heel. 

COWLEY,  ABRAHAM,  the  posthumous 
son  of  a  grocer,  was  born  in  London,  in 
1618.  From  Westminster  School  he  went 
to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  whence  he 
was  ejected,  in  1643,  by  the  puritanical 
visitors,  upon  which  he  settled  at  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  and  avenged  himself  by 
a  satire,  called  the  Puritan  and  the  Papist. 
He  had  already  produced  Poetical  Blos- 
soms, Love's  Riddle,  a  pastoral  comedy, 
and  a  Latin  comedy,  intitled  Naufragium 
Joculare1  the  first  two  were  written  while 
he  was  at  Westminster.  He  now  entered 
into  the  king's  service,  and  attended  him 
in  several  journeys  and  expeditions.  When 
the  queen  left  England  he  accompanied 
her,  obtained  a  settlement  in  the  family  of 
the  earl  of  St.  Albans,  and  was  employed 
on  various  missions  relative  to  the  royal 
cause.  During  his  absence  appeared  The 
Mistress,  and  the  comedy  of  The  Guardian. 
In  1656  he  returned  to  England,  and,  soon 
after  his  arrival,  he  was  imprisoned,  but 
was  bailed  by  Dr.  Scarborough.  It  was 
a  this  period  that  he  gave  to  the  world  a 
complete  edition  of  his  poems.  On  the 
death  of  Cromwell,  Cov  Icy  revisited 


France;  and  li<-  was  one  of  those  who 
cams  back  in  the  train  of  the  restored 
sovereign.  The  triumph  of  his  party  was 
for  a  while  of  no  benefit  to  him,  but,  at 
length,  he  obtained  a  small  independence, 
and  withdrew  into  retirement.  He  died 
at  the  Porch  House,  Chcrtsey,  in  July, 
1667.  Coulev,  ;;.s  Johnson  observes,  la 
"  undoubtedly  the  best"  of  the  metaphysi- 
cal poets;  for,  though  his  ideas  are  often 
far-fetched,  and  sometimes  absurd  or  udi- 
crous,  his  faults  are  redeemed  by  great 
beauties.  His  prose  merits  almost  unal- 
loyed praise ;  it  is  pregnant  with  thought, 
and  the  style  is  natural  and  elegant. 

COWLEY,  HANNAH,  a  diamatic  wri- 
ter, whose  maiden  name  was  Parkhouse, 
was  born  at  Tiverton,  in  Devonshire,  iu 
1743,  and  died  at  that  place  in  1809.  She 
is  the  author  of  nine  comedies,  among 
which  are,  The  Runaway,  The  Belle's 
Stratagem,  and  More  Ways  than  One; 
the  tragedies  of  Albina,  and  The  Fate  of 
Sparta;  two  farces;  and  the  poems  of 
The  Siege  of  Acre,  The  Maid  of  Arragon, 
and  The  Scottish  Village.  Her  poems  are 
of  that  description  which  Horace  depre- 
cates ;  but  her  comedies  have  considerable 


COWPER,  WILLIAM,  a  poet,  was  boi» 
at  Berkhamstead,  in  Hertfordshire,  Nov 
26,  1731,  and  was  the  son  of  the  rector  of 
that  place.  His  constitution  was  highly 
delicate,  and  his  feelings  nervously  sus- 
ceptible. It  is  no  wonder,  therefore,  that 
he  endured  so  much  from  the  tyranny  of 
his  seniors  at  Westminster  School,  as  to 
inspire  him  with  a  disgust  of  all  such 
public  establishments;  a  disgust  which  he 
afterwards  forcibly  expressed  in  his  poem 
of  Tirocinium.  He  was  articled  for  three 
years  to  an  attorney,  and  subsequently 
studied  at  the  Temple,  but  seems  to  have 
acquired  no  great  share  of  legal  knowledge. 
So  extreme  was  his  dread  of  being  placed 
in  any  conspicuous  situation,  that  being 
unexpectedly  called  on  to  attend  at  the 
bar  of  the  House  of  Lords,  as  clerk  of  the 
journals,  his  agitatior  of  mind  not  only 
compelled  him  to  resign  his  post,  but  ter- 
minated in  insanity.  ~  That  disorder  WM 


ft*)  COX 

beigntened  bv  the  gloomy  idea*  he  had 
imbibed  on  tne  subject  01  religion,  which 
led  him  to  suppose  himself  condemned  to 
eternal  reprobation.  After  having  been 
for  a  considerable  time  under  the  care  of 
Dr.  Cotton,  he  recovered,  and  took  up  his 
residence,  in  1765,  as  an  inmate  with  the 
Rev.  Mr.  I'inviii  of  Huntingdon.  That 
gentleman  died  in  1767,  but  Cowpcr  con- 
tinued to  reside  with  his  widow,  at  Olney 
in  Buckinghamshire,  and  Weston  in  North- 
amptonshire, till  her  death,  in  1796.  From 
1773  to  1778,  and  from  1794  till  his  decease, 
which  took  place  at  Dereham  in  Norfolk, 
April  25,  1800,  he  suffered  again  under  the 
scourge  of  insanity.  In  the  mean  while, 
however,  he  gained  imperishable  fame  by 
hia  writings.  His  first  appearance  as  an 
author,  excepting  a  few  papers  to  the 
Connoisseur,  and  some  hymns  to  the  Olney 
collection,  was  in  1782,  when  he  published 
the  first  volume  of  his  Poems.  The  second, 
containing  The  Task,  appeared  in  1784. 
Of  his  subsequent  works,  the  principal  is, 
a  blank  verse  Translation  of  Homer,  which 
has  not  become  popular.  It  is  a  curious 


CRA 

neis  of  research  and  an  adherence  to  irmfc 
which  render  them  highly  valuable. 

CRABBE,  GEORGK,  one  of  the  moat 
popular  of  modern  British  poets,  was  born 
in  1734,  at  Aldborough,  in  Suffolk,  where 
his  father  held  some  appointment  in  the 
customs.  It  is  said  that  he  was  originally 
intended  for  the  medical  profession,  and 
that  he  served  an  apprenticeship  to  a  pro- 
vincial apothecary.  He  displayed  a  taste 
for  poetry  at  an  early  age,  and  was  finally 
induced  to  give  up  the  study  of  medicine 
and  devote  himself  to  belles  lettres.  He 
went  to  London  at  the  age  of  twenty-four, 
and  gained  the  friendship  of  Edmund 
Burke,  at  whose  recommendation  he  pub- 
lished, in  1781,  his  poem  of  The  Library. 
This  was  quickly  followed  by  The  Village, 
which  gained  for  him  the  high  approbation 
of  Dr.  Johnson.  In  the  mean  time  Crabbe 
had  entered  himself  at  Cambridge,  had 
taken  orders,  and  now  accompanied  the 
Duke  of  Rutland,  as  chaplain,  upon  hia 
appointment  to  the  vice-regal  government 
of  Ireland.  Through  the  same  patronage 
he  afterwards  obtained  some  small  church 


fact,    that    his    humorous    ballad   of  John  preferment.     The  study  of  theology  for 

^  •  I       •  ...  1     •  1  I  "  -II  mV  /~*         \   \  \ 


Gilpin  was  written  while  he  was  a  prey 
to  the  deepest  melancholy.  His  Letters, 
wl  ich  are  models  of  that  kind  of  compo- 
eit'on,  have  been  given  to  the  wrorld  since 
hit  death.  Cowper  is  a  poet  of  varied 
po\  ers;  he  is  by  turns  playful  and  pa- 
thetic, tender  and  sarcastic;  in  some 
instances,  he  rises  to  sublimity;  and  in 
picturesque  delineation  he  has  no  rival 
but  Thomson,  and  he  generally  surpasses 
him  in  elegance. 

COXE,  WILLIAM,  was  born  in  London 
in  1747,  and  educated  at  Eton,  and  King's 
College,  Cambridge.  He  took  orders  in 
1771;  was  for  two  year?  tutor  to  the  mar- 
quis of  Blandford;  and,  in  1775,  accom- 
panied Lord  Herbert,  afterwards  earl  of 


long  time  withdrew  Mr.  Crabbe  almost 
entirely  from  his  poetic  labours.  After  an 
interruption  of  nearly  twenty  years,  he 
published  a  collection  of  poems,  which  was 
very  successful.  This  was  followed  by  The 
Borough,  in  1810;  Tales,  in  1815;  and 
Tales  of  the  Hall,  in  1819.  He  died  in 
1832.  His  works  have  been  exceedingly 
popular,  and  have  gone  through  many  edi- 
tions. Every  thing  about  him  is  simple, 
and  characteristic:  and  he  has  been  de- 
scribed with  much  felicity  as  the  anatomist 
of  the  human  soul. 

CRAFTS,  WILLIAM,  a  lawyer  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  in  Charles- 
ton,  S.  C.  in  17S7.  He  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Harvard  college,  and  studied  law 


Pembroke,  to  the  continent.     He  succes-jin  hia  native  city,  where  he  acquired  eoiua 
lively  obtained  the  livings  of  Kingston  on '  reputation   for  talent   and  eloquence.     Ho 


Thames,  Bcmerton,  Stourton.and  Fovant; 
utid  was  appointed  a  canon  residentiary  of 
Salisbury,  and  archdeacon  of  Wilts.  About 


was  a  member  of  the  South  Carolina  legis- 
lature, and  for  some  time  editor  of  tha 
Charleston  Courier.  He  died  at  Lebanon 


ten  years  before  his  decease  he  suffered  the.  Springs,  N.  Y.  in  1826.     A   collection  of 


privation  of  sight,  but  he  persisted,  witl 
unabated  ardour,  in  INS  literary  labours. 
He  died  at  Bemerton,  in  June,  1828.  Of 
his  numerous  works,  the  principal  are, 
Travels  in  Switzerland;  Travels  into  Po- 
land, Russia,  &c. ;  Russian  Discoveries; 
Historical  Tour  in  Monmouthshire;  His- 
tory of  the  House  of  Austria;  Historical 
Memoirs  of  the  Kin^s  of  Spain ;  of  the 
House  of  Bourbon ;  Memoirs  of  Sir  Robert 
Walpole;  of  Horatio  Lord  Walpole;  of  the 

Administration  of  the  Hon.  Mr.  Pelhstrn ;  Braddock  in  his  march  through  the  \\ilder- 
and  of  John  Duke  of  Marlborough;  and;  ness,  and  assisted  in  dressing  his  wound! 
Private  and  Original  Correspondence  of  I  At  the  commencement  of  the  revolution,  by 
the  Duke  of  Shrewsbury.  The  historical  the  aid  of  his  early  and  fast  friend, GenertU 
vorLs  of  Coxo  nre  dUtinfuUbcd  by  a  fill-  Warhington,  he  was  traniifcrred  U>  tn» 


his  works,  comprising  po<*ms,  essays  in 
prose,  and  orations,  with  a  biographical 
memoir,  was  published  in  Charleston  in 
1828. 

CRAIK,  JAMES,  was  born  in  Scotland, 
where  he  received  his  education  for  the 
medical  service  of  the  British  army.  He 
came  to  the  colony  of  Virginia  in  early  life, 
and  accompanied  Washington  in  his  expe- 
ditions against  the  French  and  Indians  in 
1754;  and  in  the  following  year  attended 

T> I  .1 1_      •          V  •         _     1.   ..»._    . .    *  K    *K~    ...  '!)„.„. 


CRA 

medical  department  in  the  continental  ar- 
my, and  rose  to  the  first  rank  and  distinc- 
tion. He  continued  in  the  army  to  the  end 
of  the  war,  and  was  present  at  the  stir- 
render  of  Cornwallis,  on  the  memorable 
19th  of  October,  1781.  After  the  cessation 
of  hostilities,  he  removed  to  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Mount  Vernon,  and  in  1798  was 
once  more  appointed  by  Washington  to  his 
former  station  in  the  medical  staff.  He 
was  present  v  itYi  his  illustrious  friend  in 
his  last  moment?,  and  died  in  1814,  in  the 
84th  year  of  his  age.  He  was  a  skilful  and 
successful  physician,  and  Washington  men- 
tioned him  as  "  my  compatriot  in  arms, 
my  old  and  intimate  friend." 

CRAMER,  GABRIEL,  an  eminent  geo- 
metrician, was  born  in  1704,  and  died  in 
1732.  He  edited  the  works  of  Wolf  and 
the  Bernouillis;  and  wrote,  among  other 
things,  an  Introduction  to  the  Analysis  of 
Algebraical  Curve  Lines. 

CRAMER,  JOHN  ANDREW,  a  German 


CRA 


»l 


in   negotiations   at    Rome,  and   in   othef 
parts  of  the  continent.     On  Cranmer*s  10 


turn,  the  monarch  raised  him,  in  15S3,  to 
the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury.  Thus 
elevated,  and  invested  with  powerful  in- 
fluence, the  archbishop  pursued  with  vi 
our  the  work  of  religious  reformation.  H 
enemies  laboured  as  strenuously  to  ruin 


i  vig- 
.    Hia 


mineralogist,  was  born  at  Qnedlinburg,  in  I  him,  but  he  was  always  upheld  by  Henry. 


1710,  and  died  in  1777.  He  was  the  first 
who  reduced  to  settled  principles  the  art 
of  assaying,  and  to  him  Germany  is  in- 
debted for  her  superior  progress  in  metal- 


Being  a  member  of  the  council  of  regency, 
during  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  he  was 
enabled  to  push  forward  an  ecclesiastical 
reform  with  still  more  decisive  effect.  But, 


lurgy.      Cramer    had    many    singularities,  j  unfortunately,  he   now   displayed  a  perse- 
which   was  a  complete  inattention  cuting  spirit  which  has  stained  his  character 


to  his  personal  appearance;  so  that  he  was 
compared  to  Diogenes.  He  is  the  author 
of  a  Latin  treatise  on  the  Docimastic  art; 
another,  on  the  Management  of  Forests; 
and  Principles  of  Metallurgy;  the  last  of 
which  he  did  not  complete. 

CRAMER,  JOHN  ANDREW,  a  German 
writer,  was  born  at  Josephstadt,  in  Saxonv, 


with  a  deep  and  bloody  spot.  Besides  be- 
ing guilty  of  minor  acts  of  tyranny,  he 
consigned  to  the  flames,  as  heretics,  two 
unhappy  beings,  one  of  them  a  woman  ! 
This  wis  Joan  Bocher,  the  warrant  for 
whose  execution  was  in  a  manner  extorted 
from  the  youthful  monarch,  who  signed  it 
in  tears,  and  thr^w  on  Cranmer  tiie  moral 

Hav- 


in  1723;   and,  with  the  exception  of  three  i  responsibility  of  the  barbarous  deed 
years,  resided   in   Denmark   from    1754  to  i  ing  consented  to  the  measures  for  placing 
1788,  in  which  latter  year  he   died.     He  Lady  Jane  Grey  on  the  throne,  he  became 
was  invited  to  Denmark  by  the  sovereign,  one  of  the   victims   after  the  accession  of 


and,  at  the  time  of  his  decease,  was  chai 
cellor  of  the  university  of  Kiel.  He  trans- 
lated Bossuet's  Universal  History,  the 
Homilies  of  St.  Chrysostom,  and  the 
Psalms  of  David  in  verse;  and  wrote  The 
Northern  Spectator,  three  vols. ;  Sermons, 
twenty-two  vols. ;  and  Poems,  three  vols. 


Emi 


nent   in  m;my  ways,  it  is  as  a  votary 


of  the  Muses  tluit^  he  is  most  famous;  Ger- 
many ranks  him  among  her  best  lyric  poets. 
CRANMER,  THOMAS,  a  celebrated  re- 
fonrer,  the  son  of  a  country  gentleman, 
was  born  at  A*l*cton,  in  Nottinghamshire, 
in  1489,  and  was  educated  at  Jesus  College, 
Cambridge,  where,  in  1523,  he  became 
reader  of  the  divinity  lecture.  For  his 
rise  lie  was  indebted  "to  an  opinion  which 


Mary.  Lured  by  the  promise  not  only  of 
pardon  but  of  royal  favour,  he  was  induced 
to  sign  six  papers,  by  which  he  recanted 
his  principles,  and  avowed  his  sorrow  for 
having  entertained  them.  In  spite,  how- 
ever, of  the  promises  made  to  him,  he  was 
brought  to  the  stake,  March  21,  1556.  He 
had  by  this  time  recovered  his  firmness, 
and  he  died  with  the  utmost  fortitude, 
holding  in  the  flames  till  it  was  consumed 
the  hand  which  had  signed  the  recantation, 
and  exclaiming,  "  This  unworthy  hand  ! 
this  unworthy  hand  !"  His  forgiving  dis- 
position, which  led  him  never  to  revenge 
an  injury,  his  extensive  lib»»rality,  his  ser- 
vices to  the  cause  of  ecclesiastical  reform, 
and  his  courage  at  the  hour  of  death,  have 


he  chanced  to  give  to  Gardiner  and  Fox,  i  shed  a  lustre  round  the  memory  of  Cran- 
that  the  best  way  to  settle  the  question  mer;  but  it  must,  however  reluctantly,  be 
relative  to  the  king's  divorce  would  be  to  owned,  that  he  displayed  an  indefensible 
refer  it  to  the  universities  instead  of  to  flexibility  of  principle,  and  that  he  was, 
the  pope.  Henry  instantly  made  him  his  in  fact,  not  less  a  bigot  than  were  the  men 
chaplain,  ordered  him  to  write  on  the  by  whose  bigotry,  Mended  with  personal 
•uhjeat,  and  subsequently  employed  him '•amity,  he  wa?  at  le  ;grh  sacrificed 


»2  CRE  <;RI 

CRANZ,  or  KRAN7,  DAVU>,  »  Morn-   with  all  his  faults  of  composition,  it  is  im- 

tian  prea.  her.  was  born  in  Pomeia.iia  in  po.-sd'le  tu  deny  his  claim  to  a  place  among 
1723,  and  resided  \\>r  si.me  vears  as  a  mis-  the  higher  class  of  his  country's  tragic 
sionary  in  (irecnland,  where  he  \\as  inucli  dramatists. 

respo  ivd  fir  his  virtues.  He  died,  in  <'K  F.IU LL( >\ .  <'r..\ri>r.  PUOSPEP 
J  /77,  minister  of  (luadenfroy,  in  Silesia.  JoLYOT  DZ,  flOfl  of  the  foregoittg,  WO8  boTi 
He  is  the  author  of  a  \alnaliie  History  of  at  Paris  in  1707,  and  died  there  in  1777 
Greenland;  and  of  a  History  of  the  Mo-  He  acquired  the  name  of  t/he  French  Pe- 
ruvians, tion ins  liv  his  novels.  They  manifest  ta- 

CKASHAW,  RICHARD,  a  poet,  the  lent,  but  much  more  licentiousness.  Among 
son  of  a  clergyman,  \\  as  horn  at  London,  them  are.  The  Sojiha;  Tan/.ai  and  IS'ea- 
and  educated  at  the  Charter  House,  and  at  darne;  and  Les  Egaremens  du  (Vur  et 
Cambridge.  From  Cambridge  he  was  de  1'Ksprit ;  to  the  list  of  which  woiks 
ejected  in  1614,  and  then  went  to  France,  Sterne  alludes  in  his  Sentimental  Journey. 
where  he  became  a  Roman  Catholic.  He  •  CREECH,  THOMAS,  a  native  of  Dor- 
died,  a  canon  of  Loretto,  in  1650.  His  setshire,  was  born  at  Pdandford,  in  1659; 
poems  are  frequently  melodious  and  ani-  was  educated  at  Slierborne  School,  and 
mated.  Milton  and  Pope  did  not  disdain  Wadham  College,  Oxford;  and  became  a 
to  borrow  some  of  his  ideas*  fellow  of  All  Souls.  In  1700  he  put  an 

CRASSUS,  MARCUS  LICINIUS,  whose  end  to  his  existence.  He  translated  Li> 
opulence  obtained  him  the  appellation  of  cretins,  and  parts  of  Horace,  Theocritus, 
the  Rich,  defeated  Spartacus,  and  put  an  and  other  authors.  Creech  was  a  good 
end  to  the  Servile  war.  He  was  subse-  scholar,  but  an  ungraceful  translator. 
quently  consul,  and  then  censor;  formed  CRESCIMBIM,  JOHN  MARIUS,  a 
one  of  the  first  triumvirate  with  Pompey  celebrated  Italian  poet  and  miscellaneous 
and  Carsar;  and  was  defeated  and  slain  writer,  was  born  at  Maceratn,  in  the  Papal 
by  the  Parthians,  B.C.  53.  territory,  in  1663;  received  his  education 

CRATLNUS,  an  Athenian  poet,  to  whom  in  the  Jesuit's  College  there;  and  wrote 
•s  attributed  the  invention  of  satirical  co-'a  tragedy  at  the  age  of  thirteen.  He  was 
«nedy.  The  boldness  and  virulence  of  his '  brought  up  to  the  law,  but  ultimately  em- 
•arcasms  is  said  to  have  been  unequalled,  braced  the  ecclesiastical  profession.  In 
He  gained  the  dramatic  prize  nine  times,  \  1690,  he  founded  the  Academy  known  by 
out  of  his  numerous  pieces  only  a  few  the  name  of  the  Arcadian,  which  soon  be- 
*erses  remain.  He  died  B.  c.  431,  having  came  one  of  the  most  popular  literary 


ittained  the  age  of  ninetv-seven,  notwi'Ji- 


issemblies    in    Italy.      He  died   in    1728. 


standing  he  was  a  determined  wine-bibber.   His  works   are   numerous.     The  principal 
CRAWFORD,  ADAM,  a  physician  and  of  them  are,  Poems;   A  History  of  Italian 


.natural  philosopher,  was  born  in  1749, 
and  died  at  Lymtngton,  in  17.95.  He  was 
phvsician  to  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  pro- 
lessor  of  chemistry  at  Woolwich,  and 
F.  R.  S.  He  is  the  author  of  Experiments 
ind  Observations  on  Animal  Heat,  a  valu- 
able work;  and  also  of  an  Inquiry  into  the 
Effect  of  Tonics.  Crawford  was  the  first 
who  prescribed  muriate  of  barytes  as  a 
remedy  for  scrofula. 

CREBILLON,  PROSPER  JOLYOT  DE, 
a  French  tragic   poet,  was  born  at  Dijon, 


Poetry  ;  and  Commentaries  on  the  History. 

CREVIER,  JOHN  BAPTIST  LEWIS,  a 
French  historian,  born  at  Paris  in  1693, 
was  a  pupil  of  Rollin ;  became  professor 
at  the  college  of  Beauvais;  and  died  in 
1765.  His  principal  works  are,  A  Con- 
tinuation of  Rollin's  Roman  History,  eight 
vols.  quarto;  and  a  History  of  the  Roman 
Emperors,  eight  vols.  quarto. 

CRICHTON,  JAMKS,  known  by  the 
name  of  the  admirable  Crichton,  was  born 
in  1561,  and  was  a  son  of  the  lord  advo- 


a  rrencn  tragic  poet,  was  born  at  IJijon,  in  lobJ,  and  was  a  son  ol  tne  lord  auvo- 
in  1674;  and,  being  intended  for  the  bar, ;  cate  of  Scotland.  He  was  educated  at 
was  placed  with  a  solic'tor,  to  acquire  the  '•  St.  Andrew's,  and  was  such  an  early 
preliminary  mechanical  knowledge.  Cre- 1  proficient  in  learning  as  to  have  obtained 
Dillon  however  manifested  a  decided  taste  the  degree  of  M.  A.  at  the  age  of  fourteen. 
for  the  drama,  and  the  solicitor  encouraged  He  is  said  to  have  excelled  in  eloquence, 
him  to  follow  his  inclination  for  dramatic  \  to  have  overcome  every  opponent  in  logi- 
writing.  His  first  successful  tragedy,  Ido- ;  cal  and  scientific  disputation,  to  have 
iceneus,  came  out  in  1706.  It  was  fol-  known  ten  languages,  and  to  have  been 
lowed  by  Atreus,  Rhadumistus,  Electra,  equally  consummate  in  all  military  and 
and  others;  after  which  he  paused  for  athletic  exercises.  He  was  murdered,  in 
more  than  twenty  years,  and  during  that  1582  or  1583,  by  his  pupil,  the  son  of  the 
period  he  lived  in  a  state  bordering  on  duke  of  Mantua. 
poverty.  His  last  labours  were  the  trage-  CRILLON,  Louis  DE  BALBK,  or 


dies  of  Catiline  and  The  Triumv  irate,    lie 


BALBIS  DE  BKRTON  DE,  one  of  the  most 


died  in  1762.  Crebillon  is  denominated  gallant  French  warriors  of  the  sixteenth 
the  French  jEschylus,  and  not  without  1  century,  was  born,  in  1541,  in  Provence, 
•eason  Ii  the  terrib  l  he  excels,  and,  I  entered  the  aiiny  a  an  early  age,  anj 


CRO 

lignulizod  hU  valour  under  five  French 
sovereigns.  IVor  was  his  courage  mani- 
fested only  at  home.  He  served  as  a  vol- 
unteer at  the  battle  of  Lepanto,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  conspicuous  on  that  glorious 
occasion.  He  died  in  1615.  His  courage 
wns  carried  to  an  almost  romantic  height. 
The  soldiery  called  him  "  the  man  without 
fear,"  and  Henry  IV.,  who  highly  esteem- 
ed him,  denominated  him  "  the  bravest  of 
the  brave." 

CRISP,  TOBIAS,  a  divine,  born  at  Lon- 
don in  1600,  was  educated  a>  Eton,  Cam- 
bridge, and  Baliol  College,  Oxford;  and 
died,  rector  of  Brink  worth,  in  1642-3.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  celebrated  champions 
xif  Aritinomiantsin.  Yet,  though  he  taught 
a  doctrine  which  holds  up  faith  to  the  ex- 
clusion of  works,  Crisp  was  remarkable 
for  works  of  charity,  as  well  as  for  piety, 
purity,  and  humility.  His  Sermons,  in 
three  volumes,  were  published  after  his 
death. 

CROFT,  Sir  HERBERT,  was  born  in 
London,  in  1751;  was  educated  at  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford;  and  studied  at 
Lincoln's  Inn;  but  relinojiiished  the  bar 
and  took  orders,  though  without  obtaining 
ecclesiastical  preferment.  He  died  at  Paris 
in  1816.  He  was  a  friend  of  Dr.  Johnson, 
who  inserted  Croft's  Life  of  Young  among 
his  own  lives  ot  the  poets.  But  he  is  best 
known  by  his  story  of  Love  and  Madness. 
He 
prov 


CRO  »a 

while  he  seems  to  have  been  er.tangled  io 
the   snares    of    dissipation,    but   he   soon 


escaped    from    them,    for,    at 


age  of 


twenty -one,  he  married  and  settled  in  his 
native  town,  and,  not  long  after,  became  a 
zealous  puritan.  His  first  appearance  in 
parliament  was  in  1625,  as  member  for 
Huntingdon.  Three  years  before  the  meet- 
of  the  Long  Parliament,  in  which 


planned,  but  never  executed,  an  im- 
ed edition  of  Johnson's  Dictionary. 
CROMWELL,  THOMAS,  earl  of  Essex, 
a  native  of  Surrey,  born  about  1490,  was 
the  son  of  a  blacksmith  at  Putney.  After 
having  been  a  clerk  to  the  English  factory 
at  Aijt'.verp,  he  returned  home,  and  became 
confidential  servant  to  Cardinal  Wolsey. 
On  the  disgrace  of  the  cardinal,  Cromwell 
defended  him  in  the  House  of  Commons 
with  spirit  and  effect.  He  was  taken  into 
the  service  of  Henry  VIII.  and  rose  till, 
in  1539,  he  was  made  earl  of  Essex,  and 
lord  chamberlain.  He  had  previously  taken 
an  active  and  not  always  just  part,  as  visiter 
general,  in  the  suppression  of  the  monas- 
teries. His  parliamentary  conduct,  too, 
was  often  highly  criminal.  To  the  Refor- 
mation, however,  he  was  a  warm  friend, 
and  he  was  charitable  and  grateful.  Crom- 
well having  been  one  of  the  promoters  of 
the  marriage  of  Henry  with  Anne  of 
Clevrs,  the  capricious  tvrant  brought  him 
to  the  block,  in  1540. 

CROMWELL,  OLIVER,  one  of  the 
niu.-t  astonishing  characters  in  English  his- 
tory, v.  us  the  grandson  of  Sir  Henry  Crom- 
well, and  was  born  at  Huntingdon,  AprU 
25,  Ij99.  His  father  was  a  brewer.  He 
was  educated  at  Huntingdon  School,  Sid- 
u.-v  Su.-i(.'x  College,  Cambridge,  and  Lin- 
coln's Inn ;  and  is  said  not  to  have  made 
any  giVat  progress  in  his  studies.  For  a 


memorable  assembly  he  sat  for  Cambridge, 
he  meditated  emigrating  to  America,  in 
company  with  Hampden  and  other  gentle- 
men of  the  same  principles  as  himself,  but 
he  was  prevented  by  a  proclamation  of  the 
government.  That  proclamation  the  mis- 
guided monarch  had  abundant  reason  to 
repent.  Cromwell  was  active  against  hijj\ 
in  the  House;  and,  when  the  Commons 
resolved  on  resistance,  he  raised  a  troop 
of  horse,  which  he  disciplined  in  an  admi- 
rable manner.  This  force  he  soon  enlarged 
to  a  regiment  of  a  thousand  men,  at  the 
head  of  which  he  became  the  most  con- 


spicuous 
Between 


of    the 
1642    an 


leaders. 
1646,   he  "signalized 


himself  on  a  great  variety  of  occasions, 
particularly  at  Marston  Moor,  Newbury, 
Naseby,  and  Torrington.  In  the  negotia- 
tions which  ensued  between  the  king  and 
the  victorious  parliament,  Cromwell  was 
at  first  disposed  to  consent  to  restoring 
Charles  under  certain  conditions,  but,  find- 
ing that  the  royal  captive  was  not  to  be 
trusted,  he  resolved  to  join  in  bringing  him 
to  the  block.  He  was  one  of  the  forty 
persons  who,  after  the  death  of  Char  .OF, 
formed  the  Council  of  State.  Ireland  yet 
remained  to  be  subdued.  Cromwell  was, 
therefore,  appointed  lord  governor  of  tha,t 
island  for  three  years,  and  in  August,  1640, 
he  sailed  to  assume  the  command.  Storm- 
ing Drogheda  and  Wexford  with  horrible 
slaughter  of  the  garrisons,  he  so  terrified 
the  enemy,  that  in  nine  months  peace  was 
restored."  In  165Q,  he  defeated  the  Scots 
at  Dunbar;  and,  in  the  following  year,  ho 
obtained  what  he  called  his  "crowning 
victory"  over  Charles,  at  Worcester.  Onp 


step   more    sufficed 
summit  of  power. 


to    place  him   at  thq 
Having  by  force  di*- 


galvod   the  Long   Parliament,  ho 


CKO 


the 


the  supreme  authority,  in  1653,  under  t 
title  of  lord  protector.  The  title  of  king 
ho  was  more  than  once  desirous  to  obtain, 
but  was  deterred  from  assuming  it  by  the 
dread  of  alienating  his  partisans.  For 
ri\e  years  he  maintained  himself  in  the 
perilous  station  to  which  he  had  reached, 
out  his  sway  was  disturbed  by  incessant 
plots,  cabals,  and  other  circumstances  of 
formidable  annoyance.  The  glory  of  his 
country,  however,  he  nobly  sustained,  and 
England  was  never  more  respected,  and 
rven  feared,  by  foreign  states,  than  it  was 
under  his  government.  At  length,  nis 
constitution  sank  under  anxiety  and  toil, 
and  he  expired  on  the  3d  of  September, 
1(>5*. 

CiiOMWELL, RICHARD,  son  of  Oliver 
Cromwell,  was  born  at  Huntingdon,  in 
1626,  and  succeeded  his  father,  as  lord 
protector,  in  1658.  Finding  himself  una- 
ble to  contend  with  the  factions  hostile  to 
him,  he  resigned  in  the  following  year,  and 
he  went  to  France  on  the 'restoration  of 
Charles  II.  He  returned  to  England  in 
1680,  assumed  the  name  of  Clarke,  and 
died  at  Cheshunt  in  1712. 


CUJ 

in  gemu*   to   Dryden,  he  was  nut  without 
merit. 
CROXALL,   SAMUEL,   a   divine   and 

poet,  was  born  at  Walton  upon  Thames, 
and  educated  at  Eton  and  Cambridge.  I. 
was  as  a»w  hig  writer  that  he  began  his  lite- 
rary career.  lie  obtained  two  livings  in  the 
metropolis,  various  preferments  in  Here- 
ford Cathedral,  and  the  archdeaconry  of 
Salop,  and  was  one  of  the  king's  chaplains. 
He  died  in  1751.  He  wrote  The  Fair 
Circassians,  an  imitation  of  Solomon Tn 
Song;  several  Poems;  Scripture  Politics; 
published  an  edition  of  ^tsop;  am.  trans- 
lated a  part  of  Ovid's  Metamorphosie. 

CRUDEN,  ALEXANDER,  a  native  of 
Aberdeen,  born  in  1701,  removed  to  Lon- 
don in  1722,  where  he  was,  in  succession, 
a  private  tutor,  a  bookseller,  and  a  cor- 
rector of  the  press.  Early  symptoms  of 
insanity  were  aggravated  by  disappointment 
in  love,  and  throughout  life  he  manifested, 
more  or  less,  a  deranged  intellect.  Among 
other  aberrations,  he  set  up  for  a  general 
reformer,  and  assumed  the  title  of  Alex- 
ander the  Corrector.  Cruden  was,  never- 
theless, an  acute  and  benevolent  man.  One 


CPONEGK,    or     KRONEGK,    JOHN  j  laborious  and   valuable  work  preserves  his 


FREDERIC,  baron  de,  a  German  poet,  was 
born  at  Anspach,  in  1731,  and  died  in 
1758.  He  is  the  author  of  several  trage- 
dies and  comedies,  which,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  tragedy  of  Codrus,  are  less 
esteemed  than  his  poems.  In  his  poetic 
effusions  he  displays  a  brilliant  imagina- 
tion, and  his  diction  is  energetic.  He  is 
called  the  German  Young. 

CROUSAZ,  JOHN  PETER  DE,  a  phi- 
losopher and  mathematician,  was  born  at 
Lausanne,  in  1663,  and  at  various  periods 
filled  the  professor's  chair  of  Greek  and 
philosophy,  and  mathematics  and  philoso- 
phy, at  Groningen  and  Lausanne.  He 
u  a's  also  tutor  to  Prince  Frederic  of  Hesse 
He  died  in  1750.  Among  his 
numerous  works  are,  a  Treatise  on  the 
Beautiful;  The  Geometry  of  Rectilinear 
:inJ  Curvilinear  Lines  and  Surfaces;  and 
an  Examination  of  Ancient  and  Modern 
Pynhonism;  but  he  is  best  known  by  his 
Criticism  on  Pope's  Essay  on  Man,  which 
«afled  forth  Warburton  as  a  defender  of 
the  poet. 

CROWNE,  JOHN,  a  dramatist,  the  son 
of  a  Nova  Scotian  independent  minister, 
t-ame  to  England  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.  and  was  patronised,  in  opposition 


name  from  oblivion — The  Concordance  to 
the  Bible. 

CRUIKSHANK,  WILLIAM,  celebrated 
as  an  anatomist,  was  born,  in  1745,  at  Ed- 
inburgh ;  acquired  a  knowledge  of  anatomy 
and  medicine  at  Glasgow;  became  libra 
rian,  and  afterwards  assistant  and  succcs-soi 
to  Dr.  Win,  Hunter;  was  elected  F.  R.  S 
in  1797;  and  died  in  1S09.  His  principal 
work  is,  The  Anatomy  of  the  Absorbent 
Vessels. 

CTESIBIUS,  a  mathematician  of  Alex- 
andria, who  flourished  about  125  B,  c.t 
was  the  son  of  a  barber,  and  a  barber  him- 
self. -  He  is  said  to  have  invented  an  hy- 
draulic organ,  the  water  clock,  a  kind  of 
air-gun,  and  the  forcing  pump,  A  work 
on  measuring,  called  Geodesia,  is  alao 
attributed  to  him. 

CUDWORTH,  RALPH,  was  the  son 
of  tlhe  roctor  of  Aller,  in  Somersetshire, 
where  he  was  born  in  1617.  He  com* 
menced'  his  studies,  at  the  early  age  of 
thirteen,  at  Emanuel  Collegs,  Cambridge. 
After  having  held  the  livings  of  Noith 
Cadbury  and  A*>hton,  the  regius  professor- 
ship of  Hebrew,  the  masterships  of  Clare 
Hall  and  Christ's  College,  and  a  prebend 
of  Gloucester,  lie  di.'il  at  Cambridge  in 
His  great  woik,  which  is  tinctured 


Dryden,    by    Rochester.     The    king    took 

him  into  favour,  and  furnished  him  with  with  Alexandrian  1'latonism,  but  replete 
the  plot  of  the  comedy  of  Sir  Courtly  \  with  learning,  is,  The  True  Intellectual 
Nice;  bul  died  just  as  tlio  poet  was  c\-  System  of  the  l'ni\ci>e. 


peeling  from  him  a  post  for  life.  He  was 
living  in  1703;  the  date  of  his  decease  is 
not  iccorded.  Crowne  wrote  seventeen 
comedies  and  tragedies,  a  romance,  and 
t  burlesque  poem.  Though  far  inferior 


CLJAS,  or  CI/JACIl-S,  JA.MF.S,  one 
of  the  most  eminent  of  jurists,  was  boru  at 
Toulouse,  in  1520.  His  real  name  wa« 
Cujaus.  A  knowledge  of  Gieek  aud  Latin 
he  aquiied  by  his  own  exertions.  Civil 


CUM  CUM  2<* 

law  he  studied  undwr  Ferrier,  and  he  le-  •  troops  in  Flanders,  he  lost,  but  was  \rry 
came  an  unrivalled  master  of  it.  Cuj.isjnear  gaining,  the  battle  of  Fontenoy;  in 
was,  at  various  times,  professor  at  several;  the  SMIH;  year  lio  was  recalled  to  oppose 
celebrated  universities;  among  them  were  Prince  Chailvs  Edward;  and,  in  1746,  ne 
those  of  Toulouse  and  Bourges.  lie  died  extinguished  the  Scotch  rebellion,  by  the 
in  ;*»e  attcr  city  in  15PO.  His  wo,i  ks  f.>rm !  \  ictory  <-f  Culloden,  but  stained  his  repu- 
ten  folio  volume?.  To  his  pupils  he  was  tation  by  his  subsequent  cruelty.  Returning 
a  father,  and  he  lost  considerable  sums  by  ;  to  the  Netherlands,  he  was  defeated  at 
occasionally  supplying  their  v. ants.  jl.aufr.ldt.  In  1756,  he  was  placed  at  the 

CULLEN,  WILLIAM,  a  native  of  Scot- [head  of  the  Hanoverian  army,  was  beaten 
land,  born  at  Lanark  in  1712,  was  origin*  at  Ha*.temheck,  and  capitulated  at  Cloeler 
aHy  apprentice  to  a  surgeon  and  apotkacary  I  Seven.  He  died  in  17G5. 
at .  (ila.-gow  ;  made  several  voyages  as  sur-  j  CUMBERLAND,  RICHARD,  a  multi- 
geon  to  the  West  Indies;  and  completed  i  farious  and  able  writer,  was  a  great-grand- 
liis  medical  education  at  Edinburgh.  Inlsoa  of  bishop  Cumberland,  and  a  grand- 
1746  he  took  his  doctor's  degree,  and  was !  son  of  Dr.  Bentley.  It  was  in  the  master's 
chosen  chemical  teacher  at  Glasgow,  where,  lodge,  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  that 
in  1751,  he  became  professor  of  mcdifinc.  he  was  born,  Feb.  19,  1732.  He  wasedu- 


In  1756,  he  obtained  the  chemical  chair  at 
Edinburgh;  in  1763,  was  appointed  lec- 
turer on  the  Mateiia  Medica;  and,  in 
1766,  in  conjunction  with  Dr.  Gregory, 


eated  at  the  schools  of  Bury  St.  Edmunds 
and  Westminster,  and  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  His  entrance  into  public  life 
,  as  ;;s  private  secretary  to  Lord  Halifax, 


was  made  lecturer  on  the  Theory  and  j  with  whom  he  went  to  Ireland,  on  that  no- 
Practice  of  Medicine.  His  Lectures  were  i  bleman  Leing  appointed  viceroy.  Through 
exceedingly  popular.  He  died  in  February,  the  interest  of  his  lordship  he  obtained  the 
17£0.  Besides  his  Lectures,  Cullen  is  the  clerkship  of  the  board  of  trade,  and  he  was 
author  of  Synopsis  Nosologiae  Practicae ;  I  afterwards  advanced  to  the  secretaryship, 
and  of  Institutions  of  Medicine.  |  His  first  literary  efforts,  An  Elegy  written 

CUMBERLAND,  GEORGE  CLIF- Jon  St.  Mark's  Eve,  and  The  Banishment 
FORD,  earl  of,  wa?  born  in  Westmore- !  of  Cicero,  a  drama,  obtained  for  him  but 
land  in  1558,  and  was  under  the  tuition  of  I  little  f.ime.  He  was  more  fortunate  in  his 
WhitgNft,  at  Peter  House,  Cambridge.  In  comedy  of  The  Brothers,  which  he  brought 
1596,  he  beaded  an  expedition  to  South  !  out  in  "l 769;  but  it  was  The  West  Indian, 
America,  and  he  subsequently  engaged  in  (produced  in  1771,  that  established  his  re- 
eight  more  enterprises  of  the  same  kind;  j  putation.  Henceforth,  till  the  time  of  his 
i'i  which,  however,  he  gained  more  honour  j  decease,  he  continued  to  be  one  of  our  most 
than  profit.  He  also  fought  against  the!  fertile  dramatic  writers;  he  having  been 
Spanish  Armada.  His  chivalrous  char-  j  the  author  of  between  fifty  and  sixty  pieces, 
acter  made  him  a  favourite  of  Elizabeth,  j  In  1780  he  was  employed  by  the  ministry 
He  died  in  1605. — His  daughter  and  heir- j  to  conduct  a  secret  negotiation  with  the 
e<<.  AXXK,  was  remarkable  for  her  high  j  courts  of  Madrid  and  Lisbon.  To  the 


spirit. 

CUMBERLAND,  RICHARD, a  learned 
•  vine  and  archaeologist,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, in  1632,  and  educated  at  Cambridge. 
After  having  filled  two  subordinate  livings, 
nnd  taken  his  degree  of  D.  D.,  he  was,  in 
1691,  raised  to  the  see  of  Peterborough, 
without  any  solicitation  on  his  part.  He 
was  previously  known  by  his  Treatise  De 
Legibus  Naturae,  in  answer  to  Hobbes, 
and  by  his  Essay  on  Jewish  Weights  and 
Measures.  He  was  indefatigable  in  per- 
forming his  episcopal  duties  till  his  decease 
in  1718.  Being  advised,  on  account  of  his 
age  and  infirm  state,  to  relax  a  little,  he 


eternal  disgrace  of  his  employers,  he  waa 
refused  the  reimbursement  of  his  expenses, 
which  amounted  to  £5000.  This  circum- 
stance, and  the  suppression  of  the  board 
of  trade,  compelled  him  to  sell  his  heredi- 
tary property.  With  a  small  pension  he 
retired  to  Tunbridge  Wells,  and  gave  him* 
self  up  wholly  to  literary  pursuits.  In 
those  pursuits  few  men  have  displayed  more 
versatility  and  industry.  Subsequently  to 
his  retirement,  besides  some  minor  pro 
ductions,  and  most  of  his  dramas,  he  pub- 
lished The  Observer;  the  novels  of  Arundel, 
Henry,  and  John  de  Lancaster;  Anecdotes 
of  Spanish  Painters;  Calvary,  a  poem; 


replied,  "It  is  better  to  wear  out  than  the  Exodiad,  a  poem,  in  conjunction  with 
rust  out."  After  his  death  appeared  his  j  Sir  James  Bland  Burges;  and  Memoirs  of 
Origineg  Gentium;  and  his  Translation  of  j  his  own  Life.  He  died  May  7,  1811.  Of 
Sanehoniatkoivs  Pliu-nician  History.  |  the  numerous  productions  of  Cumberland 

CUMBERLAND,  WILLIAM  AuGUS-jmany  arc  forgotten,  but  some  of  them  have 
TUS,  duke  of,  third  son  of  George  II.,  was]  a  principle  of  vitality  which  secures  them 
born  in  1721.  In  1743,  he  was  wounded  I  from  oblivion.  As  a  dramatist,  a  novelist, 
at  rhe  battle  of  DetUnge.i;  in  1745,  being j  an  essayist,  and  an  autobiographer,  he 
then  coinmunder-iu-rliief  of  die  British!  undoubtedly  displays  talents  couuide-aMj 


IOC  Cl'R 

*lx>ve  nxeilijcrity       As   a    poet,  'te   is  K-^ 

•iKTessful;  vet  there  are  in  the  Ci!var\ 
«iai>\  •.  hirh  deserve  praise  foi 

"eaiilv  of  diction,  and    >ne<  gv   of  thought. 

(  I  MIA,  THIS  i  \  N  DA.,  a  Pi.r; 
navigator,  accompanied  Alfonso  de  Albu- 
querque in  his  voyage  to  India,  in  l.'tlti: 
and  wasd;i\en  so  far  to  the  smith  bv  a 
temp»<l  that  he  discovered  the  islands 
which  bear  his  name.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  the  East  ;  returned  to  Portugal 
in  1515;  was  sent  by  King  Emanucl  with 
rich  presents  to  the  pope;  and  died  about 
the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

ci  .VMNGHA.M,    ALEXANDER,   the 

sou  of  u  prcsbv  terian  minister,  was  born, 
in  1654,  at  Ettrick,  in  Scotland,  and  was 
educated  in  Holland,  whence  he  came  over 
with  the  Prince  of  Orange.  After  having 
been  a  travelling  tutor,  he  was  for  five 
years  British  envoy  at  Venice.  He  died 
in  1737.  He  wrote  a  Latin  History  of 
Great  Britain,  from  the  Revolution  to  the 
accession  of  George  I.;  which  was  trans- 
lated bv  Dr.  Thompson. — A  person  of  the 
fame  nl.me,  an  editor  of  Horace,  died  at 
the  Hague  in  1730. 

CUNNINGHAM,  JOBW,  •  poet,  born 
at  Dublin  in  1729.  At  the  age  of  seven- 
teen he  wrote  a  farce  called  Love  in  a 
M  ist.  This  introduced  him  among  actors  ; 
and  the  consequence  was,  that  he  himself 
became  a  strolling  player.  He  continued 
so  till  his  decease,  which  was  occasioned 
by  a  nervous  fever,  in  1773.  Several  of 
his  poetical  pieces  were  published  sepa- 
rately as  pamphlets.  The  whole  of  them 
have  been  admitted  into  the  collections  of 
the  British  Poets.  They  possess  consid- 
erable sweetness,  elegance,  and  descriptive 
power. 


CURRAN,  JOHN  PHILPOT,  a  cele- 
brated Irish  barrister,  was  born,  in  1750,  of 
humble  parents,  at  Newcastle,  near  Cmk; 
was  educated  at  Trinity  Colh-g-,  Dublin; 
•and  studied  the  law  at  the  Temple.  For 
u  while  he  had  to  struggle  with  want  if 
practice,  and  consequent  penury;  but  at 
length  he  rose  to  sj  h -ndid  f.<rensic  enii- 
:,  and,  in  17&4,  became  a  meiuix-r  <,f 


ri  s 


:  \<?  lii<h  Ilnn-p  of  Commons.  AH  a 
tor,  he  was  a  determined  and  tormidablp 
enemy  of  the  government.  In  1S06,  when 
ihe  wlii^s  cam;1  into  power,  he  was  made 
master  of  the  n  l!s  in  Ireland.  That  office 
"ied  in  1M4;  and  he  died  .Novem- 
ber ]'.i,  I"*  17.  Curran  was  somewhat 
mean  in  face  and  in  person,  but  when  his 
liire  daik  eye  was  lighted  up,  in  conversa- 
tion or  in  controversy,  his  countenance 
was  striking  -ind  intelligent.  '('hough  oc- 
casionally not  regulated  by  good  taste,  his 
eloquence  was  Copious,  fei  \  id,  and  expres- 
sive; sometimes  fraught  with  bitter  sar- 
ca>m  and  overwhelming  invective,  some- 
times deeply  pathetic,  and  at  other  times 
sparkling  with  wit,  humour,  and  the  most 
pungent  ridicule. 

<  I  IvRIE,  JAMF.S,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, a  native  of  Scotland,  was  born"  at 
Kirkpatrick  Fleming  in  1756,  studied 
physic;  at  Edinburgh,  and  took  his  degree 
at  Glasgow,  after  which  he  settled  at  Liv- 
erpool, where  he  soon  acquired  popularity 
and  fortune.  He  died  in  August,  1785. 
Hy  his  Medical  Reports  on  the  Effects  of 
Water  in  febrile  disorders,  Currie  mainly 
contributed  to  introduce  the  practice  of  af- 
fusion in  cases  of  fever.  He  is  the  author, 
under  the  name  of  Jasper  Wilson,  of  a 
Letter,  Commercial  arid  Political,  to  Mr. 
Pitt;  and  he  published  an  edition  of  the 
works  of  Burns,  to  which  he  prefixed  an 
excellent  Memoir  of  the  deceased  poet, 
and  a  criticism  on  his  works. 

CURTIS,  WILLIAM,  a  botanist,  born 
in  1746,  at  Alton,  in  Hampshire,  was 
brought  up  as  an  apothecary,  but  devoted 
himself  to  botany,  on  which  science  he  de- 
livered lectures.  He  established  an  ex- 
tensive garden,  first  at  Bermondsey,  next 
at  Lambeth,  and  lastly  at  Brompton.  He 
died  in  1799.  Of  his  works  the  most  cel- 
ebrated are,  his  Flora  Londinensis;  Bo- 
tanical Maga/ine  ;  and  Botanical  Lectures. 

CURTIUS  RUFUS,  QUINTUS,  a  Lat- 
in historian,  the  date  of  whose  existence  is 
fixed  at  widely  ditferent  periods  (from  the 
reign  of  Augustus  to  that  of  Gordian),  by 
different  writers,  while  some  even  deem 
the  name  to  Le  fictitious.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  a  History  of  Alexander  the  Great, 
which  is  more  praiseworthy  for  its  style 
than  for  its  correctness.  The  first  two 
books  of  it  are  lost. 

CLASHING,  THOMAS,  was  born  at 
Boston  in  1725,  educated  at  Cambridge 
College,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1744. 
He  engaged  early  in  public  life,  and  ip 
1763,  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  general 
court  of  Massachusetts;  and  continued  in 
the  nfiice  ll.r  several  consecutive  years. 

.iunh  patriotic  in  his  principles,  he  was 
l.v  no  means  violent,  and  by  his  interven- 
tion much  good  wus  eflecte'd  between  tM 


OAC 

contending  parties.  He  was  a  member  of 
die  two  first  continental  congresses,  and, 
on  his  return  to  his  state,  was  chosen  a 
member  of  the  council.  He  was  also  ap- 
pointed judge  of  the  courts  of  common 
pleas  and  of  probate;  and  on  the  adop- 
tion of  the  present  constitution  he  was 
elected  1'eutenant-governor  of  the  state, 
and  cont  nued  so  until  his  death  in  1788. 

CUSSAY,  M.  This  honourable  man, 
who  died  in  1579,  was  governor  of  Angers 
at  the  time  when  the  infamous  Charles  IX. 
carried  into  effect  the  massacre  of  St. Bar- 
tholomew. Like  the  governors  of  other 
towns,  he  received  orders  to  slaughter  the 
protestants;  but,  unlike  nearly  all  those  to 
whom  the  sanguinary  orders  were  given, 
he  refused  to  obey  them.  To  the  duke  of 
Guise  he  replied,  "  I  will  not  stain  fifty 
years  of  a  spotless  life  by  the  most  coward- 
ly of  assassinations." 

CUSTINE,  ADAM  PHILIP,  count  de, 
was  born  at  Metz,  in  1740.  He  entered 
the  army  when  a  mere  child,  and  displayed 
»o  much  ability,  during  the  seven  years' 
war,  as  to  gain  the  notice  of  Frederic  of 
Prussia.  In  the  American  war,  he  served 
in  one  of  the  regiments  which  France  sent 
to  the  succour  of  the  insurgents;  and,  on 
Ins  return  home,  was  made  major-general 
and  governor  of  Toulon.  Having  become 
a  republican,  he  was  placed,  in  1792,  at 
the  head  of  the  army  uf  the  Rhine,  and 
made  himself  master  of  Mentz,  but  was 
$0011  compelled  to  retreat.  He  was  then 
intrusted  with  the  army  of  the  North ;  but 
he  had  scarcely  assumed  the  command  be- 
fore he  was  summoned  to  Paris,  where  he 
was  guillotined,  in  August,  1793.  Custine 
was  a  general  of  very  slender  talents,  and 
was  addicted  to  intemperance. 

CUVELIER  DE  TRIE,  JOHN  WIL- 
LIAM AUGUSTUS,  a  French  dramatist, 
was  born  in  1766,  at  Boulogne.  After 
having  been  a  barrister  and  a  military  offi- 
cer, he  began  writing  for  the  stage,  and 
he  produced  no  less  than  a  hundred  and 
ten  comedies,  dramas,  pantomimes,  and 


DAC 


207 


ballets,  for  the  minor  theatres.  Of  thene 
some  were  written  in  conjunction  with 
other  persons.  He  was  denominated  the 
Cornel  lie  of  the  Boulevards.  Cuvelier  died 
n  1824. 

CYPRIAN,  THASCIUS  C^CILIUS,  one 
of  the  most  eminent  of  the  fathers  of  the 
church,  is  believed  to  have  been  born  at 
Carthage;  was  converted  to  Christianity 
about  A.  D.  246;  succeeded  Donatus,  aa 
bishop  of  Carthage,  in  248;  and,  after 
having  escaped  during  the  persecution  of 
Decius,  was  at  length  put  to  death,  A.  D. 
258.  His  theological  works  have  been 
translated  into  English  by  Marshall. 

CYRIL,  St.  the  apostle  of  the  Slavi,  in 
the  ninth  century,  was  originally  named 
Constantino,  and  was  called  the  Philoso- 
pher. He  converted  the  Chazares,  preach- 
ed the  gospel  in  Bulgaria,  Moravia,  and 
Bohemia,  and  invented  the  Sclavonic  al- 
phabet. He  died  at  Rome,  in  822.  Some 
Moral  Fables,  and  works  on  the  Sclavonic 
language,  are  attributed  to  him. — There 
were  two  others  of  the  same  name;  the 
one  patriarch  of  Alexandria,  the  other  of 
Jerusalem. 

CZERNI-GEORGE,  or  George  the 
Black,  so  called  from  the  darkness  of  his 
complexion,  was  born  of  an  humble  family, 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Belgrade,  and  his 
real  name  was  George  Petrovitsch.  Whol- 
ly uneducated,  he  was  possessed  of  natural 
talents  and  undaunted  courage.  At  an 
early  age  he  manifested  a  deadly  hatred  of 
the  Turks.  Having,  at  the  head  of  a  small 
troop,  defeated  them  in  many  encounters, 
he  formed  the  plan  of  liberating  Servia, 
his  country,  from  the  Ottoman  yoke.  In 
1800,  he  made  himself  master  of  Belgrade; 
and  in  1806,  after  a  severe  struggle,  he 
was  acknowledged  as  Prince  of  Servia. 
He  was,  however,  at  length  expelled,  and 
he  retired  to  Russia,  where  he  was  made 
a  prince  and  general.  In  1817,  having 
again  entered  Servia,  he  was  taken  pris- 
oner and  beheaded  by  the  pacha  of  Bel- 
grade. 


DACIER,  ANDREW,  a  critic  of  emi- 
nence, was  Horn  at  Castres,  in  Upper  Lan- 
gv.edoc,  in  1651 ;  was  made  perpetual  sec- 
rp'^ryof  the  Academy  in  1713;  and  died 
in  1722.  Dacier  was  originally-  a  catholic, 
but,  with  his  wife,  became  prolestant,  in 
1685.  He  translated  Horace,  Plutarch, 
Epictrtus,  and  oilier  ancient  authors;  and 
was  an  indefatigable  and  valuable  commen- 
tator on  the  literaty  remains  of  antiquiiv. 

DACIEK,  Ax.VK.a  n-U-brated  classical 
•cnolar,  the  daughter  of  Tanaquil  le  Fevre, 
wa*  bom  at  Satimur,  "i  1631.  Her  lo\e 


of  ancient  lore  was  early  manifested,  and 
her  talents  were  assiduously  cultivated  by 
her  father,  who  was  professor  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Saumur.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
two  she  produced  an  edition  of  Callima- 
chus,  which  was  so  highly  esteemed  that 
she  was  intrusted  with  the"  editing  of  sev- 
eral of  the  Delphin  classics.  In  1683,  she 
married  M.  Uacier,  who  had  been  educat- 
ed by  her  futlu>r.  The  rest  of  her  life  was 
spent  in  constant  literary  labour;  ofu-n  in 
conjunction  with  her  husband.  She  died 
August  17,  1720.  Among  hor 


»8  DAL  DAL 

productions,  tr  tin  slat  ions   of  Homei  -,  Ana-  'of  ttie  I'mo-i.      Durii'jj    ihi*   time  he   prr- 
ereon,  Sappho,  and  Terence,  are  the  nic-st    pared   his   Repoits,   an.  I  ••  d    ia 

prominent.      Madame  Dacier    wa?   an   en-    various   literary  pur.-uit*.  \vi  itin:.'  'u.'.ich    in 

ournals.     lie  oi-cuiv 


thusiastic  admirer  of  the  ancient  writers,  the  periodical  journals.     lie  oi-cupivd  sue- 

in  whom  she  could  see  m.  thing  like  a  f:i'  the  ;>ri'.c;s   <.f  sec:e»;:ry  uf  JYnn- 

ThOTghdeepty  learned,  she  carefully  avoid-  sylvania;  district  an<-n!:-\    <  \   ti:c  I'nited 

ed  in  society  the   display  of  learning;    and  State*;  secretary  of  th^  ticasurv,  and  sec- 


in  ail  the  relations  of  private   life  !;• 
duct  was  exemplary. 

DALECHAMPS,    JAMFS,    a    botanist 


f  war.  On  the  restoration  of  peace 
16,  Mr.  Dallas   rc.>i<n.ed  his   politiral 
situation,  and  resumed  tlie  successful  prac- 


and  physician,  was  horn  at  Caen,  in  1513;  tiee  of  his  profession.  His  service - 
Ftudicd  at  Montpel'ier;  and  practised  at  advocate  were  called  for  in  aim  \-t  e\<rv 
Lyons  till  his  decease  in  Tf)SS.  He  tians-  part  of  the  union,  hist  in  the  midst  of  very 
lated  Atlienipus,  Galen,  drltis  Aurelianus,  flattering  exuectations  he  died  at  Trenton 
and  other  authors;  but  the  work  bv  which  in  1s!  7. 

he  i~  best  known  is  one  which  cost  him  the '  DALLAS,  ROBERT  CHAKLFS,  was 
labour  of  many  years — it  is  a  History  of  born  at  Kingston,  in  Jamaica,  and  studied  at 
Plants,  in  eighteen  books.  Plumipr  has  the  Inner  Temple,  but  never  embraced  the 
given  the  name  of  Dalerhampia  to  a  genus  legal  profession.  He  died,  in  1S24,  at 
of  the  Euphorbia  family.  .Havre.  He  translated  many  works  from 

DALE,  RICHARD,  an  American  naval  the  French;  and  is  the  author,  among 
commander,  was  born  in  Virginia  in  1756.  other  thinss,  of  the  novels  of  Perceval, 
At  twelve  years  of  aje  he  was  sent  to  sea,  Aubrey,  The  Morlands, and  The  Knights; 
and  in  1776  he  entered  as  a  midshipman  Miscellaneous  Works  and  Novels;  Miscel- 
on  board  of  the  American  brig  of  war  :  lancous  Writings;  Not  at  Home,  a  comedy ; 
Lexington.  In  the  following  year  he  was  and  Recollections  of  Lord  Byron, 
taken  prisoner  by  a  British  cruiser,  and  |  DALRYMPLE,  Sir  DAMD,  a  lawyer 
after  a  twelve  month  confinement  he  es-  and  antiquary,  was  born  at  Edinburgh  in 
caped  from  Mill  prison,  and  succeeded  in  1726;  educated  at  Eton  i  nd  Utrecht; 
reaching  France.  Here  he  joined,  in  the  called  to  the  Scotch  bar  in  1748;  became 
character  of  master's  mate,  the  celebrated  a  judge  of  the  court  of  session  in  1766,  on 
Paul  Jones,  then  commanding  the  Ameri-  which  occasion  he  took  the  title  of  Lord 
can  ship  Bon  Homme  Richard.  He  was  Hailes;  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  jus- 
soon  raised  to  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant,' ticiary  in  1776;  and  died  in  1792.  Hig 
•Bd  signalized  himself  in  the  sanguinary  knowledge  of  law  and  of  antiquities  was 
engagement  between  the  Bon  Homme  extensive,  and  he  was  in  habits  of  friend- 
Richard  and  the  English  frigate  Scrapis.  ship  with  the  most  eminent  men  of  the  age 
In  1794,  the  United  States  made  him  a  His  principal  works  are,  Annals  of  Scot- 
captain  in  the  navy,  and  in  1S01  he  took  land,  two  vols.  4to. ;  and  Memorials,  Sac. 
command  of  the  American  squadron  which  relating  to  the  History  of  Great  Britain, 
sailed  in  that  year  from  Hampton  roads  to;  DALRYMPLE,  S'ir  JOHN,  a  Scotch 
the  Mediterranean.  From  the  year  1802,  |  baronet,  was  for  many  years  a  baron  of 
he  passed  his  life  in  Philadelphia  in  the  |  exchequer  in  Scotland.  He  died  in  1810, 
enjoyment  of  a  competent  estate,  and  much  at  the  age  of  eighty-four.  He  wrote  vari- 
esleemed  by  his  fellow  citizens.  He  died  ous  occasional  pamphlets;  but  his  princi- 
in  1826,  leaving  the  reputation  of  a  brave  pal  work  is,  Memoirs  of  Great  Britain  and 
and  intelligent  seaman.  j  Ireland,  in  three  vols.  4to.;  the  first  of 

DALIN,  Or.  A  us  Von,  a  Swede,  was  which  was  published  in  1771.  It  is  a  pro- 
born  at  Winberga,  in  Hailand,  in  1 70S,  duction  of  considerable  merit ;  but  it  caused 
ni-d  died  in  1763.  He  is  called  the  Father  no  small  outcry  against  the  author,  in  con- 
t.f  Swedish  poetry.  He  is  the  author  of  sequence  of  his  having  accused  Sidney  and 
The  Argus,  on  the  plan  of  the  Spectator;  Russel  of  having  received  bribes  from  the 
A  General  History  of  Sucd^n;  The  Lib-  French  ambassador. 

erty  of  S  \ved.n,  a  poem;  the  tragedy  of:  DALRYMPLE,  ALV.X  ANUF.R,  n  ccle- 
Drunhilda;  and  many  minor  po'tie;il  pie-  brated  hvdrographer,  the  son  of  Sir  James 
ce<.  Queen  Louisa  UlrKa  ervi-te  i  a  man-  Dalrunple,  was  born  at  New  Hailes,  near 
soleum  to  his  niemoi v.  Edinburgh,  in  1737;  went  to  India,  as  a 

DALLAS,  Ar.K.xVsDKR  JA-.TKS,  was  writer,  in  1752,  and  remained  there  till 
born  in  the  island  of  Jamaica  in  1 759 ;  '  1 763 ;  resided  there  again  from  1775  to 
and  was  educated  at  Edinburgh  and  West-  17.C0;  was  made  hydrographer  to  the  Ad- 
minstf-r.  In  17S3  he  left  Jamaica  for  the  minilly  a:id  the  India  Company  in  1795; 
United  States,  and  settled  in  Philadelphia;  and  died  in  1808.  He  \s  the  "author  of 
taking  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  state  many  works,  among  which  are  three  Col 
of  Pennsylvania  In  1785  he  was  admit-|  lections  uf  Voyages;  The  Oriental  Repel- 
ted  to  practise  in  tne  supreme  court  of  the  tory ;  and  a  Memoir  of  a  Map  of  the  land 
§tute,and  in  four  or  five  years  in  the  courts  round  the  North  Pol*. 


DAH 

DALTO.X,  JOHN,  a  dirine  and  poet, 
iras  born,  in  1709,  at  Dean,  in  Cumber- 
tend;  was  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford;  obtained  a  prebend  in  Worcester 
Cathedral,  and  the  living  of  St.  Mary  Hill, 
London ;  and  died  in  1763.  He  wrote  a 
volume  of  Sermons ;  Remarks  on  Raphael's 
Cartoons;  several  poems  (in  Peareh  s  col- 
lection); and  adapted  Milton's  Comus  to 
the  sta^o. 

P  V.MER,  ANNE  SEYMOUR,  only  child 
of  K  »]d-marshal  Conway,was  born  in  174S. 
Almost  in  childhood  she  imbibed  a  love  of 
literature,  and  became  highly  accomplished. 
An  accidental  conversation  with  Hume, 
respecting  some  plaster  casts,  turned  her 
attention  to  sculpture,  and  she  took  lessons 
from  Ceracchi  and  Bacon,  and  studied  in 
Italy.  She  was  also  fond  of  dramatic 
amusements,  and  was  an  excellent  amateur 


DAN 


2909 


vols.  12mo. — His   wife,   THERESA,   wat 
for  forty-five  years  an  admired  actress. 

DANET,  "PETER,  an  erudite  eccleai- 
astir,  was  born,  about  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  at  Paris,  and  died  in 


1709,  by  being  siill 


a  slough,  into 


which  his  carriage  was  overturned.  He 
edited  the  Delphin  edition  of  Phaedrus ; 
and  compiled  a  Dictionary  of  Greek  and 
Roman  Antiquities;  a  Dictionary  of  L:it  in 
Roots;  and  a  Latin  and  French  and 
French  and  L-itin  Dictionary. 

DANGEAU,  PHILIP  DE  COURCIL- 
LON,  marquis  of,  was  born  in  3638,  and 
died  in  1720.  Dangeau  was  a  man  of 
talent,  and  a  patron  of  literature.  Bcita:ui 
dedicated  to  him  one  of  his  Satires  He 
left,  in  manuscript,  a  Journal  of  the  Court 
of  Louis  XIV.,  which  extends  to  neai  iy 
twenty  folio  volumes.  Extracts  from  it 
have  been  published. 


actress.     She  died    May   28,  180S.     The 
productions  of  her  chisel  are  numerous,  and  |      DANIEL,  SAMUEL,  a  poet  and   histo- 
do  honour  to  her  talent.     Among  them  is  a  Irian,  was  born  near  Taunton,  in  1562,  and 
bust  of  Nelson,  in  Guildhall,  and   two  co- 
lossal heads  on  Henley  bridge.- 

DAMM,   CHRISTIAN   TOBIAS,   a  pro-  j  ised  by  the  earl  of  Pembroke ;  subsequently 
testant  theologian,  and  an  excellent  hellen-  became  tutor  to   Lady  Anne  Clifford;    war 


was  educated   at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford. 
After  leaving  the  university,  he  was  patron 


gr 
Ja 


ist,  was  born  at  Leipsic  in  1699,  and  died 
in  1778.  He  edited  and  translated  various 
classical  authors,  and  produced  a  New 
Greek  Etymological  Lexicon. 

DAMPIER,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent  nav- 
igator, was  born,  in  1652,  at  East  Coker 
in  Somersetshire,  and  became  a  mariner 
at  an  early  age.  He  fought,  under  Sir 
Edward  Spragge,  in  1673,  against  the 
Dutch ;  was  next  a  logwood  cutter,  in  the 
bay  of  Campeachy;  and,  in  1683,  joined 
a  buccaneering  expedition  to  the  South 
Seas.  After  having  spent  several  years  in 
privateer  and  trading  vessels,  he  became 
gunner  to  the  factory  at  Bencoolen.  In 
1691,  he  returned  to  England.  He  subse- 
quently commanded  a  king's  sloop  of  twelve 
guns,  but  she  foundered;  after  which  he 
twice  visited  the  South  Seas,  once  as  pilot 
to  Captain  Woodes  Rogers.  His  death 
took  place  later  than  1711,  but  the  exact 
period  of  it  \a  not  known.  His  Voyages 
round  the  World,  in  four  volumes,  are  the 
production  of  no  ordinary  mind;  he  dis- 
plays a  strong  talent  for  observation,  and 
his  descriptions  are  natural,  faithful,  and 
striking. 

DANCOURT,  FLORENCE  CARTON,  a 
dramatist  and  comedian,  was  born  at  Fon- 
in  1661,  and  was  originally  a 
barrister,  but  quitted  the  bar  for  the  stage. 
As  a  play  writer  and  actor  he  was  equally 
successful.  In  a  period  of  thirty-three 
years  he  brought  out  no  less  than  sixty 
comic  pieces,  many  of  which  still  retain 
possession  of  the  boards.  In  1718  he  re- 
tired to  his  estate  in  Berry,  and  till  his 

death,  in  1726,  his  days  were  spent   in  the  [fore  h'is   marriage,  he  served  his  country 
>C  dcvotii  n.     Hi*  works  for  m  nine  j  w  ith  distinction  in  the  wars  against  Ai  exflT 


appointed  poet  laureat  on  the  death  of 
Spenser;  and,  at  a  later  period,  one  of  the. 
rooms  of  the  bedchamber  to  the  queen  of 

mes  the  First.  Towards  the  close  of 
life  he  relived  to  an  estate  in  Somerset- 
shire, where  he  died  in  1619.  Daniel  is 
much  above  mediocrity  as  a  poet,  and  has 
considerable  merit  as  an  historian. 

DANIEL,  GABRIEL,  a  French  author, 
was  born  at  Rouen  in  1649,  and  entered, 
early  in  life,  into  the  society  of  the  Jesuits. 
He  died,  at  Paris,  in  1728.  Of  his  mis- 
cellaneous  works  one  of  the  best  is,  A 
Voyage  to  the  World  of  Descartes  ;  an  in- 
genious  satire  on  the  system  of  the  philoso- 
pher. It  is  to  his  History  of  France, 
however,  that  he  is  principally  indebted 
for  his  reputation.  The  best  edition  of  it 
is  that  published  by  Griffet,  in  seventeen 
volumes  4to. 

DANTE  ALIGHIERI,  the  subhmest 
of  the  Italian  poets,  was  born  at  Florence, 
in  1265.  The  family  name  was  Caccia- 
guida,and  that  of  his  mother  was  Alighieri. 
The  name  by  which  he  has  descended  to 
posterity  is  a  contraction  of  Durante,  his 
christiun  name.  Brunetto  Latini  was  his 
teacher,  ami  Dante  rapidly  profited  by 
his  instructions.  Nor  were  his  feelings 
less  precocious  than  his  talents,  if  it  be 
true  that  at  the  age  of  ten  years  he  fell  in 
love  with  the  lady  whom  he  h.is  immor- 
talized under  thp  name  of  Beatrice.  He 
w:is  dostined,  however,  in  his  twentv-sixth 
year,  to  marry  Gemma,  one  of  the  Dnnafi 
family,  frcin  whom,  ufu-r  having  li\ed  un- 
happily  with  her,  he  was  separated.  Be- 


practice 


210 


DAR 


and  Pita,  and  also  as  an  e»  «oy,  in  which 
capacity  he  was  fourteen  tfnes  employed. 
In  1300,  he  was  raided  to  be  one  of  tin- 
eight  chief  magistrates  of  the  republic. 
Here  ended  liis  good  fortune.  lie  belonged 
to  the  party  called  the  Bianchi,  or  Whites; 
and  tlieir  opponents,  the  Neri,  or  Blacks, 
having  gained  the  ascendency,  lie  was  fust 
banbbed  from  Florence,  and  afterwards 
condemned  to  be  burnt  alive,  in  case  of  his 
falling  into  their  hands.  Nearly  all  the 
remainder  of  Dante's  life  was  spent  i 


wanderings,  and  in  fruitless 
length,  he  found  an  as\lum  with  Guido 
Novella,  lord  of  Ravenna  ;  and  at  Raven- 
na  he  died  September  14,  1321.  Dante 
wrote  various  works,  but  his  fame  rests  on 
the  Divina  Comrnedia,  which  consists  of 
three  parts,  Hell,  Purgatory,  and  Heaven. 
In  this  astonishing  production  Dante  does, 


indeed, 
mulate.1 


on  Horror's  head  horrors  accn- 
For  boundless  and  wild   iina^i- 


DAR 

the  greatest  part  of  Italy.  Settling  a 
length  in  Paris,  he  turned  his.  practice 
chiefly  to  diseases  of  the  bladder,  for  the 
cure  of  which  he  became  justly  celebrated. 
The  bougie  which  hears  his  name  was  in- 
vented by  him.  He  acquired  a 


fortune,  hut  lost  it  by  unsuccessful  specu- 
lations; and  he  died,  in  narrow  circum- 
stances, in  1784,  respected  for  his  talents 
and  bis  benevolent  and  disinterested  spirit. 
DAIJCKT,  JOHN,  a  French  chemist  and 
physician,  was  born,  in  1725,  at  Doua/.it, 
At  in  Guienne,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1801. 
He  made  considerable  improvements  in 
the  manufacturing  of  porcelain,  demon- 
strated the  diamond  to  be  combustible, 
and  contributed  in  other  respects  to  the 
progress  of  chemical  science.  He  wrote 
several  papers  on  chemistry  as  connected 
with  the  arts. 

DARCY,  Count  PATRICK,  a  native  of 
Galway,  in  Ireland,  was  born  in  1725, 
and  was  sent  by  his  parents,  who  were 
partisans  of  the  Stewart  family,  to  be 
educated  at  Paris.  Under  the  tuition  of 
Clairault,  he  became  an  excellent  mathe- 
matician. Darcy  obtained  a  commission 
in  the  French  arrny,  served  honourably 
for  several  campaigns,  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  major-general.  He  died  in  1779. 
Darcy  is  the  author  of  an  Essay  on  Artil- 
lery;  a  Memoir  on  Hydraulic  Machines; 
a  Memoir  on  the  Duration  of  the  Sensa- 
tion of  Sight;  and  various  able  mathemat- 
ical papers. 

DARU,  PETER  ANTHONY  BRUNO, 
Count,  a  member  of  the  French  Academy 
and  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  was  born  at 
Montpellier,  in  1767;  and  when  the  revo- 
lution broke  out,  he  was  a  lieutenant  and 
commissary  at  war.  Imprisoned  in  1793, 
he  was  liberated  after  the  fall  of  Robes- 
pierre, and  filled  several  military  offices 
under  the  Directory.  Bonaparte,  while 
consul  and  emperor,  gave  him  his  entire 
confidence,  and  raised  him  to  the  highest 
offices.  Louis  XVIII.  made  him  a  peer 
in  1819.  Darn  died  September  11,  1829. 
As  an  historian,  Darn  is  known  by  his 

measures  of  that  terrible  period.  It  was  valuable  Histories  of  Venice  and  Bri- 
Danton  who  p  ocured  the  establishment  j  tanny  ;  as  a  poet,  by  his  Cleopedia,  or 
of  the  revolutionary  tribunal.  A  struggle  Theory  of  Reputations  in  Literature,  by 
for  supremacy  soon  took  place  between 
him  and  Robespierre,  in  which  he  was  minor  poems 
vanquished.  He  perished  by  the  guillotine 
in  April,  1794.  Criminal  as  Danton  was 
in  his  public  capacity,  he  was  a  good  hus- 
band and  a  good  father,  and  sometimes 
proved  himself  capable  of  humane  and 
generous  actions. 

DARAN,  JAMES,  an  eminent  surgeon, 
was  born,  in  1701,  at  St.  Frajon,  in  Gas- 
cony,  and  at  a  very  early  period  gained 


nation,  for  gloomy  grandeur,  for  terrific 
energy,  it  has  no  superior;  while,  on  the 
other  hand,  it  often  charms  by  exquisite ! 
sweetness,  simplicity,  and  grace.  The 
best  English  translation  (and  it  is  not  likely 
to  be  surpassed)  is  that  by  Gary. 

DAN  TON,  GEORGE  JAMES,  one  of  the 
most  active  demagogues  of  the  French 
revolution,  was  born  at  Arc  is  sur  Aube, 
in  1759,  and  was -a  barrister  by  profession. 
From  the  year  1789  till  the  subversion  of 
die  monarchy  he  was  one  of  the  most 
violent  and  'popular  haranguers  of  the 
Parisan  multitude;  a  task  for  which  he 
was  well  qualified  by  his  colossal  stature, 
thundering  voice,  daring  spirit,  and  extra- 
vagant vet  impressive  style  of  speaking. 
To  the  downfal  of  the  throne  he  power- 
fully contributed.  After  that  downfal  he 
became  one  of  the  Executive  Council,  and 
had  the  merit  of  preventing  his  terrified 
colleagues  from  removing  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment to  the  other  side  of  the  Loire, 
when  the  duke  of  Brunswick  was  advanc- 
ing. He  was  a  member  of  the  Convention, 
and  of  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety, 
and  shared  largely  in  all  the  sanguinary 


j  I> 

a  consummate   knowledge  of  his  art.      He 
served,  for  a  considerable  time,  as  surgeon 


*eP 
translation    of   Horace,    and     by    vaiious 


DARWIN,  ERASMUS,  a  poet  and  phy- 
sician, was  born,  in  1721,  at  Elton,  near 
Newark,  in  Nottinghamshire,  and  received 
his  education  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge. After  having  taken  his  doctor's 
degree  at  Edinburgh,  he  settled  at  Litch- 
fiefd,  whence,  in  1781,  he  removed  to 
Derby.  He  died  suddenly,  April  18,  1S02. 
Darwin  was  a  man  of  high  talent,  but 
was  fond  of  paradoxes,  and  of  singular 
not  to  eay  absurd  hypotheses.  Ample 
jnajoi  in  tlio  Imperial  army,  an  1  visited  proof,  both  of  his  abilities  and  of  his  'ov« 


DAU 

of  eccentric  doctrines,  may  be  found  in 
his  Botanic  Garden,  and  in  his  Zoonomia, 
or  Laws  of  Oiganic  Life,  especially  in  the 
latter  work.  As  a  poet  he  is  happy  in 
description,  and  sometimes  attains  sub- 
limity, and  his  versification  is  exquisitely 
polisi-ed;  but  he  never  reaches  the  heart, 
his>  personifications  are  frequently  strained, 
and  even  ludicrous,  and  the  mechanism  of 
his  verse,  which  has  little  variety,  soon 
becomes  obvious,  and  tiresome  to  the  ear. 

DASSIER,  JOHN,  a  medal  engraver, 
was  bori  in  1677,  and  died  in  1763.  He 
engraved  on  steel  a  great  number  of 
medals  of  eminent  men  of  the  age  of 
Louis  XIV. — His  son,  JACOB  ANTHONY, 
born  in  1715,  was  for  some  time  employed 
in  the  English  mint,  but  resigned  his  office, 
and  went  to  St.  Petersburg.  He  died  at 
Copenhagen,  in  1759,  while  returning  to 
London.  His  medals  of  illustrious  men 
are  remarkable  not  only  for  the  beauty  of 
the  workmanship,  tut  also  for  the  correct- 
ness of  the  likeness. 

DAUBENTON,  Louis  JOHN  MARY,  a 
French  naturalist  and  anatomist,  a  native 
of  Burgundy,  was  born  at  Montbar  in 
1716,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1800.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  lie  was  a  member  of  the 
Senate  and  of  the  Institute.  He  was  the 
friend  and  coadjutor  of  Button,  and  con- 
tributed all  the  anatomical  details  to  the 
Natural  History  of  that  eloquent  writer. 
He  is  the  author  of  Instructions  to  Shep- 
herds; A  Methodical  View  of  Minerals; 
and  various  other  worka.  France  is  in- 


DAY 


111 


compelled  him  to  raise  the  sieges  of 
Prague,  Dresden,  and  Olmutz;  not,  how- 
ever without  himself  sustaining  seter« 
defeats  at  Leuthen  and  Torgau  He  died 
in  1766. 

DAVENANT,  Sir  WILLIAM,  die  son 
of  an  innkeeper  at  Oxford,  where  he  was 
born  in  1605,  was  educated  at  Lincoln 
College;  and,  after  having  been  in  the 
service  of  ihe  Duchess  of  Richmond  and 
Lord  Brooke, 
stage,  and 


began    to    write    for    the 
was    employed    in    getting  up 
He   \vas 


masks    to   entertain    the   court. 


debted  to 
Merino 


him    for    the    naturalization    of 


DAUBENY,  CHARLES,  born  in  1744, 
was  educated  at  New  College,  Oxford; 
obtained  a  prebend  in  Salisbury  Cathedral, 
in  1784;  was  appointed  archdeacon  of 
Siirum  in  1804;  and  died  in  1827.  Be- 
sides numerous  Sermons  and  Charges,  he 
is  the  author  of  A  Guide  to  the  Church, 
two  vols.;  Vindiciae  Ecclesiae  Anglicanae; 
Remarks  on  the  Unitarian  Method  of  in- 
terpreting the  Scriptures;  and  of  other 
works:  and  he  contributed  many  theologi- 
cal articles  to  the  Anti-Jacobin  Review. 
At  North  Bradley,  of  which  he  was  vicar, 
he  built  almshouses  for  twelve  poor  per- 
sons, an  asylum  for  four  aged  and  blind 
individuals,  and  a  school-room;  and  the 
church  at  Rode  was  erected  partly  at  his 


expense. 
DA  UN, 


LEOPOLD    JOSEPH    MARY, 


*.  'unt  de,  an  Austrian  field-marshal,  was 
bot**  at  Vienna,  in  1705.  He  served  with 
applause  against  the  Turks,  and  in  the 
wars  of  Charles  VI.;  but  it  was  his  con- 
duct when  opposed  to  Frederic  of  Prussia 
that  raised  him  to  the  rank  of  a  great  gen- 
eral As  Iirperial  commande.'-in-chief  he 
triun. phed  over  the  Prussian  monarch  at 
Kollin,  Hochkirchen,  and  other  place*,  and 


appointed  poet  laureat,  and  governor  of 
the  Drury  Lane  company.  He  fought  for 
Charles  during  the  civil  wars,  and  was 
knighted  and  made  a  lieutenant-general. 
Retiring  afterwards  into  France,  he  became 
a  Roman  catholic.  Being  taken  by  a  par- 
liament vessel,  while  he  was  proceeding 
to  Virginia,  he  was  imprisoned,  and  wouid, 
it  is  said,  have  fallen  a  victim  had  he  not 
been  saved  by  Milton;  an  act  of  kindness 
which  he  returned  at  a  later  period.  On 
the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  Davenant 
obtained  a  patent  for  a  theatre  in  Lincoln's 
Inn  Fields.  He  died  in  1668.  His  heroic 
poem  of  Gondibert,  which  he  left  unfinish- 
ed, contains  much  genuine  poetry,  but  is 
deficient  in  sustained  interest,  and  is  writ- 
ten in  an  ill-chosen  form  of  stanza.  Talent 
is  displayed  in  all  his  other  poetical  pieces, 
and  in  his  dramatic  works. 

DAVENANT,  CHARLES,  eldest  son  of 
the  foregoing,  was  born  in  1656;  was  edu- 
cated at  Baliol  College,  Oxford;  and  \\-aa 
successively  joint  inspector  of  plays,  com- 
missioner of  excise,  and  inspector  general 
of  exports  and  imports.  Besides  hid 
works  on  political  economy,  which  have 
been  collected  in  five  volumes  8vo.,  and 
contain  much  valuable  information,  he  is 
the  author  of  a  tragedy  called  Circe,  writ- 
ten when  he  was  only  nineteen,  and  acted 
with  applause. 

DAVID,  JAMES  Louis,  a  celebrated 
French  painter,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1750,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Vien.  Before 
the  revolution  he  had  already  acquired 
fame  as  an  artist.  The  course  of  that  event 
threw  disgrace  upon  him  as  a  man.  He 
not  only,  as  a  member  of  the  Convention, 
voted  for  the  death  of  the  king,  but  also 
became  one  of  the  blindest  and  wildest 
dolaters  of  Robespierre  and  Marat.  Nor 
did  his  Jacobinical  feelings  cool  for  some 
years  after  the  fall  of  his  detestable  idols. 
In  1800,  however,  Bonaparte  appointed 
lim  painter  to  the  government,  and  David 


to  have  thenceforth  manifested  no 
repugnance  to  seeing  supreme  power  in 
he  hands  of  a  single  individual.  He  was 
banished  from  France  in  1816,  and  died 
at  Brussels  in  December,  1825.  His  works 
are  numerous,  and  they  attest  his  splendid 
talents.  Among  them  are  The  Rape  of 


212 


DAVf 


the  Sabine*,  The    Death  of  Socratee,  The 


Coronation   of    Napoleon,  and    Mais 
bv  Venus  ami  the   Graces. 


clis- 


DAV1D,  GK.OKUK,  an  impostor,  whose 


real  name  was   John  De  Cinnan,  was  b-.>rn    S 


DAV 

Hall,  but  died  after  holding  the  office  btrt 
a  few  month?,  in  1762.  His  sennons,  in 
three  volumes,  8vo.  have  been  often  repub- 
lished  both  in  Great  Britain  and  the  United 


at  Delft,  in  Holland,  in  1501,  and  was  a 
painter  of  some  eminence  on  glass.  After 
ha\  ing  rendered  himself  notorious  among 
the  aaabaptifts,  he  set  up  a  se^-t  of  his 
own,  and  pretended  to  be  the  Messiah. 
Absurd  as  \\ere  his  pretensions,  lie  had 
many  follower?.  Be''ig  driven  from  Hol- 
land, he  retired  to  i'asil,  where  he  died  in 
1556.  His  Hook  of  Wonders  and  Book 
of  Perfection  have  been  characterized  as 
"  the  melancholy  monuments  of  the  most 
absurd  fanaticism." 

DAVIDSON,  LUCKSTI A  MARIA,  re- 
markable for  an  earlv  display  of  great 
genius,  was  born  at  Pttttsburgh,  on  Lake 
Champlaitt,  in  1803.  When  only  four 
vears  of  age,  a  number  of  her  little  books 
were  found  filled  with  rude  sketches,  and 
poetical  illustrations  of  them,  in  the  char- 
acters of  the  printed  alphabet.  She  pos- 
sessed an  eager  thirst  for  information,  and 
her  frame  was  rapidly  wasted  by  her  con- 
tinued intellectual  application.  She  was 
of  a  singularly  lovely  person,  with  a  pre- 
vailing expression  of  melancholy  that  was 
deeply  interesting.  SKe  died  before  com- 
pleting her  seventeenth  jejr,  in  August, 
1825.  A  volume  of  her  poems,  prefaced 
bv  a  biographical  sketch,  was  published  in 
New  York  in  1829. 

DAV'IE,  WILLIAM  RICHARDSON,  gov- 
ernor of  North  Carolina,  was  born 


1756.      He    was    brought  to 
the    age    of   six    years,    and 


England    in 
America    at 

received  his  education  at  Princeton,  Ne\ 
Jeisey,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1776. 
After  pursuing  for  a  short  time  the  study 
of  the  law,  he  entered  the  army  as  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  legion  of  Pulaski,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  efficiency  and 
courage  as  an  omcer.  On  the  termination 
of  the  war,  he  devoted  himself  with  emi- 
nent success  to  the  practice  of  the  law. 
In  1787,  he  was  chosen  a  delegate  from 
South  Carolina,  to  represent  that  state  in 
the  Convention  which  framed  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States.  Unavoidable 
absence  prevented  him  from  affixing  his 
name  to  that  instrument.  In  1190,  he  was 


DA  VIES,  Sir  JOHN,  a  lawyer  and  poet, 
a  native  of  Wiltshire,  was  born  in  1570, 
at  Tilbury,  and  studied  at  Queen's  Col 
lege,  Oxford,  and  the  middle  Temple. 
From  the  latter  his  unruly  temper  oc^- 
sioned  his  expulsion,  but  he  was  subsequent- 
ly restored.  While  he  was  excluded  from 
the  Temple  he  produced  most  of  his  nocnis, 
and  they  met  with  deserved  applause  On 
the  accession  of  James  1.  Dimes  was  em- 
ployed in  Ireland,  and  filled  the  omces  of 
attorney  general  and  speaker  of  the  Com- 
mons' House.  In  1620  he  sat  in  the  En 


lish  parliament,  and  was  just  raised  to 


ng- 
the 

dignity  of  chief  justice  of  England  when 
he  died,  in  1626.  His  poems,  particularly 
his  Nosce  teipsum,  entitle  him  to  hold  a 
respectable  station  among  the  poets  of  his 
age;  his  prose  work,  on  the  situation  of 
Ireland,  proves  him  to  have  been  a  sound 
politician  and  an  upright  man. 

DAMES,  Dr.  SNKVD,  a  poet  and  di- 
vine, a  native  of  Shrewsbury,  was  educated 
at  Eton,  and  King's  College,  Cambridge, 
and  became  a  canon  at  Litehfield,  master 
of  St.  John's  Hospital  in  that  city,  arch- 
deacon of  Derby,  and  rector  of  Kingslow 
in  Herefordshire.  Dr.  Davies  is  the  au- 
thor of  Vacuna,  and  other  poems  of  merit, 
in  the  collections  of  Dodsley  and  Nicholls. 
DAVIES,  THOMAS,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  born  about  1712,  and  educated  at 
Edinburgh,  was  twice  an  actor  and  twice 
a  bookseller,  in  which  latter  capacity  Dr. 
Campbell  characteri/.ed  him  as  "  a  gentle- 
man who  dealt  in  books."  Though  much 
respected  by  his  numerous  friends,  he  was 
not  fortunate  in  trade.  He  died  in  1785. 
He  is  the  author  of  various  works,  of 
which  the  principal  are,  The  Life  of  David 
Garrick  ;  and  Dramatic  Miscellanies. 

DAVILA,  HENRY  CATHERINE,  an 
historian,  was  born,  in  1576,  at  Pieve  del 
Sacco,  in  the  Paduan  territory,  and  was 
of  an  illustrious  family.  At  the  age  of 
seven  he  was  taken  to  France  by  his  father, 
and  was  brought  up  there.  After  having 
been  page  to  the  queen  mother,  and  served 

,  with  reputation   in   the  army,  he   returned 

elected   Governor  of  North  Carolina,  and '  to    his    native  country,    and   held    several 
in  1799  was  appointed  one  of  the  commis-  high  olfices  under  the  Venetian  government 


He  was  assassinated  at  Crema  in  1631. 
His  History  of  the  Civil  Wars  in  France 
is  one  of  the  classical  production!  of  the 


tioners  for  negotiatinga  treaty  with  France. 
He  died  at  Camden  in  1820.  He  was  a 
man  of  a  dignified  ami  noble  person,  cour- 
age as  a  soldier,  and  abilitv  as  a  lawyer.  Italian  language. 

DA\JES,    SAMUKL,   founder   if  the1      DAVIS,  JOHN,  an  eminent  navigator,* 

Cnt   prenbytery    in    Virginia,  wa*   b,.rn    in  native    of    l>e\oii>hire,    was    born    in    the 

Delavvaie,  in  172-4.      lie   enloed  the  n  in-  pa:  i.-h  of  Stoke  <i; -brii-1,  near  Dartmouth, 

istry  at  an  eaily  a^e,  and  soon  di.--tingui.-hed  He    made   three   vi!\>fj-.-s    to    find    out    lh« 

uiriJielf  by  his  talent!   and    el.x|<!cmv.      Jn  n-a'tli-'.v  e.-t  pasr-age.,   in    the  first   of  which, 

1759  h«   wa*  chosen   president   of  .\u,-*uu  in  155,  lie    .'.:».<••••,<•. ed    ihu   Straits  which 


DAV 

ftill  xrear  his  name.  He  subsequently  went 
with  Cavendish  to  the  South  Sea,  and 
afterwards  made  several  voyages  to  the 
East  Indies,  in  thn  last  of  Which  he  was 
Killed,  in  1G05,  off  the  coast  of  Malacca. 
II"  is  the  author  of  The  World's  Hydro- 
graphical  Description;  and  he  invented  a 
qiiadram,  which  was  superseded  by  that 
of  Had  ley. 

DAVO'UST,  Louis  NICHOLAS,  duke 
of  Auerstadt,  and  prince  of  Eckmuhl,  was 
horn  of  a  noble  family,  at  Amvux  in  Bur- 
gundy, in  1770;  studied  at  Brienne  at  the 
same  time  with  Bonaparte;  and  entered 
the  army  in  1785.  Having  previously 
distinguished  himself  on  various  occasions, 
he  accompanied  Bonaparte  to  Egypt.  He 
diu  not,  however,  rise  to  his  highest  pitch 
of  reputation  till  the  campaigns  of  1806 
and  1809,  in  whidi  he  won  t!ie  titles  of 
marshal,  duke,  and  prince.  His  conduct 
as  governor  of  Hamburgh,  in  1813  and 
1814,  excited  a  general  hatred  of  him. 
In  1815,  he  was  made  minister  of  war  by- 
Napoleon;  and  he  commanded  the  army 
which  capitulated  under  the  walls  of  Paris. 
He  died  in  June,  1823. 


DAVY,  Sir  HUMPHRY,  the  most  emi- 
nent of  chemists,  was  the  son  of  a  man 
who  possessed  a  small  landed  property, 
and  also  followed  the  profession  of  a  carver 
in  wood.  He  was  born  at  Pen/ance,  in 
Cornwall,  December  17,  1778.  The  first 
tendency  of  his  genius  seems  to  have  been 
towards  poetry,  for  he  began  to  write  verses 
when  only  nine  years  old;  and,  at  a  later 
period,  he  composed  various  pieces,  among 
which  was  a  spirited  poem  on  the  Land's 
End.  Being,  however,  intended  for  the 
medical  profession,  he  was  placed  with 
an  apothecary  to  obtain  the  needful  initia- 
tory knowledge.-  But  he  had  now  given 
himself  up  to  the  study  of  chemistry,  and 
was  generally  experimenting  in  the  garret 
instead  of  mixing  juleps,  and  on  one  oc- 
casion he  produced  an  explosion,  which 
so  terrified  his  master  that  a  separation 
took  place.  In  his  fifteenth  year  he  be- 
came a  pupil  of  Mr.  Barlase  of  Penzance, 
fo  prepare  for  graduating  as  a  physician 
it  Edinburgh.  By  th?>  time  that  ho  was 


DAW  US 

eighteen,    he    acquired    the    rudiments   of 

botany,  anatomy,  and  physiology:  the 
minor  branches  of  mathematics,  metaphys- 
ics, natural  philosophy,  and  chemistry: 
but  it  was  to  chemistry  that  his  powers 
were  principally  directed.  He  now  became 
acquainted  with  Mr.  Davies  Gilbert  and 
Mr.  Gregory  Watt,  and  was  by  them  in- 
troduced to  Dr.  Beddoes,  who  prevailed 
on  him  to  suspend  his  design  of  going  to 
Edinburgh,  and  to  accept  the  super intcii- 
dence  of  the  Pneumatic  Institution  at 
Bristol.  It  was  while  he  was  at  Bristol 
that  he  made  his  experiments  on  Nitrous 
Oxide,  which  he  published  under  the  title 
of  Researches  Chemical  and  Philosophical. 
The  fame  which  he  thus  acquired  led  to 
his  being  elected,  in  1800,  professor  of 
chemistry  at  the  Royal  Institution.  As  a 
lecturer,"  his  popularity  was  unbounded. 
In  1802,  he  was  chosen  to  fill  the  profes- 
sorship to  the  Board  of  Agriculture;  a-id 
the  lectures  which  he  delivered  in  this 
capacity  were  subsequently  embodied  in 
his  Elements  of  Agricultural  Chenu'strv. 
Having  at  his  command  all  the  '*  appliance 
and  means"  furnished  by  the  powerful 
apparatus  of  the  Royal  Institution,  Daw 
began  and  pursued  that  course  of  scientific 
investigation  which  has  immortalized  hi.? 
name.  The  discovery  of  the  metallic  ba^es 
of  the  alkJies  and  earths,  the  creation  of 
the  science  of  electro-chemistry,  the  inven- 
tion of  the  safety  lamp,  and  of  the  mode 
of  preserving  the  copper  sheathing  of  ships, 
form  only  a  part  of  his  labours.  In  1818 
he  was  created  a  baronet,  and  in  1820  was 
elected  president  of  the  Royal  Society. 
The  presidency  he  resigned  in  1827,  in 
consequence  of  the  declining  state  of  his 
health  obliging  him  to  travel.  Unfortu- 
nately his  constitution  was  too  far  broken 
to  be  restored  by  a  milder  climate,  and 
he  died  at  Geneva,  May  30, 1829.  Besides 
the  works  already  mentioned,  Davy  is  the 
author  of  numerous  papers  in  the  Philo- 
sophical Transactions;  and  of  Salmonia, 
or  Days  of  Fly-fishing;  and  Consolations 
in  Travel.  They  were  his  last  productions. 

DAVY,  JOHN,  a  composer,  was  born  at 
Upton  Helion,  in  Devonshire,  in  1765; 
and  died  in  February,  1824.  He  was  a 
pupil  of  Jackson,  and  his  musical  genius 
was  manifested  when  he  was  yet  little 
more  than  an  infant.  He  composed  the 
opera  of  What  a  Blunder,  and  parts  of 
those  of  Perouse  and  the  Brazen  Mask, 
besides  many  son^s. 

DAWES,"  RICHARD  a  critic,  born  in 
Leicestershire  in  1708,  received  his  edu- 
cation at  Market  Bosworth  School,  and 
Emanuel  Hall,  Cambridge;  became  master 
of  Newcastle  upon  Tyue  grammar  school, 
and  of  St.  Mary's  Hospital;  and  died  in 

1766.  His  Miscellanea  Critica  is  a *" 

of  great  erudition. 


214 


DEC 


DEF 


DAY,  THOMAS,  amanof  a  philanthrop-;  squadron  to  the  Mediterranean,  in  order  to 
ic  but  most  eccentric  character,  \v;m  Imrn  at  j  mm  pel  the  A  Igerines  to  desist  from  their 
London,  in  174S;  was  educated  at  the '  d'-prcdations  on  American  commerce.  He 
Charter  House  and  at  Corpus  Christ!  Col-  arrived  at  Algiers  on  the  twenty-eighth  of 
lege,  Oxford ;  and  was  killed  l>y  a  kick  June,  and  in  less  than  forty-eight  hours 
from  a  horse,  in  September,  17S9.  The  terrified  the  ivgeney  into  an  "entire  acces- 
Devoted  Legions;  The  Desolation  of  Vion  to  all  his  terms.  Thence  he  went  to 


America;  and  The  P\ing  .\eurr<>  (the  last 
of  Which  was  written  in  conjunction  with 
-his  friend  Bicknell),  stamp  him  a  poet, 
Of  his  prose  woiks,  SamUord  and  Morton, 
and  The  History  of  Little  Jack,  have  In- 
come popular. 

DEA.S'E,  SILAS,  minister  of  the  United 
States  to  the  court  of  France,  was  horn  in 
Connecticut,  and  educated  at  Yale  College. 
He  was  elected  member  of  congress  in 
1774,  and  sent  two  years  after  as  ai'ent  to 
France,  but  was  superseded,  in  1777,  and 
returned.  Involved  in  suspicions  from 
which  he  could  not  extricate  himself,  he 
lost  his  reputation,  and  returning  to  Europe, 
died  in  poverty  in  England  in  1789. 

DEBURE,  WILLIAM  FRANCIS,  a 
bookseller  and  bibliographer ,  was  born  at 
Paris,  in  1731,  and  died  in  1782.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  well  known  and  useful 
work,  in  seven  volumes  octavo,  called  In- 
structive Bibliography,  or  a  Treatise  o 
the  Knowledge 
Books. 

DECATUR,  STEPHEN,  a  distinguished 
officer  in  the  navy  of  the  United  States 
was  born  in  Maryland  in  1779,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  in  Philadelphia.  He 


Tripoli,  when  he  met  v\ith  like  success. 
On  returning  to  the  United  States,  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Com- 
missioners for  the  navy,  and  held  that 
office  till  March,  1820,  when  he  was  shot 
in  a  duel  with  Commodore  Barron.  He 
was  a  man  of  an  active  and  powerful  frame, 
and  possessed  a  high  degree  of  energy, 
sagacity,  and  courage. 

DECTUS,  CNEIUS  MESSIUS  QUINTUS 
TRAJANUS,    a    Roman   em 


native  of  I'annonia,  born  at  Bubalia.  The 
Emperor  Philip  gave  him  the  government 
»f  Moesia,  to  put  down  a  sedition  in  the 
legion  there;  but,  either  willingly  or  on 
compulsion,  he  joined  the  revellers,  and 
dethroned  his  sovereign,  A.  D.  249.  His 
first  act  of  authority  was  a  severe  perse- 
cution of  the  Christians.  He  was  slain  in 
battle  against  the  Goths,  A.  D.  251,  aged 
fiftv. 


of    scarce    and    •ingulai 


entered  the  navy  in  179S,  and  first  dis- 
tinguished himself  when  in  the  rank  of 
lieutenant,  by  the  destruction  of  the  Amer- 
ican frigate  Philadelphia,  which  had  run 
upon  a  rock  in  the  harbour  of  Tripoli,  and 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  For 
this  exploit,  the  American  congress  gave 
him  a  vote  of  thanks  and  a  sword,  and  the 
president  immediately  sent  him  a  captaincy. 
At  the  bombardment  of  Tripoli  the  next 
year,  he  distinguished  himself  by  the  cap- 
ture of  two  of  the  enemy's  boats,  which 
were  moored  along  the  mouth  of  the  har- 
bour, and  immediately  under  the  batteries. 
When  peace  was  concluded  with  Tripoli, 
Decatur  returned  home  in  the  Congress, 
and  afterward  succeeded  commodore  Bar- 
ron in  the  command  of  the  Chesapeake. 
In  the  late  war  between  Great  Britain  and 
(he  United  States,  his  chief  exploit  was 
the  capture  of  the  British  frigate  Macedo- 
nian, commanded  by  captain  Carderw  In 
Januar;-,  1815,  he  attempted  to  sail  from 
New- York,  which  was  then  blockaded  by- 
four  British  ships;  but  the  frigate  under 
his  command  was  injured  in  pissing  the 
bar,  and  was  captured  by  the  whole  squad- 
ron, after  a  running  fight  of  two  or  three 
hou-.s.  1!'  .  ed  to  his  country 

•t'trr  the  conclusion  <;f  |  race.  In  the.-um- 
m»  <\  llir  sa:iK'  \f»ir,  1"  M-«.  M-nt  wi'h  a 


DECKER,  or  DEKKER,  THOMAS,  a 
dramatist  of  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and 
James  I.,  of  whom  nothing  is  known  but 
that  he  was  a  prolific  writer,  and  that  he 
and  Ben  Jonson  were  enemies.  Jonson 
satirized  him  in  his  Poetaster,  but  Decker 
fully  avenged  himself  by  introducing  iu« 
antagonist  into  the  comedy  of  Satiro- 
Mastix.  Decker  was,  in  truth,  not  an 
object  of  contempt.  He  sometimes  wrote 
in  conjunction  with  Middleton  and  Web* 
ster;  but  he  is  the  sole  author  of  about 
twenty  plays,  among  which  are  Old  For 
tunatus,  and  The  Honest  Whore.  Tht 
Gull's  Horn  Book,  and  other  trncts,  arc 
also  from  his  pen. 

DEE,  JOHN,  a  mathematician  and  as- 
trologer, was  born  in  London,  in  1527, 
studied  at  Cambridge,  and  took  the  de- 
gree of  doctor  of  civil  law  at  Louvain.  On 
his  return  to  England,  he  obtained  church 
preferment.  Queen  Elizabeth  used  to  visit 
him,  and  not  only  resorted  to  his  astrolo- 
gical powers,  but  also  employed  him  as  a 
political  agent.  By  the  multitude  he  wa* 
hated  and  persecuted  as  a  sorcerer.  That, 
in  conjunction  with  a  man  named  Ke  yt 
he  professed  to  evoke  spirits,  is  certain; 
lie  was  likewise  an  alchemist.  For  nearly 

years  subsequently  to  1583,  he  resided 

the  continent;  and,  on  his  coming  back 
to  England  he  was  again  patronised  by 
Elizabeth.  He  died  in  IfiOS.  Dee  wrote 
several  mathematical  woiks,  and  was  un- 
doubtedlv  a  man  of  talents  and  learning. 

DEFFAND,  MARIA  DE  VICHY  CHAM- 
Maichi'iness    du,    a    French    lady, 
eminent  for  talent,  especially   in  comTrsi* 


DEF 

lion,  and  for  her  intimacy  with  the  literati 
of  the  age,  was  .<f  a  noble  family,  and  was 
bom  in  1697.  In  her  twentieth  year  she 
married  the  Marquis  tin  Defland,  from 
whom,  however,  she  was  soon  separated. 
Her  moral  conduct,  till  she  was  chilled  by 
age  and  blindness,  war,  in  fact,  highly 
reprehensible.  Her  selfishness,  too,  was 
extieme.  Yet  her  house  was  the  rendez- 
vous of  all  the  wit  and  ge-iius  of  the  period 
n  which  she  lived.  At  fifty  she  lost  her 
figlvt.  She  died  in  1780.  Her  Corres- 
pondence with  D'Alemberl,  Walpole,  and 
others,  has  been  published. 

DEFOE,  DANIEL,  whoso  family  name 
was  FOE,  was  the  son  of  a  butcher,  and 
was  born  in  London,  in  1601.  lie  was 
brought  up  for  the  dissenting  ministry,  but 
did  not  complete  his  clegcal  education. 
In  1685  he  joined  in  Morimouth'p  rebellion, 
yet  was  fortunate  enough  to  escape  the 
fatal  consequences.  Previously  t>  that 
event  he  had  preluded  as  an  author  by  pub- 
lishing a  satirical  pamphlet,  called  Specu- 
lum Crapegownorum,  and  a  Treatise  against 
the  Turks.  Having  secured  his  head,  he 
entered  into  business,  as  a  hosier,  and 
also  as  a  tile  manufacturer,  but  he  was  not 
successful.  His  pen  still  continued  to  be 
active.  To  enumerate  here  even  a  hun- 
dredth part  of  his  literary  labours  would 
be  impracticable,  as  a  mere  catalogue  of 
them  occupies  sixteen  pages.  Among  the 
:rcost  prominent  of  his  verse  efforts  may  be 
placed  his  Trueborn  Englishman,  a  satire, 
published  in  1701.  In  nigged  metre,  but 
often  with  forcible  thoughts  and  language, 
it  reprehends  the  ingratitude  which  was 
manifested  towards  his  political  idol, 
William  III.  In  1702,  when  the  high 
church  tory  party  was  displaying  its  per- 
secuting spirit,  Defoe  brought  out  his  ad- 
mirable ironical  pamphlet,  The  Shortest 
Way  with  the  Dissenter?.  The  house  of 
commons  voted  it  a  seditious  libel,  and  a 
court  of  justice,  or  rather  of  injustice,  sen- 
tenced him  to  be  fined,  imprisoned,  and 
pilloried.  7. o  the  last  of  these  inflictions 
Pope  has  alluded  in  a  line  which  disgraces 
only  its  author.  Defoe,  feeling  that  it  is 
crime  a'id  not  the  scaffold  that  makes 
ehamr.  pMired  forth  his  feelings  in  a  high 
spirited  Hymn  to  the  Pillory.  While  he 
was  i'i  confinement,  he  commenced  The 
Review,  a  periodical  which  probably  gave 
rise  to  the  Tatler.  At  the  end  of  two 
years  he  was  released  by  Harley,  and  was 
employed  on  several  confidential  missions, 
particularly  in  contributing  to  cfl'ect  the 
union  with  Scotland.  Of  the  Union  he 
afterwards  published  an  excellent  history. 
Towards  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Anne  be 
was  again  imprisoned  for  a  work  similar 
to  The  Shortest  Way,  and  was  again  ex- 
tricated bt  llarlcy.  On  the  accession  of 
1.  Ddutt  waa  in  a  m-uiner  j  n»- 


DEL  Zlft 

scribed  bj  that  rery  whig  party  c  "  which 
he  had  bet )  one  of  the  most  strenuous  and 
able  supporters.  Disgusted  with  politics 
he  turned  his  genius  to  other  subjects. 
The  first  result  of  his  labour  was  the  Fam- 
ily Instructor.  In  1719  he  produced  the 
inimitable  Robinson  Crusoe,  which  speedily 
became  popular,  and  must  ever  remain  so. 
It  was  succeeded  by  a  crowd  of  other  per- 
formances, among  which  stand  prominent 
The  Adventures  of  a  Cavalier,  A  Jounril 
of  the  Plague  in  1665,  The  Political  His- 
tory of  the  Devil,  and  a  System  of  Maj-c 
It  is  a  melancholy  circumstance  that,  in 
spite  of  his  talents  and  industry,  the  latter 
days  of  Defoe  were  darkened  not  only  by 
the  misconduct  of  a  son,  but  by  the  •svils 
attendant  on  penury.  He  died,  insolvent, 
in  the  parish  of  Cripplegate,  in  April, 
1731.  He  has  been  correctly  described  as 
"  a  man  of  the  strongest  natural  powers,  a 
lively  imagination,  and  solid  judgment, 
joined  with  an  unshaken  probity  in  his 
moral  conduct,  and  an  invincible  integrity 
in  his  political  sphere." 

DELAMBRE,  JOHN  BAPTIST  JOSEPH, 
an  eminent  French  astronomer,  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences  and  of  the 
Institute,  was  born  in  1749,  at  Amien?, 
and  did  not  begin  the  study  of  astronomy 
till  his  thirty-sixth  year,  when  he  becamo 
a  pupil  of  Lalande.  He,  however,  rapidly 
acquired  fame,  and,  in  1807,  he  succeeded 
his  master  at  the  college  of  France.  He 
died  August  18,  1822.  Of  his  numerous 
and  valuable  works  the  most  prominertl 
are,  A  Complete  Treatise  of  Theoretical 
and  Practical  Astronomy,  three  vols.  4to. ; 
and  a  History  of  Astronomy,  five  vols.  4to. 

DELANY,  PATRICK,  D.  D.,  a  divine, 
was  born  in  Ireland,  in  1686,  and  died  at 
Bath,  in  1768.  He  was  educated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Dublin,  and  obtained,  from 
Lord  Carteret,  the  chancellorship  of  Christ 
Church,  and  a  prebend  in  Saint  Patrick's 
Cathedral.  In  1744  he  was  promoted  to 
be  dean  of  Down.  With  Swift  he  wa« 
intimately  acquainted.  Among  his  workr 
are,  Sermons;  a  Life,  of  David;  Revela- 
tion examined  with  Candour;  Reflection* 
on  Polygamy;  and  Remarks  on  Orrery's 
Life  of  Swift. 

DELANY,  MARY,  the  daughter  of 
Lord  Landsdown,  and  the  widow  of  Mr 
Pendarves,  was  the  second  wife  of  Dr 
Delany,  whom  she  married  in  1743.  She 
died  in  1788.  Mrs.  Delany  was  a  favour- 
I  ite  of  Queen  Charlotte,  and  enjoyed  a 
pension  of  three  hundred  pounds  from  the 
king.  She  possessed  the  talent  of  cutt'ng 
out  flowers  from  coloured  paper  with  such 
exquisite  art  as  almost  to  rival  nature.  In 
this  way  she  formed  a  Flora  tif  nearly  a 
thousand  subjects. 

DL'LILLr',  J  AMKS,  the  most  celebrated 
of  modern  J  -fcncli  uoetp,  was  b  irn  a' 


1J6 


DEL 


1'erse,  in  1733,  and  wna  the  natural  I 
leu    of   a   bnrri.-ter,   \\lio    left    him    ui    ,  .1 
frilling    annuity.       At    liis    outset    in    life,  I 
iKTillc,  though  lie  had  distinguished  him- 

i-f  LisieiiN,  \vas  com- 
pelled to  earn  his  Mihsi.-tenrc  by  teaching 
children  the  rudiments  of  grammar  at 
I'eau.  talents,  however, 

soon  bettered  his  condition.  By  his  trans- 
atii):)  of  (he  Georgics.  in  17(\'J,  his  fame 
-tablished,  and  his  admission  \v;;s 
to  the  French  Academy.  His  poem 
fit' '1  lie  Gardens,  in  17S2,  was  equally  suc- 
cessful. Delillc  accompanied  Count  C'hoi- 
teul  Gouflier  to  Greece  and  to  Constanti- 
nople; and,  on  his  return,  became  professor 
of  Latin  poetry  at  the  college  of  France, 
and  of  belles  leltres  at  the  university  of 
Paris.  In  1794  he  emigrated,  but  went 
back  in  1S01,  and  was  chosen  a  member  of 
the  Institute.  In  his  latter  years  he  was 
blind,  lie  died  in  1S13.  Among  his  rxt- 
mcroiis  works  are,  the  poems  of  the  Three 
Reigns  of  Mature;  .Imagination;  Misfor- 
tune and  Pity;  and  translations  of  the 
Eneid,  and  of  Paradise  Lost.  Delille  was 
a  nrjn  of  talent,  and  possessed  exquisite 
mftrical  skill,  bill  he  had  no  large  share 
ol  creative  genius:  "It  must  be  ov\:ied," 
•  says  a  French  critic,  "  that  Del'dle,  the 
greatest  of  our  versifier.",  was  deficient  in 
that  enthusiasm,  that  mens  divina,  which 
alone  constitutes  the  poet." 

DELISLE,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent  geo- 
grapher, was  born  at  Paris,  in  1675,  and 
died  in  1726.  In  1711,  his  works  obtain- 
ed for  him  admission  into  the  Academy  of 
Sciences;  and,  in  1718,  a  pension  and  the 
office  of  chief  historiographer  to  the  king. 
In  the  latter  capacity  he  gave  lessons  to, 
and  constructed  various  maps  for,  Louis 
the  Fifteenth.  Besides  his  numerous  maps, 
he  produced  several  Memoirs,  and  a  Trea- 
tise on  the  Course  of  all  Rivers. 

DELISLE,  JOSKPH  NICHOLAS,  a 
brother  of  William,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1688,  and  died  there  in  1768.  He  was 
eminent  as  a  mathematician  and  astrono- 
mer. In  1724  he  visited  England,  and 
met  with  a  friendly  reception  from  New- 
t  r  nnd  Halley.  In  l'/27  he  was  invited 
t  /  Russia,  as  royal  astronomer.  There  he 
resided  for  twentv-one  years,  and,  while 
there,  he  established  a  noble  observatory, 
and  made  many  valuable  observations.  On 
his  return  to  Paris  he  was  appointed  pro- 
i.i  the  Loyal  College.  Lalande  and 
Me-  -ier  were  among  his  pupil?.  Pesides 
\ariotis  Papers  in  Transaction;;,  he  is  the 
auihor  of  Memoirs  towards  a  History  of 
As'rononi} ',  tuo  \ols.  4to.  and  Memoirs  on 
the  new  Di/rovcrie.-,  in  the  .North  Pacific, 
4to---His  brother  Lot: is,  al.-o  an  astrono- 
mer, who  died  at  Kamstchatka,  in  1741,  i 
author  e<"  an  ln(|uiry  into  the  proper  Mo- 
lion  o*'  1??  Fixe ';  S'.i)"-. 


DEM 

DELOLME,  JOHN  Louis,  a  native  oi 

Geneva,  was  born  in  1745.  For  many 
\ears  he.  resided  in  England,  in  which 
country  all  his  works  wf-ic  published.  Mr, 
however,  returned  to  ^wit/ei  land,  and  died 
theie  in  1>W07.  liis  principal  productions 
.ire,  A  History  ff  the  Flagellants;  and  The 
Constitution  i, f  England.  The  last  of  these 
acquired  considerable  popularity,  and, 
though  by  no  means  free  from  error,  is 
lot  undeserving  of  its  reputation. 

DELRIO,  MARTIN  ANTHONY,  a  jc- 
?uit,  was  born  at  Antwerp,  in  1551,  and 
:licd  in  1608  licfoie  he  became  a  Jesuit, 
he  filled  several  considerable  offices  in  the 
Low  Countries,  and  he  (subsequently  taught 
philosophy,  the  languages,  and  theology. 
He  had  a  knowledge  of  ten  languages. 
The  most  remarkable  of  his  works  is  tliat 
on  Magic,  which  is  curious,  though  strong- 
ly indicative  of  its  author's  gross  credulity. 
I»-uchesne's  abridged  transition  is  pre- 
ferred to  the  original. 

DELUC,  JOHN  ANDREW,  a  natural 
philosopher,  was  born  at  Geneva,  in  1726, 
and  came  to  England  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  reign  of  George  III.  Queen 
Charlotte  gave  him  a  pension,  and  ap- 
pointed him  her  reader.  He  died  in  1817. 
He  is  the  author  of  several  works,  among 
which  are,  Letters  on  the  Origin  and  For- 
mation of  the  Earth  ;  Elements  of  Geology  ; 
and  Geological  Travels  in  the  North  of 
Europe,  £cc. 

DEMOCRITUS,  a  celebrated  philoso- 
pher, was  the  son  of  a  rich  citizen  of  Ab- 
dera,  and  was  born  about  460  u.  c.  Leu- 
cippus  was  his  master  in  philosophy;  and 
in  the  course  of  his  travels  in  Egypt,  dial- 
dea  and  Persia,  and,  perhaps,  in  Ethiopia 
and  India,  he  greatly  enlarged  his  stores 
of  knowledge.  Having  spent,  by  travel- 
ling, all  the  fortune  left  him  by  his  father, 
he  returned  to  Abdera,  poor  in  pvirse,  but 
rich  in  wisdom.  Though  at  first  slighted 
by  his  countrymen,  he  ultimately  acquired 
their  affection  and  reverence.  He  died  in 
his  hundred  and  sixth  year.  All  his  nu- 
merous works  are  lost.  The  atomic  sys- 
tem originated  with  Democritus.  He  was 
also  an  experimental  philosopher,  a-nd  first 
taught  that  the  light  of  the  galaxy  arises 
from  a  multitude  of  stars.  Many  absurd 
stories  are  told  of  him,  among  which  may 
be  reckoned  that  cf  his  perpetual  laughter 
at  human  follies. 

DEMOIVRE,  ABRAHAM,  was  born  in 
1677,  at  Vitri,  in  Champagne,  and,  on  the 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantz,  he  settled 
in  England,  where  he  subsisted  by  teach- 
ing the  mathematics.  As  a  calculator  he 
was  so  skilful  that  his  name  has  become 
almost  proverbial.  He  died  in  1754.  The 
Doctrine  of  Chances  is  his  best  known 
production;  but  he  wrote  also  a  work  on 
Annnitiep;  Mi.cc*llanra  An.ilyticn;  and 


DEM 


papers  in  the   Philosophical  Trans 
tctioni. 


DEMOSTHENES,  whom  his  great  Ro- 
man rival  calls  "  the  npst  perfect  of  ora- 
tors," was  the  son  of  a  sword  blade  man- 
ufacturer at  Athens,  and  was  born  abou 
381  B.  c.  Left  an  orphan  at  seven  yean> 
of  age,  he  was  neglected  and  cheated  by 
his  unworthy  guardians.  He,  however, 
obtained  the  lessons  of  Plato  and  Euclid 
of  Megara;  and,  having  witnessed  the  ap- 
plause bestowed  on  Callistratus,  he  became 
eager  to  win  the  palm  of  eloquence.  With 
incessant  care  ho  laboured  to  rid  himself 
of  an  impediment  in  his  speech,  and  other 
personal  defects,  and  to  acquire  self-confi- 
dence and  grace  of  action.  I«eua  was  his 
preceptor  in  the  rhetorical  art.  His  first 
trial  of  his  powers  was  in  an  action  against 
his  guardians,  fur  their  misconduct,  and 
he  was  completely  successful.  A  nobler 
field  was  soon  opened  to  him.  During  the 
Phocian  and  Olynthian  wars  he  opposed 
with  admirable  talent  and  vigour  the  de- 
signs of  Philip  of  Macedon.  But  in  the 
field  he  was  seen  to  less  advantage  than  in 
the  popular  assembly.  At  the  battle  of 
Cheronaea  he  displayed  a  woeful  deficiency 
of  personal  courage."  Still  he  retained  his 
influrnce  at  Athens,  and  foiled  his  accuser 
jEschines,  till,  at  length,  being  found  guil- 
ty of  accepting  bribes,  he  fled  to  Egina. 
A  new  Greek  confederacy  against  Mace- 
dnn  being,  however,  projected,  he  was  re- 
called and  triumphantly  received  at  Athens. 
But  the  victory  of  Antipater  soon  destroyed 
the  now  born  hope  of  freedom,  and  De- 
mjf  thanes  became  the  victim.  He  sought 
an  asylum  in  the  temple  o*"  Neptune,  at 
Calaiiria,  and,  finding  it  was  intended  to 
force  him  away,  he  took  poison,  and  died 
•  ».  the  foot  of  the  altar,  B.  c.  322. 

DEMOUSTIER,  CHARLES  ALBERT, 
a  French  writer,  was  born  at  Villera  Cote- 
ret,  in  1760,  and  died  there  in  1801.  By 
tie  father's  side  he  was  descended  from 
Racine,  .and  by  the  mother's  from  La  Fon- 
taine. He  was  a  member  of  the  Institute. 
Demoustier  wrote  several  comedies,  and 
Letters  to  Emily  on  Mythology.  Ilis 
work*  manifcift  talent,  bnt  are 


•JEN  217 

by  affectation  and  a  perpetual  effort  to  be 
brilliant.  In  his  private  character  he  was 
truly  amiable. 

DEMPSTER,  THOMAS,  a  learned 
Scotch  writer,  was  born  in  1579;  was  ed- 
ucated at  Aberdeen  and  Cambridge;  and 
died  at  Bologna  in  1625,  at  which  place 
he  was  professor.  Dempster  was  indefat- 
igably  studious,  and  possessed  of  a  won- 
derful memory ;  but  he  was  of  a  singularly 
quarrelsome  disposition.  He  is  the  author 
of  Antiquitatum  Romanarum  Corpus;  a 
Commentary  on  Justinian's  Institutes; 
Menologium  Sanctorum  Scotorum;  and 
other  works. 

DENHAM,  Sir  JOHN,  a  poet,  the  son 
of  the  chief  baron  of  the  Irish  exchequer, 
was  born  in  1615,  at  Dublin ;  was  educat- 
ed at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  and 
studied  the  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn.  Gaining, 
however,  to  which  he  was  early  addicted, 
impeded  his  studies,  and  impaired  his  for- 
tune. In  1641  he  published  the  Sophy,  a 
tragedy,  and  in  1643  Cooper's  Hill.  He 
espoused  the  cause  of  Charles  I.  and  lost 
his  estate  in  consequence.  At  the  Resto- 
ration he  was  knighted,  and  made  survey- 
or of  the  royal  buildings.  He  died  in 
1688.  Among  the  minor  poets  Denham 
holds  a  respectable  place.  His  poems  are 
frequently  elegant,  spirited,  and  marked 
by  much  felicity  of  expression. 

DENHAM,  Lieut.  Col.  DIXON,  an  en- 
terprising  traveller,  and  gallant  officer, 
was  born  in  London,  in  1786,  and  waa 
originally  intended  for  the  law,  but  went 
to  Spain,  as  a  volunteer,  in  1811,  obtained 
a  lieutenancy,  and  served  with  honour  in 
'he  peninsula  and  at  Waterloo.  In  1821, 
ie  was  chosen  to  proceed  on  a  journey  of 
discovery  into  the  interior  of  Africa;  and, 
"n  conjunction  with  Clapperton  and  Oud- 
ney,  he  penetrated  into  Bournou,  and  add- 
ed greatly  to  our  knowledge  of  African 
geography.  He  returned  to  England,  in 
1824,  and  published  a  Narrative  of  his 
travels.  In  1826  he  was  appointed  gover- 
nor of  Sierra  Leone,  and  in  that  pestilen- 
ial  colony  he  died  on  the  9th  of  June,  1828. 

DENINA,  CHARLES  JOHN  MARIA, 
in  Italian  historian,  was  born,  in  1731,  at 
level,  in  Piedmont,  and  died  at  Paris,  in 
1813.  For  many  years  \w  was  professor 
of  rhetoric  at  Turin,  but  was  deprived  of 
lis  office,  in  consequence  of  having  offend- 
ed the  government.  In  1804,  Napoleon 
appointed  him  his  librarian.  Denina  in 
he  author  of  many  excellent  works,  the 
>rincipal  of  which  are,  A  History  of  the 
devolutions  of  Italy;  A  History  of  Pied- 
mont; The  Political  and  Literary  History 
>f  Greece;  The  Revolutions  of  Germany, 
and  a  History  of  Western  Italy. 

DENMAN,  Dr  THOMAS,  an  eminent 
)hysician,  a  nathe  of  Derbyshire,  w*» 

"*  **  Bakewell,  in  1735,  and  settled  <• 


as  DEN 

London,  after  having  served  as 
in  the  navy.  It  was,  to  the  obsteti  ica 
branch  of  the  medical  art  that  he  princi- 
pally turned  his  attention,  and  lie  r<>-r  in 
it  to  the  highest  reputation.  lie  died  No 
vember  26,  1S15.  Dr.  Dcninau  is  tin- 
author  of  An  Kssay  on  Puerperal  Fever; 
Aphorisms;  The  Introduction  to  the  1'rac- 
tice  of  Midwifery ;  and  other  able  works. 

DENNKU,  bALTHAlAR,  a  painter, 
born  at  Hamburgh,  in  1685, and  died  at  Ros- 
tock, in  1747,  was  remarkable  for  his  pa- 
tient and  minute  imitation  of  nature  in  his 
portraits;  of  whirh  curious  proofs  are 
extant  in  two  pictures  of  un  old  man  and 
woman,  and  in  the  likenesses  of  himself 
and  his  family.  The  grain  of  the  skin, 
the  hairs,  the  down,  the  glassy  humour  of 
ihe  eyes,  are  all  delineated  with  the  utmost 
exactness. 

DENNIE,  JOSEPH,  born  in  Boston,  in 
1768,  displayed  an  early  fondness  for  po- 
lite literature,  and  entered  Harvard  College 
in  1787.  In  1790  he  left  this  institution, 
and  commenced  the  study  of  the  law;  but 
made  little  progress  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  in  consequence  of  a  strong  at- 
tachment to  literary  pursuits.  In  the  spring 
of  1795  he  established  a  weekly  paper,  in 
Boston  under  the  title  of  The  Tablet,  but 
it  died  from  want  of  patronage.  Soon  after, 
he  went  to  Walpole  to  edit  the  Farmer's 
Museum,  a  journal  in  which  he  published 
a  series  of  papers  with  the  signature  of 
the  Lay  Preacher.  In  1799  he  removed  to 
Philadelphia,  where  he  had  received  an 
appointment  in  the  office  of  the  secretary 
of  state.  He  subsequently  established  the 
Port  Folio,  a  journal  which  acquired  repu- 
tation and  patronage.  He  died  in  1812. 
Mr.  Dennie  was  a  man  of  genius,  and  a 
beautiful  writer,  but  wanted  the  industry 
and  judgment,  which  might  have  secured 
him  a  competent  subsistence  and  a  perma- 
nent reputation. 

DENNIS,  JOHN,  a  dramatist  and  critic, 
was  born,  in  London,  in  1657;  was  edu- 
cated at  Harrow  School,  Caius  College, 
and  Trinity  Hall,  Cambridge;  and  died 
in  1733-4.  Having  dissipated  a  fortune, 
and  outlived  an  annuity  which  he  had  re- 
served on  selling  his  place  of  landwaiter, 
his  latter  days  were  spent  in  poverty,  ag- 
gravated by  blindness.  Almost  throughout 
nis  life  he  was  in  a  state  of  hostility  with 
•ouoe  one  or  other  of  the  wits  of  the  age. 
Pope,  whom  he  attacked  with  vulgar  ma- 
lignity, chronicled  him  in  the  Dunciad.  As 
•  poet  and  dramatic  writer  he  is  below 
mediocrity ;  as  a  critic  he  is  far  from  being 
contemptible. 

DENON,    Baron     DOMINIC    VIVA  NT, 
was  born   at  Chalons  stir  fcjaone,   in  Bur- 
gundy, in  1747.     After  hn\ing  let;, 
of  the  chamber  and  centlemin  in  ord'mary- 
to  Louis  XV.  he  resided  f<»v  fcvpral  \..-A:'S 


in  Italy,  as  secretary  of  embassy,  dm  »nj 
which  period  he  applied  himself  sedulously 
to  the  study  of  the  arts.  He  was  one  ol 
those  whom  Bonaparte  selected  to  accom- 
pany him  to  Egypt.  While  there,  he  alter- 
nately \\ielded  the  pencil  ami  the  sword, 
and  both  \\ith  equal  dexterity.  His  work 
on  the  Egyptian  expedition,  the  numerous 
and  line  drawings  for  which  were  made  I'v 
himself,  would  alone  lie  sufficient  to  immor- 
tali/.e  his  name.  Napoleon  wa?  waimlv 
attached  to  him,  gave  him  the  superintend- 
ence of  the  museums  and  the  medallic  mint, 
and  consulted  him  on  all  a  flairs  that  were 
connected  with  the  arts.  The  column  in 
the  place  Vendume  was  constructed  under 
his  direction.  He  died  at  Paris,  April 
25,  1825,  universally  beloved  for  his  good 
qualities,  and  admired  for  his  talents  and 
the  purity  of  his  taste. 

D'EON.     See  EON  DE  BEAUMONT. 

DERIIAM,  WILMAM,  a  celebrated 
divine,  born  at  Stoughton,  near  Worcester, 
in  1657,  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Oxford;  obtained  the  livings  of  Wai  grave 
and  Upmin^ter;  and,  upon  the  accession 
of  George  I.  was  made  king's  chaplain, 
and  a  canon  of  Windsor.  In  1702  lie  was 
elected  F.  R.  S.,  and  in  1730  received  the 
degree  of  D.  D.  He  died  in  1735.  Ilia 
three  principal  works  art',  Physico-Theoi- 
ogy;  Astro-Theology;  and  Christo-Thexil- 
°gy>  °f  these,  the  first  demonstrates  "  the 
belig  and  attributes  of  God  from  his 
works  of  creation;"  the  second,  "  from  a 
survey  of  the  heavens."  The  Physieo- 
Theology  was  originally  delivered  as  ser- 
mons at  Boyle's  Lecture.  Derham's  ear- 
liest production  was  The  Artificial  Clock 
Maker.. 

DERMODY,  THOMAS,  a  poet,  the  son 
of  a  schoolmaster,  was  born  at  Ennis,  ir. 
the  south  of  Ireland,  in  1775,  and  made 
such  an  early  progress  in  learning  that, 
when  he  was  only  nine  years  old,  he  assist- 
ed his  father  in  teaching  Greek  and  Latin. 
But  at  the  same  time  he  acquired  habits 
of  lew  company  and  intoxication,  which 
proved  his  bane.  He  was  patronised  by 
the  countess  of  Moira,  the  marquis  of 
Hastings,  Sir  James  Bland  Burges,  and 
others,  and  at  one  period  held  a  commis- 
sion in  the  army,  but  patronage  was  ren- 
dered unavailing  by  his  besetting  faulty. 
He  died,  in  1802,  at  Sydenham,  in  Kent. 
His  poems,  most  of  which  were  written 
hastily,  and  under  the  pressure  of  neces- 
sity, contain  many  passages  of  great  fancy, 
animation  and  elegance. 

DERZH  A  VINE,  GABRIF.L  ROMANO- 

VITSCH,  a   Russian    poet  and    statesma  i, 

.11  :it   ('.'.sun,  in    1743,  and  died    in 

1816.     Afu-r  having  been  in  the  army   for 

urteen  ) <-;jr .-•,  he  entered  the  civil  service, 

and  rose  to  elexated  stations.     The 

»ur  A-lexander  nvidt  him  minister  » 


DE8  DES  210 


tlce ;  but  Derzhavine  withdrew  from  office 
ih  1803.  Among  the  bards  of  his  country 
he  holds  the  highest  place;  his  works  glow 
with  poetical  fire,  and  his  versification  is 
worthy  of  the  sentiments  which  are  con- 
veyed in  it. 
DESAGULIERS.JoHNTHEOPHiLTS, 


studies  undisturbed.  For  twenty  years  he 
assiduously  continued  his  labours  in  meta- 
physics, chemistry,  anatomy,  astronomy^ 
and  geometry,  and  during  that  period  hV 
produced  the  works  which  have "  iramor» 
talized  his  name.  At  length,  some  of  his 
metaphysical  opinions  having  excited 


a  divine  and  experimental  philosopher,  persecution  against  him,  he  accepted  an 
was  born  at  Rochelle,  in  France,  in  1683,  i  invitation  from  Christina  of  Sweden,  to 
and  brought  over  to  England  when  only! reside  at  her  court.  He,  however,  died 
two  years  old.  He  was  educated  at  Ox-jat  Stockholm,  February  11,  1650,  shortly 
ford.*  In  1712  he  settled  in  London,  and 'after  his  arrival  in  that  capital.  His 


began  to  deliver  lectures  on  the  sciences, 


works,   among  which   are  The  Principles 


a  practice  which  he  continued  till  his  death,  of  Philosophy,  Metaphysical  Meditations, 
in  1749.  Notwithstanding  that  he  was  a  Treatise  on  the  Passions,  a  Treatise  on 
an  indefatig.ible  man,  and  possessed  some  Man,  and  a  Discourse  on  the  Method  of 
church  preferment,  he  died  poor.  Desa- 1  seeking  Truth  in  the  Sciences,  occupy 
guliers  translated  Gravesande's  Mathemat-j  nine  volumes  in  quarto.  While  he  lived, 
ical  Elements  of  Natural  Philosophy ;  j  it  was  chiefly  as  a  metaphysician  that 
published  his  own  lectures,  as  A  Course  j  Descartes  was  celebrated,  but  his  meta- 
.  of  Experimental  Philosophy;  and  wrote  physics,  though  strongly  manifesting  his 
many  papers  in  the  Philosophical  Trans-  genius,  are  now  almost  forgotten;  his 
actions.  system  of  vortices,  too,  which  once  had 

DESAIX  DE  VOIGOUX,  Louis  partisans,  is  completely  discarded;  and  it 
CHARLES  ANTHONY,  a  celebrated  French  !  is  to  his  geometrical  and  algebraical  dis- 
eeneral,  of  noble  descent,  was  born  in  coveries,  which  he  himself  undervalued, 
1768,  in  Auvergne,  and  entered  the  army,  that  he  is  indebted  for  the  most  solid  part 
as  second  lieutenant,  when  he  was  only  of  his  fame. 

fifteen.  In  1796,  he  commanded  a  division  DESEZE,  Count  RAYMOHP,  or  Ro- 
of the  army  of  the  Rhine,  and  gallantly  MAIN,  a  French  advocate,  was  born  at 
defended  fort  Kehl;  in  1798,  he  accompa-  Bourdeaux,  in  1750,  and  gained  considera- 
nied  Bonaparte  to  Egypt,  where  he  gained  ble  reputation  at  the  Parisian  bar  previously 
several  victories,  and  received  from  the  to  1792;  but  it  was  in  that  year  he  estab- 
latives  the  honourable  appellation  of  the!  lished  his  character  as  a  man  of  courage, 
•ust  Sultan;  and,  on  the  14th  of  June  J  by  undertaking  the  defence  of  Louis  XVI. 
800,  he  fell  at  the  battle  of  Marengo,  at '  after  Target  had  declined  the  dangerous 
,ie  very  moment  when  he  had  contributed  j  task.  His  speech  on  that  occasion  had 
.o  turn  the  scale  of  victory  by  an  impetu-  merit,  but  did  not  display  any  of  the  highei 
_i __  *i__  A *„: K .  -*•— 1-~ .  'IM u  :« : i 


ous  charge  on  the  Austrian  line. 

DESAULT,  PETER  JOSEPH,  an  emi- 
nent surgeon,  was  born  at  Magny  Vernais, 


powers  of  eloquence.  Though  imprisoned 
during  the  reign  of  the  Jacobins,  hf 
escaped  the  scattold,  and  he  held  no  public 


in  Franche  Comte,  in  1744,  and  was  a  oflice  till  the  return  of  the  Bourbons,  when 
pupil  of  Anthony  Petit,  Louis,  and  Saba^j  honours  and  rewards  were  heaped  upon 
thier.  He  acquired  a  great  and i  well  earned  him.  He  died  in  1828. 
reputation  at  Paris,  and  was  surgeon  in  DESFORGES,  PETER  JOHN  BAPTIST 
chief  to  the  Hotel  Dieu.  He  died,  in  1795,  CHOUDARD,  an  actor  and  author,  was 
while  in  attendance  on  the  Dauphin,  and  j  born  at  Paris,  in  1746.  At  the  age  of  nine 
was  suspected  to  have  been  poisoned,  'years  he  attempted  to  write  two  tragedies. 
Desault  published  a  Treatise  on  Surgical  j  After  he  left  college,  he  studied  medicine, 
Diseases;  and  was  one  of  the  editors  of  then  drawing,  and  ended,  in  1769,  by 
The  Surgical  Journal.  He  invented  vari-!  going  on  the  stage,  and  at  the  same  time 
ous  instruments,  and  by  his  skill  contributed  '  writing  for  it.  He  quitted  it,  however,  in 


lo  decrease  the  number  of  amputations. 
DESCARTES,  RENE,  or  RENATUs.a 


1782,  to  be  solely  an  author.     He  died  in 
1806.     Desforges  is  the  author  of  twenty 


philosopher,  eminent  in  various  ways,  was  four  comedies,  and  of  several  romances. 
a  native  of  Touraine,  born  at  La  Haye, 'Of  his  comedies,  Tom  Jones  in  London, 
in  1596;  was  descended  from  an  ancient !  and  the  Jealous  Wife,  are  still  acted.  His 
family;  and  was  educated  at  the  Jesuits  j  romances,  one  of  which  contains  his  own 
college  at  La  Flechc.  His  progress  was  j  history,  are  marked  by  shameless  immo- 
rapid,  particularly  in  mathematics.  From  ralitv. 

1616  to  1621  he  served,  as  a  volunteer,!  DESHOULIERES,  ANTOINETTA  DO 
under  the  Prince  of  Orange,  the  Duke  of  JLicitR  DE  LA  GARDE,  was  born  at  Paries, 
Bavaria,  and  Count  Bocquoi,  in  Holland, ;  about  1633  or  1634,  and  in  her  youth  was 
Bavaria,  and  Hungary.  After  having  tra-;  much  admired  at  the  French  court.  She 
relied  widely,  he  sold  his  estate,  and  was  handsome,  witty,  accomplisned,  and 
fettled  in  Holland,  in  1629,  to  pursue  his  of  dignified  and  prepossessing  manner*- 


220 


DF.S 


Her  husband   was  a  Poitcrin  gentleman. 


She  was  in 


of  friendship  wit!) 


of  the  eminent  men  of  her  time;  but  it  is 
singular  that,  like  Madam  de  Scvi^r-, 
she  was  "  high  gravel  Hind"  to  tho  merit 
of  Racine.  She  died,  in  1694,  of  cancer 
in  the  breast,  after  twelve  years  of  Milier- 
ing.  Her  tragedies,  comedies,  and  operas, 
are  failures,  and  tn.iny  of  her  poems  are 
not  above  mediocrity  ;  but  her  Id\ls,  and 
some  of  her  Ecbgues,  Elegies,  ami  Moral 
Reflections,  will  preserve  her  name  from 
oblivion. 

DESHOULIERES,  ANTOIN  ETTA 
THERESA,  a  daughter  of  the  preceding, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  16S2,  and  died  un- 
married, in  1718,  after  having  for  twenty 
years  been,  like  her  mother,  the  victim  of 
cancel.  Though  not  equal  in  talent  to  her 
mother,  with  wh'»se  works  her  own  are 
generally  printed,  she  possessed  a  consider- 
able portion  of  poetical  merit. 

DESLAURIERS,  M.,  a  comedian,  of 
whom  little  more  is  known  than  that  he 
went  to  Paris,  about  1606,  was  an  actor 
in  the  company  of  the  hotel  of  Burgundy, 
and  was  living  in  1634.  He  took  the 
name  of  Bruscambille,  under  which  he 
published  some  ludicrous  and  often  ob- 
scene pieces,  which  were  collected  into 
one  volume  in  1619.  His  works  are  alluded 
to  by  Sterne,  and,  worthless  as  they  are, 
the  rarity  of  copies  renders  them  an  object 
of  bibliomaniac  research. 

DESMAHIS,  JOSEPH  FRANCIS  ED- 
WARD DE  CORSEMBLUE,  a  French  dra- 
matist, was  born  at  Sully  sur  Loire,  in 
1722,  and  died  in  1761.  Besides  many- 


DEW 

He  wan  a  member  of  the  Academy.  At  h.# 
outset  in  life  he  was  a  strolling  player,  but 
chance  introduced  him  to  M.  de  Puysieux; 
who  withdrew  him  from  the  stage,  and 
formed  him  for  a  diplomatist.  Destouchoi 
was  intrusted  with  several  important  di- 
plomatic missions;  but  he  abandoned  that 
career,  and  became  a  writer  for  the  stage. 


His  comedies  form  six  volumes  8\ 


the 


fugitive  poems,  which  were  much  admire 
two  unfinished  plays,  and  two  which  were 
never  acted,  he  wrote  The  Lost  Letter,  or 
the  Impertinent,  a  comedy.  Desmahis 
was  a  man  of  an  excellent  heart.  "  When 
my  friend  laughs,"  said  he,"  it  is  his  busi- 
ness to  tell  me  the  cause  of  his  joy;  when 
he  weeps*  it  is  my  business  to  find  out  the 
cause  of  his  sorrow." 

DESSALINES,  JOHN  JAMES,  one  of 
those  extraordinary  characters  who  were 


best  of  them  are  Le  Gloricux  and  Le  Fhi- 

IXEURHOFF,  WILLIAM,  a  native  of 
Amsterdam,  born  in  1650,  and  by  trade  a 
boxmakcr,  was  the  founder  of  a  sect, 
which  is  not  yet  quite  extinct,  under  the 
title  of  Deurhoffians.  He  represented  the 
Divine  Nature  under  the  idea  of  a  power 
or  energy  diffused  through  the  whole  uni- 
verse, and  acting  upon  every  part  of  the 
vast  machine.  His  works  are,  The  The- 
ology of  Deurhoff,  two  volumes  quarto, 
and  a  first  volume  of  The  Metaphysics  of 
Deurhoff.  The  latter*  was  published  in 
1717,  in  which  year  he  died. 

DEVEREUX.     See  ESSEX. 

DEVONSHIRE,  GEORGIAN*  CAV- 
ENDISH, Duchess  of,  a  female  who  was 
remarkable  for  talents  as  well  as  beauty, 
was  the  eldest  daughter  of  Earl  Spencer, 
and  was  born  in  1757.  In  her  seventeenth 
year  she  married  the  Duke  of  Devonshire. 
She  died  March  30,  1806.  Of  her  poeti- 
cal compositions  only  a  few  have  seen  the 
light,  among  which  are  Zephyr  and  the 
Storm,  and  Verses  on  the  Passage  of  the 
St.  Gothard.  They  are  elegant  and  ani- 
mated. 

DEWES,  Sir  SIMONDS,  an  antiquary, 
born  at  Coxden,  in  Dorsetshire,  in  1692, 
was  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  and  was  created  a  baronet  by  James 
the  First,  but  in  the  Long  Parliament  he 
espoused  the  popular  cause.  He  died  in 
1650.  His  principal  production  is,  The 
Journals  of  the  Parliaments  during  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth. 

DE  WITT,  JOHN,  an  eminent  and  en- 
lightened Dutch  statesman,  the  son  of  a 
burgomaster  of  Dort,  was  born  in  1625. 


thrust  forward  to  greatness  by  the  French '  He  was  educated  at  his  native  place,  and 


revolution,  was  a  native  of  the  Gold 
Coast,  in  Africa,  and  was  originally  a 
clave  to  a  free  black  in  St.  Domingo. 
When  the  disturbances  first  began  in  that 
colony  he  to<*k  an  active  part.  He  became 
»econd  in  command  to  Toussaint  1'Ouver- 
turc,  and,  after  the  imprisonment  of  that 
chief,  he  displayed  so  much  talent  and 


in  his  twenty-third  year,  published  ar  ex- 
cellent mathematical  work,  the  Elements 
of  Curve  Lines.  After  having  been  pen- 
sionary of  his  native  city,  he  was  (hot-en 
pensionary  of  Holland.  In  the  latter 
capajcity  he  concluded  a  peace  with  Groin- 
well,  by  one  article  of  which  the  family 
of  Orange  was  excluded  from  the  stadt 


courage  that,  on  the  6th  of  October,  1804,  jholdei ship.     This   article  was  aftei  wards 
be  was  chosen  to    be  emperor    of  Hayti,  I  converted  into  a  law  under  the  title  of  the 

Perpetual  Edict.  His  death  wasevei  tually 
the  result  of  this  measure.  For  some 
years  he  filled  his  hi^li  office  with  appro 


under  the  title    of  James 


He  did  not 


long  hold  his  new  dignity;  for  he  fell  the 

victim  of  a  conspiracy,  in  October,    1806. 

DESTOUCHES,  PHILIP NKRICAUI.T, 

ft    French    dramatic  writer,  was  born  at 


appro- 
bation, but,  in  1672,  when  Holland  w  a» 
invaded  by  the  French,  he  and  his  brother 


Cows,  in  1680,  and  died  nt  Pari?,  in  1754. '  Cornelius  w«rr  nmrdernl  \\  the 


DIB 

im  consequence  if  their  having  oppoerd 
the  placing  of  the  suprerr.j  authority  : 
the  hands  of  tlie  prince  of  Orange. 

DEXTER,  SAMUKL,  an  eminent  Amcr- 


DIC 


221 


enjcyed  from  gorvernment  a  pension  of 
two  hundred  pounds,  but  lost  it  on  a 
change  of  administration.  In  the  closing 
years  of  his  life  he  would  have  Buffered 


ican  lawyer  and  statesman,  was  born  in  all  the  ills  of  poverty,  had  not  a  pubscrip- 
Doston  in  1761.  He  received  his  educa-jtion  been  raised  to  purchase  for  him  an 
tion  at  Harvard  College,  where  he  was  'annuity.  He  died  in  1814.  Besides  his 
gradmted  with  honour  in  1781.  Engaging  j  dramatic  pieces,  he  produced  many  works, 
in  the  study  of  the  law,  he  soon  succeeded  among  which  are  three  novels;  a  Histor 


in  obtaining  an  extensive  practice.  He 
c'ljoycd  successively  a  seat  in  the  state 
legislature,  and  in  the  house  of  represen- 
tatives, and  senate  of  the  United  States; 


of  the  Stage;  his  Professional  Life;  and 
A  Musical  Tour.  His  songs,  of  which  he 
wrote  thirteen  or  fourteen  hundred,  form 
his  best  title  to  fame.  Of  such  a  number 


and  in  <virh  of  these  stations  he   secured  a  j  many  are  of  course  below   mediocrity,  but 
command! in1;  influence.      During    the  ad-  very  many  are  of  a  superior  order.     His 


ministration  of  Mr.  Adams,  he  was  appoint- 
ed secretary  of  war,  and  of  the  treasury; 
but  on  the  accession  of  Mr.  Jefferson  to 
the  presidency,  he  resigned  his  public 
employments,  and  returned  to  the  practice 
of  his  profession.  For  many  years  he  was 
extensively  employed  in  the  courts  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  in  the  supreme  court  of  the 
United  States,  where  he  was  almost  with- 
out a  rival.  He  died  suddenly  at  Athens, 
New- York,  in  1816.  Mr.  Dexter  was  tall, 
muscular  and  well  formed.  His  eloquence 
was  clear,  simple  and  cogent:  and  his 
powers  were  such  as  would  have  made  him 
eminent  in  any  age  or  nation. 

DIAZ,  BARTHOLOMEW,  a   Portuguese 


navigate 


of  (he  household  of  John  II. 


itrnsted  with   the  corn- 
vessels,  in  1486. 


of  Portugal,  was 
mand  of  two  smal 
these  he  succeeded  in  pushing  far  beyond 
his  predecessors,  and  discovering  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  which  he  named  the  Cape 
of  Tempest?.  The  king,  however,  gave  it 
the  more  auspicious  name  which  it  still 
bears.  Diaz  perished  in  a  storm,  off  the 
Cape,  in  1500. 

DIBD1N,  C  ;ARLKS,  born  about  1748, 
at  Southampton,  was  the  son  of  a  silver- 
smith, and  was  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  with  a  view  of  providing  for  him 
in  the  church.  The  love  of  music,  how- 
ever, sediu-ed  him  from  clerical  pursuits, 
and,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  after  having 
failed  in  obtaining  a  situation  as  a  village 
organist,  he  took  up  his  abode  in  London. 
For  some  years  he  was  at  once  a  com- 
poser for  the  stage  and  an  actor,  and  in 
both  capacities  was  applauded.  His  first 
effort  was  a  comic  opera,  called  the  Shep- 
herd's Artifice,  written  and  set  by  himself, 


sea  songs,  in  particular,  are  unrivalled, 
and  give  him  a  fair  claim  to  be  considered 
as  the  British  naval  lyrist. 

DICKINSON,  JOHN,  a  celebrated  po- 
litical writer,  was  born  in  Maryland  in 
1732,  and  educated  in  Delaware.  He  pur- 
sued the  study  of  law,  and  practised  with 
success  in  Philadelphia.  He  was  soon 
elected  to  the  state  legislature,  and  distin- 
guished himself  as  an  early  and  efficient 
advocate  of  colonial  rights.  In  17(»5  he 
was  appointed  by  Pennsylvania  a  delegate 
to  the  first  congress,  held  at  New  York, 
and  prepared  the  draft  of  the  bold  resolu- 
tions of  that  body.  His  celebrated  Farm- 
er's Letters  to  the  Inhabitants  of  the  Bri- 
tish Colonies  were  issued  in  Philadelphia 
in  1767;  they  were  reprinted  in  London 
with  a  preface  by  Dr.  Franklin,  and  a 
French  translation  of  them  was  published 


at  Paris.  While  in  congress,  he  wrote  a 
large  number  of  the  most  able  and  eloquent 
state  papers  of  the  time,  and  as  an  orator 
he  had  few  superiors  in  that  assembly.  He 
conscientiously  opposed  the  declaration  of 
independence,  and  his  opinions  upon  this 
subject  rendered  him  for  a  time  unpopular, 
but  they  did  not  permanently  affect  his  re- 
putation and  influence.  He  was  afterwards 
a  member  of  congress  and  president  of 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  successivel 
" 


He   d"ied    at   Wilmington    in    1808. 


y. 
r. 

Dickinson  was  a  man  of  a  strong  mind, 
great  knowledge  and  eloquence,  and  much 
elegance  of  taste  and  manners. 

DICKSON,  ADAM,  a  Scotch  divine 
and  agriculturist,  was  a  native  of  East  Lo- 
thian, and  was  for  twenty  years  minister 
of  Dunse,  in  Berwickshire,  whence  he  re- 
moved into  his  native  county.  He  died  of 


which  was  brought  out  at  Covent  Garden,  i  a  fall  from  his  horse  in  1776.     He  is  the 
in  1765.     In  the  course  of  thirty  years,  he  author  of  a  Treatise  on  the  Agriculture  of 


produced  about  fifty  pieces  of  a  similar 
Lind.  For  two  seasons  he  was  manager 
of  the  Circus.  He  then  established  an 
entertainment,  in  which  he  was  the  sole 
performer;  pinging  his  own  songs,  accom- 
panying hi'.nsdf  on  the  piano,  and  con- 


the  Ancients — one  of  the  best  works  on 
the  subject ;  and  also  of  a  Treatise  on 
Agriculture,  in  two  volumes. 

DICKSON,  JAMES,  a  botanist,  a  native 
of  Scotland,  died  in  London,  in  1822.  He 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Linnsean 


nectinjf  the  songs  by  prose.      Under  various  Society,  and  a  vice-president  of  the  Horti 


hi*  entertainment  was   popular  for 
x:i  iod.     Dibdin  a  la:    lor  a  while, 


cultural  Society.     Dickson  commenced  life 
as  a   working   gardener,   and   roue  by  Li* 


221 


DID 


own  exertions.  Besides  teverml  paperi  in 
Transaction?,  he  is  the  author  of  Fasci- 
culi Quatuor  Plantarum  Cryptogamicarum 
Britannia*. 

DIOClUEBf  ARE,  JAMKI  FRANCIS,  a 

naturalist,  was  born  at  Havre,  in  1733, 
and  died  in  1789.  He  was  a  man  of  di- 
versified talent.  Besides  having  thrown 
so  much  light  on  the  history  of  marins  in- 
vcrtehral  animal?,  as  to  gain  the  title  of 
"  the  Confidant  of  .Nature/'  he  had  con- 
bidetable  merit  as  a  painter,  furnished 
Borne  charts  to  the  Oriental  Neptune,  and 
--  ed  a  knowledge  of  astronomical  and 
nautical  science. 

DIDEROT,  DKNIS,  born  in  1713,  at 
Langres,  in  •Champagne,  was  the  son  of  a 
cutler.  He  was  educated  by  the  Jesuits, 
and  was  designed  for  the  church,  and,  sub- 
sequently, for  the  law.  Both,  however, 
were  rejected  by  him,  and  he  entered  on 
the  career  of  literature  at  Paris.  Trans- 
lating was  his  earliest  resource,  and  Slan- 
yan's  History  of  Greece  was  the  work  with 
which  he  began.  His  Essay  on  Merit  and 
Virtue  was  his  first  original  production. 
It  was  succeeded,  in  1746,  by  his  Philosoph- 
ical Thoughts,  which  the  parliament  of 
Paris  condemned  to  the  flames,  and,  by  fo 
doing,  insured  its  popularity  and  that  of 
the  author.  They  were  reprinted,  under 
the  title  of  A  New  Year's  Gift  for  Free- 
thinkers. Long  afterwards,  he  added  a 
second  part,  in  which  his  atheistical  prin- 
ciples were  less  carefully  concealed.  The 
same  principles  in  his  Letter  on  the  Blind 
caused  him  to  be  imprisoned  for  nearly 
four  months  at  Vincennes.  Diderot  nov 
formed  the  plan  of  that  extensive  under- 
taking The  Encyclopaedia.  On  this  Dic- 
tionary, the  first  two  volumes  of  which 
appeared  in  1751,  he  was  engaged  for 
many  years.  The  department  of  arts  and 
trades,  the  history  of  ancient  philosophy, 
and  numerous  other  articles,  were  contri- 
buted by  him.  While  he  edited  this  com- 
pilation, his  pen  was  also  busily  employed 
on  various  original  compositions,  some  of 
which  are  repugnant  to  decency.  Poverty 
would,  nevertheless,  have  embittered  his 
latter  days  had  not  Catherine  of  Russia 
extended  to  him  an  efficient  patronage. 


DIG 

bands  put  up  the  empire  to  a  iction,  Mid  3 
was  purchaser  by  Didius.  He,  however, 
enjoyed  his  now  dignity  but  two  month* 
and  five  days,  for  lie  \v:is  slain  by  the  sol- 
diery, in  order  to  make  their  peace  with 
Severus. 

DIDOT,  FRANCIS  AMBROSF,  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  of  modern  printers,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  17:'.0,  ami  died  there  in 
1804.  He  raised  the  typographical  art  in 
France  to  the  highest  point  of  perfection; 
established  a  foundry,  in  which  he  cast 
types  of  great  beauty ;  invented  various 


instruments    to    give    correctness    to 
letters;     improved    printing    presses 


the 

ml 


stereotype;  and  spared  no  pains  to  render 
wholly  free  from  errors  the  editions  which 
he  published. 

DIDYMUS,  a  native  of  Alexandria,  the 
son  of  a  salt  fish  seller,  was  surnamed  the 
Grammarian,  and  also,  from  his  unren.it- 
ting  studies,  Chalcentres,  or  the  Brazen 
Bowelled.  He  lived  under  the  reign  of 
Augustus,  and  was  certainly  the  most  fer- 
tile, probably  the  weakest,  of  writers,  for 
the  number  of  his  works  is  variously  esti- 
mated at  from  three  thousand  to  six  thou- 
sand. They  have  all  perished. 

D1EMEN,  ANTHONY  VAN,  a  son  of  the 
burgomaster  of  Cuylenberg,  in  Holland, 
was  born  in  1593.  Having  failed  in  trade, 
he  went  to  India  as  a  cadet.  There,  the 
beauty  of  his  handwriting  procured  him 
admission  into  a  government  office,  and, 
in  the  course  of  a  few  years,  he  rose  to  be 
governor  -general.  That  -high  office  he 
filled  with  honour  to  himself  and  advan- 
tage to  his  country.  He  died  in  1645. 
Tasman,  the  navigator,  whom  he  sent  on  a 
voyage  of  discovery,  in  1642,  gave  the 
name  of  his  employer  to  a  part  of  New 
Holland. 

DTEZ,  JOHN  MARTIN,  commonly  known 
by  the  name  of  the  Empecinado,  was  born 
in  1775,  in  the  province  of  Vallndolid,  in 
Spain, 
served 

war  against  France  from  1792  till  1735. 
In  1808,  he  was  .one  of  the  very  first,  if 
not  the  first,  who  set  on  foot  the  guerrilla 
warfare  against  the  armies  of  Napoleon. 
He  was  successful  in  numberless  engage- 


was    the    son    of  a    peasant,   and 
in   the    Spanish   army   during    the 


Diderot  visited  Saint  Petersburg!!  in  1773,  intents,  and  rose  to'the  rank  of  brigadiet 
and  remained  there  for  some  mouths.  He!  general.  This  gallant  and  patriotic  officer 
died  July  30,  1784.  His  works  form  15  1  was  desirous  to  secure  the  freedom  as  well 
Tols.  8vo.  Diderot  was  a  man  of  great  '  as  the  independence  of  his  country,  and 
talent,  and  extensive  knowledge  ;  but  his  was,  in  consequence,  put  to  an  ignominious 
§tylc,  though  sometimes  eloquent,  has  many  death  by  his  ungrateful  sovereign,  August 
defects,  and  his  sentiments  are  too  often  !  18,  1825. 

deserving  of  the  severest  reprobation.  DIGBY,  Sir  KF.KELM,  the  eldest  son 

DIDIfS  JCLIAM  S   SKVKUrS.an   of  Sir  Everard,  who  suffered  for  partici. 

nil    emperor   of  Home,   born  A.  n.    paling   in  the   gunpowder   plot,  was   born, 

1S3,  was  a   man  <;f  r;t:  V  .  and  of  some  tal-    in  1C03,  at  Gothurst,  in  Buckinghamshire, 

etit,    lining    been    consul    general    of    an,  and  was  educated  at  Gloucester  Hall,  Ox- 

army,  and  vanquisher  of  the  Catti.     After  |  ford.     On  his   return  from  his  travel*   IM 

He  "murder   of   Pert  wax,    tho    Praetorian  i  wa«  knighted  by  Jame*  I.     By  Charlw  U 


DB1 

fee  w-.is   ippointed    to    several    oftiees      In 
1628,  some  disputes  having  arisen  with  the 

Venetians,  he  sailed  with  a  small  squadron 
to  the  Levant,  defeated  their  fleet  at  Scan 
deroon,  and  rescued  many  prisoners  from 
the  Alirerni".--.  At  the  commencement  of 
the  «ivil  war  he  was  imprisoned  by  the 
parliament,  hut  was  released  in  1643.  Be- 
tween that  period  and  the  Restoration  his 
lime  was  spent  partly  in  France,  and  partly 
in  England,  and  much  of  it  was  devoted  to 
study.  When  the  Royal  Society  was  es- 
tablished, he  was  appointed  one  of  its 
council.  lie  died  in  1665.  Digby  was 
uriginalU1  a  protestant,  but  became  acatho- 
ic,  in  1636.  He  was  brave,  learned,  and 
clxpient,  but  somewhat  of  a  visionary, 
an  1  was  a  believer  in  occult  qualities.  His 
principal  woiks  are,  A  Treatise  of  the 
Nature  of  Bodies;  a  Treatise  declaring 
li»;;  Operations  and  .Nature  of  Man's  Soul ; 
UK!  Peripatetic-Institutions.  The  corpus- 
cular phil  isophy  was  that  which  he  adopted. 

DILLENIUS,  JOHN  JAMKS,  an  emi- 
lient  botanist,  born  at  Darmstadt,  in  16S7, 
was  educated  at  G lessen  as  a  physician. 
His  first  botanical  work  was  A  Catalogue 
of  the  Plants  of  G lessen,  with  plates.  Wil- 
liam Slierard  brought  him  to  England,  in 
1721,  where  Diliciiius  published  an  en- 
1  irged  edition  of  Ray's  Synopsis;  the 
Hortus  Ehhamensis  ;  and  Historia  Musco- 
nim;  all  illustrated  with  plates  admirably 
drawn  and  engraved  bv  himself.  He  died 
in  1747.  Diilenins  is"  considered  as  the 
father  of  eryptog amic  botany. 

DII  LO.\.     See  ROSCOMMON. 

DIMSDALE,  Baran  THOMAS,  the  ton 
of  an  apothecary  at  Theydon  Gernon,  :n 
Essex,  was  born  in  1712,  and  settled  at 
Hertford  as  a  medical  practitioner,  and 
took  his  deg.ee  in  1761.  Such  was  his 
superiority  as  an  inoculator,  that  the  Era- 
press  Catherine  invited  him  to  Russia, 
l>aid  him  magnificently  for  his  services, 
and  gave  him  the  title  of  baron.  On  his 
return  to  England  he  opened  a  banking 
h.)i!M-.  and  also  became  a  member  of  par- 
liament. He  died  in  1SOO.  He  published 
a  Treatise,  and  Tracts,  on  Inoculation. 

Dl.VEZ  DA  CRUZ,  ANTHONY,  the 
most  eminent  of  modern  Portuguese  lyric 
poets,  was  born  at  Castelho  de  Vide,  in 
1730,  and  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro,  about 
the  end  of  the  last  century.  Pindar  was 
tiis  model.  Besides  his  OJes,  Diaez  wrote 
a.n  heroic  poem,  and  a  great  number  of 
erotic  pieces,  e;;istie..-,  sonnets,  and  idylls. 

1U.XOC HATES,  or  DINOCUARES, 
a  Macedonian  architect,  who  proposed  to 
Alexander  t>  cut  Mount  Athi.s  into  a 
statue  of  that  monarch.  Alexander  em- 
ployed him  more  nsefidiy  in  bull  ling  -Uex- 
anJriu.  DtDocmtes  uls.>  rebuilt  the  temple 
of  Ephesus.  He  died  i.j  Egypt,  under  the 
ol*  Ptolo  ny 


.D10:  or  DIO.N  CASSIUS,  whose  reid 
name  appears  to  have  been  Caseins  Dion 
Cocceianus,  was  born  at  Nicsea,  in  Bithy- 
nia,  about  the  end  of  the  second  century. 
He  was  twice  consul,  and  governed  various 
provinces.  Retiring  to  his  native  country, 
he  died  at  the  age  of  seventy.  He  wrote, 
in  eight  books,  a  Roman  History,  of  which 
more  than  half  is  unfortunately  lost. 

DIG  CHRYSOSTOM,  a  Greek  rheto- 
rician and  philosopher,  was  born,  in  the 
first  century,  at  Prusa,  in  Bithynia,  and 
resided  at  Rome  for  many  years.  He  was, 
however,  obliged  to  fly  to  Thrace,  to 
avoid  being  put  to  death  by  Domitian; 
but,  after  the  death  of  the  tyrant,  lie  re- 
turned to  Bithynia.  He  died  at  an  advanced 
age.  His  eighty  orations,  which  are  extant, 
are  remarkable  for.  purity  and  simplicity 

DIOCLETIAN,  CAIUS  VALERIUS 
AURELIOS,  Emperor  of  Rome,  was  boru 
at  Dioclea,  or  Doclea,  in  Illyria,  of  hum- 
ble parents.  After  having  served  with 
applause  under  Aurelian,  Probus,  and  Ca- 
rus,  and  been  consul,  he  was  raised  to  the 
throne  by  the  soldiery,  A,  D.  284,  on  the 
death  of  Numerian.  He  reigned  gloriously 
for  eighteen  years,  excepting  his  persecu- 
tion of  the  Christians;  and  then,  tired  of 
pomp,  he  abdicated,  and  retired  toSalona, 
where  he  built  a  palace.  He  died,  A.  D. 
313. 

DIODORUS  SICULUS,  a  Greek  his- 
torian, who  flourished  in  the  fourth  century, 
was  born  at  Agyrium,  in  Sicily,  and  tra- 
velled into  most  of  the  provinces  of  Europe 
ami  Asia,  and  also  into  Egypt.  He  after- 
wards settled  at  Rome.  The  result  of  his 
-unites  and  researches  was,  An  Universal 
History,  in  forty  books,  of  which  only 
fifteen  are  extant.  Erroneous  in  its  chro- 
nology, and  often  fabulous  or  trivial  in  its 
details,  we  must,  nevertheless,  regret  that 
so  much  of  it  is  lost. 

DIOGENES',  surnamed  the  Cynic,  a 
Greek  philosopher,  was  born  B.  c.  413,  at 
Sinope,  in  Pontus.  He  accompanied  his 
father  to  Athens,  and  became  a  pupil  of 
Anlisthenes,  and  appears  to  have  carried 
to  its  highest  pitch  the  cynical  doctrine 
f  his  teacher.  Even  the  conveniences  of 
life  he  held  in  utter  contempt.  Souie  of 
the  stories,  however,  which  are  told  of 
lim,  such  as  his  living  in  a  tub,  and  his 
jpen  indecency,  are  of  very  doubtful  au- 
hority.  That  many  of  his  sayings  and 
•eplies  were  full  of  point  and  spirit  is 
certain.  At  an  advanced  period  of  hij 
life  he  was  taken  by  pirates,  and  sold  to 
Xeniades,  a  Corinthian,  who  intrusted  him 
with  the  education  of  his  son.  This  ta*K 
he  executed  admirably — a  circumstance 
\\hieh  a  fords  a  presumptive  proof  of  the 
fiU^'ood  of  many  things  that  arc  laid  to 
his  cliarce.  It  was  daring  his  residence 


04  WT 

at  CX.  -\*U  that  occurred  his  fenx>u»  Intet- 
t ie.v  •»  t'A  Alexander  die  Great.  He  died 
in  that  <  ity.  in  his  ninetieth  year.  None 
of  his  wrilir.js  have  been  spared  by  time. 

I>K)l ',  E.\  KS ,  LA  r.  KTir  s ,  so  called  from 
his  birthplace,  Laerta  or  Laertes,  in  Cilicia, 
M  believed  to  have  lived  under  the  reigns 
of  Septimius  Sevcrns  and  Caracalla.  No- 
thing of  1-is  history  b  known.  He  is  the 
jtu'.hnr  of  Livoj  of  the  Philosoj)hcrs,  in  ten 
1  ooks 

DIONl'SIUS  of  HALICARNASSUS,  an 
ancient  critic  and  histonan,  was  born  at 
Ilalicarnassns,  in  Caria.  Of  his  life  no- 
thing is  known,  but  that  he  wont  to  Rome, 
A.  D.  30,  and  spent  twenty -t^o  years  in 
that  city.  lie  is  the  author  of  Roman  An- 
tiquities, of  which  only  a  part  is  extant; 
and  of  a  Treatise  on  the  Arrangement  of 
Words ;  on  the  Eloquence  of  Deinosthe- 
ne.-i ;  and  on  other  subjects. 

DIONYSIUS,  an  ancient  geographer, 
was  called  Periegetes,  from  his  poem  in 
Greek  verse,  intitled  Periegeses,  or  Sur- 
vey of  the  World,  was  a  native  of  Alex- 
andria, in  Susiana,  and  is  believed  to  have 


lived    about   A.   D. 
commented     upon 


140.     His   work 
by    Eustathius 


and 


born  in  1675,  at  Salisbury,  was  original!* 
a  dissenting  minister;  but,  on  the  recoup 
mentation  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  became 
mathematical  master  at  Christ's  Hospital, 
wlw'cli  situation  he  held  till  his  decease,  in 
171.1.  In  conjunction  with  Whiston,  he 
formed  a  scheme  for  discovering  the  longi- 
tude, and  thus  brought  on  himself  a  filthy 
and  foolish  lampoon  from  Swift;  which, 
pour  as  it  was,  is  said  to  have  preyed  on 
his  mind  and  caused  his  death.  He  pub- 
lished The  Institution  of  Fluxions,  and 
other  works. 

DODD,  Dr.  WILLIAM,  a  native  of  Lin. 
colnshire,  was  born  at  Bourne,  in  1729, 
and  was  educated  at  Clare  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge. While  at  college,  he  produced 
his  version  of  Callimachus.  Having  taken 
orders,  he  settled  in  London,  became  a 
popular  preacher,  and  obtained  valuable 
church  preferment.  But  Dodd  was  vain, 
extravagant,  and  not  nice  in  his  expedi- 
ents to  accomplish  his  purposes.  He  en- 
deavoured to  procure  by  bribery  the  living 
of  St.  George's  Hanover  Square,  aud  for 
this  criminal  attempt  he  was  struck  of)'  the 
list  of  king's  chaplains.  Pressed  by  hia 
necessities,  he  next  ventiieu  on  a  more 
dangerous  step,  which  proved  fatal.  He 
forged  a  bond  on  his  former  pupil,  the 
earl  of  Chesterfield,  and  for  this  crime  he 
suffered  in  1777,  notwithstanding  the  stren- 
uous effort*  which  were  made  to  save  him. 
Among  his  numerous  works  may  be  men- 
tioned, Sermons,  4  vols. ;  Thoughts  in 
Prison;  Sermons  to  Young  Men,  3  vols.; 
A  Commentary  on  the  Bible,  3  vols.  folio; 
Reflections  on  Death;  and  The  Sisters,  a 
novel. 

DODD 


talents,  a 


translated    into    Latin  by  Priscianus  and 
others. 

DIOPHANTUS,  a  native  of  Alexan- 
dria, the  period  of  whose  existence  is 
doubtful,  some  placing  it  before  and  others 
after  the  Christian  era,  was  a  famous  ma- 
thematician, whom  the  ancients  classed 
with  Pythagoras  and  Euclii  If  not  the 
inventer  of  algebra,  he  is  at  least  the  au- 
thor of  the  oldest  extant  treatise  on  it.  He 
is  said  to  have  lived  to  the  age  of  eighty- 
four. 

DIOSCORIDES,  PEDANIUS,  an  an- 
eient  physician  and  botanist,  was  born  at 
Anazarba,  in  Cilicia.  Some  suppose  him 
to  have  lived  in  the  time  of  Nero;  others, 
in  that  of  Adrian.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
work,  in  Greek,  on  the  Materia  Medica, 
in  twenty-four  books,  of  which  only  five 
hnve  been  preserved. 

DIPPEL,  JOHN  CONRAD,  a  German 
chemist  and  physician,  who  in  some  of  his 
writings  took  the  name  of  Christ ianus 
Democritus,  was  born,  in  1672,  at  Frank- 
enstein, in  Hesse,  and  was  the  son  of  a 
Lutheran  minister.  Renouncing  the  pro- 

lestant  religion,  he  published  against  itjnate.  He  died  in  1827,  at  the  age  of 
two  abusive  works.  For  many  years  he  I  forty-four.  He  was  the  planner,  and  for 
led  a  wandering  life,  was  more  than  once  a  while  the  resident  engineer,  of  the  Strand 
imprisoned,  and  was  expelled  from  various  Bridge;  and  was  likewise  the  projector 
countries.  In  pursuing  his  al  -lienucal  re- !  of  the  steam  passage  boats  from  the  metro- 
tearches,  he  discovered  Prussian  blue,  and  poli.s  to  Margate  and  Richmond, 
the  animal  oil  which  bears  his  name. j  DODDR1DGE,  Sir  JOHN,  an  English 
Though  he  had  prophesied  that  he  would 'jud^e  and  writer,  was  born,  in  1555,  at 
not  die  till  1808,  he  took  leave  of  the  Barnstaple,  in  Devonshire;  w;'.s  educated 
A'orld  in  1734.  His  woiks  form  ihm;  at  Kxeter  College,  Oxford  ;  Ik-came  oita 
tol'.iuies  quarto.  i  of  tlm  judged  of  the  King's  Bench  in  1613; 

DJTTON,  HUM?HHY,  a  ge<m}<Miic.i»i:i,  atid  died  in   162^.     AUW.U;;  titUnr   wcttkk. 


, RALPH,  a  civil  engineer  of  great 
native  of  Northumberland,  wa» 
the  projector  of  the  Vauxhall  Bridge,  th» 
South  Lambeth  Waterworks,  the  Graves- 
end  Tunnel,  the  Surrey  Canal,  and  many 
other  public  works.  He  also  wrote  an 
Account  of  the  Principal  Canals;  Reports 
on  the  Gravesend  Tunnel;  Letters  on  the 
Improvement  of  the  Port  of  London ;  and 
Observations  on  Water.  He  died,  in  a 
state  of  penury,  at  Cheltenham,  in  1822, 
in  his  sixty-second  year. 

DODD,  GEORGK,  a  civil  engineer,  the 
son  of  the  foregoing,  inherited  his  father's 
talents,  and,  like  his  father,  was  unfortu- 


ke  *rot«  A  History  of  the  Principality  of 
Wales,  Duchy  of  Cornwall,  and  Earldom 
of  Chester  ;  the  Lawyer's  Light  ;  The 
English  Lawyer;  ana  The  Law  of  Nobil- 
iry  and  Peerage. 


DODDRIDGE,  PHILIP,  born  in  the 
metropolis,  in  1702,  was  the  son  of  a  trades- 
man, who  was  of  the  same  family  as  the 
judge.  He  was  educated  for  the  dissenting 
ministry,  by  Mr.  John  Jennings  of  Kib- 
worth.  In  1722,  he  became  minister  at 
Kibworth,  whence,  in  1725,  he  removed 
to  Market  Harborough.  At  the  latter 
place,  in  1729,  he  opened  an  academy, 
but  transferred  it,  in  the  same  year,  to 
Northampton,  on  being  appointed  pastor 
of  a  congregation  at  that  town.  He  died 
at  Lisbon,  of  a  pulmonary  complaint,  in 
1756.  Doddridge  was  a  pious  and  bene- 
volent man,  of  an  elegant  and  highly  gifted 
mind.  His  works  are  numerous;  the 
principal  of  them  are,  Sermons ;  A  Life  of 
Colonel  Gardiner;  The  Family  Exposi- 
tor, b*  vols.  4to.;  and  his  Correspondence; 
the.  last  of  which  has  been  recently  pub- 
lished. 

DODINGTOX,  GEORGE  BUBB,  a 
statesman,  is  said  by  some  to  have  been  the 
son  of  an  apothecary,  and  by  others,  of  a 
gentleman  of  fortune.  He  was  born,  in 
1691,  in  Dorsetshire;  was  educated  at  IS'ew 
College,  Oxford ;  and  succeeded  to  a  large 
estate  on  the  death  of  a  maternal  uncle, 
whose  name  he  assumed.  Being  at  his 
outset  a  supporter  of  Sir  Robert  Walpole 
in  parliament,  he  was  appointed  a  lord  of 
tlie  treasury,  and  clerk  of  the  pells  in  Ire- 
land. He,"  however,  deserted  the  minis- 
ter, and  then  deserted  his  r.e\v  friends,  to 
become  a  partisan  of  the  prince  of  Wales. 
In  1761,  he  was  created  Lord  Melcombe, 
and  he  died  in  the  following  year.  Dod- 
ington  was  generous,  witty,  prepossessing 
n  private  life,  and  gifted  with  no  moan 
talents;  but,  as  a  politician,  he  is  "  damn- 
ed to  everlasting  fame,"  by  his  profligate 
dereliction  of  all  Honourable  principles. 
Irrefragable  proof  for  his  conviction  is 
furnished  by  his  Diary. 

DODOENS.or  DODON.f.US,  RFM- 
VXRT,  a  botanist  and  physician,  wae  b  »rn 
10! 


DOL  2M 

at  Mechlin,  in  the  Netherlands,  in  1517; 
studied  at  Louvain;  became  physician  to 
Maximilian  II.  and  Rodolph  II>;  and  died 

frofessor  of  physic  at  Leyden,  in  1585; 
lis  principal  work  is  a  General  History 
of  Plants,  in  thirty  books,  with  the  title 
of  Pemptades. 

DOpSLEY,  ROBERT,  was  born,  of 
humble  parents,  at  Mansfield,  in  Notting- 
hamshire, in  1703,  and,  after  having  been 
a  stocking  weaver,  became  footman  to  the 
Hon.  Mrs.  Lowther.  The  profits  arising 
from  a  volume  of  his  poems,  published  by 
subscription,  under  the  title  of  The  Muse 
in  Livery,  and  from  the  success  of  a  dra- 
matic piece,  called  The  Toy  Shop,  which 
Pope  patronised,  enabled  Dodsley  to  com- 
mence business  as  a  bookseller  in  Pall 
Mall.  By  trade  he  rose  to  eminence  and 
fortune;  still,  however,  continuing  his  lit- 
erary pursuits.  He  died  in  1764.  Dods- 
ley  is  the  author  of  Cleone,  a  tragedy; 
four  dramatic  entertainments;  many  po- 
ems ;  and  the  Economy  of  Human  Life. 

DODVVELL,  HENRY,  a  critic  and  the- 
ologian, born  at  Dublin  in  1641,  and  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  was  chosen  Cam- 
den  professor  of  history  at  Oxford,  in 
1688;  but,  being  a  nonjuror,  he  lost  his 
office  at  the  Revolution.  He  died  in  1711. 
Dodwell  was  a  learned  and  a  virtuous 
man,  but  addicted  to  paradoxes,  and  such 
a  perfect  ascetic  that,  during  three  days  in 
the  week,  he  refrained  almost  wholly  from 
food.  Of  his  many  works  the  most  curi- 
ous is,  An  Epistolary  Discourse,  in  which 
he  labours  to  prove,  from  the  Scriptures, 
"  that  the  soul  is  a  principle  naturally 
mortal,  but  immortalized  actually  by  the 
pleasure  of  God." 

DOLCI,  CARLO,  a  painter,  born  at 
Florence,  in  1616,  was  a  pupil  of  Vignale, 
and  when  only  eleven  years  old  he  pro- 
duced an  excellent  whole  length  of  St. 
John.  He  died  in  1686.  Dolci  delighted 
in  sacred  subjects,  and  his  pictures  are  re- 
markable for  grace,  delicacy,  and  high 
finishing.  His  daughter,  AGNESK,  was 
an  artist  of  merit,  but  succeeded  best  in 
cop\ing  her  father's  productions. 

DOLGORUCKI,  Prince  JOHN  Mi- 
CHAELOVITSCH,  a  Russian  noble,  was 
born  at  Moscow,  in  1764,  and  died  in 
1824.  In  early  life  he  served,  with  hon- 
our, several  campaigns  against  the  Turks 
and  Swedes ;  and  at  a  later  period  he  filled 
[several  important  office*.  lie  was  learned 
land  arcoutj.lished.  As  a  poet,  he  excelled 
I  in  satires  and  epistles.  The  best  edition 
!  of  his  works  appeared  at  Mbsrow  in  1819, 
with  the  title  of  The  State  of  my  Blind. 

DOLLO.N'D,  JOHN,  born  at  Spita  fields, 
in  170t>,  was  fur  some  years  a  silkweaver; 
but,  afti'f  having  studied  mathematics  and 
astronomy,  he  began  business  as  an  opti- 
cian.  r.W.^'  v.-ith  kineMrH  >r,n  P«>ter.  H« 


«6  DOM  UOR 

died  in  1761     Dollond  invented  the  arhro-    was  born  at  Rome,  A.  D.  51,  and  ettcceed 
•untie  object  z  ass   fur    telescope*,  and  the 


npplication  o'lhe  micrometer  t<>  reflecting 

i.  id  fmniyhed  \arious  paper*  to 
the  Philosophical  Transactions.  —  I'KTI.R, 
born  1730,  died  1S20,  "as  an  improver  of 
the  telescope  and  of  Had  ley's  quadrant, 
and  inventor  of  an  equatorial  instj-ument 
for  correct  inj;  errors  from  refraction. 

DOLO.MIFJ,     1»KIM)AT1  -S     Gl'Y     SVL- 

-  T  A  N  c  R  K.  D  (J  R  A  T  K  T  l>  v  ,  a  French 
geologist  and  mineralogist,  the  son  of  a 
noble,  was  born  in  Dauphine  in  1750,  and 
entered  into  the  order  of  Malta.  After 
having  travelled,  for  scientific  purposes,  in 
various  parts  of  Knropc,  he  accompanied 
Bonaparte  to  Egypt.  On  his  return  he 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Neapolitan  sove- 
reign, bv  whom  he  was  imprisoned  for 
twenty-one  months,  and  treated  in  the 
most  brutal  manner.  Sir  Joseph  Hanks 
obtained  the  release  of  Dolomieu  in  1801, 
t>ut  the  captive's  health  was  ruined,  and 
he  died  in  the  same  year.  Among  his 
works  are,  Mineralogical  Philosophy;  a 
Voyage  to  the  Lipari  Islands;  a  Meinoir 
on  the  Earthquake  in  Calabria  ;  and  a 
Voyage  to  the  Ponza  Inlands. 

fXXMAT,  or  DAL  MET,  JOHN,  an 
eminent  French  lawyer,  was  born,  in  1625, 
at  Clermont,  in  Auvergne;  in  the  court  of 
which  city  he  became  king's  advocate.  He 
died  at  Paris,  in  1695,  in  humble  circum- 
stances; his  modesty,  simplicity,  and  dis- 
interestedness, having  prevented  him  from 
pushing  himself  forward  in  the  world.  His 
great  work,  The  Civil  Laws  in  their  Nat- 
ural Order,  consist  of  five  quarto  volumes. 

DOMENICHINO,  a  painter,  whose 
real  name  was  Dominic  Zarnpieri,  was 
born,  in  1581,  at  Bologna,  and  was  a  pu- 
pil of  Denis  Calvart  and  of  the  Caracci. 
Though  his  progress  at  first  was  so  slow 


ugh 
his 


that  his  fellow  pupils  ridiculed  his  dul- 
ness,  vet  he  rose  to  a  high  rank  among  the 
first  class  of  artists.  For  expression,  Pous- 
•in  declared  him  to  have  no  superior.  By 
Gregory  XV.  he  was  made  chief  architect 
of  the  apostolical  palace.  He  died  in 
1641.  Among  his  finest  works  are,  The 
Communion  of  St.  Jerome,  The  Death  of 
St.  Agnes,  and  The  Cure  of  the  Demoniac 
Boy. 

DOMINIC  DE  GUSMAN,  a  Roman 
Catholic  saint,  was  born,  in  1170,  at  Cal- 
aliorra,  in  Old  Castile,  and  studied  at  the 
university  of  Palencia.  After  naving  vain- 


Iv  endeavoured  to   convert  the 


d    ins   brother   Titus,    A.    P.  81.      In  tl 


early  part  of  his  rei^n  he  governed  well, 
and  his  arms  obtained  some  success.  He 
soon,  however,  throw  off  the  mask  of  vir- 
tue, and  Ijecamc  one  of  the  most  cruel  and 
abandoned  of  the  imperial  tyrants.  Ho 
was  at  length  assassinated,  in  the  forty- 
fifth  year  of  In 

DONATELLO,  whose  real  name  wa* 
D(  iNATO,  was  born  at  Florence  in  1383, 
and  died  in  1466.  He  w»s  ,ne  best  sculp, 
tor  of  his  age.  His  principal  statues  and 
basso  relievos  are  at  Florence,  Genoa,  and 
Padua.  Among  them  are  statues  of  St. 
George,  of  Judith,  and  of  St.  Mark. 
While  looking  at  the  las«.  of  these  works, 
Michael  Angelo  exclaimed,  "  Mark,  why 
dost  thou  not  speak  to  me V*  Donutello  wag 
one  of  the  most  lil>eral  of  men.  His  money 
he  put  into  a  basket,  which  hung  in  his 
room,  and  from  this  all  his  workmen  and 


friends  were  allowed  to 
DONNE,  Dr.  JOHN,  a 


heir  wants. 
ivine  and  poet, 


the  son  of  a  Roman  Catholic  merchant  of 
London,  was  born  in  1573;  studied  a» 
Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  Lincoln's  Inn; 
became  a  protestant,  and  was  made  secre- 
tary to  lord  chancellor  Ellesmere;  but  lost 
his  situation,  and  was  imprisoned,  for 
marrying  the  chancellor's  niece.  After 
having  long  been  in  confined  circumstances, 
and  unable  to  obtain  promotion,  he  took 
orders  by  the  advice  of  James  I.,  who  im- 
mediately appointed  him  one  of  his  chap- 
lains. Donne  now  prospered;  for  he  was 
chosen  preacher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  had 
two  benefices  given  to  him,  and  the  deane- 
ry of  St.  Paul's.  He  died  in  1623.  By 
Donne  was  commenced  that  school  of  poe- 
try which  Johnson  denominates  the  meta- 
physical. His  poems,  though  they  abound 
with  ideas,  which  are  often  beautiful,  and 
often  forcible,  are  so  ruggedly  versified  as 
at  times  to  preserve  scarcely  the  semblanco 
of  metre.  In  prose,  Dofine  is  the  author 
of  Sermons;  The  Pseudo-Martyr;  Biatha- 
natos;  and  other  works. 

DORAT,  or  DAURAT,  JOHN,  a 
French  poet,  was  born,  in  1507,  in  the 
Limousin,  and  died  in  15.*8.  He  was  pro- 
fessor of  Greek  at  the  Royal  College,  anj 
has  the  merit  of  having  done  much  to  re- 
vive Greek  literature  in  France.  Of  Greek 
and  Latin  verses  lie  is  said  to  hate  written 
above  fifty  thousand  ;  and  his  Fitnch  po- 
ems procured  him  a  place  in  what  wa« 


he  prompted  and  took  an  active   part   in  a  j  most  celebrated  living  poets.     His  v 
•angnmary  crusade  against  them.  He  died    however,  are  but  indifferent.     Charlt 


in  1221,  and  was  canonized  in  1234. 
Dominic  established  the  order  of  Domini- 
can monks,  and  invented  the  devotion  of 
Ihe  ro- 

DOMITUN  TITUS  FLAVIUS,  a  Ro- 
«»n  emperor,    *  *e:ond  ton  of  Venpaiian, 


,    called   the   Pleiad,  consisting  of  the  seven 

erses, 
Charles  IX 


made  him  poet  laureat. 

DORAT,  CLAUDK  JOSEPH,  a  poet, 
was  born  at  Paris  in  1734,  and  died  in 
1780.  His  works,  consisting  of  tragedies, 
comedies,  and  every  species  of  poetry,  to 
gether  with  romances,  occupy  twenty  vo 


DOR 

toes  Thej  were  at  one  time  exceeding- 
ly popular;  they  are  now  almost  as  much 
neglected.  Some  of  them,  however,  are 
much  ab:>ve  mediocrity, .particularly  a  part 
of  his  fables,  epistles,  and  fugitive  pieces; 
his  tale  of  AJphonso;  and  his.  poem  on 
Dec!  un-ition. 

DOIIIA,  A.vi'REW,  a  Genoese  noble 
and  warrior,  wis  born  at  Oneglia,  in  1468. 
After  having  distinguished  himself  in  the 
service  of  various  Italian  princes,  and  of 
his  own  country,  he  entered  into  that  of 
Francis  I.  of  France.  In  the  hope  of 
ameliorating  the  situation  of  his  native 
land,  Doria  aided  the  French  to  become 
masters  of  Genoa;  but,  finding  that  he 
had  failed  in  his  object,  he  joined  with 
tha  Imperialists  to  expel  them.  When  his 
purpose  was  effected,  he  refused  to  accept 
the  sovereignty,  and  his  grateful  fellow  cit- 
izens honoured  him  with  the  title  of  "the 
Father  and  Defender  of  his  Country."  Af- 
ter having  performed  many  other  exploits, 
he  died  in  1560. 

D'ORLEANS, PETER  JosEPH,a  French 
listorian,  a  member  of  the  society  of  Je- 
fiiits,  was  Ivirn  at  Bourges  in  1644,  and 
died  in  1698.  He  was  for  some  years  a 
professor  of  literature  in  various  colleges, 
ind  subsequently  a  preacher.  His  princi- 
•al  works  are,  A  History  of  the  Revolutions 
if  England,  three  vols.  4to. ;  and  a  His- 
ory  of  the  Revolutions  of  Spain,  three 
jols.  4to. 

DORSET, THOMAS  SACKVILLE,earl 
••f,  a  son  of  Sir  Richard  Sackville,  was 
jorn  at  Withyarn,  in  Sussex,  in  1527;  was 
educated  at  Oxford,  Cambridge,  and  the 
femple;  and  was  created  Lord  Buckhurst 
"ifter  his  return  from  his  travels.  He  was, 
successively,  ambassador  to  Holland,  chan- 
cellor of  Oxford,  and  lord  treasurer;  and 
•eceived  the  title  of  Dorset  and  tha  order 
>f  the  garter.  He  died  in  1608.  He  wrote 
he  highly  poetical  Induction  tc  the  Mirrour 
&r  Magistrates,  and  the  Complaint  of  Hen- 
y  Duke  of  Buckingham;  and,  in  conjune- 
.ion  with  Norton,  the  tragedy  of  Ferrex. 
aid  Porrex,  or  Gorboduc. 

DORSET,  CHARLES  SACKVILLE, 
.arl  of,  a  descendant  of  the  foregoing,  was 
corn  in  1637.  He  was  a  favourite  of  Charles 
ll.  and  was  dissipated  in  his  youth.  His 
sourage  having  led  him  to  act  as  a  volun- 
teer, under  the  duke  of  York,  in  the  Dutch 
vrar,  he  is  said  to  have  composed  liis  song, 
"To  all  you  ladies  now  on  land,"  upon  the 
eve  of  a  battle.  He  concurred  in  die  Rev- 
olution, and  was  made  lord  chamberlain  of 
the  household,  and  received  the  garter,  lie 
died  iti  1705-6.  Dorset  was  celebrate,!  for 
liis  wit,  elegance,  and  good  nature.  Som- 
of  his  verses  are  lively  and  pointed. 

DORSEY,  JOHN  SY.NG,  professor  of 
anatomy  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  born  in  Philadolphj-i  in  1783,  svvl  ro- 


DOU  zSft 

ceived  an  excellent  elementary  education  at 
a  school  of  the  society  of  Friends.  At  the 
age  of  fifteen  he  commenced  tsae  study  of 
medicine,  and  pursued  it  with  unusual  ar- 
d.dir  and  success.  In  the  spring  of  1802, 
1  he  was  graduated  doctor  in  physic,  having 
previously  defended  with  ability  an  inaugu- 
ral dissertation  O;i  the  Powers  of  the  Gas- 
tric Liquor  as  a  Solvent  of  the  Urinary  cal- 
culi. Soon  after  he  received  his  degree,  tht 
yellow  fever  reappeared  in  the  city,  and  a 
hospital  was  open  (or  the  exclusive  accom- 
modation of  those  sick  with  this  disease,  to 
which  he  was  appointed  resident  physician. 
At  the  close  of  the  same  season  he  visited 
Europe.  On  his  return  in  1804,  he  imme- 
diately entered  on  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession, and  soon  acquired  by  his  popular 
manners,  attention  and  talent,  a  large  share 
of  business.  In  1S07  he  was  elected  ad- 
junct professor  of  surgery,  and  remained 
in  this  office  till  he  was  raised  to  the  chair 
of  aijatomy  by  the  death  of  the  lamented 
\Vistar.  He  opened  the  session  by  one  of 
the  finest  exhibitions  of  eloquence  ever  heard 
within  the  walls  of  the  university;  but  ou. 
the  evening  of  the  same  day,  he  was  attack- 
ed by  a  fever,  which  in  one  week  closed  his 
existence.  He  died  in  1818.  His  Ele- 
ments of  Surgery,  in  two  volumes  8vo.,  is 
considered  the  best  work  on  the  subject. 
It  is  used  as  a  text  book  in  the  university 
of  Edinburgh,  and  was  the  first  American 
work  on  medicine  reprinted  in  Europe. 

DOUGLAS,  GA WIN,  a  Scotch  poet,  son 
of  the  earl  of  Douglas,  was  born  at  Brechin, 
in  1474;  studied  at  Paris;  and  was,  suc- 
cessively, provost  of  St.  Giles,  abbot  of 
Aberbroihock,  and  bishop  of  Dunkeld.  He 
was  made  archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's,  but 
the  pope  refused  to  confirm  the  appointment. 
The  disturbed  state  of  his  country  induced 
him  to  retire  to  England,  where  he  was  pen- 
sioned by  Henry  VI [I.  He  died  at  Lon- 
don, in  1521.  His  translation  of  the  /Eneid 
is  executed  with  great  animation  and  ele- 
gance. He  also  translated  Ovid's  Remedy 
of  Love,  and  wrote  some  original  poems. 

DOUGLAS,  JAMES,  an  anatomist,  was 
born  in  Scotland,  in  1675;  settled  in  Lon- 
don, as  an  anatomical  teacher,  and  practi- 
tioner of  midwifery ;  and  died  there  in  1745. 
He  is  the  author  of  A  Description  of  the 
Muscles;  and  of  other  works;  and  trans- 
lator ot'Winslow's  Anatomy. — His  brother, 
JOHN,  was  surgeon  to  the  \Vestminster  In- 
firmary, a-id  wrote;  An  Account  of  Mortifi- 
cation; and  various  medical  essays. 

DOUGLAS,  JOHN,  an  eminent  diving 
and  critic,  was  born  in  1721,  at  Pitten- 
weem,  hi  Fife;  \\-ns  educated  at  Baliol  C<«- 
lege,  Oxford ;  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Fontenov,  as  chaplain  of  the  third  regimen; 
of  foot  guards;  and,  after  having  been 
travelling  tutor  t<>  L'.rd  Pulteney,  wan  re- 
wnrd^i  by  th«>  r>nrl  r.f  Ha  til  ".  i;. 


DOW 


1>RA 


able  church  preferment.  Having  for  flora* i  tha,  a  tragedy ;  and  various  ankles  ia  E»» 
years  hold  the  minor  dignities  of  caiun  *mt!  says  by  a  Society  of  Gentlemen  at  Exeter 
Sean  of  Windsor,  he  was  made  bishop  of  DRACO,  an  Athenian  legislator.  l)ur» 
Carlisle  in  1787,  and,  in  1792,  was  transfer- 1  ing  the  period  of  his  arclK-uship,  B.C.  623, 
red  to  Salisbury.  He  died  May  18,  1807. 'lie  enacted  a  code  of  laws  of  such  uangui- 


Dr.  Douglas  was  intimate  with  Dr.  John 
•on,  and  all  the  most  celebrated  of  his  con- 
temporaries. As  a  literary  character,  he 


nary  severity  that  it  was  said  to  be  written 
in  blood,  ft  was  abolished  by  Solon.  He 
died  in  the  island  of  Egina,and  is  believed 


dbtinguiahed  himrelf  by  castigating  Lander  j  to  have  been  smothered 
for  his  attack  on  Milton;  exposing  Alexan- 
der Bower;  and  entering  the  lists  against 
Hume,  by  publishing  The  Criterion,  or  a 
Discourse  on  Miracles.  He  also  edited 
Cook's  Second  Voyage. 

DOUGLAS.     S'ee  GLENBERVIE. 

DOUSA,  or  VANDER  DOES,  JOHS, 
a  Dutchman,  who  wielded  with  equal  spir- 
it the  sword  and  the  pen,  was  Lord  of 
IVoordwirk,  at  which  place  he  was  born,  hi 
1545.  After  haying  been  sent  as  ambassa- 
dor to  Queen  Elizabeth,  he  was  appointed, 
in  1575,  governor  of  Leyden,  and  he  de- 
fended his'charge  with  heroic  courage^hen 
besieged  by  the  Spaniards.  Dousa  was 
made  the  first  curator  of  the  university  es- 


tablished at  that  city,  and  also  keeper  of  the 
archives  of  Holland*.  He  died  in  1604.  Of 
his  works,  the  greatest  is  the  Annals  of  his 
-ountry,  in  Latin  verse.  His  other  produc- 
tions, in  criticism  and  Latin  poetry,  are 
numerous. — His  sons,  JOHN,  GEORGE, 
FRANCIS,  and  THEODORE,  were  eminent 
classical  scholars.  John  assisted  his  father 
in  the  Annals. 

DOUW,  GERARD,  a  Dutch  painter,  a 
pupil  of  Rembrandt,  was  born  at  Leyden  in 
1613,  and  was  the  son  of  a  master  glazier. 
He  died  in  his  native  city  in  1674.  The 
pictures  of  Douw  are  distinguished  by  ex- 


DRAKE,  Sir  FRANCIS,  ancminent  na* 

igator,  was  born,  of  obscure  parentage,  ia 
1545,  at  Tnvistock,  in  Devonshire,  and  first 
served  at  sea  under  Sir  John  Hawkins,  hia 
relative.  From  1570  to  1572,  he  made 
three  expeditions,  as  commander,  to  the- 
West  Indies  and  the  Spanish  main,  in  the 
last  of  which  he  gained  a  large  booty.  He 
next  fought  with  such  bravery  in  Ireland, 
under  Essex,  that  Sir  Christopher  Hatton 
introduced  him  to  Queen  Elizabeth.  With 
five  small  vessels  he  sailed,  in  1577,  to  at- 
tack the  Spaniards  in  the  South  Seas.  In 
this  expedition  he  ravaged  the  Spanish  set- 
tlements, coasted  the  North  American  shore 


quisitely  high  finishing  and  splendid  colour-  as  far  as  the  latitude  of  forty-eight  degrees 
ing,  combined  with  some  of  the  pictorial  j  north,  and  took  possession  of  the  country 
merits  of  his  master's  compositions.  They 


are  justly  admired,  and  fetch  high  prices. 
Among  them  is  a  Dropsical  Woman,  which 


under  the  name  of  New  Albion,  and  then 
returned  home,  by  the  Moluccas  and  the 
Cape,  after  a  circumnavigation  of  nearly 


is  considered  as  a  masterpiece,  the  Young  j  three  years.     Elizabeth  dined  on  board  of 
Housewife,   the   Village    Grocer,  and    the  i  his  ship  at  Deptford,  and  knighted  him.    In 

1585,  he  successfully  at 


Goldweigher. 

DOW,  ALEXANDER,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, was  born  at  L/veef,  and  bred  a  mer- 


attacked  the  Span. 

iards  in  the  West  Indies;    iu  1587  he   de- 
stroyed many  ships  at  Cadiz ;   and  in  1588, 

-•  •     -    '  ' 


ehant,  but  entered  the  East  India  Compa-  as  vice-admiral,  he  participated  in  the  de- 
oy's  eeryice,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieu- jBtruction  of  the  Armada.  He  died  at  IVom- 
.enant  colonel.  To  the  measures  of  Lord  i  brc  de  Dios,  January  23, 1596.  Plymouth, 


Clive  he  was  a  determined  opponent.     He 


died 


1779.      Dow    translated    various 


works  from  the  Persian,  among  which  are 
a  part  of  Ferishta's  History  of  the  Deccan, 
and  of  the  Buhar  Danush,  and  wrote  the  un- 
successful tragedies  of  Sethona  and  Zingi^. 
DOW. \MA.N,  HCGH,  a  physician  and 
poet,  was  born  in  1740;  studied  at  P>;ilu,l 
College,  Oxford;  and,  after  having  been 


which  he  represented  in  parliament,  is  in 
debted  to  him  for  having  caused  to  S« 
brought  to  the  town  a  supply  of  water,  fKm 
a  distance  of  several  miles. 

DRAPER,  Sir  WILLIAM,  a  native  of 


Bristol,    born    in 
Eton,    and    Kim 


1721,    was  educated   at 
College,     Cambridge. 


Entering  the  army,  he  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  East    fndies,  became  a  colonel 


ordained  for  the  church,  adopted  the  medi-  in  1760,  and  acted  as  brigadier  at  the 
cul  profession.  He  settled,  and  became  capture  of  Bellisle,  in  1761.  In  1763,  he 
popuhr,  in  his  native  city,  where  he  died  commanded  the  land  forces  at  the  capture 
in  1809.  He  is  the  author  of  Infancy,  apo- !  of  Manilla.  But  the  circumstance  which 
•IB;  the  Land  of  the  Mu?i'e;  Pocmn;  Edi- '  hav  given  him  most  celebrity  ii  Ki«  having 


ORE 


DRY 


I*,  .tired,  as  the  champion  j;  Lord  Granby,' submarine  navigation,  in  which  the  purity 
to  contend  against  Junius.  In  1779,  he  of  the  air  was  restored  by  a  liquii. 
was  appointed  lieutenant  governor  of  Mi-  DROZ,  PETER  JAQUKT,  a  inecham- 
norca,  and,  after  the  surrender,  he  preferred  j  cian,  was  born,  in  1721,  at  La  Cliaux  de 
charges  against  goveinor  Murray,  which'  Fond,  in  Switzerland,  and  died  at  Bieune, 
ne  failed  to  substantiate.  He  died  in  Jan-  in  1790.  Amonqr  his  inventions  was  a 


ii.iry,  1807. 

DRAYTOX,  MICHAEL,  a  poet,  born 


writing  automaton,  so  admirably  contrived 


that 


at  Atherstone,  in  Warwickshire,  in  1563, 'hand  and  fingers  was  obvious  to  the  eye. 


,ery 
and 


motion  of  the  articulations  of  the 


was  educated  at  Oxford;  and  was  patron- 
ised by  Sir  Henry  Goodere,  Sir  Walter 
Aston,  the  cormtess  of  Bedford,  and  the  earl 
of  Dorset.  To  the  first  of  these  person- 
ages he  owns  himself  indebted  for  a  great 
nirfof  his  education;  in  the  family  of  the 
lust  he  lived  for  a  considerable  period.  He 
died  in  1631.  Dray  ton  is  the  author  of  the 
Shepherd's  Garland,  Baron's  Wars,  Eng- 
land's Heroical  Epistles,  Polyolbion,  IS' ym- 


and  perfectly  similar  to  those  of  nature 

DKOZ,  HENRY  Louis  JAQUET,  a  son 
and  pupil  of  the  foregoing,  was  born  at  La 
Chaux  de  Fond,  in  1752,  and  surpassed 
even  his  father.  His  close  attention  to  his 
favourite  art  brought  him  to  the  grave,  in 
1791.  Among  his  inventions  were,  a 
drawing  figure,  and  the  figure  of  a  female 
playing  on  the  piano.  The  player  followed 
the  notes  with  the  head  and  eyes,  got  up 
,vhen  it  had  finished  playing,  and  made  an 


phidia,  and   many    other    poems.     Of  his 

works  the  most  fanciful  and  elegant  is  the!  obeisance  to  the  company. 
Nymphidia.  Headley  justly  observes  of  DRUMMOND,  WILLIAM,  a  Scotch 
him,  that  fi  he  wanted  neither  fire  nor  iin-|f>oetj  son  of  Sir  John  Drummond,  was 
agination,  and  possessed  great  command  of  born  at  Hawthornden,  in  1585;  was  edu- 
his  abilities."  cated  at  Edinburgh;  and  studied  civil  law 

DRAYTON,     WILLIAM    HENRY,    a  at  Bourges.     On  coming  into  possession  of 


statesman  of  the  American  revolution,  was 


born  h  South  Carolina  in  1742.     He  re 
ceived  his  education  in  England,  and  on  its 


the   family  estate,  he  abandoned  the  law, 


and  engaged  in  the  more  attractive  pursuits 
of  literature.  The  loss  of  an  amiable  and 
completion 'returned  to  his  native  state.  ]  beautiful  lady,  to  whom  he  was  about  to  be 
Taking  an  early  and  active  part  in  the  de-l  united,  drove  him  to  the  continent,  where 
fence  of  colonial  rights,  he  wrote  and  pub- j  he  remained  for  eight  years.  Returning  at 


li.-hed  a  pamphlet  under  the  signature  of 
Freeman,  in  which  he  submitted  a  "bill  of 
American  Rights"  to  ths  Continental  Con- 
gress. On  the  commencement  of  the  rev- 
olution he  became  an  efficient  leader;  in 
1775  was  chosen  president  of  the  provin- 
cial congress;  and  in  March  of  the  next 
year,  was  elected  rhief  justice  of  the  col- 
ony. In  1777  Mr.  Drayton  was  appointed 
president  of  South  Carolina,  and  in  1778 
was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  continental 
c -ingress,  where  he  took  a  prominent  part, 
And  distinguished  himself  by  his  activity 
and  eloquence.  He  continued  in  congress 
iintil  September,  1779,  when  he  died  sud- 
denly at  Philadelphia.  He  left  a  body  of 
ruliiablc  materials  far  history,  which  his 
only  son,  John  Drayton,  revised  and  pub- 
lished at  Charleston,  in  1821,  in  two  vol- 
umes 8vo.  under  the  titlo  of  Memoirs  of  the 
American  Revolution. 

DREBBEL,  or  DREBEL,  CORNELIUS 
Van,  a  Dutch  chemist  and  alchemist,  was 
horn  at  Alkmaar  in  1572,  and  died  at 
London  in  1634.  He  was  a  man  of  talent, 
with  a  l.irge  portion  of  charlatanism  in  his 


length  to  Hawthornden,  he  married, 
had  several  children.  He  died  in  1649, 
and  his  days  are  said  to  have  been  short- 
ened by  grief  for  the  death  of  Charles  J. 
As  a  pro.«e  writer,  Drummond  produced  a 
History  of  the  five  Kings  of  Scotland,  ot 
the  name  of  James ;  a  work  slavish  in 
principle,  and  faulty  in  composition.  But 
as  a  poet  Drummond  stands  very  high  for 
the  tenderness,  elegance,  and  fancy  of  his 
ideas,  and  the  melody  of  his  verse.  His 
poems  have  beti.  admitted  into  \arioua 
collections  of  the  British  bards. 

DRYANDER,  JONAS,  a  native  of  Swe- 
den, came  to  England  with  Dr.  Solander, 
and  obtained  the  patronage  of  Sir  Joseph 
Banks.  He  was  librarian  to  the  Royal 
Society,  and  vice-president  of  the  Linnaean 
Society.  He  died  in  1810,  in  his  sixty- 
second  year.  His  knowledge  of  natural 
history  was  extensive,  and  he  possessed  an 
extraordinary  memory.  He  contributed  to 
the  Transactions  of  the  Linnrean  Society, 
and  drew  up  a  classified  and  analytical 
catalogue  of  Sir  Joseph  Banks's  library. 
DRYDEX,  JOHN,  one  of  the  most  cele- 

compositicn.     Drebfcel    pretended  to  have 

discovered  the  perpetual  motion,  and  vari-   Aldwinkle,  in  Northamptonshire,  and  was 

ous  other  undiscoverable   thngs;    but  he  educated  at  Westminster  school,  nnd  Trin- 

h:is  le^itimnte  claims  to  the   invention   of 

the  thermometer,  and  the  manner  of  dye- 
scarlet,  and    to    the  improvement  of 
:3  and   microscopes.      He  is  ako 
to  have  constructed  a  vessel  f;r 


ity  College,  Cambridge.  In  1G54,  after 
having  come  in  possession  of  his  patrimo- 
nial property,  he  removed  to  London,  and 
is  believed  to  have  acted  as  secretary  to  Sir 
Gilbert  Pickering,  his  relation,  a  member 


tat  DRY 

of  Oliver's  council.     On  Cromwell's  de- 
crase,    Dryden    paid    to    his    memory  the 


tribute  of  some  spirited  and  highly  lauda- 
tory Heroic  Stanzas.  When,  however, 
Charles  II.  was  restored,  the  poet  hastened 
to  pour  forth  his  gratulating  strains,  in  the 
Astrea  Redux,  and  Panegyric  on  the  Coro- 
nation; and  he  thenceforth  continued  true 
to  royalty,  in  the  person  of  the  Stuarts. 
The  first  play  which  he  wrote  was  The 
Duke  of  Guise,  but  his  first  acted  piece 
was  The  Wild  Gallant,  which  appeared  in 
1662-0.  His  subsequent  pieces,  the  last 
of  which,  Love  Triumphant,  came  out  i 
1694,  are  twenty-six  in  number.  The 
licentiousness  of  some  of  them  was  repro- 
bated by  Collier;  the  violation  of  good 
taste  in  others  was  ridiculed  by  Bucking- 
ham. In  1667,  his  Annus  Mirabiiis  was 
published;  and,  soon  after  this,  he  was 
appointed  poet  laureat  and  historiographer 
royal.  In  1681,  he  commenced  his  career 
of  political  satire,  by  writing,  at  the  desire 
of  Charles  II.,  his  Absalom  and  Achito- 
plifl,  which  he  followed  up  by  The  Medal. 
He  also  hung  up  Shadwell  to  derision,  in 
the  piiem  of  Mack  Flecknoe.  When  James 
II.  ascended  the  throne,  Dryden  conformed 
to  the  religion  of  the  sovereign,  and  was 
rewarded  by  an  addition  to  his  pension. 
With  the  warmth  of  a  new  convert,  he 
now  t-tepped  forth  as  the  defender  of  cath- 
olic doctrines,  and  produced  The  Hind 
and  Panther,  a  poem,  supremely  absurd  in 
plan,  but,  in  parts,  beautifully  executed. 
The  downfd  of  James  deprived  Dryden 
of  all  his  official  emoluments;  and  he,  who 
already  laboured  under  embarrassments, 
\\as  now  left,  at  an  advanced  age,  with  no 
resource  but  his  talents.  His  powers  seemed 
to  rise  with  the  depression  of  his  fortune. 
Between  1688  and  1700,  in  which  latter 
year  he  died,  besides  several  other  works 
of  considerable  magnitude,  he  published 
his  Virgil:  that  inspired  ode,  Alexander's 
Fi-a^t;  and  his  admirable  Fables.  His 
tieutli  was  occasioned  by  a  mortiticatioli  in 
one  of  his  feet.  He  left  three  sons,  by  his 
wife  Lad\  F.li/aLeth,  a  dang. Her  of  the 
carl  of  Berkshire.  The  fieniiis  of  Dryden 
was  not  dramatic,  but  ii<*  plays  contain 


DUC 

scenes  of   .Xriking   beauty.      In  satire  In 

transcended  all    his  predecessors  and  con- 

tr;np,.rari:'s.    ( )f  pathos  lie  had  none.    The 

spirit,  freedom,   grace,  and  melody  of  liia 

:i  almost,  if  not  whoUy, 

wiih  nit    a   rival.      As    a    prose   writer  he 

excels  in   criticism,  and  lias  a  style   which 

io  than  common  merit. 

DUJOLS,  WH.I.IAM,  a  French  card  nal 
and  statesman,  who  has  acquired  a  sinister 
fame  by  his  vices,  was  born,  in  1656,  at 
Brive  la  daillard,  in  the  Limousin,  and 
was  the  son  of  an  apothecary.  Having 
obtained  the  situation  of  preceptor  to  the 
duke  of  Chartres,  afterwards  the  recent 
duke  of  Orleans,  he  at  once  cultivated  the 
intellect  and  depraved  the  morals  of  hia 
pupil;  he  acted  both  as  tutor  and  pander. 
He,  however,  secured  the  attachment  of  the 
duke,  who,  on  becoming  regent,  admitted 
him  into  the  council  of  state.  Havin" 
succeeded  in  negotiating  the  triple  alliance, 
Dubois  was  made  minister  of  the  foreign 
department.  He  was  subseqently  raised 
to  be  archbishop  of  Cambray,  prime  min- 
ister, and  a  cardinal.  He  died  in  1722. 

DUCAREL,  ANDREW  COLTEE,  an 
antiquary,  born  at  Caen,  in  Normandy,  in 
1715,  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford;  was  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  and  Antiquarian  Societies,  commis- 
sary of  the  diocese  of  Canterbury,  and  one 
of  the  commissioners  for  methodizing  the 
records  in  the  State  Paper  Office;  and 
died  in  1785.  His  principal  works  are, 
Anglo-Norman  Antiquities;  and  Histories 
of  Lambeth  Palace,  and  of  St.  Catherine's 
Church. 

DUCHESNE,  ANDREW,  a  learned  and 
prolific  French  writer,  was  born,  in  1584, 
at  1'isle  Bouchard,  in  Touraine,  and  died 
at  Paris  in  1640.  He  was  geographer 
and  historiographer  to  the  king.  He  left 
more  than  a  hundred  folio  volumes  of  docu- 
ments, copied  by  his  own  hand;  and,  be- 
tween 1602  and"l640,  he  published  twenty- 
two  works,  among  which  are,  Histories  of 
England,  of  the  Popes,  and  of  the  Dukes 
of  Burgundy;  and  a  Collection  of  French 
Historians. 

DUCIS,  JOHN  FRANCIS,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  of  modern  French  tragic 
dramatists,  was  born  at  Versailles  in  1733, 
and  did  not  begin  to  write  for  the  stage  till 
he  was  in  his  thirty-third  year.  He  died 
in  1817.  The  majority  oi"  his  plays  are 
"ice  imitations  from  Shakspeare,  and  are 
onourable  to  his  talents;  but  it  would  not 
be  easy  to  prove  what  his  countrymen  as- 
sert, that  he  has  embellished  the  productions 
f  the  bard  of  Avon.  His  woiks  form 
three  vols.  Hvo. 

DUCKWOKTH,  Admiral  Sir  JCHH 
THOMAS,  was  born  at  Leatherhead,  in 
Surrey,  in  1748;  entered. the  navy  in  1759; 
«i.l  died  in  1817.  He  distinjrau&ed  him 


DUG 


DL*H 


•elf  on  many  occasions,  particularly  In  the  brated  antiquary  and  herald,  was  born,  in 
action  of  the  1st  of  June,  1794;  the  com-  1605,  at  Shustoke,  in  Warwickshire*;  ww 
pletc  defeat  of  the  French  squadron  off  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford* 
St.  Domingo  in  February,  1806;  and  the  'was  appointed  Chester  Herald  in  1644, 
dangerous  passage  of  the  Dardanelles  iu  published  many  valuable  works  between 
1807.  From  1810  to  1813  he  was  governor  that  period  and  the  Restoration;  was 
of  Newfoundland.  «  I  knighted,  and  made  garter  principal  king 

DUCLOS,  CHARLES  PINEAU,  a 'at  arms,  in  1677;  and  died  in  1686. 
French  historian  and  miscellaneous  writer,  I  Among  his  most  prominent  works  aie, 
was  born  at  Dinan,  in  Britanny,  in  1704;  j  Monasticon  Anglicanum;  Antiquities  of 
became  historiographer  of  France,  member  j  Warwickshire ;  The  Baronage  of  England  ; 
of  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions,  and  per-  History  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral :  Origines 
petual  secretary  of  the  French  Academy;  Juridicales;  and  The  History  of  Imbanking 
and  died  at  Paris  in  1772.  Rousseau  and  Draining.  t 

characterized  him  as  "  un  homme  droit  et  |  DUGUAY-TROUtiV,  RENE,  one  of 
adroit"  His  conversation  was  lively,  I  the  most  famous  of  the  French  naval  offi- 
witty,  and  satirical,  yet  devoid  of  offence,  cers,  was  born  at  St.  Malo  in  1673,  and 
Among  his  works  may  be  mentioned,  A  died  in  1736.  He  was  intended  for  the 
History  of  Louis  XI.;  Secret  Memoirs  of  church,  but  was  allowed  to  indulge  his  in- 
the  Reigns  of  Louis  XI V.  and  XV. ;  and  j  vincible  liking  for  a  maritime  life.  At 
Considerations  on  the  Manners  of  the  Age. 

DUDLEY.     See  LEICESTER. 

DUDLEY,  Sir  HENRY  BATE,  whose 
original  name  was  Bate,  was  born,  in  1745, 
at  Fenny  Compton ;  was  educated  for  the 
church;  and  took  orders.  Much  of  his 
early  life,  however,  was  spent  in  politics, 


the  age  of  eighteen  he  commanded  a  pri- 
vateer mounting  fourteen  guns;  and  in  hi* 
twenty-first  year  he  defended  a  forty-gun 
ship  for  four  hours  against  six  English 


ag;i 
vessels,  but  was  at  length  taken. 


iglisn 
In  1697, 


he  entered  the  king's  service,  and  he  sig- 
nalized his   talents   and   intrepidity  in  nu- 


and   in   witty   and   convivial  society,   andjmerous  actions.     One  of  his  greatest  ex- 
he  was  engaged  in  several  duels.     He  es-  ploits  was  the  reduction  of  Rio  Janeiro  in 

1711,  in   the   course   of  a  few  days,   not- 
withstanding the    place   was  deemed  im- 


nga 

tablished  the  Morning  Herald,  the  Morn- 
ing Post,  and  other  papers;  and  wrote 
various  dramatic  pieces,  among  which 
are,  The  Flitch  of  Bacon,  The  Woodman, 
The  Rival  Candidates,  and  The  Travellers 
in  Switzerland.  Late  in  life  he  obtained 
considerable  clerical  preferment,  and  a 
baronetcy,  and  was  a  magistrate  for  no 
less  than  eleven  English  and  Irish  counties. 
He  died  in  1824. 

DUFRESNOY,  CHARLES  ALPHON- 
so,  a  French  painter,  a  pupil  of  Perrier 
and  Vrouet,  was  born  at  Paris  in  1611, 
and  died  in  1665.  At  Rome,  where  they 
studied,  he  and  Mignard  were  known  by 
the  name  of  the  Inseparables.  Two  of  his 
best  pieces  are  in  the  Museum  at  Paris. 
His  pictorial  works,  though  meritorious, 
have  contributed  less  to  his  fame  than  his 
Latin  poem  on  the  Art  of  Painting,  which 
has  been  translated  by  Dryden,  and  also  by 
Mason. 

DUFRESNY,  CHARLES  RIVIEKE,  a 
poet  and  comic  writer,  was  born  at  Paris 
in  164S,  and  died  there  in  1724.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  a  great-grandson  of 
Henry  IV.  by  a  female  of  Anet,  who  was 
known  as  '  the  handsome  gardener.'  Du- 
fresny  was  vaL>t  de  chambre  t;>  Louis  XIV., 
who  heaped  favours  upon  him,  but  without 
being  able  to  enrich  him.  All  was  lavished 
upon  women,  gaming,  and  g;>od  cheer. 
He  was  a  man  of  versatile  taK-nt,  but  is 
now  chiclly  remembered  as  a  wittv  and 

^••.11  .  *      *  T  T  •  1.  /•* 


spirited   dramatist, 
volumes 


His    work.-s    f>nn   six 
\Vtr.i.iA-.f,    a    et»!<v 


pregnable. 

DUGUESCLIN,BERTRAND,  constable 
of  France,  and  one  of  her  greatest  heroes, 
was  of  an  ancient  Breton  family,  and  was 
born,  about  1314,  at  the  castle  of  La  Motte 
Broone,  near  Rennes.  He  died  in  1380. 
Deformed  and  disagreeable  in  person,  he 
was  in  youth  of  an  untractable  and  quar- 
relsome spirit;  but  he  corrected  his  men- 
tal defects,  and  became  a  model  of  pru- 
dence, valour,  and  honourable  principle. 
"  I  am  very  ugly,"  said  he;  "  I  shall  never 
be  welcome  to  the  ladies;  but  I  will  make 
myself  feared  by  the  enemies  of  my  king." 
In  the  wars  between  John  of  Montfort  and 
Charles  of  Blois;  in  the  contest  between 
Pedro  the  Cruel  and  Henry  of  Transta- 
mare;  and  in  the  recovery  of  Normandy. 
Guienne,  and  Poitou,  from  the  English; 
he  acted  the  most  conspicuous  part.  He 
was  besieging  Randam  at  the  time  of  his 
decease;  anJ  the  governor  insisted  upon 
placing  the  keys  of  the  fortress  on  the  coffin 
of  the  hero,  saving  that  to  no  other  would 
he  yield  them  up. 

DUHALDE,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  a  Jesuit, 
was  born  at  Paris  in  1674,  and  died  there 
in  1743.  He  edited  the  Edifying  and 
Curious  Letters,  from  the  niuth  to  the  six- 
U-iMith  volume;  but  the  work  by  which  he 
is  generally  known  is,  A  Geographical  and 
Historical"  Description  of  the  Empire  of 
China,  aad  of  Chinese  Taitary,  in  lour 
H'lio  volumes. 

niTH  AM  F.I.  I)F,  MOXCF.AU, 


»  pt'lf 

Lotus,  a  French  agr "cuiuiral  writer,  was 
born  At  Paris  in  l^OJJ,  and  died  in  1780 
To  the  Acadc.ny  of  Sciences,  of  which  lie 
wa<  a  i:i;-:u!:er,  li«  fur:ii*hed  aho\e  .sixty 
memoirs  on  agrii_\Kun  c.  commerce,  and 
shipping  Beside*  which,  lie  published 
numerous  works,  among  which  are,  A 
General  Treatise  in  l;i>h;'ries  ;  A  Treatise 
on  the  Culture  of  the  Soil;  and  A  Treatise 
on  Trees  and  Shrubs. 

DriGKNA.V  PATRICK,  a  native  of 
Ireland,  born  in  1735,  was  of  the  humblest 
pareiuage,  and  obtained  his  education,  as 
a  sizer,  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  By 
dint,  however,  of  some  talent,  and  more 
industry,  he  obtained  the  degree  of  LL.  1). 
He  practised  with  success  as  a  barrister; 
was  appointed  king's  advocate  general  in 
1795;  and,  subsequently,  a  judge  in  the 
prerogative  court,  and  a  member  of  the 
Irish  privy  council.  lie  sat  in  the  Irish 
and  English  parliaments,  and,  in  both,  was 
one  of  the  most  virulent  and  illiberal  op- 
ponents of  catholic  emancipation.  He  died 
in  April,  1816.  He  is  the  author  of  Lach- 
rymae  Academicae,  and  of  some  political 
pamphlets. 

DIM  A  MANT,  JOHN  ANDRE  w,whoec 
real  name  was  Bourlein,  an  actor  and 
comic  writer,  was  born,  in  1754,  at  Cler- 
mont,  in  Auvergne,  and  died  in  182S. 
During  the  latter  part  of  his  life  he  was 
the  manager  of  several  provincial  theatres. 
He  is  the  author  of  more  than  fifty  pieces ; 
among  which  are,  The  French  in  Huronia; 
Open  War,  or  Stratagem  against  Strata- 
gem; The  Night  of  Adventures;  and  The 
Intriguers.  He  also  wrote  three  novels. 

DUMARSAIS,  CJESAK  CHESNKAU, 
an  eminent  grammarian,  was  bom  at  Mar- 
seilles in  1676.  He  was  successively  a 
preacher,  a  barrister,  a  tutor,  and  a  writer 
for  the  Encyclopaedia;  and  spent  the  great- 
est part  of  his  life  in  a  state  bordering  upon 
penury.  Dumarsais  was  not  less  modest 
than  he  was  learned,  and  he  disdained  to 
resort  to  intrigues  to  better  his  condition. 
He  died  in  1756.  Among  his  works, 
which  form  seven  volumes,  are,  an  excel- 
lent Treatise  on  Tropes;  a  Treatise  on 
Logic;  and  a  Method  of  learning  Latin. 

DL'MKSML,  MARIA  FRANCES,  a 
celebrated  tragic  actress,  was  born  at  Paris 
in  1713;  went  upon  the  stage  in  1737; 
and  was  popular  till  the  moment  of  hrr  rc- 
•  •rement  in  1775.  She  died  in  1803; 
Irvine  preserved  to  the  la.-U  all  her  intel- 
lectual faculties.  It  was  in  querns  and 
lofty  characters,  particularly  in  the  parts 
of  Merope,  Clytemnestra,  Athaliah,  and 
Agrippina,  that  she  most  strikingly  dis- 
played her  talents.  When  she  exerted  her 
full  powers,  she  surpassed  all  her  theatrical 
contemporaries  in  exciting  the  emotions  of 
pity  and  of  terror. 

DUMMER,  JEREMIAH,   a  native  of 


M    M 

.  Boston,  was    gnuHmttttl    ut   Harvard    Col 

!(!).•',  an.l  afti-iv.  :in!s  studied  at  the 
university  e.f  L*-\dcn,  with  the  intention  of 
devling  himself  to  the  -.Ministry.  This 
intention  In:  afterwards  abandoned,  and 
turned  his  attention  to  politics.  In  1710 
he  was  appointed  a^ent  of  the  province  of 


in  England;  and  wrote  an 
admirable  defence  of  the  INcw  England 
charters  when  they  were  threatened  in  1721 
In  the  same  year  he  v.  as  dismissed  by  his 
const  itue  its  on  account  of  his  general  licen- 
tious deportment,  and  his  political  and  per- 
sonal connections  with  the  irreligious  Bo- 
lin^brokc.  He  died  in  retirement,  in 
17:59. 

DUMOXT,  JOHN,  a  publicist,  a  native 
of  France,  born  in  the  seventeenth  century, 
settled  in  Austria,  where  he  was  appointed 
historiographer  to  the  emperor,  and  cre- 
ated baron  of  Carlscroon.  He  died  at 
Vienna,  in  1726.  He  is  principally  known 
by  his  voluminous  collection  of  Treaties, 
in  eight  folio  volumes,  under  the  title  of 
A  Universal  Diplomatic  Code  of  the  Law 
of  .Nations;  and  by  his  Voyages  in  France, 
Italy,  Germany,  Malta,  and  Turkey,  in 
four  volume?. 

DUMO.VI1,  STEPHEN,  was  born  at 
Geneva  in  1759,  was  educated  and  or- 
dained to  the  ministry,  was  pastor  of  tho 
French  reformed  church  at  St.  Peters- 
burgh,  and  afterwards  tutor  to  the  son  of 
Lord  Lansdowne.  At  the  house  of  this 
statesman  he  formed  an  intimate  connec- 
tion with  some  of  the  most  eminent  poli- 
ticians of  Great  Britain.  The  French 
revolution  brought  him  to  Paris  in  1789, 
and  he  was  there  associated  with  the  lead- 
ing men  of  the  cause,  but  became  disgusted 
with  the  display  of  violence  and  cruelty, 
and  returned  to  England  in  1791.  Hie 
intimacy  with  Jeremy  Bentham  led  to  a 

ery  singular  arrangement  in  respect  to 
the  publication  of  the  works  of  this  extra- 

rdinary  man.  Bentham  wrote  his  valuable 
treatises  in  an  obscure  and  grotesque  stjle; 
and  they  were  entirely  remodelled  by  Du- 
mont,  and  made  intelligible,  before  they 
were  given  to  the  world.  The  works  thus 
produced  were  published  in  the  following 
order,  Treatise  on  Civil  and  Penal  Legis- 
lation, in  1802;  Theory  of  Rewards  and 

unishments,  in    1811;    Tactics  cf  L*gia 
lative  Assemblies,    followed    by  a  Treatise 

n   Political   Sophi.-ms,  in    1816;    a  Trea- 
iso  on   Judicial    Proofs,   in    1823;    Of  the 
Organi/ation  of  the  Judiciary  and  Cod  ill- 
ation, iii  1828.     When  Geneva  recovered 
her    independence,  in   1814,  Dumont  hast- 
ened back   to   his  country,  and 


in  effecting  some  important  improvement 
in  her  constitution.  He  died  at  Milan  i» 
September,  1829. 

DUMOURIEZ,   CHARLES   FRAKUI 
DUPE  K  IF  R,  a  French  g*oer«),    wa*    th« 


DUN 

•on  of  a  military  man  of  talent,  who  trans- 
lated the  Ricciardetto,  and  wrote  some 
dramatic  pieces,  and  other  works.  He 
was  born  at  Carnbray  in  1739,  and  was 
carefully  educated  by  his  father.  At  the 
age  of  nineteen  he  made  his  firsi  campaign 
as  a  cornet,  and  before  the  close  of  tlv? 
•even  years'  war  had  received  twenty-two 
wound's.  After  the  peace  of  1763,  he"  trav- 
rll;?d  in  Italy  and  Portugal.  The  result 
of  his  observations  on  the  latter  country  he 
gave  to  the  world,  in  a  work  intitled  The 
Present  State,  &c.  In  1768  and  1769,  he 
served  with  distinction  in  Corsica.  He 
was  afterwards  employed  as  a  secret  di- 
plomatist in  Poland  and  in  Sweden.  The 
fast  of  these  missions  was  undertaken  by 
desire  of  Louis  XV.  without  the  knowledge 
of  the  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  and  it 
consequently  brought  on  Duniouriez  a  per- 
secution from  that  minister.  He  was  even 
imprisoned  for  several  months;  but  he  re- 
covered his  liberty,  and  obtained  satisfac- 
tion, on  the  accession  of  Louis  XVI.  In 
1778,  he  was  appointed  commandant  of 
Cherbourg;  in  1791,  was  intrusted  with 
the  convnand  of  the  country  between  Nantz, 
and  Bourdeaux;  and,  in  1792,  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general, 
and  made  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  from 
which  office  he  was  shortly  afterwards 
removed  to  the  war  department.  That 
department,  however,  he  held  only  for 
three  days,  at  the  end  of  which  he  resigned. 
He  was  now  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
army  destined  to  oppose  the  Prussian  in- 
vading army  under  the  duke  of  Brunswick. 
By  a  masterly  disposition  of  his  troop?,  in 
the  defiles  of  Champagne,  he  completely 
foiled  the  enemy,  and  compelled  them  to 
retreat.  He  then  broke  into  the  Nether- 
lands, gained  the  battle  of  Jemappe,  revo- 
lutionized the  whole  country,  and  carried 
the  French  arms  into  Holland.  Quitting 
his  army  for  a  while,  he  visited  Paris,  for 
the  purpose  of  endeavouring  to  save  the 
king ;  but  in  that  he  failed,  and  rendered 
himself  an  object  of  suspicion.  The  tide 
of  military  success,  too,  at  length  be^a  i  to 
turn  against  him.  He  lost  the  ba'tie  of 
Neerwinden,  and  was  forced  to  abandon 
the  Low  Countries.  Commissioners  were 
now  sent  by  the  Convention  to  arrest  him; 
and,  after  having  vainly  endeavoured  to 
rally  his  army  on  his  sida,  he  was  com- 
piled to  seek  for  safety  in  flight.  He 
subsequently  resided  in  Switzerland,  at 
Hamburgh,  and  in  HoLstein,  and  finally 
settled  in  England,  where  he  was  often 
consulted  by  the  ministers.  In  the  resto- 
ration of  the  Bourbons  he  took  no  part;' 
nor  did  he  approve  of  their  conduct.  HP 
-lied  March  14,  1S23.  Besides  The  Pre 
Bent  State  of  Portugal,  and  some  othc; 
works,  Dumciiriez  wrote  his  own  Metnoin 
in  threo  volume*. 


DUMBAR,  WILLIAM,  a  Scotch  p-.ft, 
i*  supposed  to  have  been  born  about  1465, 
to  have  been  a  native  of  Lothian,  and 
been  educated  at  Oxford.  In  his  youth 
he  seems  to  have  been  a  travelling  novi- 
ciate of  the  order  (;f  St.  Francis,  and  to 
have  returned  from  the  continent  before 
1503.  Church  preferment  his  works  prove 
him  to  have  eagerly  so ught,  but  not  to 
have  obtained.  He  died  about  1535. 
Dunbar  was  a  poet  of  no  inconsiderable 
powers.  F.llis  pronounces  his  style,  "  whe- 
ther grave  or  humorous,  whether  simple 
or  ornamental,  to  be  always  energetic;" 
and  Warton  declares  his  imagination  to 
be  "  not  less  suited  to  satirical  than  to 
sublime  allegory."  Among  his  best  works 
are,  the  Thistle" and  the  Rose;  The  Golden 
Terge;  and  The  Freirs  of  Berwick. 

DUNCAN,  WILLIAM,  was  born  at 
Aberdeen  in  1717,  and  was  educated  at 
Marischal  College,  where,  in  1752,  he  be- 
came professor  of  philosophy.  He  died  in 
1760.  Duncan  is  the  author  of  The  Ele- 
ments of  Logic,  an  excellent  work,  origin- 
ally written  for  Dodsley's  Preceptor.  He 
likewise  translated  Ctesar's  Commentaries, 
and  some  of  Cicero's  Orations. 

DUNCAN,  ADAM,  viscount,  a  com- 
mander who  contributed  largely  to  the 
naval  glory  of  his  country,  was  the  son  of 
a  Scotch  gentleman,  and  was  born,  in 
1731,  at  Lundie,  in  Angusshire.  At  an 
early  period  he  entered  the  sea  service; 
and  obtained  a  lieutenancy  in  1755.  From 
that  time  he  gradually  rose,  till,  in  1794, 
he  became  vice-admiral  of  the  white.  His 
promotion  was  earned  at  the  siege  of  the 
Havannah,  Rodney's  victory  .over  tho 
Spaniards,  and  the  relieving  of  Gibraltar. 
In  1795,  he  was  appointed  to  the  com- 
mand of  the  North  Sea  fleet.  For  two 
years  he  performed  the  toilsome  duty  of 
watching  the  Dutch  squadron;  but  was  at 
length  forced  to  quit  the  coast  by  mutiny 
among  his  sailors.  During  that  mutiny 
he  displayed  undaunted  resolution.  In  his 
absence  the  enemy  put  to  sea.  Duncan, 
however,  came  up  with  them  off  Campcr- 
down,  totally  defeated  them,  and  captured 
eight  sail  of  the  line.  For  this  he  was 
petitioned,  and  created  a  viscount.  He 
died  in  1H01. 

DUNCOMBE,  WILLIAM,  born  in  Lon- 
don  in  16GO,  held  a  situation  in  the  navy 
office,  which  he  relinquished  in  1725,  that 
he  might  give  himself  up  to  literature. 
He  tlied  in  1769.  He  wrote  Lucius  Junius 
Brutus,  a  tragedy;  some  fugitive  poems 
and  prose  pieces;  and  translated  Horace 

pUNCOMBE,  JOHN,  son  of  the  fore- 
going, was  born  in  1730;  was  educated  at 
Benet  College,  Oxford;  and  obtained  con- 
siderable church  preferment.  He  died  in 
1786.  He  wrote  The  Femencid,  and  some 
;.  thre«  Sernun*;  uoiae  Anti- 


•~marian  essavs;   and  assisted  \\'\t  father  in 
lianslating  Horace. 

1)1". \  HAS.  (imeral  DA  VIP,  a  native  of 


DUP 

too    from    which    was    printed,     in     fom 
\olumes,  under  the  title  of  The  Athenian 

Oni'-le.      Hi-  \\  as  also  tlic  author  of  Athe- 


SooUaad,  was  born  at  Edinburgh  in  1737.  nianum  ;  and  of  Duntoifs  Life  and  Er- 
and  emeied  tin-  inilitarv  service  in  175S.  rors. 

He  served  in  (Jermany,  at  the  Ilavainiah,  I  DUPERRON,  Cardinal  JAMK*  DAVT, 
at  Toulon,  and  in  Corsica,  Flanders,  ami  was  l>orn  in  tlic  canton  of  Berne,  in  1556, 
Holland.  On  the  resignation  of  the  duke  ind,  after  having  abjured  the  prote-:tant 
of  York,  Dunda=-  was  tor  a  while  com- 


a 

mander-in-chief.  He  died  in  1>-1' 
tactician,  he  possessed  a  hi^h  reputation, 
and  he  contributed  much  to  introduce  into 
the  British  army  the  study  of  tactics.  His 
Principles  of  Military  Movements  is  a 
work  of  considerable  merit. 
Dl'NDAS.  See  M  KLVILLK. 
DUNNING,  JOHN,  Lord  ASH  BURTON, 
the  son  of  a  lawyer  of  Ashburton,  in  De- 
vonshire, was  born  in  1731,  served  his 
apprenticeship  to  his  father,  and  studied 
at  the  Temple.  The  circumstance  which 
brought  him  into  practice  was  his  drawing 
up,  for  the  East  India  Company,  u  memo- 
rial against  the  claims  of  the  Dutch;  and 
his  conduct,  as  counsel  for  Wilkes,  and  on 
other  constitutional  occasions,  established 
his  reputation.  In  1767,  he  became  attor- 
ney-general, but  resigned  in  1770.  Of  the 
American  war  he  was  a  decided  opponent 
in  parliament.  In  17S2,  he  was  raised  to 
the  peerage,  and  appointed  chancellor  of 
the  duchv  of  Lancaster.  He  died  in 
August,  1783. 

DUNOIS,  JOHN,  Count  of  Orleans  and 
Longueville,  born  in  1402,  known  as  the 
Bastard  of  Orleans,  was  an  illegitimate  son 
of  the  duke  of  Orleans.  He  was  one  of 
the  most  celebrated  generals  of  the  age, 
and  received  from  Charles  VII.  the  title  of 
the  Restorer  of  the  Country.  lie  defeated 
the  English  at  Montargis,  gallantly  defend- 
ed Orleans,  and  bore  the  most  prominent 
part  in  the  subsequent  expulsion  of  the 
English  from  their  French  conquests.  He 
died  in  1468. 

DUNS,  JOHN,  usually  known  as  Duns 
Scotus,  and  whose  acuteness  in  disputa- 
tion gained  him  the  appellation  of  the 
Subtle  Doctor,  was  born  at  Dunstance,  in 
Northumberland,  late  in  the  thirteenth 
century;  studied  at  Merton  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  and  bccama  head  of  the  schools  at 
die  university  at  Paris.  He  died,  at  Co- 
logne, about  the  year  1309.  His  works, 
proofs  of  perverted  talent,  form  twelve 
folio  volumes.  He  differed  from  Aquinas 
on  the  efficacy  of  divine  grace,  and  his 
followers  were  called  Scotists.  To  him 
la  also  attributed  the  doctrine  of  the  Holy 
Virgin's  immaculate  conception. 

DUNTON,  JOHN,  a  native  of  Hunting- 
donshire, born  at  Graffham,  in  1659,  wai 
a  bookseller,  in  London,  but  failed  it 
business.  He  died  in  1733.  Dunton  pro- 
jected, and  witi  assistance  carried  on  tor 
Vnars.  the  A  hen i an  Mercury,  n  teleo 


'.lith,  was  patronised  by  Henry  III.  of 
•Vance,  and,  stil-s»  quentlv,  by  the  cardinal 
f  Bourbon.  II-  however,  deserted  the 
nterests  of  the  latter,  and  was  rewarded 
,vith  the  bishopric  of  Evreux,  by  Henry  IV. 
Vt  a  later  period,  he  was  employed  in 
•ontroversy  with  the  Calvinists,  and  on  a 
nission  to  Rome,  and  he  obtained  a  car- 
linal's  hat  and  the  archbishopric  of  Sena. 
He  died  in  1618.  His  woiks,  literary, 
liplomatic,  and  controversial,  form  three 
volumes  folio. 

Dl  PIN,  Louis  ELMES,  an  ecclesias- 
tical historian,  was  born,  in  Normandy,  in 
1637;  studied  at  Harcourt  College  ami  the 
Sorbonne;  and  became  professor  of  divin- 
ity in  the  Royal  College.  The  professor- 
ship, however,  he  lost,  in  consequence  of 
lis  religious  moderation;  and  his  papers 
kvere  seized,  because  he  had  corresponded 
ivitli  Wake,  archbishop  of  Canterbury, 
relative  to  a  project  for  uniting  the  English 
ind  Ciiallican  churches.  He  was  also  |<-r- 
secuted  by  Bossuet  and  De  Harlay,  for  the 
candour  which  he  displayed  in  his  great 
work,  The  Universal  Library  of  Ecclesi- 
is.tical  Authors,  in  fifty-eight  vols.  Besides 
that  work,  Dupin  wrote  many  others,  and 
contributed  to  the  Journal  des  Savans. 
He  died  in  1719. 

DUPLEIX,  JOSEPH,  the  son  of  one  of 
the  French  farmers  general,  who  was  also 
in  East  India  director,  was  born  towards 
the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and, 
in  1720,  was  sent  by  the  company  to 
Pondicherry,  as  one  of  the  superior  otiicera 
of  that  establishment.  He  was  subse- 
quently placed  at  the  head  of  the  factory 
of  Chandei  nagore,  which  he  raised  to  such 
a  pitch  of  prosperity,  that,  in  1742,  he 
was  rewarded  by  being  appointed  gover- 
nor of  Pondicherry,  and  director-general 
of  the  French  factories  in  India.  This 
high  olfice  Dupleix  held  for  twelve  years, 
during  which  he  displayed  high  talents, 
both  civil  and  military.  He  formed  alli- 
ances, made  and  unmade  sovereigns,  was 
himself  invested  with  the  title  of  nabob, 
and  was  surrounded  by  all  the  splendour  of 
an  oriental  court.  In  1754,  however,  hi* 
enemies  procured  his  recall,  and  all  his 
prosperity  vanished.  He  who  had  exer- 
cised unlimited  authority  in  India,  now 
languished  in  poverty  at  Paris  for  nine 
years,  vainly  soliciting  justice  and  the  re- 
payment of  the  sums  which  he  had  ad- 
vanced, and  died,  at  length,  in  1763,  the 
victim  of  anxiety  and  neglect 


DUR 

DUPONT  DE  NEMOURS,  PETER 
SAVUEL,  a  French  political  economist, 
wa*  born  at  Paris,  in  1739,  and  died  in 
America,  in  1817.  During  the  revolution 
he  filled  several  important  situations, 
among  which  were  those  of  president  of 
the  constituent  assembly,  president  of  the 
chamber  of  commerce,  and  secretarj,  in 
1814,  to  the  provisional  government.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  the  Institute.  Du- 
pont  was  moderate  in  his  politics,  and 
philanthropic  in  his  views.  Among  his  nu- 
merous productions  are,  several  works  on 
various  branches  of  political  economy ;  The 
Philosophy  of  the  Universe;  a  variety  of 
Memoirs  on  natural  history  and  natural  phi- 
losophy ;  and  a  translation  of  part  of  Ariosto. 

DUPUIS,  CHARLKS  FRANCIS,  a 
French  philosopher,  was  born  at  Trye, 
near  Gisors,  in  1742;  was  educated  at 
Uarcourt  College;  and  was  successively 
professor  of  eloquence  at  tl>e  college  of  Li- 
sieux,  and  of  Latin  eloquence  at  the  col- 
lege of  France,  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion, of  the  council  of  five  hundred,  and  of 
the  legislative  body.  Of  the  latter  he  be- 
came president.  He  was  also  a  member 
of  the  Institute,  and  of  the  legion  of  hon- 
our. He  died  in  1809.  His  principal 
work  is  The  Origin  of  all  Modes  of  Re- 
ligious Worship,  or  Universal  Religion, 
three  vols.  4to.,  with  an  atlas. 

DUQUESXE,  ABRAHAM,  one  of  the 
bravest  and  ablest  seamen  of  France,  was 
born  at  Dieppe,  in  1610,  and  died  at  Par- 
is, in  16S8.  From  the  age  of  seventeen 
till  within  ten  years  of  his  death,  he  con- 
tinued to  give  proofs  of  his  talents  and  in- 
trepidity. Among  his  exploits  are  the  de- 
feat of  the  Danish  fleet  off  Gottenburgh,  of 
the  Dutch  off  Messina,  and  the  bombard- 
rients  of  Tripoli,  Algiers,  and  Genoa. 

DURAND,  DAVID,  a  protestant  min- 
ister, was  born,  in  1681,  at  Pargoire,  in 
Lower  Langnedoc.  As  chaplain  of  a  reg- 
iment of  refugees,  he  was  present  at  the 
battle  of  Almanza.  Being  taken  prisoner 
bv  the  peasants,  after  the  rout  of  the  allies, 
he  narrowly  escaped  death;  and  he  was, 
subsequently,  in  equal  danger  from^the  In- 
quisition. He  escaped,  however,  and  be- 
came a  minister  in  Holland,  whence  he 
was  invited  to  be  preacher  to  the  Savoy,  in 
London.  He  died  in  1763.  Among  his 
works  are,  Sermons;  a  Life  of  Vaflini ;  a 
History  of  the  Sixteenth  Century;  and  a 
Continuation  of  Rapin. 

DUREAU  DE  LAMALLE,  JOHN 
BAPTIST  JOSEPH  RENATVS,  an  eminent 
translator,  was  born  in  St.  Domingo,  in 
1782,  and  died,  in  France,  in  1807.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  legislative  body,  and 
of  the  Institute.  He  published  excellent 
versions  of  Tacitus  and  Sallust,  and  of  a 
part  of  Seneca ;  and  left  an  unfinished 
translate  >u  of  Livy. 


DU29  23i 

DURER,  ALBERT,  an  artist  of  high 
talent,  the  son  of  a  goldsmith,  at  Nurem- 
berg, was  born  in  1471,  and  was  a  pupil 
of  .Martin  Hapse  and  Michael  Wolgemuth. 
He  excelled  at  once  as  a  painter,  engraver, 
sculptor,  and  an  architect,  and  wrote  sever- 
al works  on  geometry,  perspective,  and  civil 
and  military  architecture.  He  was  pat- 
ronised by  the  Emperor  Maximilian,  and 
other  monarchs.  He  died  at  Nuremberg, 
in  1528. 

DURFEY,  THOMAS,  a  comic  writer 
and  poet,  the  son  of  a  French  refugee,  was 
born  at  Exeter,  about  1630,  and  quitted 
the  law  to  become  a  writer  for  the  stage. 
He  died  in  1723.  Durfey  was  at  one  time 
popular,  and  was  admitted  to  intercourse 
with  the  great;  Charles  the  Second  wag 
seen  leaning  on  his  shoulder,  and  he  di- 
verted Queen  Anne  with  catches  and  songs 
of  humour;  yet  in  his  old  age  he  was  in 
straitened  circumstances.  His  plays,  thir- 
ty-one in  number,  are  stained  by  the  licen- 
tiousness of  the  age  in  which  they  were 
written,  and  are  now  forgotten.  His  songs 
and  ballads  were  collected,  in  six  volumes, 
with  the  title  of  Wit  and  Mirth,  or  Pillg 
to  purge  Melancholy. 

DUROC,  MICHAEL,  Duke  of  Friuli, 
and  marshal  of  France,  was  born  at  Pont 
a  Mousson,  in  1772,  and  entered  the  mili- 
tary service,  in  1792,  as  a  lieutenant  of  ar- 
tillery. In  1796  he  was  appointed  aid-de- 
camp to  Bo.naparte.  He  distinguished 
himself,  in  Italy,  Egypt,  and  Syria.  On 
the  formation  of  the  imperial  court,  in 
1805,  he  was  cieated  grand  marshal  of 
the  palace.  He  was  subsequently  charged 
with  diplomatic  missions  to  Prussia,  Rus- 
sia, Sweden,  and  Denmark.  Resuming 
his  military  capacity,  he  fought  with  dis- 
tinction at  Austerlitz,  Wagram,  and  Ess- 
ling,  and,  finally,  was  slain  by  a  cannon 
bullet,  at  the  battle  of  Wurtzen,  May  23, 
1813.  Napoleon  was  warmly  attac'ied  to 
Duroc,  placed  a  boundless  confidence  in 
liim,  and  deeply  regretted  his  loss. 

DUSSAULT,  JOHN.  JOSEPH,  a  jour- 
nalist and  critic,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1769,  and  died  in  1S24.  He  contributed 
largely  to  the  OrUor  of  the  People,  the 
Truth-teller,  and  the  Journal  of  Debates. 
The  critical  articles  which  he  had  insert- 
ed in  the  last  of  those  papers  he  afterwards 
published  in  five  volumes,  with  the  title  of 
Literary  Annals.  He  also  wrote  various 
pamphlets  and  essays,  and  several  articles 
in  the  Universal  Biography. 

DUSSEK,  JOHN  Louis,  an  eminent 
composer,  born,  in  1762,  at  Czaslau,  in 
Bohemia,  was  a  pupil  of  Emanurl  Bach. 
After  having  resided  for  some  years  at  the 
court  of  the  prince  of  Orange,  and  trav- 
elled in  the  north  o/  Europe,  he  went  to 
Paris;  thence,  however,  he  was  driven  by 
tb«  revolution;  and  from  1796  to  1799  b* 


23«  KAC 

lived  in  London.  He  died  at  Paris,  In 
1812,  in  the  service  of  the  prince  of  Bene- 
vento.  His  compositions,  in.in-  than  sixty 
in  number,  arc  iDiMural'lo  to  his  tal- 
ents. 

DUTENS,  Lot-is,  a  misri-llaiH-oiis  wri- 
ter, was  born  at  Tour*,  in  ITIJO,  and  d.ed 
at  L .'ii. l.i:i,  in  1SI2.  In  175S  ho  became 
fivrctary  ami  chaplain  to  the  British  min- 
ister at  Turin,  who,  on  hi*  return  to  Eng- 
land, I/ ft  him  as  churg'*  d'affaires.  Hr 
afterwards  obtained  tin.-  living  <>f  Klsdon, 
in  .Northuiiibet  laru!,  travclleii  with  Lord 
Algernon  Perry,  and  accompanied  Lord 
Mountstuart  t  <  Turin,  when  his  lordship 
was  appointed  envov  extraordinary.  He 
is  the  author  of  various  \voiks,  of  wliirh 
the  principal  are,  An  Inquiry  into  the  Ori- 
gin of  Discoveries,  and  his  own  memoirs, 
under  the  title  of  .Memoirs  of  a  Traveller 
in  Retirement.  He  also  published  an  edi- 
tion of  Leibnitz,  in  six  vo!s.  quarto. 

DUVAL,  VALKSTINK  J  AIM  KRAI,  the 
•on  of  a  poor  peasant  at  Artonay,  in 
Champagne,  was  born  in  1765.  Left  an 
orphan  at  ten  years  of  age,  he  gained  a 
living  by  watching  sheep,  and  suffered  in- 
numerable hardships.  A  hermit  taught 
him  to  read,  and  young  Uuva!  thenceforth 
displayed  an  ardent  longing  for  knowledge. 
Fortunately,  the  duke  of  Lorraine  found  him 
in  a  forest,  stretched  out  upon  and  poring 
over  some  maps,  and  took  him  under  his 
protection.  Duval  receiver!  a  good  educa- 
tion, and  ultimately  became  keeper  of  the 
books  and  medals  of  the  imperial  cabinet 
at  Vienna.  He  died,  in  1765,  beloved  and 
respected  by  every  one,  for  his  modesty, 
gratitude,  and  talents.  Besides  his  mis- 
cellaneous works,  in  two  volumes,  he  pub- 
lished four  folio  volumes  on  the  coins  and 
medals  in  the  imperial  collection. 

DWIGHT,  TIMOTHY,  an  eminent  di- 
vine and  writer,  was  born  at  Northampton, 
Massachusetts,  in  1752.  At  the  age  of 
thirteen  he  entered  Yale  College;  and  af- 
ter having  graduated,  took  charge  of  a, 
grammar  school  at  New  Haven,  where  he 
taught  for  two  years.  In  1771  he  became 
a  tutor  in  Yale  College,  where  he  remain- 
ed for  six  years.  In  1783  he  was  ordained 
minister  of  Greenfield,  a  paris-h  in  the 
town  of  Fairfield  in  Connecticut;  where 
be  soon  opened  an  academy  that  acquired 


KAR 

great  reputation.  In  1795  Dr.  Dwigtn 
was  elected  president  of  Yale  College,  and 
his  character  and  name  soon  brtMght  a 
groat  accession  of  students.  During  his 
presidency  lie  ;ilso  filled  the  office  of  the 
professor  of  theology.  He  continued  to 
discharge  the  duties  of  his  station,  both  ai 
minister,  and  pre.-ident  of  the  college,  to 
ill-  ;;£«•  of  sixty-ii\e;  when,  after  a  long 
and  painful  illness*,  he  died,  in  January, 
1S17.  He  was  endowed  by  nature  with 
iHicommon  talents;  and  these,  enriched  by 
industry  and  research, and  united  to  Amia- 
bility, and  consistency  in  his  private  life, 
entitled  Dr.  I) wight  to  rank  among  the 
first  men  of  his  age.  As  a  preacher,  he 
was  distinguished  by  his  originality,  sim- 
plicity and  dignity;  he  was  well  read  in 
the  most  eminent  fathers  and  theologians, 
ancient  and  modern;  he  was  a  good  bibli- 
cal critic;  and  his  sermons  should  be  pos- 
sessed by  every  student  (.f  divinity.  He 
wrote  Travels  in  New  England  and  i\ev\ 
York;  Greenfield  Hill,  a  poem;  The  Con- 
quest  of  Canaan,  a  poem;  a  collection  of 
theological  lectures;  and  a  pamphlet  on 
The  Dangers  of  the  Infidel  Philosophy. 

DYER,  Sir  JA.MKS,  an  English  judge, 
was  born,  in  1512,  at  Roundshill,  in  Som- 
ersetshire ;  studied  at  Oxford  and  the 
Middle  Temple;  and,  after  having  been 
speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons,  rose  to 
be  chief  justice  of  the  common  pleas,  a  sit- 
uation which  he  held  f  >r  nearly  a  quarter 
of  a  century.  He  died  in  1582.  His 
Book  of  Reports  is  much  valued  by  the 
members  of  the  legal  profession. 

DYER,  JOHN,  a  poet,  was  born,  in 
1700,  at  Aberglasney,  in  Carmarthenshire. 
nnd  was  the  son  of  a  solicitor.  He  was 
educated  at  Westminster  School.  Origin- 
ally intended  for  the  law,  he  resolved  to  be 
a  painter,  and  accordingly  put  himself  un- 
der the  tuition  of  Richardson  :  but  he 
seems  to  have  failed  in  reaching  excel- 
lence as  an  artist.  He  afterwards  took 
orders,  and  obtained  respectable  church 
preferment.  He  died  in  1758.  Dyer  pro- 
duced the  poems  of  Grongar  Hill;  The 
Ruins  «f  Rome:  and  The  Fleece.  Of 
these  the  first  is  the  most  popular,  and  not 
unjustly,  but  they  arc-  all  wdtthy  of  the 
place  which  they  hold  in  the  collective 
works  of  the  British  poets. 


EACHARD,  JOHN,  a  divine,  a  native  !  of  the  Clergy;    and  of  two  Dialogues,  in 

ol   Suffolk,   born  in  1636,  was  educated  at    which   he  attacks   the   system   of  llobbes. 
Catherine    Hall,  Cambridge,  of   which,  in    In  these  works  he  displays  a  large  portion 


1675,  he  was  chosen  master.  lie  died  in 
1697.  Eachard  in  the  author  of  The 
Grounds  aiid  Occasion*  of  tb«  Contf.npt 


of  wit  and  humour. 

EARLE,  JOHN,  a   prelate  and  writer, 
born  ut  York,  in  1601, 


EBK 


EDG 


237 


to  I'rincc  Charles,  after  having  taken  his  'uiu:n,  and  Hipcrtiltcndeot  of  the  Hamburg 
degree  at  Merton  College,  Oxford.  In  \  libi'ary.  He  died  in  1817.  His  collection 
1662  hs  was  made  bisliop  of  Winchester,  of  books  relating  to  America,  amounted  to 
and,  next  y^ar,  was  translated  to  Salia-  I  more  than  3900  volumes,  which  wcie  pur- 
Inrv.  11s  "died  in  1665.  He  transited  chased  in  1318,  by  Israel  Thurndike,  tf 
int.J  Lilin  the  Eik-m  Basilike,  but  his  Boston,  and  presented  by  him  to  the  library- 
principal  work,  and  it  is  worthy  of  pern-  of  Harvard  College. 

K.II,  is,  Microcosm  ><jraphv,  or  a  Piece  of  !  EiJIOM,  a  disciple  of  Cerinthns,  was 
\ns  Worl.l,  dMCovereJ  "in  Essays  and  the  h?ad  of  the  sect  of  the  Ebionites,  which 
C'.rvra  -t  TS.  It  has  gone  through  several  arose  in  the  first  age  of  the  church,  and 
evii'ioii.4.  |  denied  the  divinity  of  Christ.  He  is  sai.l 

EARLOM,  RICHARD,  an  engraver,  !  to  have  disseminated  his  heterodox  nations 
b->rn  in  1740,  was  the  s  >n  of  tile  vestry  j  in  Asia  and  the  ista  of  Cyprus,  and  at 
clerk  of  St.  Sepulchre's,  London.  His  at-  ;  Rome.  Some,  however,  deny  that  such  a 
was  first  attracted  to  the  arts  b  ;  person  ever  existed. 


the  paintings  on  the  lord  mayor's  coach,!  ECHARD,  LAURENCF,  a  native  of 
liid  his  father  was  induced  to  place  hiai  !  Snilblk,  born  at  Cassam,  about  1671,  was 
under  Cipriani.  He  was  employed  by  \  educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge  ; 
Boydell,  to  in  ike  drawings  iVoai  the  |  became  archdeacon  of  Stow,  and  obtained 
Houston  collection,  and  those  drawings  |  three  livings  in  Suffolk;  and  died  suddenly, 

-J     '          _  _  I  !_        1  -»O/~k  TT_        I-  ..I.... 


he  afterwards  engraved  in  me/.zot:nto ;  an 
art  in  which  he  was  his  own  instructoi . 
He  died  in  1822.  His  dower  pieces,  en- 
graved from  Van  Huysum,  are  highly  val- 
ued. Ainonj  the  other  admired  produc- 
tions from  his  burin  are,  Agrippina,  from 


in  1730.  He  is  a  voluminous  writer 
Among  his  works  are,  A  General  Ecclesi- 
astical History;  a  History  of  England;  a 
Roman  History;  and  a  Gazetteer. 

ECKHARI),  JOHN  GEORGE,  an  anti- 
quary and  historian,  was  born  in  the  duchy 


West;  a  ti^er  hunt,  and  other  pieces,  of  Brunswick,  in  1674.  After  having  been 
from  ZofFanv;  and  the  first  and  second  I  professor  of  history  at  Helmstadt  and  at 
parts  of  the  Liber  Veritatis,  from  Claude.  |  Hanover,  he  abjured  the  protestant  faith, 
EATON,  WILLIA.M,  general  in  the  ser- j  and  was  made  historiographer  and  archi- 
vire  of  the  United  States,  was  born  in  j  vist  at  Wurzburgh,  where  he  died  in  1730. 
Woodstock,  Connecticut,  in  1764,  and  was  I  Among  his  principal  works  are,  A  Body 
graduated  at  Dartmouth  college  in  17.90. 
In  1792  he  re.-.eived  a  captain's  commission 
in  the  arrnv,  an  1  served  for  some  time  un- 


ler  genera 


general  Wayne,  on  the  Mississippi  and 
'"    1797   he    was   appointed 


in  Georgia,  it 
consul  to  the  kin 
tinned  there  en.i 


dom  of  Tunis,  and  con- 
a  variety  of  adven- 


'of History  of  the  Middle  Ages,  two  vols". 
folia;  the  Laws  of  the  Franks  and  Ripua- 
ria:is,  folio;  and  The  Origin  of  the  Fami- 
lies of  Hapsbiirgh  and  Guelph. 

ECKHEL,  JOSEPH  HILARY,  an  emi- 
nent antiquary  and  numismatist,  was  born 
5a  Upper  Austria,  in  1736,  and  died  in 
1793,  director  of  the  medallic  cabinet  at 
Vienna.  Few  men  have  had  so  extensive 
a  knowledge  of  medals  as  Eckhc-1.  Among 
his  valuable  works  on  this  subject  are 

with    Hamet    bashaw   in   the  w.ir   against  j  .\umaii  Veteres  Anecdoti,  two  vols.  folio; 

Tripoli;    but  was  disappointed  by  the  con-   and  Doctrina  Velerum  Nuiumorum,  in  eight 

elusion  of  a  premature  peace  between  the    vols. 

American  consul  and  the    Tripolitan   ba- 


t-ares,  and  negotiations  till  1803,  when  he 
returned  to  the  United  States.  In  1804 
he  was  appointed  navy  age.it  for  the  Bar- 
bary  powers,  for  the  purpose  of  cooperatin 


shaw.  On  his  return  to  the  United  States, 
he  failed  in  obtaining  from  the  government 
any  compensation  for  his  pecuniary  losses, 
or  any  employment  corresponding  with  his 
merit  and  services.  Under  the  influence 
of  his  disappointments,  he  fell  into  habits 
of  inebriety,  and  died  in  1811.  His  Life, 
published  by  one  of  his  friends  in  Massa- 
chusetts, is  full  of  interesting  adventure. 

EBELING,  CHRISTOPHER  DANIEL, 
was  born  in  1741,  at  Garmissen,  in  Ger- 
many. He  studied  theology  at  Gottingen, 
but  afterwards  devoted  himself  more  par- 
ticularly to  geographical  pursuits.  His 
great  work  is  entitled  Geography  and  His- 
tory of  North  America,  published  at  Ham- 
burg, in  five  volume.--,  1793-9.  He  was 
afterwards  professor  of  history  and  the 
language  in  the  Hamburg  gymna- 


EDEX,  Sir   FREDERIC    MORTON,  a 


diplomatist  and  writer  on  political  econ- 
omy, was  employed  as  ambassador,  from 
1792  to  1796,  at  the  courts  of  Berlin, 
Madrid,  and  Vienna.  He  died  in  1809. 
Of  his  statistical  works  the  most  import- 
ant is,  The  State  of  the  Poor;  or,  A 
History  of  the  Labouring  Classes  in  Eng 
land,  from  the  Conquest,  three  vols.  quarto 
The  Globe  Insurance  Company  was  estab- 
lished by  him.  • 

EDGEWORTH,  RICHARD  LOVELL, 
an  elegant  writer,  and  an  ingenious  mecha- 
nician, was  born  at  Bath,  in  1744,  and 
studied  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and 
Corpus  Christi  College,  Oxford.  Being  a 
man  of  fortune,  he  was  not  constra...ed  to 
adopt  a  profession,  but  he  amused  himself 
with  mechanical  inventions,  and  among 
other  things  invented,  in  1767,  a  teleyrapk. 


238 


EWV 


row 


After  having  U  felled  on  the  contment4  he 'captive  monarch.  He  was  placed  by  his 
settled  on  his  rsta'e  in  Ireland,  where  I*?  father  at  the  he, id  of  a  large  part  of  the 
made  many  agricultural  and  manufacturing  j  Angio-Gallic  dominions,  with  the  title  of 
uaproYements.  lie  wrote  his  own  Me-  Prince  of  Aquitiine,  and  ho  took  up  hi* 
nioirs;  an  Essay  on  Roada  and  Carriage* ;  residence  at  Bordeaux.  One  of  his  last 
and,  in  conjancttoa  with  his  highly  gifted  expbits  was  the  restoration  of  Pedro  the 
daughter,  M"u-ral  \voiks  t<>  ameliorate  tlie  Cruel  to  the  throne  of  Castile.  lie  died, 
eNi.-tin£  .-v>tem  of  education.  He  died  in  in  F.nifl.ind,  in  I.'i7(i. 

KDWAKDS,  (J  KORC.F,  a  natural  histo 

KDMONDSON,  JO«K  rn,  origin. d!y  a  ria  <,  was  horn  about  1695,  at  Wcstham, 
Nil ber, became  rvi  heraldic  piinter;  and,  i.i  Esse\,  and  was  intended  for  trade,  but, 
n  l?(it,  was  appointed  Mowbray  heral.l  after  ha\  in;'  travelled  fur  some  years,  he 
rxtraonlinarv .  He  died  i.i  17s<>.  11  is  applied  himself  to  natural  history,  and 
;  rincipal  works  are,  a  Body  if  Heraldry,  subsisted  by  colouring  and  drawing  birds 
tu  >  \ol>.  f.lio;  an  1  BarooagiaflQ  Geneal-  from  nature.  From  1733  to  1769,  he  wag 
ogicum;  or,  the  Pedigrees  of  tin:  English  librarian  of  the  College  of  Physicians. 
Peers,  six  voN.  folio.  j  During  that  period  he  published  his  valu- 

EDRIDGE,  HENRY,  R.  A.,  a*  artist,  able  .Natural  History  of  Birds,  and  his 
was  born  at  Paddington,  in  1708;  studied  Gleanings  of  Natural  History,  with  several 
under  Pether;  and,  in  1786,  obtained  a  hundred  coloured  plates.  The  last  volume 
medal  from  the  Royal  Academy.  Minia-'of  the  History  is  dedicated  to  the  Deity. 
tures  in  ivory  were  his  first  productions;  He  died  in  1773. 

he  next  drew"  his  heads  on  paper  in  pencil  EDWARDS,  THOMAS,  a  poet  and 
and  Indian  ink;  an.l,  lastly,  he  adopted  critic,  was  born  in  London  in  1699.  He 
water  colours.  In  all  these  varieties  his  |  studied  the  law,  but,  being  blessed  with  a 
works  were  excellent.  In  his  latter  days,  competent  fortune,  he  never  practised.  His 
he  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  painting  leisure  hours  were  given  to  literary  pur- 
landscapes,  which  equalled  his  portraits",  suits.  He  died  in  1757.  Dissatisfied  with 
He  die  I  i:i  1S21.  ;  NVarburton's  edition  of  Shakspeare,  Ed- 

EDRISI,  ABU  ARDALLAH  MOH AM-  wards  published  some  keen  remarks  upon 
MED  BF.N  MOHAMMKD,  Scherif  ;,1.  a !  it,  which  were  coarsely  noticed  by  the 
descendant  of  the  African  princes  of  the  |  haughty  and  petulant  editor.  This  gave 
•ace  of  Edris,  was  born  at  Centa,  in  1099,  i  rise  to  the  Canons  of  Criticism,  by  Ed- 
and  studied  at  Cordova.  He  settled  at  thei  wards,  a  work  of  great  wit  and  acufeness, 
• 


.•ourt  of  Roger,  king  of  Sicily,  for  whom, 
about  1153,  he  framed  an  immense  terres- 
trial gljl;e  of  silver,  and  wrote  in  Arabic 
a  geographical  woik  to  explain  the  globe. 
Various  parts  of  this  work  have  been  trans- 
lated. Nothing  mure  is  known  of  Edrisi. 


EDWARD,  Prince  of  Wale?,  surnamed 
t.ie  Black  Prince,  son  of  Edward  III.  was 
born  in  1330.  In  1345,  he  attended  his 
father  to  France,  and,  in  the  ensuing  year, 
he  took  a  eading  part  in  gaining  the  glo- 
rious victory  of  (Ye  y.  Being  invested 
with  the  ducliy  of  Guie'nue,  he  ravaged  the 
French  dominions  in  1355  and  1356.  It 
was  in  the  latter  year  that  he  won  the 
great  Kittle  iifl'oicliferf,  and  distinguished 


Iry 


c'livalrou?   conduct   to  'he 


in  which  Warburton  is  severely  handled. 
Among  the  productions  of  Edwards  aro 
fifty  Sonnets,  which  display  much  elegance 
and  poetical  feeling. 

EDWARDS,  JONATHAN,  was  born  at 
Windsor,  in  the  province  of  Connecticut 
in  1703.  At  the  age  of  twelve  years  he 
was  admitted  into  Yale  College,  and  at  th» 
age  of  seventeen  received  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Arts.  He  remained  nearly 
two  years  longer  at  Yale,  preparing,  for 
the  ininistry;  and  in  1722  went  to  New 
York,  and  preached  there  with  great  dis- 
tinction. In  September,  1723,  he  was 
elected  a  tutor  in  Yale  college,  and  re 
mained  there  till  1726,  when  he  resigned 
his  office  io  order  to  become  the  minister 
of  the  people  of  Northampton,  where  he 
was  ordained  in  February  1727.  After 
more  than  twenty-three  years  of  service  in 
this  place,  a  rupture  took  place  betwetr 
him  and  his  congregation,  and  he  was  dis- 
missed by  an  ecclesiastical  council  in  1750. 
In  the  following  year  he  accepted  a  call  to 
serve  as  missionary  among  the  Indians  at 
Stockbridge,  Massachusetts.  In  1757  he 
was  chosen  president  of  the  college  a' 
Princeton,  New  Jersey,  and  accepted  the 
In  January,  1758,  he  repaired 
to  Princeton,  \\here  he  died  of  the  surill 
pox  in  the  March  following.  His  chief 
work?  nre  a  Treatire  on  Religious  Afleo 


EGE  ELB  239 

an  Inquiry  into  the  Notion  of  [  EGIL,  or  EIGIL,  an  Iceland  warrior 
Freedom  of  Will,  which  is  considered  the  |  and  scald,  or  poet,  of  the  tenth  century. 
boat  vindication  of  the  doctrine  of  philo-  His  valour  was  signally  displayed  during 
«nphicul  necessity;  a  Treatise  on  Original'  incursions  into  Northumberland  ana  Scot- 
Sin;  and  numerous  tracts  and  sermons,  j  land.  The  son  of  Eric  Blodyexe,  king  of 
Various  narratives  (fins  life,  ami  editions!  Norway,  was  slain  by  him  in  combat;  but 
of  his  woiks  have  beer.  (.Tinted  both  in  !  Egil  soon  afterwards  fell  into  the  father's 
Great  Britain  and  tli.3  United  States.  The  '  hands.  Eric  sentenced  him  to  death.  The 
latest  is  in  ten  octavo  volumes,  p--!nished  'bard,  however,  averted  his  doom  by  re- 
in New  York,  in  18CO,  a:id  'Baited  by  !  citing  an  extempore  poem  in  praise  of 
SMM>  E.  Dwight.  i  Eric.  Of  this  poem,  called  The  Ransom 

EDWARDS,  WII.MAM,  an  architect,  j  of  the  Head,  a  Latin  version  has  been  pub- 
was  bo:  n,  in  1719,  in  (Jl  unorganshire,  and  |  lished.     Some  fragments   of  Egil's   other 
ilie.l   i:i    1789.      Origin  illy   a   mason,  and  i  compositions  are  extant. 
with  little  educ.ition,  Edwards  rose  in  the        EGI.NHARD,  a  celebrated   historian,  a 

native  of  Germany,  was  a  pupil  of  Aicilio, 


world  bv  the  force  of  his  own  genius.  The 
first  work  wlii  h  brought  him  into  notice 
was  a  single  stone  arch,  of  unusual  span 
and  great  elegance,  over  the  river  Taafe. 


His    skill    and    success    in    that    instance    ant    of  his    buildings.     He    died,     n  8, 
caused  him  to  be   extensively    employed,   abbot  of  Seligenstadt.     The  stories  rela- 


who  recommended  him  to  the  notice  of 
Charlemagne.  The  monarch  made  him 
his  secretary,  and  afterwards  superintend- 
ant  of  his  buildings.  He  died,  in  839, 


parttcularly  in  building  bridges 

EDWARDS,  EDWARD,  born  in  Lon- 
don, in  1738,  was  originally  a  chair  maker 
and  carver,  but  devoted  himself  with  such 
success  to  drawing  that,  in  1773,  he  be- 
came an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
and,  in  1778,  academic  il  teacher  of  per- 
spective. He  difd  in  1806.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  Treatise  on  Perspective;  and 
Anecdotes  of  1'ainters. 

EDWARDS,  BRYAN,  a«  historian,  was 
a  native  of  Wilts,  b  >rn  at  Westbury,  in 
1743;  received  an  imperfect  education  at 
a  dissenting  seminary;  and,  after  the  death 
of  r.is  father,  was  taken  under  the  care  of 
a  maternal  unvle  in  Jamaica.  While  he 
\\as  i;i  the  West  Indies,  he  acquired  some 
classical  knowledge,  inherited  two  for- 
tunes, and  became  an  eminent  merchant. 
In  1796  he  was  elected  mcmbar  of  parlia- 
ment for  Grampound,  and  he  took  a  part  in 
the  measures  for  mitigating  the  horrors  of 
the  si,  ive  trade.  He  died  in  1800.  His  prin- 
cipal w.uk  is,  A  History  of  the  British  Col- 
onies in  the  West  In  lies,  two  vols.  4to.  ;  to 
wiiicii  he  subsequently  added,  A  History 
o('  St.  Domingo.  The  last  edition  is  in 
five  vols.  8vo.,  of  wlik'h  the  last  two  con- 
tain a  Continuation  of  the  History,  by 
Davenport.  Edwards  is  also  the  author 
of  a  few  elegant  and  spirited  poerns. 

EGEDE,  HANS,  a  Danish  divine,  born 
in  1686,  who  died  in  1758,  was  the  founder 
of  the  religious  missions  to  Greenland,  in 
which  country  he  resided  from  1721  to 
zeal,  and  benevo- 
confidence  of  the 

natives.  He  wrote  a  Description  of  Green- 
land. —  His  son,  PAUL,  who  succeeded  him, 
and  emulated  his  virtues,  was  born  in  1703, 
ind  died  in  1789.  He  wrote  an  Account 
of  Greenland;  composed  a  Dictionary  anil 
Grammar  of  the  language;  and  translated 


1736,  displaying  a  piety, 
lance,  which  gained  the 


into  that  language  a.  part  of  the  Bibl'.1,  a 
•oaw  other  works. 


live  to  his  marrying  a  daughter  of  Charle 
magne  appear  to  be  fables.  Eginhard  ia 
the  author  of  A  Life  of  Charlemagne;  An- 
nals of  France,  from  741  to  829;  and 
sixty-two  Epistles. 

EGINTON,  FRANCIS,  the  restorer  of 
the  art  of  painting  on  glass,  was  born  in 
1737,  and  died  at  Handsworth,  in  Shrop- 
shire, in  1805.  Among  his  numerous 
works,  all  of  which  are  remarkable  for 
brilliancy  of  colouring  and  delicacy  of 
execution,  are,  the  Banquet  given  to  the 
Queen  of  Sheba,  a  copy  from  Hamilton; 
two  Resurrections,  from  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds;  Christ  bearing  the  Cross,  from 
.Morales;  and  the  Soul  of  a  Child  in  the 
presence  of  the  Deity,  from  Peters. 

EH  RET,  GEORGE  DENIS,  a  celebrated 
botanical  painter,  the  son  of  a  gardener, 
was  born  at  Durlach,  in  Germany,  in  1710, 
and  di?  I  at  London,  in  1770.  His  great- 
est w  n  Us  are,  The  Hortus  ClifTortianus; 
and  a  Collection  of  Flower?  and  Butterflies. 
He  was  a  friend  of  Linnaeus,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Society. 

ELBEE,GiGor  D',  general  of  the  Ven- 
dean  royalists,  was  born,  at  Dresden,  in 
1752,  of  a  French  family,  and  entered  the 
French  service  as  a  cavalry  officer.  In 
1783  he  resigned  his  commission,  and  for 
several  years  lived  upon  his  estate  in  An- 
jou.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  insurrec- 
tion in  Ve.id  e,  a  body  of  the  royalist* 
chose  him  their  leader,  and  he  was  gubic- 
quently  appointed  generalissimo  of  th« 
whole  "army.  He  had  little  military  talent, 
but  much  bravery,  and  was  beloved  by  hir 
men.  "  Mv  lads!"  he  used  to  exclaim 
when  going"  into  action,  "  Providence  will 
give  you  tlie  victory," — for  this  reason  the 
peasants  called  him  General  Providence. 
After  having  fought  many  battles,  and 
gained  several  victories,  he  was  taken 
prisoner,  in  1794,  at  Noirnioiitier,  and  put 
V)  death  by  ihe  republicans. 


140 

KI.IAS 


nu 


KF.I. 


.1".\  ITA,   n  celebrated  Jcui.V  ind  disgraced.     Arnnn^  (he  preatc?t  event* 


rabbi,  a   native   of  Germany,  was    l><>m   at 


•.dt,    i:i    Brandenb 
d.fd  at  Yen 


g, 


l-ll. 
main  year.- 


of    Helirrw    at    V 


Padua. 


j  his  wi 


irh  are 


of  her  rt-i^n  w:is  tin 
armada,    HI    1.VN.       She 


.f  the  Spanish 

,1    March  24, 


d  e:h  vvis    never  married,  and 
she    was   proud   of  the    till;'   of  the    Virgin 


iv    valuable,    .ire,    A    Chaldaie,    Tal-    m. 
lie,  aiid  Rabbini  •  1 


Queen,  though  it    must  lie    owned    that,    in 


...1  a  ( Vmmenlary  un  the  Gram- 
mar of  .Moses  Kimchi. 

r,I.l<  » T.  JOHN,  usually  Mv! 
the  Indians,  was  horn  in  England  in  1604, 
and  educated  at  the  university  <  f  Cain- 
bridge.  In  1631  he  emigrated  to  '• 
setts,  and  in  the  following  year  was  settled 
in  the  ministry  at  Roxbury,  where  he  rc- 
rnnined  till  his  death.  In  1646  he  zeal- 
ously commenced  preaching  to  the  Indian*; 
having  previously  made  himself  acquainted 
with  their  language,  in  which  he  published 
a  grammar  and  a  translation  of  the  Bible. 
His  printed  works  are  numerous.  He  died 
in  1()90. 

ELfOT,    GF.ORGK    Auc.i -srrs,    Lord 
HE  ATHKIKLU,  the  son  of  a  Roxburghshire 

id    re- 


main    mstai 

render    doubtful    her    right    to 


duet  was  Mich   as 
the  titlr. 


With  in  my  of  the  qu.iliii 

.  -lie  h.id  many  weaknesses  which  der- 
ogated heavily    from  her   ch  u    • 
seh;d.ir  she  h  •:  claims  to  attention.      With 


Greek  and    I..i''n    she  w.-.s 


f..,m 


the  former  she  transl.'.ted  a  )  lay  ol  Euri- 
pides, a  dialogue  of  Xenophoii,  and  tw<i 
orations  of  Isocrates  ;  from  the  latter,  Sal- 
lust's  Jugurthiue  War;  part  of  llirace'n 
Art  of  Poetry;  and  Boethius's  CunaubitMMM 
of  Philosophy.  She  also  wrote  :;  Comment 
on  IMato,  u  feu  verges,  and  various  prayers, 
meditation*,  and  ppeeches. 

ELLERV,  WiM.i  AM,H  signer  of  the  dec- 
laration of  independence,  was  born  in  New- 
port, in  1727.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard College,  auu  entered  upon  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  his  native  town.  In  1776, 


he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  continent' 


from  which  he  removed  into  the  horse  gre- 
nadiers. He  distinguished  himself  at  l)cl- 
tingcn,  and  during  the  seven  years'  war  in 
Germany.  His  laurels,  however,  were 
chiefly  gained  at  Gibraltar,  of  which  for- 1 
tress  he  was  appointed  governor  in  1775, 
and  which  he  defended  with  consummate 
constancy  and  talent.  The  title  of  Lord 
Ileathfield  and  the  order  of  the  Bath  were 
bestowed  on  him  as  a  reward.  He  died 
in 


baronet,    was    born    about    171' 

ceived  his  education   at  Lcyden.     He  first 

bore  aims  in  the  Prussian  service;    but  re-jal  Congress,  and    was  an  active   and  inf.u- 

tnrned   to    Scotland    in    1733,  and,  in   the  j  ential  member  of  that  body.     He    was  suc- 

fullowing  year,  entered  the  engineer  corps,  ccssivclv  a  member  of  Congress,  a  commis- 
sioner of  the  continental  loanollice,  a  chief 
justice  of  the  superior  court  of  Rhode  Js- 
land,  and  collector  of  the  customs  of  the 
town  of  Newport.  He  died  suddenly  ii 
1820,  while  engaged  in  reading  Cicero  de 
Ofliciis. 

ELLIOTT,  STEPHFX,  a  botanist  and 
pirn  of  letter?,  was  born  at  Beaufort, 
South  Carolina,  in  1771,  and  received  his 
education  at  Yale  College.  On  his  leturn 
home  he  applied  himself  to  the  improve- 
ment of  his  paternal  estate,  devoting  hi.i 
leisure  hours  to  history  and  poetry.  At  the 
age  of  22  he  was  chosen  to  the  legkiature 
of  his  native  state,  \vhere  ha  obtained  con- 
siderable influence,  by  his  knowled-. 
tention,  and  power  of  argument,  lie  was 
chosen  president  of  the  state  bank,  establish- 
ed in  1812,  and  continued  to  dis< -has  v  the 
duties  of  this  ollicc  with  ability  to  th«-  tin.r 
of  his  death.  His  two  voliain  s  of  ihe  bot- 
any of  South  Carolina  are  held  in  high  es- 
timation, and  his  lectures  before  -cveral  lit- 
erary and  learned  societies  obtained  great 
applause.  His  acquisitions  in  literature 
and  science  were  extensive,  and  he  left  a 
valuable  collection  in  the  several  branches 
of  natural  history  scientifically  arranged. 
He  was  the  chief  editor  of  the  Southern 
Review,  and  the  author  of  some  of  its  best 
j  articles.  He  died  in  iB^O.  Most  of  his 

posed   '  >',le   danger   during   t!ie  '  productions  remain  in  manuscript. 

reign  of  Mary,  she   aseendod  the  throne  in         KI.LIS,  JOHN,  a  native  of  London, born 
Ikr  ri-igii   .•  in  1G'9S,  was  1>\   profe.->i..n    a 

the  nati  i    hi^li  <!»^  in    17M2,  having    poesegfted 

ity,   and    it  ^.i*  faculties  to  !hf  last       Johnson," 


ELIZABETH,  Queen  of  England,  the 
daughte.  of  Henry  VIII.  by  Anne  Boleyn, 
was  born  in  1533;  was  educated  as  a 


lso 


nto 


|M*otestant;    and    was 

..1  literature.      After  having  1" 


CLL 

Hit  frequent  guest,  said,  "  The  most  litera- 
ry conversation  I  ever  enjoyed  was  at  the 
table  of  Jack  Ellis."  Ellis  wrote  some  fu- 
gitive poem.*:  translated  the  Surprise,  or 
Gentleman  Apothecary;  and  burlesqued 
Maplvoeus's  additional  book  to  the  ^Eneid. 
He  also  made  a  version,  which  was  never 
published,  of  Ovid's  EpisUes. 

ELLIS,  WILLIAM,  an  agriculturist, 
was  born  towards  the  close  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  and  died  after  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth.  He  was  a  farmer  at 
Great  Gaddesden,  Herts,  -\nd  enjoyed  con- 
siderable reputation  in  his  time  as  an  ag- 
ricultural writer,  and  an  inventor  and  maker 
of  farming  instruments.  His  principal  work 
is,  The  Modern  Husbandman,  in  eight  vol- 
umes. 

ELLIS,  JOHN,  a  naturalist,  was  born  in 
London  in  1710,  and  died  in  1776.  He 
held  the  office  of  agent  for  Florida  and  Do- 
minica, and  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Society,  to  the  Transactions  of  which  body 
he  communicated  many  papers.  He  is  the 
author  of  various  works,  the  chief  of  which 
are,  An  Es?ay  towards  a  Natural  History 
of  British  Corallines ;  and  a  Natural  History 
of  uncommon  Zoophytes.  Ellis  was  one  of 
the  first  writers  who  established  the  ani- 
mal nature  of  corallines. 

ELLIS,  GEORGE,  an  elegant  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  a  native  of  London,  and 
received  his  education  at  Westminster 
School,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
Early  in  life  he  was  connected  with  the 
whigs,  and  took  a  share  in  producing  the 
pungent  satire  called  the  Rolliad.  He, 
however,  was  converted  to  the  party  of  Mr. 
Pitt,  held  an  office,  and  was  secretary  to 
Lord  Malmesbury,  on  the  embassy  to  Lisle. 
He  died,  at  the  age  of  seventy,  in  1815. 
His  Specimens  of  early  English  Poet?,  and 
Specimens  of  early  English  Metrical  Ro- 
mances, bear  witness  to  his  taste  and  re- 
search. He  also  added  a  preface,  notes, 
and  appendix  to  Way's  Fabliaux ;  and  con 
tributed  to  the  Anti-Jacobin  paper. 

ELLSWOflTH,  OLIVER,  an  American 
judge  and  statesman,  was  born  at  Windsor, 
Connecticut,  in  1745,  and  was  graduated 
at  the  college  of  Nassau  Hall,  at  Princeton, 
in  1766.  Devoting  himself  to  the  practice 
of  the  law,  he  soon  rose  to  distinction  by 
the  energy  of  his  mind  and  his  eloquence". 
From  the  earliest  period  of  discontent,  he 
joiredthe  cause  of  the  colonies,  and  in  177" 
waw  elected  a  member  of  the  Continenta 
Congress.  In  this  body  he  remained  for 
three  years,  and  in  1784  he  was  appointee 
A  judge  of  the  superior  court  of  the  state 
He  was  a  delegate  to  the  convention  for 
framiiig  the  federal  constitution,  and  was  a 
senator  in  the  first  congress.  In  1796  he 
was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  and  in  1799 
was  sent  envoy  extraordinmry  to  Fratir.e 
11 


ELS 


241 


The  decline  of  his  health  induced  him  to 
esign  his  seat  on  the  bench,  and  he  retired 
o  his  family  residence  at  Windsor,  where 
ne  died  in  1807. 

ELLWOOD,  THOMAS,  a  quaker,  was 
)orn,  in  1639,  at  Crowell,  in  Oxfordshire. 
ie  was  an  active  controversialist,  and  en- 
dured considerable  persecution.  At  one 
ime  he  was  amanuensis  to  Milton,  and  to 
;his  circumstance  we  are  indebted  for  the 
Paradise  Regained.  "  Thou  hast  said 
much  of  Paradise  Lost,"  exclaimed  Ell- 
wood,  "  but  what  hast  thou  to  say  of  Para- 
dise found  T'  The  hint  was  taken  by  the 
mmortal  bard.  Ellwood,  who  died  in 
1714,  wrote  his  own  Life;  Darideis,  a  po- 
em; Sacred  History;  and  the  Foundation 
of  Tithes  shaken;  besides  numerous  minor 
productions. 

ELM  ACINUS,  orELMAKIN, 
GrEORGE,  an  oriental  historian,  who  is  be- 
ieved  to  have  been  a  Christian,  was  born 
in  1223,  and  succeeded  his  father  as  one  of 
the  secretaries  to  the  sultan  of  Egypt.  He 
died  in  1273.  Elmacinus  is  the  author  of 
an  Arabic  chronicle,  from  the  creation 
down  to  1118,  which  Erpenius  translated 
nto  Latin. 

ELPHINSTON,  JAMES,  a  native  of 
Edinburgh,  born  in  1721,  and  educated  at 
the  university  of  his  native  city,  was  for 
many  years  the  master  of  a  boarding  school 
in  the  vicinity  of  London.  He  died  at 
Hammersmith  in  1809.  The  translations 
of  the  mottos  in  the  Edinburgh  edition  of 
the  Rambler,  in  1750,  were  made  by  him. 
For  a  considerable  part  of  his  life  he  was 
engaged  in  a  chimerical  attempt  to  remodel 
English  orthography;  and  on  this  subject 
he  published  several  works,  among  which 
is  a  Selection  of  his  Correspondence  with 
eminent  persons.  He  also  produced  a  bad 
translation  of  Martial,  and  an  English 
Grammar. 

ELSTOB,  WILLIAM,  a  divine  and  a 
Saxon  scholar,  was  born,  in  1673,  at  New- 
castle upon  Tyne;  and  was  educated  a*. 
Eton,  Cambridge,  and  Oxford,  in  whiek 
litter  university  he  was  chosen  a  fellow  of 
University  College.  He  obtained  the  rec- 
tory of  St.  Swithin,  London,  in  which  he 
died,  in  1714.  In  the  Saxon  language  he 
was  well  versed,  and  translated  from  it  the 
Homily  of  Lupus.  Unfortunately,  he  did 
not  carry  into  effect  his  design  of  publish- 
in<»  a  collection  of  the  Saxon  Laws. 

ELSTOB,  ELIZABETH,  sister  of  the 
foregoing,  was  born  at  Newcastle  in  1683, 
and  was  as  good  a  Saxon  scholar  as  her 
brother.  She  translated  the  Homily  of 
St.  Gregory,  and  published  a  Saxon 
Grammar.  From  Queen  Caroline  she  had 
a  trifling  pension,  which  ceased  upon  her 
majesty  s  death ;  but  she  was  snatched  from 
poverty,  by  being  taken  into  the  family  of 
the  Piiche**  of  Portland.  She  di«d  in  1756 


142 


EMM 


ELZEVIR.  The  name  of  a  celebrated 
family  of  printers,  who  resided  at  Amster- 
dam aid  Leyden.  Louis,  the  first  of  them, 
exercised  his  profession  from  1,~>!>2  to  1C17, 


ENG 

fortune  much  impaired  in  tht  course  of  hii 
political  career.      After   some   dflil>eratiou 
•i  the  two    professions,  for  which  hfl 
was  equally  well  qualified,  he  determined 


and  took  for  his  device  an  eagle  holding  in  favour  of"  the  bar.  Contrary  to  the  usual 
seven  arrows,  with  th"  ninUo,  Concord  ia  rules,  lie  was  at  once  admitted  to  the  bar, 
res  par\;r  cro-seimt.  This  he  afterwards  ami  in  a  few  years  rivalled  in  extent  of 
exchanged  fir  that  of  a  man  standing,  with  •  practice  and  reputation  the  most  eminent 


the  motto,  \on  s'dus;  and  this  was  adopt- 
ed by  his  successors.  His  descendants  con- 
tinned  in  the  profession  till  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  Their  editions  are 
numerous,  and  highly  valued. 

WILLIAM,   a    celebrated 


eph 

his 


mathematician,  was  born,  in  1701,  at  lltir- 
worth,  near  Darlington,  and  died  there  in 
1782.  His  father  wa.s  a  schoolmaster,  and 
his  son  succeeded  him,  but  retired  from  that 
occupation,  and  lived  on  a  small  property. 
In  his  manners  he  was  eccentric  and  boor- 
ish; but  his  scientific  merit  is  great.  Among 
his  works  are,  The  Doctrine  of  Fluxions; 
Elements  of  Optics;  Elements  of  Trigo- 
nometry ;  The  Arithmetic  of  Infinites; 
and  Treatises  on  Algebra,  Mechanics,  Nav- 
igation, and  other  subjects. 

EM  I  LI  AX  US,  MARCUS  JULIUS,  a  na- 
tive of  Mauritania,  of  an  obscure  familv, 
had  risen  by  his  courage  to  be  governor  of 
Moesia,  when,  A.  D.  253,  his  soldiers  pro- 
claimed him  emperor.  He  defeated  Gal- 
•ud,  who  was  assassinated  by  his  own  troops, 
jut  he  enjoyed  the  throne  only  four  months, 
>e,  too,  being  murdered,  near  Spoleto,  by 
hose  whom  he  commanded.  "Obscurissi- 
:ni  natus,  obscnrius  imperavit,"  says  Eu- 
tropius,  in  speaking  of  him. 

EMMET,  THOMAS  ADDIS,  was  born 
in  the  city  of  Cork,  Ireland,  in  1764.  He 
was  originally  intended  for  the  medical 
profession,  and  after  completing  his  classi- 
cal studies  ?.t  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  com- 
menced his  preparatory  professional  studies 
at  the  university  of  Edinburgh,  where  he 
vras  graduated  in  1784.  The  death  of  his 
elder  brother,  a  member  of  the  Irish  bar,|nister  and  general  writer, 


American  lawyer?.  In  1812  he  was  ap- 
pointed attorney  general  of  the  state  of 
Xew  Yoik.  His  death  took  place  very 
nddenly,  in  1827.  He  was  a  learned  and 
laborious  lawyer,  and  an  energetic  and  el- 
oquent advocate. 

KMLYX,  THOMAS,  a  native  of  Lin- 
colnshire, born  at  Stamford  in  1663,  was 
brought  up  as  a  dissenting  minister,  and, 
in  1691,  settled  at  Dublin,  as  assistant  to 
the  Reverend  Joseph  Boyce;  but  was  soon 


interdicted  from  his  pastoral  duties,  on 
suspicion  ofArianism.  His  humble  inqui- 
ry into  the  Scripture  Account  of  Jesus 
Christ  brought  on  him  a  prosecution  for 
blasphemy,  and  he  wa«  heavily  fined  and 
imprisoned.  On  his  release,  he  removed  to 
London,  where  he  died,  in  1743.  Emlyn's 
character  was  amiable  and  unimpeachable, 
and  he  was  in  habits  of  friendship  with 
Dr.  Clarke,  Whiston,  and  other  eminent 
men.  His  works  have  been  collected  in- 
to two  volumes  8vo. 

EMPEDOCLES,  a  Pythagorean  philos- 
opher, was  a  native  of  Agrigentum,  in  Si- 
cily, where  he  flourished  about  B.  c.  444. 
He  refused  the  sovereignty,  which  was  of- 
fered to  him  by  his  fellow  citizens,  and  es- 
tablished a  popular  government.  He  was 
skilled  in  philosophy  and  medicine,  and 
had  a  talent  for  poetrv.  Some  ascribe  to 
him  the  Golden  Verses,  which  others  at- 
tribute to  Pythagoras.  The  story  that  he 
died  by  throwing  himself  into  mount  Etna 
is,  probably,  ns  fabulous  as  another  story, 
that  he  was  carried  away  by  a  cloud. 

EXFIELD,  WILLIA  M,  a  dissenting  mi- 
born  at 


induced  him  to  relinquish  the  study  of  med 

•     •  i  .  i       .       f  .1         l  'n 


icine  and  commence  that  of  the  la 


years  having  been  spent  at  London  in  at- 


tending terms  in  tlie  Temple,  and  the  courts  Jettres  at  Warrington   Academv;    a  situa- 


at  Westminster,  he  returned  to  his  native 
land,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1791,  and 
commenced  the  practice  of  the  law  in  Dub- 
lin. He  soon  rose  to  distinction  and  ob- 
tained an  extensive  business.  In  1798  he 
was  arrested  and  committed  to  prison  on 
account  of  his  connection  with  the  associa- 
tion of  United  Irishmen,  and  remained  in 
the  custody  of  the  government  till  1802 
The  winter  of  that  year  he  spent  with  his 
wife  and  family  in  Brussels,  and  that  of 
1803  at  Paris.  In  October  186  1  they  .-ail- 
ed from  Bordeaux  for  the  United  Slates, 
and  arrived  in  Xew  York  on  the  lltli  of 
the  next  month.  H<;  was  then  about  forty 
jrcars  of  age, .with  a  large  family,  and  his 


Sudbury  in  1741,  and,  after  having  been 
pastor  to  a  congregation  at  Liverpool,  be- 
came resident  tutor  and  lecturer  on  belle* 


tion  which  he  retained  till  the  dissolution 
of  that  establishment.  He  died  at  Nor 
wich,in  1797.  He  published  an  abridged 
translation  of  Brucker's  History  of  Philos- 
ophy; The  Speaker;  Exercises  on  Elocu- 
tion ;  Institutions  of  Natural  Philosophy; 
and  various  other  works :  and  was  one  of 
the  principal  contributors  to  Aikin's  Bio- 
graphical Dictionary. 

EXGKL,  JOHN  JAMKS,  a  German  wri- 
ter, a  native  of  Mecklcnburgh,  was  born 
at  Parch  ui  in  17  11 ,  and  died  t'.iere  in  1802. 
From  1776  to  1787,  he  wa.s  professor  of 
morale  and  literature  at  lieilin,  and  had, 
.subsequent Iv,  along  w'nh  Hamler,the  man- 
agement, Jill  1794,  of  the  Berlin  thealr* 


EON 

Hit  works,  which  are  remarkable  for  per- 
spicuity and  correct  taste,  form  twelve  vol- 
umes. Among  them  are,  Ideas  on  the  Dra- 
matic Art;  Lorenz  Stark,  a  romance;  and 
two  excellent  comedies. 

ENGELBRECHT,  JOHN,  a  celebrated 
German  visionary,  born  in  1599  at  Bruns- 
wick, was  the  son  of  a  tailor  Bad  health, 
misery,  and  religious  fanaticism,  combined 
to  overthrow  his  reason.  He  fasted  at 
times  for  a  fortnight  together,  and  remain- 
ed without  sleep  for  a  much  longer  period, 
and  occasionally  fell  into  trances,  during 
which  he  believed  that  he  was  transported 
to  hell  and  to  paradise,  and  that  he  receiv- 
ed the  mission  of  exhorting  mankind  to  re- 
pentance. He  wandered  for  several  years 
through  Germany,  published  his  imaginary 
revelations,  and  was  not  without  prose- 
lytes. At  length,  completely  worn  out,  he 
died  in  1642. 

ENGLEFIELD,  Sir  HENRY  CHARLES, 
was  born  in  1752,  and  died  in  1822.  He 
was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  and  Antiquarian 
Societies,  and  contributed  largely  to  their 
transactions.  His  scientific  knowledge  was 
extensive,  and  he  was  an  excellent  classical 
scholar.  Among  his  separate  works  are, 
Tables  of  the  apparent  place  of  the  Comet 
of  1681;  On  the  Determination  of  the  Or- 
bits of  Comets;  A  Walk  through  South- 
ampton ;  and  a  Description  of  the  Pictur- 
esque Beauties  and  Geological  Phenomena 
of  the  Isle  of  Wight. 

ENNIUS,  QUINTUS,  an  early  Latin  po- 
et, born  B.  c.  237,  was  a  native  of  Cala- 
bria, and  served  in  Sardinia,  whence  he 
was  brought  to  Rome  by  Cato  the  Censor. 
He  was  patronised  by  that  eminent  man,  to 
whom  he  taught  Greek,  by  Scipio  Africa- 
nus,  and  by  other  eminent  characters.  He 
died  B.  c.  169.  Of  his  Roman  annals  in 
verse,  poems,  tragedies,  and  other  compo- 
sitions, nothing  is  extant  but  a  few  frag- 
ments. Virgil  sometimes  imitated  him, 
which  he  called  picking  pearls  from  the 
dunghill  of  Ennius. 

EON  DE  BEAUMONT,  Chevalier 
CHARLES  GENEVIEVE  D',  a  character 
over  whom  hung  for  many  years  much  mys- 
tery, was  born  in  1728  at  Tonnerre,  in  Bur- 
gundy, was  originally  at  the  bar,  but  left  it 
to  become  a  diplomatist,  and  was  employed 
on  a  mission  in  Russia.  During  the  seven 
years'  war,  he  served,  with  applause,  as  an 
offirer  of  dragoons,  under  Marshal  Broglio. 
He  was  subsequently  minister  plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  British  court,  but  was  superse- 
ded by  the  count  de  Guiche.  A  quarrel 
arose  between  them  which  rendered  it  im- 
prudent for  him  to  return  to  France.  For 
about  fifteen  years  he  resided  in  England, 
during  the  latter  part  of  which  period 
iuofatf  arose  respecting  his  sex.  On  his 
return  to  Franco,  in  1777,  he  assumed  the 


EP1 


243 


gnrb  of  a  female,  which  he  continued  to 
wear  till  his  decease.  The  revolution  de- 
prived him  of  a  pension,  and  compelled  him 
to  take  refuge  in  England,  where  he  died  in 
1810.  He  was  then  ascertained  to  be  of 
the  masculine  gender ;  but  the  cause  of  his 
appearing  ad  a  female  has  never  been  as- 
certained. D'Eon  was  a  man  of  talent; 
his  works  have  been  collected  in  thirteen 
volumes,  under  the  title  of  Loisirs. 

EPAMINONDAS,  one  of  the  most  iU 
lustrious  of  the  Thebans,  brave,  patriotic, 
and  incorruptible,  was  the  son  of  Polymnis. 
He  saved  the  life  of  Pelopidas,  in  a  battle 
against  the  Arcadians;  incited  him  to  lib- 
erate Thebes  from  the  Lacedemonian  yoke; 
defeated  Cleombrotus,  and  gained  tho  bat- 
tle of  Leuctra;  overcame  Alexander,  ty- 
rant of  Pheraea;  and,  at  last,  fell  at  Man- 
tinea,  B.  c.  363,  in  the  moment  of  gaining 
a  victory  over  the  Spartans.  Cicero  con- 
sidered him  as  the  greatest  man  that  Greec* 
ever  produced. 

EPEE,  CHARLES  MICHAEL  DE  L', 
French  abbe,  the  son  of  an  architect,  was 
born  at  Versailles  in  1712,  and  died  in 
1789.  The  greatest  part  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  the  philanthropic  occupation  of 
teaching  the  deaf  and  dumb.  His  estab- 
lishment, which  was  the  first  of  the  kind, 
was  instituted  by  his  own  unaided  exer- 
tions. He  possessed  a  yearly  income  of 
somewhat  less  than  three  hundred  pounda, 
almost  the  whole  of  which  he  expended  in 
feeding  and  clothing  his  unfortunate  pupils ; 
restricting  himself  to  the  plainest  food  arid 
the  coarsest  apparel,  in  order  to  provide 
for  their  wants. 

EPICHARMUS,  an  ancient  poet  and 
philosopher,  who  flourished  about  B.  c 
440,  and  is  said  to  have  reached  his  nine- 
ty-seventh year,  was  born  in  the  island  of 
Cos,  and  was  a  disciple  of  Pythagoras.  He 
wrote  fifty-two  comedies,  all  of  which 
are  lost,  and  he  is  supposed  to  have  been 
one  of  the  first  who  gave  regularity  to  that 
species  of  composition.  He  also  wrote 
upon  medical  and  philosophical  subjects. 

EPICTETUS,  a  celebrated  Stoic  philos- 
opher, who  flourished  in  the  first  century, 
was  born  at  Hierapolis,  in  Phrygia,  and 
was  originally  a  slave  to  Epaphroditus,  one 
of  Nero's  freedmen.  Having  obtained  his 
freedom,  he  retired  to  an  humble  hut,  and 
gave  himself  up  wholly  to  the  study  of  phi- 
losophy. His  lessons  were  greatly  admir- 
ed, and  his  life  afforded  an  example  of  un- 
blemished virtue.  Being  banished  from 
Rome,  with  the  other  philosophers,  by  Do- 
initian,  he  settled  at  Nicopolis,  in  Epirus. 
Whether  he  ever  returned  to  the  Roman 
capital  is  uncertain;  nor  do  we  know  the 
period  at  which  he  died.  His  memory  was 
so  much  venerated  that  the  earthern  lamp 
which  gave  him  light  was  cold  for  mor« 


144 


ERA 


than  ninety  pounds.  His  admirable  En- 
chiridion, a  manual  of  morality,  was  trans- 
ated  into  English  by  Mrs.  Carter 

EPICURL  S,  the"  fmmder  of  the  Epicu- 
rean sort,  was  born  E.c.  342,  at  dock 
tus,  in  the  >  icinity  <;f  Athens.  After  having 
studied  at  Athens,  he  resided  suecrs.-ively 
Ht  Colophon,  ,Mit\lcne,  and  Lampsacus. 
At  the  a^e  of  tliirty-six  he  returned  to  the 
Athenian  capital,  and  purchased  a  garden, 
in  which  he  expounded  his  system  of  phi- 
losophy; whence  his  followers  were  de- 
nominated the  philosophers  of  the  p.ird<  n. 
His  doctrines  became  popular,  and  his 
disciples  were  remarkable  far  their  mutu- 
al affection.  He  died  B.  c.  271.  Of  his 
works  only  a  fe\v  fragments  remain.  His 
system  is  elegantly  unfolded  in  the  poe 
of  Lucretius.  That  its  main  principles  ar 
fundamentally  erroneous,  and.  lead  to  dan- 
gerous consequences,  cannot  be  denied 
but  it  is  a  gross  mistake  to  suppose  that 
Epicurus  was  a  vicious  man,  or  that  he 
recommended  vicious  practices.  On  the 
contrary,  his  conduct  was  virtuous,  and 
the  pleasure  which  he  taught  his  pupils  to 
pursue  was  that  pleasure  which  is  attaina- 
ble by  virtue  alone. 

EPONINA,  a  Roman  female,  who  has 
not  unaptly  been  denominated  the  heroine 
of  conjugal  affection.  Julius  Sabinus,  lier 
husband,  having  been  defeated  in  his  revolt 
against  Vespasian,  he  spread  a  report  of 
his  own  death,  and  took  shelter  in  a  sub- 
terranean vault,  where  he  lived  concealed 
with  Eponina  during  nine  years.  At  last 
the  secret  was  discovered,  and  Sabinus 
was  led  before  the  emperor.  Not  being 
successful  in  imploring  the  clemency  of 
Vespasian  for  her  husband,  the  noble- 
nr.inded  Eponina  refused  to  survive,  and 
she  perished  with  him,  A.  D.  78. 

ERASISTRATUS,  acelebrated  ancient 
physician,  a  pupil  of  Chrysippus  of  Cnidus, 
was  born  in  the  island  of  Ceos,  and  lived 
at  the  court  of  Seleucus  Nicanor,  king  of 
Syria,  where  he  acquired  great  reputation, 
by  his  talents,  and  by  his  skilful  discovery 
of  the  concealed  love  of  Antiochus  for 
Stratonice.  He  was  one  of  the  first  who 
dissected  human  bodies,  and  accurately 
described  the  brain.  Blood-letting  he  strove 
to  banish  wholly  from  practice,  and  he 
disapproved  of  tapping  for  the  dropsy; 
but  in  tumours  of  the  liver  he  did  not 
scruple  to  cut  open  the  abdomen  in  order 
to  apply  remedies  in  contact  with  the  dis- 
eased organ.  In  extreme  old  age,  the 
pain  of  an  ulcer  in  his  foot  is  said  to  have 
liiduced  him  to  put  an  end  to  his  own 
existence. 

ERASMUS,  DESIDERIUS,  one  of  the 
greatest  scholars  of  modern  times,  was 
born  at  Rotterdam  in  1467.  He  was  the 
natural  son  of  a  person  named  Gerard. 
That  name  signifies  amiable  in  German, 


ERA 

and,  after  his  father's  deceact*,  he  trao»- 
leatd    it    into   the  equivalent  Greek    antf 


Lati 

appellation.  He  was  educated  at  Devcnter. 
I  laving  embezzled  his  property,  his  guar- 
dians took  him  from  school,  and,  by  ill 
usage,  drove  him  to  enter  into  a  convent. 
In  1492  he  took  priest's  orders.  Having 
completed  his  studies  at  Montaign  College, 
Paris,  he  subsisted  by  giving  lessons  to 
persons  of  quality.  Among  his  pupils  wa« 
Lord  Mountjoy,  on  whose  invitation,  in 
1497,  he  visited  England,  where  he  l>e- 
came  intimate  with  More,  Colet,  and  other 
eminent  men.  From  1497  till  1510  he 
spent  in  France,  the  Netherlands,  and 
Italy,  during  which  period  he  published 
various  works,  and  acquired  high  reputa- 
tion. In  1510  he  again  came  to  England; 
wrote  his  Praise  of  Folly,  while  residing 
with  Sir  Thomas  More ;  and  was  appointed 
Margaret  professor  of  divinity,  and  Greek 
lecturer,  at  Cambridge.  Returning  to  the 
continent  in  1514,  he  vigorously  continued 
his  literary  labours.  Basil  was  chiefly  the 
place  of  his  residence.  Among  the  numer- 

us  works  which  he  now  produced,  may 
be  mentioned  an  edition  of  the  works  of 
St.  Jerome;  an  edition  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment, with  a  Latin  translation  ;  his  dialogue 
intitled  Ciceronianus;  and  his  celebrated 
Colloquies,  which,  attacking  superstition 
and  church  abuses,  gave  such  offence  to 
bigoted  catholics,  that  he  was  branded  by 
"hem  as  having  laid  the  egg  which  Luther 
latched.  With  Luther,  however,  whom 
ie  had  provoked  by  his  treatjse  on  Free 
Will,  he  was  in  open  hostility.  Erasmus 
died  July  12,  1536.  A  complete  edition 

f  his  works,  in  ten  volume:}  folio,  was 
published  bv  Le  Clerc. 

ERASTUS,  THOMAS,  a  native  of  Ba- 
den Durlach,  was  born  at  Auggenen,  in 
1523;  studied  at  Basil  and  Bologna;  and 
Became  physician  to  the  Elector  Palatine, 
who  made  him  professor  of  medicine  at 
Heidelberg.  His  family  name  was  Lieber, 
or  Beloved,  which  he  Grecized  into  Eras- 
mis.  He  died  professor  at  Basil,  in  1583. 
besides  several  medical  works,  he  wrote 
a  treatise  on  Ecclesiastical  Excommunica- 


Bftl 

rion,  which  was  not  published  till  after  his 
decease.  It  denies  the  authority  of  the 
church  to  censure  or  to  absolve;  and,  of 
course,  it  was  bitterly  inveighed  against 
b  )th  by  catholics  a  nl  protestants.  It, 
nowever,  made  nn.no  ous  pVoselytes,  who 
were  c:il!ed  Era.stians. 

ERATOSTHENES,  a  native  of  Gy- 
re IB,  born  B.  c.  276,  was  keeper  of  the 
Alexandrian  library  duritig  the  reigns  of 
Ptolemy  the  third  and  fifth.  At  the  age  of 
eighty,  ha  is  said  to  have  starved  himself  t< 
d.:ath  ii  c  Hiseqiie.iee  of  his  loss  of  sight. 
He  was  at  once  a  geometrician,  astrono- 
mer, jp  jgraphrr,  philosopher,  grammarian, 
and  post.  Delambre  c  inai  lers  him  as  the 
first  founder  of  genuine  astronomy.  Of 
hi*  works  only  fragments  remain.  The 
method  of  measuring  the  circumference  of 
the  globe  was  discovered  bv  Eratosthenes. 

EilCILLA  YZUNIGA,  Don  ALONZO, 
a  Spanish  poet  aid  sol.lier,  was  born, 
abjut  1523,  at  Bcrmeo,  in  Biscay;  was 
brought  up  at  ths  court  of  Charles  V.,  and 
was  page  to  Philip  II.;  and  afterwards 
fmght  against  the  Arau^anians  in  Chili. 
It  was  while  he  was  serving  i:i  Chili  that 
he  wrote  the  first  part  of  his  Araucana; 
sometimes  on  scraps  of  paper,  and  some- 
times on  bits  of  leather.  The  first  two 
parts  appeared  in  1577;  the  whole  in 
1390.  He  died  abiut  1395.  In  point  of 
merit  the  Araucana  ranks  with,  or  near 
to,  the  Lusiad.  Specimens  of  it  have 
been  translated  into  English  by  Hayley, 
and  also  by  Boycl.  The  version  by  Boyd 
was  printed  in  the  Poetical  Register,  Vol. 

IV. 

ERICEIRA,  FERDINAND  MENEZES, 
count  of,  a  Portuguese  statesman  and  au- 
thor, born  at  Lisbon  in  1614,  died  in  1699, 
was  governor  of  Peniche  and  Tangier,  and 
filled  several  important  offices  in  the  state. 
He  is  the  author  of  A  History  of  Tangier; 
A  History  of  Portugal  from  1640  to  1657; 
A  Life  of  John  I.  of  Portugal;  and  various 
poems  aid  miscellaneous  productions. — 
His  brother,  Louis,  born  at  Lisbon  in 
16S2,  died  1690,  was  a  warrior,  a  states- 
man, and  a  writer.  He  produced  A  Life 
of  Scanderbeg;  and  A  History  of  the 
Restoration  of  Portugal. — FRANCIS  XA- 
vt KR,  a  s.>n  of  Louis,  who  was  born  at 
Lisbon  in  1673,  and  died  in  1743,  jvus  a. 
worthy  rival  of  his  father  and  uncle.  He 
wrote  an  epic,  called  the  Henriqueada; 
many  smaller  poems ;  and  numerous  papers 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal  Academy 
of  Lisbon. 

ERIGENA,  JOHN  SCOTUS,  a  learned 
man  of  the  ninth  century.  The  place  of 
hi.s  birth  is  doubtful.  llerefordshire.Wales, 
Ireland,  and  Ayrshire,  have  all  been  men- 
tioned, but  the" latter  is  the  most  probable. 
He  studied  at  Athens.  For  many  yean 
ha  lived  at  the  court  of  Chjule*  UM  [laid, 


ERS 


249 


and  was  tho  director  of  the  university  of 
Paris.  He  was  subsequently  patronised  by 
Alfred,  who  appointed  him  professor  of 
mathematics  and  astronomy  at  Oxford 
tie  afterwards  established  a  school  at 
Malmesbury  Abbey,  whare  his  scholars  are 
said  to  have  murdered  him,  on  account 
of  his  severity.  Others  state  that  he  died 
in  France.  His  Treatise  on  the  Nature 
of  Things  was  published  by  Gale  in 
1631. 

ERNESTI,  JOHN  AUGUSTUS,  an  emi- 
nent German  critic,  was  born,  in  1707,  a£ 
Tennstadt,  in  Thuringia,  and  studied  at 
Leipsic,  where  he  ultimately  became  pro- 
fessor of  ancient  literature,  rhetoric,  and 
theology.  He  died  in  1781.  Among  his 
numerous  publications  are  editions  of  Ho- 
mer, Callimachus,  Polybius,  Xenophon, 
Cicero,  Suetonius,  and  Tacitus;  and  a 
Theological  Library,  ten  volumes  8vo.— - 
His  nephew,  AUGUSTUS  WILLIAM,  who 
was  born  in  1753,  and  died  in  1801,  pub- 
lished Opuscula;  and  editions  of  Livy, 
Uuintilian,  Ammiaaus,  and  Pomponius 
Mela. 

ERPENIUS,  or  VAN  ERPEN,  a  na- 
tive of  Holland,  born  at  Gorcum  in  1584, 
was  educated  at  Leyden,  at  which  place, 
after  having  extensively  travelled  to  im- 
prove himself,  he  was  chosen  professor  of 
Arabic  and  Hebrew.  He  died  in  1624. 
Er pen  ius  had  a  consummate  knowledge  of 
oriental  languages ;  published  Grammars 
and  many  other  works,  to  facilitate  the 
study  of  Arabic  and  Hebrew ;  and  trans- 
lated Elmacinus's  History  of  the  Saracens. 
ERSCH,  JOHN  SAMUEL,  an  eminent 
bibliographer,  a  native  of  Silesia,  was 
born  at  Gross  Glogau  in  1766,  and  died, 
in  1828,  principal  librarian,  and  professor 
of  geography  and  statistics,  at  the  univer- 
sity of  Halle.  Among  his  works  are, 
Literary  France,  five  vols.;  A  Catalogue 
of  Anonymous  and  Pseudonymous  German 
Works;  and  A  Manual  of  German  Litera- 
ture, two  vols.  He  also  edited  the  Jena 
Literary  Gazette,  and,  subsequently,  the 
Hamburgh  Political  Journal. 


ERSKINE,  THOMAS,  lord,  the  a 
e«lebra*«vl  of  modern  forensic  orators, 


240  ERS 

.he  third  son  of  the  earl  of  Buchan,  and 
was  born  in  Scotland  in  1750.  After 
Slaving  received  a  good-education  at  Edin- 
burgh high  school  and  Si.  Andrew's  uni- 
rcisity,  he  went  to  sea  as  a  midshipman, 
iindcr  Sir  John  Lindsey.  His  early  fond- 
ness for  the  sea,  however,  soon  evaporated, 
mid,  in  17l>8,  he  entered  the  armv  is  an 
rnsigti  of  the  lirst  regiment  of  foot.  With 
lhat  regiment,  after  having  married,  he 
went  to  .Minorca,  where  he  resided  for 
three  years.  The  scanty  pi  tance  of  the 
rank  which  he  held  being  but  i  calculated 
to  support  a  family,  he  was  persuaded  by 
his  mother  to  turn  his  talents  to  the  law; 
and  accordingly,  in  his  twenty-sixth  year, 
he  commenced  his  legal  studies.  B'uller 
and  Wood,  both  of  wham  became  judges, 
were  his  instructors.  In  1778,  he  was 
called  to  the  bar,  and  he  was  instantly 
successful.  The  splendid  powers  which 
he  displayed,  in  the  memorable  case  of 
Captain  Baillie,  placed  him  at  once  in 
the  first  rank  of  his  profession.  His  sub- 
sequent efforts  more  than  sustained  his 
fume.  Among  the  most  prominent  of 
them  may  be  mentioned,  his  speeches  for 
Carnan,  Admiral  Keppel,  Lord  George 
Gordon,  Dean  Shipley,  Stockdaie,  Paine, 
and  the  persons  who  were  tried  for  high 
treason  in  1794.  In  1783  he  was  returned 
to  the  Commons'  House  as  a  member  for 
Portsmouth,  and  he  continued  to  sit  in 
that  house  till  he  was  removed  to  the 
other.  In  principle  he  was  a  whig,  and 
he  was  a  strenuous  opposer  of  the  war 
against  the  French  republic.  On  the 
Causes  and  Consequences  of  that  war  he 
published  a  pamphlet,  which  went  through 
nearly  fifty  editions.  In  1806  he  came 
into  office  with  his  friends,  as  lord  chan- 
cellor, with  the  title  of  baron;  and  when, 
in  the  following  year,  his  party  was  de- 
prived of  the  reins  of  governmen  ,  he 
retired  with  the  usual  pension.  During 
the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  laboured 
under  considerable  pecuniary  embarrass- 
ment, arid  displayed  some  of  those  "  follies 
of  the  wise"  which  have  been  too  often 
witnessed  in  the  decline  of  eminent  men. 
He  died  November  17,  1823.  Besides  his 
tract  on  the  French  war,  he  wrote  a  polit- 
ical romance,  called  Armata,  and  some 
pamphlets  in  favour  of  the  Greeks.  But 
as  a  writer  he  has  little  claim  to  praise. 
The  pen  seems  to  act  on  him  like  a  tor- 
pedo; his  style  is  lax  and  spiritless.  Nor 
did  he  stand  high  as  a  parliamentary 
orator.  It  was  at  the  bar  that  he  was 
truly  in  his  element.  There,  his  voice, 
his  manner,  his  rhetorical  skill,  his  copious- 
ties?  of  language,  and  his  mastery  over 
the  fuelings  and  prejudices  of  his  hearers. 
bore  away  the  palm  from  all  his  rivals, 
and,  on  most  occasic  is,  insured  to  him  a 
touij.-lete  triumph. 


ESCOBAR  Y  M  KN  DOZA ,  A  tmion  f, 

a  celebrated  Spanish  casuist,  horn  at  Va*- 
ladolid,  in  1589;  entered  the  fociety  o»" 
the  Jesuits  at  the  a^e  of  fifteen,  was  for 
many  years  a  popular  preacher ;  and  diea 
in  1669.  He  is  the  auth  «r  of  several  works, 
extending  to  forty  volumes  (most  of  them 
folio),  the  principal  of  \\hich  are,  his 
Moral  Theology,  and  his  Cases  of  Con- 
science; the  last  of  these,  in  particular, 
1'ascal  has  rendered  notorious  by  the 
severity  with  which  he  has  treated  it  in 
the  Provincial  Letters. 

ESMENAK1),  JOSEPH  ALPHONSO,  a 
French  poet,  a  member  of  the  Institute, 
was  born,  in  1770,  at  Pelissane,  in  Prov- 
ence; was  connected  with  several  literary 
and  political  journals  during  the  revolu- 
tion; travelled  in  various  parts  of  Europe, 
and  accompanied  General  Leclerc  to  St. 
Domingo;  and  was  killed,  in  1811,  by  hid 
horse  throwing  him  down  a  precipice. 
He  is  the  author  of  Navigation,  a  poem; 
the  operas  of  Trajan  and  Ferdinand  Cor- 
t.ez;  and  some  articles  in  the  Universal 
Biography. 

ESPER,  JOHN  FREDERIC,  a  German 
naturalist  and  astronomer,  was  born  at 
Drossenfeld,  in  Bayreuth,  in  17S2,  and 
died  in  1781.  He  was  the  first  who  ex- 
amined and  described  the  curious  fossil 
remains  in  the  subterranean  caveins  of 
Bayreuth.  On  this  subject  he  published 
An  Accurate  Description  of  the  Zoolitea 
of  unknown  Animals,  with  plates.  He  is 
also  the  author  of  A  Method  of  determining 
the  Orbits  of  Comets,  &c.  without  instru- 
ments or  mathematical  calculation. 

ESSEX,  ROBERT  DEVEREUX,  earl 
of,  the  son  of  Walter  earl  of  Essex  (a 
man  of  courage  and  talent),  was  born,  in 
1567,  at  Nelherwood,  in  Herefordshire; 
was  left  by  his  father  under  the  guardian- 
ship of  Lord  Bui  leigh  ;  and  was  educated 
by  Whitgift  at  Trinity  college,  Cambridge. 
After  having,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  been 
introduced,  and  received  with  favour,  at 
court,  he  sought  to  acquire  fame  in  arms. 
Between  1586  and  1597,  he  distinguished 
himself  at  the  battle  of  Zutphen;  was  ap- 
pointed to  command  the  cavalry  at  Tilbury; 
led  four  thousand  men  to  the  assistance  of 
Henry  IV.  at  the  siege  of  Rouen;  and 
conducted  a  successful  expedition  against 
Cadiz.  In  1597,  he  was  created  earl 
marshal  of  England;  and  he  now  held 
the  came  place  that  Leicester  had  formerly 
held  in  the  favour  of  Elizabeth.  In  1599, 
he  was  chosen  to  put  down  the  rel>ellion 
of  Tyrone  in  Ireland;  and.  on  this  occa- 
sion, the  queen,  who  had  ai-eady  tdiown 
some  sigiib  of  alienation  from  him,  ex« 
pre.->L".l  g:eat  dissati.-faction  at  his  conduct 
Returning  unexpectedly,  he  threw  hirnselt 
at  her  feet,  and  was  apparently  forgiven 
but  bar  rigour,  and  his  owa  high  spirit*  al 


EST 

length  drove  him  to  resist  her  authority 
by  violence;  and  he  was  in  consequence 
beheaded  in  1601.  Essex  was  much  and 
deservedly  beloved;  for  he  was  liberal 
ha;ide;l  and  warm  hearted,  intrepid  in 
the  livid,  and  a  patron  of  literary  talent. 

ESSEX,  ROBERT  DEVEREUX,  earl 
of,  son  of  the  foregoing,  born  in  1592, 
w.is  educated  at  Merton  College,  and,  in 
1603,  was  restored  to  his  hereditary  hon- 
ours by  James  I.  Twice  he  was  unfor- 
tunate in  marriage;  the  first  time  with 
Lady  Frances  Howard,  the  second  time 
with  the  daughter  of  Sir  William  Paulet. 
A  divorce  took  place  in  both  instances. 
Es--ex  served  in  the  Palatinate  and  the 
Netherlands;  was  vice-admiral  in  two 
maritime  expeditions;  and  lieutenant-gen- 
eral of  the  army  against  the  Scotch,  in 
1639.  In  1642  he  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  parliament,  and  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  army.  At  Edgehill,  Reading,  Glou- 
cester, and  Newbury,  he  was  successful; 
but,  in  1644,  he  was  overcome  in  the  west 
of  England.  He  died  in  1646. 

ESTAING,  CHARLES  HENRY,  Count 
d',  a  French  admiral,  born  in  Auvergne. 
He  was  under  Lally  in  the  East  Indies, 
and  escaped  from  an  English  prison  by 
breaking  his  parole.  He  was  commander 
of  the  French  squadrons  in  the  American 
war,  and  distinguished  himself  at  the  cap- 
ture of  the  island  of  Grenada.  At  the 
revolution  he  became  a  member  of  the  as- 
aembly  of  notables,  and  was  guillotined  as 
a  counter-revolutionist,  in  1793. 

ESTIENNE,  or  STEPHEN,  the  name 
of  a  French  family  which  produced  many 
eminent  printers.  ROBERT,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  of  them,  was  born  at 
Paris  in  1503,  and  died  at  Geneva  in 
1559.  He  had  a  perfect  knowledge  of 
ancient  languages  and  the  belies  lettres. 
Besides  his  editions  of  the  Bible,  and 
other  works,  he  gave  to  the  world  a  The- 
saurus of  the  Latin  Language;  and  the 
first  Latin  and  French  Dictionary  which 
appeared  in  France.  His  son,  HENRY, 
the  second  of  that  Christian  name,  was 


KITH 


14? 


afterwards  employed  as  a  negotiator  by 
his  own  sovereign.  He  concluded  the 
treaty  with  Chai  IQS  II.  for  the  purchase 
of  Dunkirk  ;  the  treaty  of  Breda,  in  1667; 
and  the  treaty  of  Nimegucn,  in  1678.  Foi 
these  services  he  was  created  marshal  of 
France.  lie  died  in  1686.  Some  details 
of  his  Negotiations,  extracted  from  a 
manuscript  in  twenty-two  folio  volumes, 
have  been  published  in  uino  volumes, 
12mo. 

ETHEREGE,  Sir  GEORG  F,  one  of  the 
wits  and  gallants  of  the  court  of  Charles 
II.,  and  who  was  also  one  of  "  the  mob  of 
gentlemen  who  wrote  with  ease,"  was  of 
a  good  family  in  Oxfordshire,  and  wae 
born  about  1636.  He  is  believed  to  ha\j 
been  educated  at  Cambridge.  After  his 
return  from  his  travels,  he  studied  law, 
but  soon  abandoned  it  to  join  the  dissipa- 
ted throng  of  fashion  and  libertinism. 
Occasionally,  however,  he  gave  his  mo- 
ments to  poetry  and  to  the  drama.  Besides 
some  lively  poems,  tinctured  with  licen- 
tiousness, he  wrote  the  comedies  of  She 
Wou'd  if  she  Cou'd  ;  The  Comical  Revenge ; 
and  The  Man  of  Mode;  which  are  not 
without  merit,  though  liable  to  the  same 
censure  as  his  poems.  He  died  about  the 
period  of  the  revolution;  but  it  is  not 
certain  whether,  when  intoxicated,  he 
broke  his  neck  down  stairs  at  Rattisbon, 
where  he  was  envoy,  or  whether  he  fol- 
lowed James  II.  to  France,  and  ceased  to 
exist  there. 

ETMULLER,  MICHAEL,  a  physician 
of  great  eminence,  was  born  at  Leipsic,  in 
1644;  was  educated,  in  his  native  city; 
travelled  over  a  considerable  part  of  Eu- 
rope, to  acquire  knowledge;  became  pro- 
fessor of  botany,  and  extraordinary  pro- 
fessor of  surgery  and  anatomy,  at  ths  uni- 
versity of  Leipsic,  in  1676;  and  died  in 
1683.  He  wrote  many  medical  works,  a 
complete  edition  of  \\.hich  was  published 
by  his  son,  MICHAEL  ERNEST. 

ETOILE,  PETER  DE  L',  a  native  of 
Paris,  in  the  chancery  of  which  city  he 
held  an  important  office,  was  born  in 


born  at  Paris  in  1528,  and  died  in  1598,  {1540,  and  died  in  1611.     For  many  years 
at  Lyons,  to  which  city   he  had  removed  he  kept  a  diary  of  events,  and  even  of" pop- 


from  Geneva,  where  he  had  been  compelled 
to  take  refuge,  in  consequence  of  his  hav- 


ular  reports.     From  this  collection,  which 
filled  five  folio  volumes,  was  subsequently 


ing  published  i  satire  against  the  monks,  extracted  The  Journal  of  Henry  III.  in 
Independent  of  his  other  publications  and  j  five  volumes,  and  The  Journal  of  the 
works,  among  the  latter  of  which  is  a  j  Reign  of  Henry  IV.  in  four  volumes.  Of 
Latin  version  of  Anacreon,  literature  is  these,  the  first' is  known  to  have  been 
indebted  to  him  fur  the  valuable  Thesaurus;  edited  by  Lenglet  Dufresnoy,  and  the  sec- 
of  the  Greek  language,  in  four  folio  vol-  ond  is  supposed  to  have  been, 
umes.  Notwithstanding  his  talents,  learn- I  EUBULUS,  an  Athenian  comic  poet, 
ing,  and  industry,  he  expired  in  a  hos-  j  flourished  about  the  101st  Olympiad.  Of 
pital.  his  pieces,  of  which  only  fragments  re- 

ESTRADES,  GODFREY,  count  d',  a|nviin,  the   number  is  variously  estimated, 
French  warrior  and  diplomatist,  was  horn    In, in   twenty-four   to    sixty-one.     HP.  wa« 
at  Agen,  in  1607;   served  in  the  Nether-,  fond  of  enigmatical  expressions  and 
aodj     unde"   Prince    Maurice;    and    was,  ing  upon  words. 


*48  ETJQ 

EUCLID,  &  Grecian  philosopher,  a 
disciple  of  Socrates,  was  a  native  of  Me- 
gara,  and  flourished  about  four  centuries 
before  the  Christian  era.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  Megaric  sect,  which  took 
its  name  from  his  birthplace. 

F.I  CLID,  an  eminent  geometrician,  is 
jiaid  by  Pappus  and  Proclus  to  have  been 
a  native  of  Alexandria,  in  which  city, 
during  the  reign  of  Ptolemy  Lagus,  about 
B.  c.  300,  he  taught  mathematics.  It  was 
he  who  first  established  a  mathematical 
school  there.  He  wrote  on  Music,  Optics, 
Catoptrics,  and  other  subjects  ;  but  the 
work  which  has  immortalized  his  name  is 
The  Elements  of  Geometry.  Of  the  fifteen 
books  which  compose  those  elements,  how- 
ever, the  last  two  are  supposed  to  be  the 
production  of  Hypsicles. 


EUGENE,  FRANCIS,  prince,  a  grand- 
son of  the  duke  of  Savoy,  and  son  of  the 
count  of  Soissons,  was  born  at  Paris  in 
1663.  He  was  intended  for  the  church, 
and  was  known  in  his  youth  by  the  famil- 
iar appellation  of  the  little  Abbe.  Eugene, 
however,  had  no  fondness  for  theology,  but 
much  for  military  glory.  He  requested  a 
regiment;  was  refused;  and  immediately 
entered  the  service  of  the  emperor,  as  a 
volunteer  against  the  Turks.  So  greatly 
did  he  distinguish  himself,  that  Leopold 
gave  him  a  regiment  of  dragoons.  Louvois, 
the  minister,  now  endeavoured  to  bring 
back  Eugene  and  the  other  French  volun- 
teers, by  a  menace  of  perpetual  exile  in 
case  of  disobedience.  But  the  prince  'augh- 
ed  at  his  threats,  and  exclaimed,  "  I  will 
enter  France  again  in  spite  of  him."  Sa- 
voy was  the  next  theatre  of  his  exploits, 
whence  he  was  recalled  on  the  duke  join- 
ing the  French,  and  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  army  of  Hungary.  Louis 
XIV.  wh»  had  at  length  discovered  his 
merit,  offered  him  a  marshal's  staff,  a 
pension,  and  the  government  of  Champagne, 
but  they  were  disdainfully  rejected  In 
1697,  he  gained,  in  contempt  of  orders  not 
to  fight,  the  decisive  battle  of  Zenta,  in 
whirl!  the  Turks  lost  thirty  thousand  IIK-II. 
The  war  of  the  Spanish  succession  rait-cd 
•is  repntatiop  to  th<i  higli**t  r/>»<h.  He 


participated  largely  in  the  victories  of 
Blenheim,  Oudenarde,  and  Malplaquet; 
defeated  La  Feuillade,  saved  Turin,  ex« 
pelled  the  French  from  Italy,  and  invaded 
Provence;  reduced  Lisle;  and  performed 
many  other  splendid  actions.  In  1716,  he 
routed  the  Turks  at  Peterwaradin,  and,  in 
the  following  year,  he  compelled  Belgrade 
to  surrender,  after  having  inflicted  on  them 
another  ruinous  defeat.  At  the  expiration 
of  sixteen  years  of  peace,  which  he  had 
spent  in  cultivating  and  patronising  the 
arts  and  literature,  he  was  again,  in  1733, 
called  into  the  field,  as  commander  on  the 
Rhine:  but  no  important  events  occurred 
He  died,  unmarried,  April  21,  1736.  Ac- 
tivity, daringness,  and  promptitude  in  re- 
pairing his  own  faults  and  profiting  by 
those  of  his  adversaries,  were  the  distin*- 
guishing  military  qualities  of  Prince  Eu- 
gene. 

EULER,  LEONARD,  one  of  the  most 
illustrious  and  fertile  mathematicians  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  was  born  at  Basil 
in  1707,  and  was  a  pupil  of  John  Bernouil- 
li.  He  was  one  of  the  learned  men  whom 
Catherine  the  First  invited  to  St.  Peters- 
burgh,  and  in  that  capital  he  resided,  as 
professor,  from  1727  to  1741.  In  1741, 
he  removed  to  Berlin,  at  the  request  of  the 
king  of  Prussia,  and  he  remained  there 
till  1766,  when  he  returned  to  the  Russian 
capital.  He  died,  of  apoplexy,  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburgh,  in  1783.  For  many  years  pre- 
vious to  his  decease  he  had  been  "blind,  but 
the  privation  of  sight  did  not  put  a  stop 
to  his  labours.  Among  the  works  pro- 
duced while  he  was  in  a  state  of  darkness 
were  The  Elements  of  Algebra,  and  The 
Theory  of  the  Moon.  His  writings  are  BO 
numerous,  that  a  mere  catalogue  of  them 
fills  fifty  pages.  Many  of  them  are  to  be 
found  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Academies  of 
Saint  Petersburg!!,  Berlin,  and  Paris,  es- 
pecially in  the  first  two. 

EULER,  JOHN  ALBERT,  a  son  of  t1» 
foregoing,  was  born  at  St.  Petersburg!)  in 
1734,  and  died  there,  in  1800.  Though 
inferior  to  his  father,  he  was  an  able 
mathematician.  He  was  secretary  of  the 
Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences,  inspectoi 
of  the  Military  Academy,  and  counselled 
of  state.  Several  of  his  papers,  on  a»:~on 
omy,  mechanics,  optics,  &c.  were  pun- 
lished  in  the  Transactions  of  various  karri 
ed  bodies. 

EULER,  CHARLES,  the  second  son  of 
Leonard,  was  born,  in  1740,  at  St.  Pe- 
tersburgh,  and  died  there,  in  1766,  phy- 
sician to  the  court,  and  a  member  of  the 
Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences.  He  pro- 
duced a  paper  On  the  Motions  of  the 
Planets,  which  some,  from  its  excellence, 
liavr  been  disposed  to  attribute  to  his 
father. 

ETLER,  Ci(Ri«Ti»rurmt  tlie  yourjjn* 


BUS 

•OB  of  Leonard,  was  born  at  Berlin,  in 
1743;  manifested  early  a  genius  tor  math- 
ematics; was  first  in  the  Prussian  artillery 
service,  and  afterwards  in  that  of  the  em- 
press of  Russia,  who  placed  him  at  the 
head  of  a  manufactory  of  arms,  near  the 
Gulf  of  Finland.  He  was  an  excellent  as- 
tronomer also,  and  was  one  of  the  persons 
selected  to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus  in 
1769.  The  year  of  his  decease  is  not 
Known 

EUMENES,  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
of  Alexander's  generals,  was  a  native  of 
Candiopolis,  in  the  Thracian  Chersonese. 
After  the  death  of  his  sovereign,  the  g 
eminent  of  Cappadocia  and  Paphlagonia 
was  assigned  to  him.  Severe  contests  en 
sued  between  him  and  the  other  generals, 
which,  after  he  had  displayed  splendid 
talents  and  gained  many  victories,  ended 
by  his  falling  into  the  hands  of  Antigonus, 
who  put  him  to  death,  B.  c.  315. 

EURIPIDES,  one  of  the  three  great 
tragic  bards  of  Greece,  was  the  son  of 
Mnesarchus,  and  was  born  in  the  isle  of 
Salamis,  about  B.  c.  480.  Socrates,  Pro- 
dicus,  and  Anaxagoras  were  hid  instruc- 
tors in  ethics,  eloquence,  and  philosophy. 
Dramatic  composition  he  began  to  attempt 
in  his  eighteenth  year.  Some  of  his  finest 
works  are  said  to  have  been  composed  in 
a  solitary  cave  near  Salamis.  He  wrote 
seventy-five,  or,  as  others  say,  ninety-two 
tragedies,  of  which  only  nineteen  are  ex- 
tant. In  two  marriages  Euripides  was 
unhappy,  and  this  circumstance  is  supposed 
to  have  rendered  him  hostile  to  the  female 
pex.  He  is  said  to  have  been  torn  to  pie- 
ces by  the  king's  hounds,  in  his  seventy- 
filth  year,  at  the  court  of  Archelaus,  king 
of  Macedon;  but  some  attribute  his  death 
to  natural  decay.  In  pathos  and  in  moral 
sentiment  Euripides  far  exceis  both  of  his 
illustrious  rivals. 

EUSEBIUS,  smrnamed  PAMPHILUS, 
from  his  friendship  with  the  martyr  of 
that  name,  is  supposed  to  have  been  born 
A.  l>.  267,  at  Cesar<ea,  of  which  city  he 
became  bishop  in  315.  He  died  in  339 
or  340.  He  was  one  of  the  most  learned 
und  eloquent  men  of  the  Christian  church. 
As,  however,  he  was  hostile  to  Athanasius, 
bis  character  has  not  been  spared  by  the 
partisans  of  that  personage.  St.  Jerome 
calls  him  the  prince  of  the  Arians.  His 
works  were  numerous!,  but  many  of  them 
are  lost.  Hi*  Ecclesiastical  History,  which 
is  extant,  has  gained  for  him  the  title  of 
the  Father  of  Ecclesiastical  History;  and 
his  Evangelical  Demonstration  induced 
Scaliger  to  apply  to  him  the  epithet  of 
Divine. 

EUSTACE,  JOHN  CHETWODE,  a  ca- 
tholic .lergyman,  of  an  ancient  Lancashire 
family  was  educated  at  Stoneyhnrst ;  tra- 
velled on  th«  continent,  ««  a  tutor  to 


EVE 


849 


young  men  of  rank ;  and  died  at  Naples, 
in  1815.  Besides  a  Political  Catechism; 
the  Proofs  of  Christianity;  an  Answer  to 
the  Bishop  of  Lincoln's  Charge;  and  a 
j  Letter  from  Paris ;  he  is  the  author  of  an 
j  excellent  Tour  through  Italy,  in  two  vol- 
!  nines  4 to.  Eustace  was  also  a  man  of 
!  pocti.cal  talents.  He  published  an  Elegy 
'on  the  Death  of  Mr.  Burke;  and,  at  the 
time  of  his  death,  had  made  considerable 
progress  in  a  didactic  poem  on  the  Culture 
of  the  Youthful  Mind. 

EUSTACHI,orEUSTACHIUS,BAR. 
THOLOMEW,  a  celebrated  anatomist  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  was  born  at  San  Seve- 
rino,  in  the  Papal  territory;  studied  at 
Rome;  was  physician  to  Cardinals  Borro- 
meo  and  Julius  de  la  llovere,  and  professor 
of  the  Sapienza  College;  and  died  in  1574. 
He  first  described  the  renal  capsules  and 
the  thoraic  duct,  and  he  made  several 
important  discoveries,  among  which  is  the 
passage,  that  now  bears  his  name,  from 
the  throat  to  the  internal  ear.  Some  of 
his  works  are  unfortunately  lost,  but  others, 
under  the  title  of  Opuscula,  are  extant. 

EUSTATHIUS,  an  eminent  critic  of  the 
twelfth  century,  a  native  of  Constantino- 
ple, was  archbishop  of  Thessalonica,  in 
which  high  station  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  piety  and  benevolence.  He  died 
about  1200.  His  principal  work  is  a  Com- 
mentary on  Homer,  which  is  partly  a 
compilation  from  preceding  commentators 
and  scholiasts.  Many  of  his  manuscripts 
are  still  existing  in  libraries. 

EUTROPIUS,  FLAVIUS,  a  Roman  his- 
torian, who  flourished  in  the  fourth  century 
Of  his  life  little  is  known ;  but  it  is  certain 
that  he  bore  arms  under  Julian,  in  the 
Persian  expedition.  He  is  also  supposed 
to  have  been  a  senator.  He  is  the  author 
of  a  Compendium  of  Roman  History,  in 
ten  books.  The  oldest  edition  of  it  u  the 
folio,  published  at  Rome,  in  1471. 

EUTYCHES,  un  ecclesiasric  of  the  fifth 
century,  who  gr.ve  rise  to  the  sect  of 
Eutychians,  was  abbot  of  a  monastery 
near  Constantinople,  and  was  a  strictly 
pious  and  moral  man.  In  combating  the 
doctrines  of  Nestorius  he  fell  into  the  op- 
posite extreme,  and  denied  the  human 
nature  of  Christ.  Violent  disputes  in  the 
church,  and  his  own  excommunication, 
were  the  consequences  of  his  heterodoxy. 
He  died  soon  after,  but  his  sect  existed  for 
a  long  period. 

EVELYN,  JOHN,  a  native  of  Surrey, 
was  born  at  Wotton,  in  1620;  was  edu- 
cated at  Baliol  College,  Oxford;  studied 
for  a  while  at  the  Middle  Temple  ;  and 
then  sought  refuge  on  the  continent  from 
:he  storms  of  civil  war,  and  resided  iu 
France  and  Italy  till  1651.  After  his 
•etura  to  England,  he  gave  his  time  tc 
iterary  pursuit*.  The  Restoration,  •» 


r.0 


i'A2 


FAB 


%T;ch  ne  had  lent  the  aid  of  r>is  |  en,  m-  \vhu-h  he  was  destined,  he  fled  from 
irodiKt.-i  him  !rtn  public  life.  He  was  j  and  .-ervr;l  with  great  bravery  in  the  Pnw- 
appointed  one  of  th;»  commissioners  for  !  si  in  and  Austrian  armies.  After  h:s  «?• 
sick  a  hi  wounde  1  sc  unen,  and  for  rebuild-  '  i;irn  to  I.  is  country,  a  disappointment  in 
ing  St  Paul's  Om;rh,  an.  I  also  a  member  !  love  threw  him  for"  a  while  into  alternate 
af  the  b.>ard  of  trade.  When  the  Royal  nu-l.inrholy  and  dissipation.  It  was  not 
Society  was  established  he  was  one  of  the  till  iiis  twenty-third  year  that  his  poetical 

" 


first  who  was  nominated  a  fello 


J:U:T: 


II.  made  him  one  of  ihe  commissioners  for 
the  office  of  lord   privy  seal,  and  William 

III.  pave  him  the  situation  of  treasurer  of 
Greenwich     Hospital.        His    devotion    to 
litrrature,  Inwever,  continued  undiminbh- 
ed,  and  he  produced  many  valuable  works. 
Among  them  are,  Sylva,  or  a  Discourse  on 
Forest  Trees;  Terra,  a  Philosophical  Dis- 
course of  Earth ;  Numismata,or  a  Discourse 
of  .Medals;  Sculptnra,  or  the  History  and 
Art    of   Chalcography;    and    Acetaria,    a 
Discourse   of  Sallets."     He  died    in  1706. 
His   Diary,  Correspondence,   aid   Miscel- 
laneous YYorks,  have   been   recently   pub- 
Jished. 

F.VELYN,  Sir  GEORGE  AUGUSTUS 
WILLIAM  SHUCKBURGH,  whose  original 
name  was  Shuckburgh,  was  M.  P.  for  the 
county  of  Warwick,  and  a  member  of  the 
Royal  and  Antiquarian  Societies.  He  died 
in  1804,  in  his  fifty-fourth  year.  He  was 
an  excellent  mathematician.  To  the  Trans- 
actions of  the  Royal  Society  he  contributed 
various  papers,  among  which  are,  Obser- 
vations made  in  Savoy,  to  ascertain  the 
Height  of  Mountains  by  the  Barometer; 
on  the  Temperature  of  Boiling  Water; 
and  an  Account  of  the  Endeavours  to 
ascertain  a  Standard  Weight  and  Mea- 
sures. In  the  endeavours  recorded  by  the 
last  of  these  papers  he  took  a  very  active 
part. 

EVERTS,  or  EVERARD,  JOANNES 
^ECUiinus,  best  known  by  his  Christian 
name,  was  the  son  of  an  eminent  lawver, 
who  was  president  of  the  council  of  Hol- 
land;  was  born  at  the  Hague,  in  1511; 
studied  civi!  law  under  Aliciat;  became 
Latin  secret-try  to  Charles  V.,  under  whom 
he  hid  served  at  the  sie^e  of  Tunia;  and 
died  in  1536.  He  is  the  author  of  The 
B-ieia,  a  collection  of  amatory  poems; 
eleg.int  in  their  Latinity,  but  licentious  in 
principle. 

EWALD,  JOHN,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent of  the  Danish  poet!",  was  born,  in 
17-13,  in  the  duchy  of  Sleswick.  In  his 
early  youth  he  was  of  a  most  romantic 
disposition.  Disliking  a  clerical  life,  to 


talent  wa"  displayed.  He  died  in  1781; 
having  long  been  the  victim  of  a  gouty 
disorder.  Ewald  excelled  in  the  drama, 
and  in  lyric  and  elegiac  poetry. 

EWING,  JOHN,  an  eminent  American 
divine  and  mathematician,  was  born  in 
Maryland  in  1732.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  college  in  Princeton  in  1755,  and  after 
wards  served  as  a  tutor  in  that  seminary 
In  1759  he  undertook  the  pastoral  charge 
of  the  first  Presbyterian  church  of  Phila- 
delphia, which  he  continued  to  exercise 
until  1773.  In  1779  he  accepted  the  sta- 
tion of  provost  of  the  university  of  Phila- 
delphia, v  h-ch  he  filled  until  his  death.  He 
was  elected  vice-president  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  and  contributed 
several  valuable  memoirs  to  their  Transac- 
tions. His  favourite  study  from  an  early 
age  was  mathematics,  and  his  Lectures  on 
Natural  History  have  obtained  considerable 
reputation.  He  died  in  1802. 

FXPILLY,  JOHN  JOSEPH,  a  native  of 
Trance,  vas  born  at  St.  Remi,  in  Pro- 
vence, in  1719,  and  died  in  1793.  He  was 
an  abbe,  and  obtained  clerical  preferment, 
after  having  been  secretary  of  embassy  to 
the  Sicilian  monarch.  He  travelled  much, 
and  was  an  acute  observer.  His  works 
are  numerous,  and  he  acquired  the  reputa- 
tion of  being  the  most  correct,  industrious, 
and  useful  geographer  of  his  time.  Among 
his  publications  are,  A  Cosmography,  in 
five  parts;  A  Polychrcgraphy,  in  six  parts; 
an  excellent  Treatise  on  the  Population  of 
France;  and  A  Geographical,  Historical, 
and  Political  Dictionary  of  the  Gauls  and 
of  France,  six  volumes  folio.  The  last  ot 
these  works  reaches  only  to  the  letter  S. 

EYCK,  JOHN  VAN,  an  artist,  was  born 
at  Maaseyk,  in  Holland,  in  1370,  and  died 
in  1441.  The  intention  of  painting  in  oil 
has  been  ascribed  to  him,  but  it  appears 
certain  that  it  was  known  before  bis  time. 
He,  however,  was  undoubtedly  the  first 
who  improved  it  and  brought  it  into  gene- 
ral use.  His  brother  HUBERT,  who  was 
born  in  1366,  and  died  in  1426,  is  regarded 
as  the  founder  of  the  Flemish  school.  They 
were  both  eminent  in  their  art. 


FABERT,  ABRAHAM,  a  French  nar- i  tinguished  himself  greatly  in  the  retreat 
thai, was  born  at  Metz,  in  1599  aiuiculy  from  Menu  in  1635,  the  battle  of  Murfe, 
adopted  the  military  profession  I'a  iis- 1  and  a  variety  of  actions  and  siege*.  IU 


FAB 

ited  in  1662.  Fubert  was  a  man  of  highly 
bonourable  principles.  "  It'  Fabert  can  be 
suspected,"  said  Mazarine,  "  thfiie  is  no 
ma  a  living  in  whom  WR  can  place  confi- 
dence." Louis  XIV.  ort'ured  him  the  blue 
ribb;>n,  but  he  refused  it,  because  he  could 
not  produce  tin:  necf .ssary  proofs  of  noble 
descent.  lie  was  told  to  furnish  whatever 
proofs  he  thought  proper,  and  they  should 
not  be  scrutini/.ed.  "  I  will  not,"  replied 
he,  "  have  my  mantle  decorated  by  a  cross, 
and  my  name  dishonoured  by  an  imposture." 
FABIUS,  QUINTUS  MAXlMUfl  VKR- 
RUCOSUS,  a  Roman  warrior,  was  consul 
f  >r  the  first  time  A  u.  c.  517,  and  had  the 
honour  of  a  triumph  for  defeating  the 
Ligurians.  He  was  at  the  head  of  the 
»mb  issy  which  was  sent  to  denounce  war 
igainst  Carthage.  After  the  battle  of 
riirasiinene  he  was  appointed  dictator, 
and  by  his  prudence  he  held  the  victorious 
Annibil  at  bay;  as  he  likewise  did  subse- 
quently to  the  disastrous  battle  of  Canute. 
He  thus  acquired  the  surname  of  Cuncta- 
tor,  or  Delayer.  Fabius  died  E.  c.  204. 

FABRE  D'EGLANTLNE,  PHILIP 
FRANCIS  NAZAIRK,  a  French  dramatic 
poet,  was  born  in  1755,  at  Carcassone, 
and  in  early  life  was  a  strolling  player 
He  had  little  success  on  the  stage,  but  he 
gained  friends  by  his  varied  talents;  for 
he  wrote  verse?,  drew,  engraved,  and  was 
a  tolerable  musician  and  composer.  Hav- 
ing obtained  the  prize  of  the  eglantine,  at 
the  floral  games  of  Toulouse  (whence  the 
addition  to  his  name),  he  went  to  Paris, 
to  brinj  out  several  theatrical  pieces.  In 
the  revolution  he  took  a  violent  part ;  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  Convention  ; 
voted  f>r  the  death  of  Louis;  and,  finally, 
was  executed  with  Danton,  in  1794.  His 
Corned  ie?  and  Poems  form  two  volumes; 
of  the  former,  the  best  are,  Moliere's  Phi- 
lintp;  the  Epistolary  Intrigue;  and  The 
Tutors. 

FABRICIUS,  or  FABRIZIO,  an  Ital- 
ian physician  and  anatomist,  was  born  at 
Acqnapendente,  in  1537.  He  was  a  pupil 
of  Fallopius,  at  Padua,  and  succeeded  him 
in  the  surgical  and  anatomical  chair  of 
that  university.  Fabricius  was  of  a  noble 
and  disinterested  nature,  and  was  held  in 
high  esteem  bv  the  P-iduans  and  the  Vene- 
tian government.  He  died  in  1612.  The 
valves  of  the  veins  were  first  accurately 
tlfrfi-ribe.l  by  him.  His  anatomical  works 
form  one  volume  in  folio,  and  his  surgical 
works  another 

FABRICIUS  of  HILDEN,  WILLIAM, 
a  celebrated  surgeon,  was  born  at  Hilden, 
near  Cologne,  in  1560;  practised  at  Berne 
and  Lausanne;  and  died  in  1634.  Among 
his  numerous  works,  forming  a  folio  vol- 
ume, are  Treatises  on  Gangrene  and  on 
Dysentery,  and  a  New  Mamie1  of  Military 
Medicine  and  Surgery. 


KAB  *u 

FABRICIUS,  DAVID,  a  German  cter- 

gy man  and  astronomer,  who  died  at  Osterla, 
in  East  Friesland,  in  1579,  discovered  tho 
changeable  star  in  the  constellation  of  the 
Whale,  and  made  an  attempt  to  reconcile 
the  Ptolemaic  system  with  the  observations 
of  Kepler.  He  is  also  tha  author  of  a 
Chronicle  of  East  Friesland. 

FABRICIUS,  JOHN,  an  astronomer, 
son  of  the  foregoing,  was  the  first  who,  by 
means  of  refracting  telescopes,  discovered 
the  spots  on  the  sun's  disk;  or  at  the 
least,  made  the  discovery  contemporaneous- 
ly with  Galileo.  He  was  born  at  Osterla, 
and  died  in  the  first  half  of  the  seventeenth 
century. 

FABRICIUS,  JOHN  ALBERT,  a  Ger- 
man critic  and  bibliographer,  whom  one 
of  his  contemporaries  called  the  Librariau 
of  the  Republic  of  Literature,  was  born  at 
Leipsic,  in  1668,  and  died,  in  1736,  at 
Hamburgh,  in  which  city  he  was  professor 
of  rhetoric.  He  is  said  to  have  produced 
a  hundred  and  twenty-eight  works;  among 
which  are,  Bibliotheca  Graeca,  fourteen 
vols.  4to;  Bibliotheca  Latina,  three  vols. 
8vo.;  Bibliotheca  Ecclesiastica  ;  Bibli- 
otheca Latina  Mediae  et  Infinue  Latinatis; 
and  Bibliotheca  Antiquaria. 

FABRICIUS,  JOHN  CHRISTIAN,  the 
greatest  of  modern  entomologists,  was  born, 
in  1742,  at  Tundern,  in  Sleswick.  He 
was  the  pupil  and  friend  of  Linnaeus. 
Medicine  was  the  profession  which  he 
adopted;  but  his  principal  attention  was 
turned  to  entomology,  and,  for  the  purpose 
of  improving  that  science,  he  visited  all  the 
museums  of  northern  and  central  Europe. 
He  died  at  Copenhagen,  in  1807.  The 
calamities  to  which  his  country  was  then 
exposed  are  said  to  have  been  mainly 
instrumental  in  causing  his  death.  Fabri- 
cius was  counsellor  to  the  Danish  monarch, 
and  professor  of  rural  and  political  econ- 
omy. He  is  the  author  of  Systema  En- 
tomologia; ;  Philosophia  Entomologia  ; 
Entomologia  Systematica;  Systema  Eleu- 
theratorum;  and  other  works,  both  on  his 
favourite  science  and  on  political  economy. 
It  is  from  the  organs  of  the  mouth  thai 
Fabricius  classifies  the  insect  tribes. 

FABRIS,  NICHOLAS,  an  Italian  mechji- 
nician,  was  born  at  Chioggia,  in  1731,  and 
died  there  in  1801 .  He  was  of  the  clerical 
profession.  Among  his  numerous  and  ingen- 
ious inventions  were,  a  pianoforte  which, 
while  it  played,  noted  down  the  music; 
a  barrel  which  excluded  air  by  contractirsg 
in  the  interior  as  the  liquor  was  Hro,,-a 
off;  a  wooden  hand  to  beat  tin"  ,  -  ..—•»•>» ^ 
which  marked  at  once  the  i  r"  ^M  Ital- 
ian hours,  minutes  am'  ^oiids,  with  the 
equinoxes  and  solstices,  and  a  species  ot 
clock,  of  which  a  magnet  was  the  motive 
power. 

FABRONI,  ANO*I  j,  a  learned 


28)  FA1 

was  burn,  «n  1732,  at  Marradi,  in  r^ 
Tuscan  territory;  was  prior  of  the  church 
of  St.  Lorenzo,  at  Florence;  and  was 
patronised  by  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany, 
Popes  Benedict  XIV.  and  Clement  XIV  ., 
and  other  illustrious  characters.  He  trav- 
elled to  examine  the  libraries  of  England, 
France,  and  Germany,  and  corresponded 
wirh  the  most  eminent  of  his  contempora- 
rli'f.  He  died  in  1S03.  His  greatest  work 
is,  Lhes  i>f  tl>e  principal  Italian  Scholars 
of  the  Seventeenth  and  Eighteenth  Cen- 
turies, in  twenty  volumes.  But  he  pub- 
lished many  others;  among  which  are, 
Lives  of  Lorenzo  and  Cosmo  de  Medici, 
and  of  Leo  X. ;  and  Eulogies  of  illustrious 
Italians.  He  likewise  edited  a  Literary 
Journal,  which  extended  to  a  hundred  and 
ten  volumes. 

FAGEL,  CASPAR,  an  eminent  Dutch 
statesman,  was  born  at  Haerlem,  in  1629, 
and  died  in  1688.  He  was  grand  pen- 
sionary of  Holland,  and  distinguished  him- 
self on  various  occasions;  particularly  by 
bis  firmness  when  Louis  XIV.  invaded  the 
country,  and  by  the  activity  and  spirit  with 
which  he  seconded  the  plans  of  the  prince 
of  Orange,  for  the  expulsion  of  James  II. 
from  England. 

FAGIUOLI,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  an  Italian 
comic  and  burlesque  poet,  a  member  of 
the  Apatisti  Academy,  was  born  at  Flor- 
ence, in  1660,  and  died  in  1742.  Early 
in  life  he  was  celebrated  for  his  wit, 
pleasantry,  and  facetiousness,  and  he  con- 
tinu~d  to  be  so  till  the  end  of  his  days. 
But,  though  his  company  was  consequently 
sougnt  by  the  grand  duke,  and  by  other 
elevated  character?,  lie  obtained  but  scanty 
patronage.  He  is  the  author  of  two  vol- 
umes of  Burlesque  Poetry ;  seven  volumes 
of  Comedies;  and  a  volume  of  Miscella- 
nies in  prose. 

FAHRENHEIT,  GABRIEL  DANIEL, 
an  experimental  philosopher,  a  native  of 
Dantzick,  was  born  in  1686,  and  died  in 
1736.  He  improved  the  thermometer,  by 
adopting  mercury  instead  of  spirit  of  wine, 
and  formed  that  scale  which  is  used  in 
England.  At  the  time  of  his  decease  he 
was  engaged  in  constructing  a  machine  for 
draining  th?  Dutch  marshes.  He  wrote  a 
Dissertation  on  Thermometers ;  and  some 
papers  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions, 
and  in  the  Leipsic  Acta  Eruditorum. 

FAIRFAX,  EDWARD,  a  poet,  the  son  of 
Sir  Thomas  Fairfax,  of  Denton,  in  York- 
shire, was  a  country  gentleman,  residing 
at  Newhill,  in  Knaresborough  Forest,  anu 
died  about  1632.  He  wrote  Eclogues, 
only  one  of  which  is  extant,  some  other 
loet  poems,  and  a  Treatise  on  Demonology  ; 
but  the  work  which  ensure*  his  lusting 
iJtrnc  is  a  translation  of  Tasso's  Godfrey  of 
Bulloigne,  which  first  appeared  in  1600. 
Fairfax  ha*  executed  hi*  utfk  with  * 


felicity  which,  uu  the  whole,  hat  »ot  yd 
I  IK  en  surpassed;  and,  though  he  sometime* 
deviates  from  his  author,  he  often  adds  new 
beauties  to  him. 

FAIRFAX,  THOMAS,  Lord,  one  of  lh« 
principal  generals  in  the  civil  wars,  waj 
the  eldest  son  of  Lord  Fairfax,  and  wa« 
iborn,  in  1611,  at  Denton,  in  Yoikshire. 
jThe  love  of  a  military  life  induced  him 
to  (jtiit  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge,  to 
serve  as  a  volunteer,  in  the  Netherlands, 
I  under  Vere.  When  the  war  broke  out 
between  Chnrl-s  I.  and  the  Parliament, 
Fairfax  espoused  the  cause  of  the  latter. 
In  some  of  his  earliest  actions  he  was 
unsuccessful;  but  he  distinguished  himself 
at  Marston  Moor,  and  he  was  appointed 
general  in  chief  when  Essex  resigned. 
After  having  been  victorious  at  Naseby, 
he  reduced  the  West  to  obedience,  and 
compelled  Colchester  to  surrender.  To 
the  execution  of  the  dethroned  monarch 
he  was  hostile.  At  length,  he  withdrew 
from  all  public  employments,  and  he  ulti- 
mately contributed  to*  the  restoration  of 
Charles  II.  He  died  in  1671.  Fairfax 
wrote  his  own  Memoirs,  and  a  few  poems. 

FALCONER,  WILLIAM,  a  poet,  boru 
about  1730,  was  the  son  of  a  barber  at 
Edinburgh;  entered  the  merchant  service 
when  young;  rose  to  be  second  mate ;  and 
was  cast  away  in  the  Levant.  He  was, 
afterwards,  a  midshipman  in  the  Royal 
George,  and,  next,  purser  of  the  Glory. 
In  1769,  he  was  appointed  purser  of  the 
Aurora,  in  which  ship  he  is  supposed  to 
have  been  lost,  on  her  voyage  to  India. 
He  is  the  author  of  The  Shipwreck,  a 
poem;  some  minor  poetical  productions; 
and  a  Marine  Dictionary.  His  lesser 
poems,  with  the  exception  of  The  Storm, 
a  song,  have  little  to  recommend  them; 
but  his  Shipwreck  is  a  work  which  entitle* 
him  to  hold  an  honourable  place  among 
British  poets. 

FALCONER,  WILLIAM,  a  physician, 
was  born  in  1743,  and  died  in  1824,  at 
Bath,  where  he  was  highly  popular  in  hia 
medical  capacity.  To  him  belongs  the  dis- 
covery of  the  properties  of  carbonic  acid 
gas,  which  has  been  erroneously  attributed 
to  Dr.  Priestley.  He  wrote  many  works 
on  medical  subjects;  among  which  are, 
On  the  Influence  of  Climate;  on  the  Bath 
Waters;  On  the  Poison  of  Copper;  and 
On  the  Influence  of  the  Passions.  He 
also  translated  Arrian's  Voyage  round  the 
Euxine  Sea. 

FALCONET,  STEPHEN  MAURICE,  a 
French  sculptor,  was  born  at  Paris,  in 
1716,  and  died  in  1791.  His  parent*  were 
in  humble  circumstances,  he  received  little 
education,  and  was  apprenticed  to  a  cutter 


of  barber's  blocks;     but   he   spent  every 
in  modelling ;   obtained  the 


leisure  moment  ii 

patronage  of  Lemoine,  the"  sculptor ;  KM* 


FAN 

•)  eminence  ttt  an  aitiet;  and,  by  dint  of 
atudy,  became  an  excellent  scholar.  In 
1766  lie  was  invited  to  Russia,  to  execute 
the  statue  of  Peter  the  Great,  and  he  re- 
lided  there  for  twelve  years.  Among  his 
best  works  are,  Milo  of  Cotrona;  Pygma- 
lion; a  threatening  Cupid;  Moses;  David; 
and  St.  Ambrose.  His  writings,  on  the  fine 
art?,  form  six  volumes  8vo 

FALIEllO,  MARINO,  a  Venetian  noble, 
after  having  held  several  important  offices, 
succeeded  Andrew  Dandolo,  as  doge  of 
Venice,  in  1354.  He  was  then  seventy-six 
years  of  age,  and  had  a  young  and  beau- 
tiful wife.  Jealous  of  Michael  Steno,  he 
quarrelled  with  and  was  insulted  by  him  at 
a  masquerade.  For  the  insult  Steno  was 
condemned  to  a  month's  imprisonment;  a 
punishment  which  Faliero  deemed  so  in- 
adequate, that,  burning  with  rrvenge,  he 
entered  into  a  plot  with  the  plebeians,  to 
overturn  the  government,  and  massacre  the 
patricians.  The  conspiracy  was  discov- 
ered on  the  night  before  it  was  to  be  carried 
into  effect,  and  Faliero  Avas  decapitated, 
April  17,  1355.  This  story  forms  the 
subject  of  a  tragedy  by  Lord  Byron. 

FALKLAND,  Lucius  CARY,  vis- 
count, one  of  the  most  virtuous  of  all  who 
bore  a  part  in  the  civil  war  of  1641,  was 
born  about  1610;  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  and  St.  John's  College", 
Cambridge;  and,  after  having  travelled, 
and  married,  gave  himself  up,  for  some 
years,  to  the  cultivation  of  literature  in 
elegant  retirement.  In  1640,  he  was  cho- 
sen a  member  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
and,  at  the  outset,  he  espoused  the  cause  of 
the  parliament.  At  length,  believing  that 
the  subversion  of  the  monarchy  was  in- 
tended, he  joined  the  king's  party,  and  was 
made  secretary  of  state.  The  restoration 
of  peace  was  the  constant  object  of  his 
prayers.  He  fell,  acting  as  a  volunteer,  at 
the  battle  of  Newbury,  in  1643.  Some  of 
his  Speeches  and  Controversial  Tracts  are 
extant. 

FALLOPIO,  or  FALLOPIUS,  G,  - 
BRIKL,  an  eminent  anatomist  and  physi- 
cian, vis  born  at  Modena,  in  1523  (but 
some  erroneously  date  his  birth  in  1490) ; 
studied  at  Ferrara  and  Padua;  was  ana- 
tomical professor  for  three  years  at  Pisa; 
was  chosen,  in  1551,  by  the  Venetian  se- 
nate, to  fill  the  chair  of  anatomy  and  sur- 
gery at  Padua;  and  died  in  1562.  Of  his 
works  the  chief  bears  the  title  of  Anatom- 
ical Observations.  Anatomy  is  indebted 
to  him  for  many  important  discoveries  in 
various  parts  of  the  body,  and  for  the  first 
correct  description  of  the  bones  and  vessels 
of  the  foetus.  The  Fallopian  tubes  in  fe- 
males are  named  from  him. 

FANSHAW,  Sir  RICHARD,  a  diplo- 
statist  and  poet,  was  born,  in  1607,  at 
Ware  Park,  Harts;  studied  at  J«*us  Col- 


TAR 


253 


lege,  Cambridge,  and  the  Inner  Temple; 
was  appointed  resident  at  Madrid,  in 
1635;  took  an  active  part  on  the  roya 
side  throughout  the  civil  war;  and  was 
imprisoned  after  the  battle  of  Worcester. 
Charles  II.  knighted  him;  made  him  may. 
ter  of  requests,  and  Latin  secretary ;  and 
thrice  employed  him  as  ambassador  to 
Portugal  and"  Spain.  Fan.shaw  died  at 
Madrid,  in  1666.  He  translated  the  Lu- 
siad,  the  Pastor  Fido,  some  Odes  of 
Horace,  and  the  first  book  of  the  .'Eneid; 
and  wrote  a  few  original  pieces,  which, 
though  careless,  manifest  poetical  talent. 
The  Memoirs  written  by  his  amiable  and 
affectionate  wife  have  been  recently  pub- 
lished. 

FANTIN-DESODOARDS,  ANTHONT 
STEPHEN  NICHOLAS,  a  political  writer 
and  historian,  was  born,  in  1738,  a.t  Point 
de  Beauvoisin,  in  Dauphine,  and  died  in 
1820.  He  was  originally  an  ecclesiastic, 
but  adopted  revolutionary  principles,  ana 
was  connected  with  Dantpn,  Robespierre, 
and  other  demagogues.  Among  his  works 
are,  Continuations  of  Henault's  and  of 
Velley's  Histories  of  France;  a  Philosoph- 
ical History  of  the  French  Revolution; 
and  a  History  of  the  Revolutions  of  Europe 
subsequent  to  the  Fall  of  the  Roman  Re- 
public. 

FARE,    CHARLES    AUGUSTUS,    mar- 

?uis  de  la,  a  French  poet,  was  born  in 
644,  at  Valgorge,  in  the  Vivarais;  served 
as  a  volunteer  in  Hungary,  and  afterwards 
in  France;  was  appointed,  in  1680,  cap- 
tain in  the  body  guards  of  the  duke  of 
Orleans;  and  died  in  1712.  La  Fare  did 
not  begin  to  write  poetry  till  he  was  sixty. 
His  compositions,  however,  are  remarka- 
ble for  sweetness  and  elegance.  He  is  also 
the  author  of  Penthea,  an  opera ;  and  of 
Memoirs  of  the  principal  Events  in  the 
Reign  of  Louis  XIV. 

FARIA  Y  SOUZA,  MANUEL,  a  Por- 
tuguese historian  and  poet,  was  born,  about 
1588,  at  Souto,  in  Portugal.  After  having 
been  in  the  family  of  the  Bishop  of  Oporto, 
he  became  secretary  to  the  marquis  of 
Castel  Rodrigo,  ambassador  at  Rome, 
whom,  however,  he  suddenly  left,  in  con- 
sequence of  a  quarrel.  For  this  he  was 
arrested  at  Barcelona,  and  for  a  while 
imprisoned,  through  the  influence  of  the 
marquis.  He  died  at  Madrid,  in  1647. 
He  wrote  seven  volumes  of  poems ;  Com- 
mentaries on  the  Lusiad ;  an  Epitome  01 
the  Portuguese  History;  and  four  histori 
cal  works  on  the  Portuguese  dominions  in 
the  four  quarters  of  the  globe. 

FARMER,  RICHARD,  an  acute  and 
elegant  scholar,  a  native  of  Leicester, 
born  in  1735,  was  educated  at  Emanuet 
College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  became 
master  in  1775.  In  1776  he  was  vie*- 
chancellor,  and  in  1778  was  elected  libra 


FAU 


TEA 


inn  of  (he  university.     He  obtained  pre-  Mountain  of  Mae*tricht;   A  Natural  lit* 

iei  tis   at   Litehtield  and    Canterbury,  the  tory  of  Dauphin**;    and  a  Journey  in  Eng« 

latter  of  which  he  exchanged  lor  a  can.inrv  land.  Sc  >t!aml,  and  the  Hebrides, 

of  St.    Pad's.     Ho    dird    in    1797.      I !  iV  FYVAKT,   CHARI.F.S    SIMON,  a   dra- 

F.ssay  on  the  learning  of  Shaksj  -care,  is   a  nriti-t,    \\  a.-   Ixifii    at    Paris,   in  1710,  and 

critical    \\ork    of    gieat    merit.      For   thr  died  in  17W.      He   is  the  author  of  more 

history  of  hi?  native  .  -vvn  he  collr cted  ma-  tliaa    sixty   comic    pieces,    most    of  which 

It-rials,  which  he  C-IXP  to  Mr.  Nichols,  were  succ;  s.-f.d,  and  de>e;-ved  to  lie  so,  for 

PARNABV,orF4RNABIEf THOHAS,  their    \\it,    ingenuity,     and     sprinhtlinesb. 

a    grammarian,    was    burn   in    London,  in  They    have   been   published   in    eight    vol- 

157.");     was  educated   at    Merton    College,  nines.      Among    them    may   be   mentioned, 

Oxford;    served   under   Drake  and    Haw-  Annette  and  Lubin,  Ninette  at  Court,  and 


kins,  and  in  the  Netherlands;     and   stil>:-e- 


the  Three   Sultans — His   son,  CHARLES 
NICHOLAS    JOSEPH     JUSTIN,    born 


n 


quently    acquired    much    reputation 

schoolmaster.       He    died    in    1646.       He!  1749,  and  died  in  1806,  was  an  actor,  and 
wrote  various  sch  >ol  books;   and  Commen-  also  wrote   several  dramas  and    poeni:>. — 

The  elder  Fav art's    wife,   M  4RIA«  Jusri- 
NA,  was  a  celebrated  actress. 


taries  on  Juvenal,  Persius,  and  other  clas 
sical    writers. 

FAIUil  MAR,  GFORGF,a  dramatist, 
the  sou  of  a  clergyman,  was  born,  in  1678, 
at  Londonderry,  in  Ireland.  From  Trinity 
College,  Dublin,  when  he  had  been  there 
only  a  year,  he  either  eloped  or  was  ex- 
pelled. He  tlujn  went  on  the  Dublin 

stage,  but  soon  quitted    it    in   consequence   _    ..r  _   ..„.„_ 

of  his  having  dangerously  wounded  a  bro-  and  its  rider,  and  to  have  often  carried  a 
ther    actor   with  a  sword,  which  he  had  cannon  on  lii»  shoulder,  seemingly  with  as 


FAVRAT,  FRANCIS  ANDRFW,  a  na- 
tive of  Prussia,  was  a  Prussian  general, 
and  governor  of  Glatz.  lie  wrote  Me- 
moirs for  the  History  of  the  War  of  tha 
Polish  Revolution  from  1794  to  1796. 
Favrat  was  remarkable  for  his  strength. 
He  is  said  to  have  once  lifted  up  a  horse 

I     '  .  •    1  1.1  /•.  i 


used  by  mistake  instead  of  a  foH.  In  his 
eighteenth  year  he  visited  the  British 
metropolis.  His  manners  and  talents 
caused  him  to  be  much  noticed,  and  in- 
duced Lord  Orrery  to  give  him  a  lieute- 
nant's commission.  At  the  persuasion  of 
his  friend  Wilks,  Farqnhar  tried  his  skill 
in  the  drama,  and  produced,  in  1690,  the 
comedy  of  Love  and  a  Bottle.  The  suc- 
cess which  it  obtained  he  followed  up,  be- 
tween 169S  and  1707,  by  supplying  to  the 
theatre  The  Constant  Couple,  Sir  Harry 
Wildair,  The  Inconstant,  The  Twin  Ri- 
vals, The  Stage  Coach,  The  Recruiting 
Otlicer,  and  The  Beaux's  Stratagem. 
Some  of  these  still  retain  possession  of 
the  stage.  He  also  published  a  volume  of 
Miscellanies.  In  spite  of  his  exertions, 
Farquhar  was  poor,  and  his  difficulties 
were  increased  by  his  marriage  with  a 
portionless  lady,  who,  being  passionately 
attached  to  him,  had  caused  herself  to  be 
represented  as  the  possessor  of  a  large 
fortune.  To  his  honour  be  it  recorded, 
that  he  never  even  reproached  her  for  the 
deception.  He  died  in  1707.  In  tin* 
drama?  of  Farqnhar  there  is  much  wit  and 
*prightline?s,  unfortunately  tinctured  with 
the  licentiousness  which  was  the  besetting 
vin  of  the  drama  in  those  davs. 

FAUAS  DK  ST.  FOND,  BARTHOL- 
OMKW,  an  eminent  French  geologist,  was 
born,  in  1750,  at  Monteliiuart,  and  died, 
at  Paris,  in  1819,  professor  at  the  Museum 
of  Natural  History.  He  wrote  various 
works,  among  which  are,  Inquiries  res- 
pecting the  extinguished  Volcanos  of  the 
Vivarais  and  Vr'av ;  the  Mineralogy  of 
of  Volcanos;  A  Natural  History  of  the 


much  ease  as  a  soldier  bears  his  firelock. 

FAWKES,  FRANCIS,  a  poet,  was  born 
about  1721,  in  Yorkshire;  was  educated 
at  Jesus  College,  Cambridge;  and,  after 
having  been  curate  of  Bramham  and  Croy- 
don,  and  vicar  of  Orpington  and  St.  Mary 
Cray,  died  in  1777,  vicar  of  Hayes,  in 
Kent.  He  wrote  many  miscellaneous  po- 
ems; translated  Anacreon,  Sappho,  llion, 
Moschus,  Theocritus,  Musaeus,  and  Apol- 
lonius  Rhodius;  and  edited  the  Poetical 
Calendar,  in  conjunction*  with  Woty. 
Though  not  bearing  the  stamp  of  superior 
talent,  his  poetry  is  pleasing  and  elegant 


FAYETT 


•v  is  plef 
E,    MA 


A  R  Y      31  A  G  D  A  L  K  N  , 


Countess  of,  whose  maiden  name  was  De 
la  Vergne,  was  born  in  1632,  and  received 
an  excellent  education.  Latin  was  taught 
her  by  Menage  and  father  Rapin,  and  in 
three  months  she  acquired  an  astonishing 
knowledge  of  it.  In  1655,  she  married 
Count  de  la  Fayette.  She  was  in  habits 
of  friendship  with  many  men  of  talent,  and 
was  generally  beloved.  After  suffering 
much  from  infirmity,  she  died  in  1693. 
She  is  the  author  of  The  Princess  or 
Cleves  ;  Zaida  ;  and  other  romances  , 
which  continue  to  be  admired;  and  of  Me- 
moirs of  the  Court  of  France  in  1688  and 
1689. 

FEARNE,  CHARLES,  a  writer  on  law 
and  metaphysics,  was  born  in  London,  in 
1749,  and  educated  at  Westminster  School. 
Though  he  studied  the  law  in  the  Inner 
Temple,  he  did  not  make  it  his  profession 
till  the  losses  which  he  sustained  by  vari- 
ous projects  compelled  him  to  do  BO.  He 
then  became  eminent  as  a  chamber  coun-tel 
and  conveyancer.  Ho  died  in  1794-  HM 


FEN 

princ!pa.l  works  are,  An  Essay  on  Contin- 
gent Remainders;  and  An  Essay  on  Con- 
nciousness. 

FEITHV  RHYNVIS,  an  eminent  Dutch 
poet,  was  born  at  Zwoll,  in  Overyssel,  in 
1753,  and  died  in  1324.  He  wrote  five 
volumes  of  Odea  and  Miscellaneous  Po- 
ems; four  tragedies;  Letters  on  various 
literary  subjects ;  and  other  works  in  prose. 

FELIBIEN,  ANDREW,  a  native  of 
France,  born  at  Chartres,  in  1619,  was 
secretary  to  the  French  embay sy  at  Koine, 
in  which  city  he  became  intimate  with 
Poussin,  and  his  intercourse  with  that  em- 
inent painter  doubtless  heightened  and 
matured  Felibien's  natural  taste  for  the 
fine  arts.  On  his  return  to  France,  he  was 
appointed  superintcndaut  of  the  royal 
buildings,  and  of  aris  and  manufactures. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  first  eight  members 
of  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions  and  Med- 
als. He  died  in  1695.  The  most  consid- 
erable of  his  works  are,  Dialogues  on  the 
Life  and  Works  of  Painters;  and  The 
Principles  of  Architecture,  Painting,  and 
Sculpture. — His  eldest  son,  JoHtf  FRAN- 
CIS, who  died  in  1733.,  wrote,  Jimong  oth- 
er things,  An  Historical  Collection  of  the 
Lives  and  Works  of  celebrated  Architects. 

FELTHAM,  OWEN,  a  writer,  of  whom 
nothing  is  known  but  that  he  was  a  native 
of  Suftolk,  lived  many  years  in  the  earl  of 
Thomond's  family,  and  died  about  1678. 
His  only  work  is,  Resolves,  Divine,  Polit- 
ical, and  Moral.  It  has  passed  through 
thirteen  editions,  and  its  merit  justifies  our 
Lamenting  that  Feltham  wrote  no  more. 


FENELON,  FRANCIS  DE  SALIGNAC 
DE  LA  MOTTE,  one  of  the  most  able  of 
French  writers  and  virtuous  of  men,  was 
born,  in  1651,  at  the  Castle  of  Fenelon,  in 
Perigord;  studied  at  Cahors  and  Paris; 
and  entered  into  holy  orders  at  the  age  of 
twenty-four.  The  archbishop  of  Paris  ap- 
pointed him  superior  of  the  newly  con- 
verted female  catholics,  and  his  success  in 
this  office,  and  the  merit  of  his  treatises 
on  Femalw  Education  and  on  the  Ministry 
of  Pastors,  induced  Louis  XIV.  to  send 
iiiiu  on  a  mission  to  Poitou  to  convert  the 
prote»tnntA.  This  post  Fennlon  accepted 


FKJ:  2M 

only  on  the  express  condition  that  fon« 
should  not  be  employed  in  aid  of  his  efforts. 
In  1689  he  w;is  selected  by  M.  de  Beau 
villiers  to  be  tutor  to  tlie  duke  of  Burgun- 
dy and  his  younger  brothers.  It  was  for 
the  use  of  his  royal  pupil  that  he  composed 
his  Telemachus."  In  1694  he  wan  raised 
to  the  archbishopric  of  Cambray.  He  did 
not,  however,  long  enjoy  in  peace  his  well 
merited  preferment.  Having  espoused  the 
cause  of  Madam  Guyon,  and  published  a 
work,  The  Maxims  of  the  Saints,  which 
was  considered  as  teaching  her  doctrine 
of  quietism,  he  was  bitterly  attacked  by 
Bossuet,  and  his  book  was  ultimately  cen- 
sured by  the  Pope.  Fenelon  himself  read 
his  recantation  in  his  own  cathedral.  The 
anger  of  Louie  XIV.  was  still  more  roused 
against  him  by  the  appearance  of  Teleina- 
chus,  which  was  surreptitiously  published 
by  a  servant,  to  whom  it  had  been  inuust- 
ed  for  transcription.  It  was  looked  upon 
by  the  haughty  and  ambitious  monarch  as 
a  covert  satire  upon  his  own  misgovern- 
ment  and  criminal  love  of  war.  Fenelon 
was,  in  consequence,  kept  at  a  distance 
from  the  court.  But,  though  discounte- 
nanced by  his  own  sovereign,  a  just  tribute 
was  paid  to  his  merit  by  foreigners.  The 
lands  of  his  diocese  were  exempted  from 
pillage,  and  his  person  was  treated  with 
the  utmost  respect  by  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough,  and  the  other  generals  of  the  al- 
lies. He  died  in  1715;  leaving  behind 
him  an  imperishable  reputation,  as  an  elo- 
quent writer,  a  conscientious  prelate,  and 
an  amiable,  enlightened,  and  virtuous  man. 
Hid  productions  form  nine  volumes  in  quar- 
to. The  principal  of  them,  besides  those 
already  mentioned,  are,  Dialogues  on  Elo- 
quence; Dialogues  of  the  Dead;  Demon- 
stration of  the  Existence  of  a  God ;  and 
Spiritual  Works. 

FENN,  Sir  JOHN,  an  antiquary,  was 
born  at  Norwich,  in  1739;  was  educated 
at  Caius  College,  Cambridge;  and  died 
in  1794.  He  edited  an  interesting  Collec- 
tion of  Letters,  in  four  volumes,  written 
by  the  Paston  family,  and  others,  in  the 
rd^ns  of  Henry  VI., "Edward  IV.,  Richard 
III.,  and  Henry  VII. 

FENTON,  ELIJAH,  a  poet  and  divine, 
was  born,  in  1683,  at  Shelton,  in  Stafford- 
shire; .was  educated  at  Jesus  College, 
Cambridge ;  was  at  one  period  private  sec- 
retary to  the  earl  of  Orrery ;  assisted  Pope 
in  translating  the  Odyssey;  and  died  tutor 
to  the  son  of  Lady  Trumbtill,  in  1730.  Fen- 
ton  TTIS  an  amiable  and  worthy  man,  and 
an  elegant  writer  of  verse.  Besides  hia 
poems  and  his  share  in  the  Odyssey,  he  pro- 
duced Mariamne,  a  tragedy ;  and  the  Lives 
of  Milton  and  Waller. 

FERAUI),  To  N  FRANCIS,  a  French 
grammarian,  who  was  born  in  1725,  was? 
Jesuit,  and  nrofessor  of  rhetoric  and  philt»» 


2M  PER  K?K 

ophy  at  Be*ancon.  He  died  in  ISO? .  He  ;  an  Introduction  to  Electricity.  !Ie  JM 
produced  two  valuable  work.",  A  Grammat-  in  177H. 

ical  Dictionary  of  the  French  Lanijiia^e,  FERGUSON,  ADAM,  Rn  historian  and 
two  vols.  Svo.";  and  A  Critical  Dictionary  moral  |  hilosi>|  her,  \vns  horn,  in  1724,  at 
of  the  French  LftBfWCe,  three  vols.  4t<>.  Lo^ii  -rait,  i-i  I'erih^hi.  c,  of  wl.ich  parish 

FERBER,  JOHN  JAMFS,  an  eminent  his  father  \\as  a  minister;  irM  educated  at 
minerulo^i.-t,  was  bom  ;;t  I'ai  Urn  n;t,  in  IVrth,  .*>(.  Andre  \\ V.  ami  Kdinbm  gh  ;  was 
Sweden,  in  1743;  travelled  over  a  consid-  chaplain  to  the  f  rty-x coud  itgitnent,  in 
arable  part  of  Europe,  to  inspect  the  mi  no  ;  I 'landers,  till  the  peace  of  Ai\  l.i  Chap  I'.r  ; 
inl  iiod  in  1790,  while  on  a  tour  in  .Swit-  and  in  17.">f>,  was  chosen  professor  of  natu- 
*erl*nd.  Among  his  principal  works  are,  ral  philosophy,  \\hi-.-h  office  IK-  snhsequent- 
Letlero  from  Italy;  A  Mineralogical  His-  ly  resigned  for  the  profeMbfBhip  »>f  moral 
tory  of  Bohemia;  A  Description  of  the.  philosophy,  at  Edinburgh.  In  1773,  he 
Quicksilver  Mines  of  Idria;  and  Inquiries  accompanied  the  earl  of  (  hestct  field  on  his 
on  the  Mountain?  and  Mines  of  Hunga-  travels;  and,  in  1778,  as  a  reward  for  hav- 
ry.  j  ing  answered  Dr.  Price's  Observations  on 

FERDUSI,  ABUL  CASK.M  MAXSTR,  Civil  Liberty,  be  was  appointed  secretary 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  poets  of  Persia,' to  the  reconciliatory  mission  which  wai 
was  born,  in  916,  at  Rizvan,  in  Khorasan.  sent  to  America.  On  his  return  he  resum 
Sidtan  Mahmoud  of  Ghazna  gave  him  a  led  his  professorial  duties  and  literary  avo- 
distinguished  reception  at  his  court,  and  cations.  He  died  in  1816.  Ferguson  it 
engaged  him  to  compose  the  Shr.h  .\anu-h,  the  author  of  An  Essay  on  Civil  Society; 
or  History  of  the  Persian  Sovereigns.  In:  A  History  of  the  Roman  Republic;  A 
executing  this  task,  Ferdusi  spent  thirty  i  Treatise  on  Moral  and  Political  Science; 
years  in  retirement,  and,  during  that  time,;  and  Institutes  of  Moral  Philosophy;  and 
his  enemies  succeeded  in  prejudicing  Mali-  may  justly  be  ranked  among  the  standard 
moud  against  him.  Instead  of  being  re-  writers  in  the  English  language, 
warded  for  his  work,  according  to  promise,!  FERGUSSON,  KOBK.UT,  a  poet,  wai 
with  sixty  thousand  pieces  of  gold,  merely  |  born  in  1751,  at  Edinburgh;  was  educated 
the  same  number  of  pieces  of  silver  were  at  Edinburgh,  Dundee,  and  St.  Andrew's; 
sent  to  him.  Indignant  at  this  conduct,  he  was  intended  for  the  church,  but  was  oblig- 
distributed  the  paltry  boon  among  the  ser-jed  to  seek  other  means  of  subsistence,  and 
vants  and  porters,  wrote  a  bitter  satire  on  obtained  an  humble  situation  in  the  slier 
the  sultan,  and  fled  to  Bagdad.  Mahmoud,  ills'  cleik's  office;  and  died  in  1774,  in  a 
however,  recalled  him,  but  the  poet  died,  j  lunatic  asylum.  His  English  poema  arc 
in  1020,  soon  after  his  return.  j  below  mediocrity,  but  his  compositions  in 

FERGUSON,  JAMES,  an  astronomer,!  the  Scottish  dialect  manifest  talent  from 
mechanist,  and  experimental  philosopher,  which  much  might  have  been  expected  had 
is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  instances  on  ;  his  days  been  lengthened. 
record  of  a  self-educated  man.  He  was  j  FERISHTA,  MOHAMMED  CASE M,  an 
born  in  1710,  and  was  the  son  of  a  labourer  j  Indian  historian,  who  flourished  at  the  be- 
in  Banffshire.  He  learned  to  read  in  in- j  ginning  of  the  seventeenth  century,  was 
fancy  by  hearing  one  of  his  brothers  taught. !  born  at  Ahmednagur,  in  the  Deccan.  Be- 
At  only  eight  years  of  age,  an  accident  led  '  ing  neglected  by  Jehanguire,  he  accepted 
his  attention  to  mechanics,  and,  without  as- '  the  invitation  of  the  sovereign  of  Visin- 
sietance,  he  discovered  the  fundamental  pour,  who  patronised  him  in  the  most  lib- 
principles  of  the  lever  and  the  wheel  and  eral  manner,  and  raised  him  to  important 
axle.  While  serving  as  a  shepherd  he  made  |  offices.  In  1609,  he  published  his  H  istory 
himself  master  of  astronomy,  and  constru"*-' of  India  under  the  Mussulmans;  a  work 
ed  models  of  mills,  spinning  wheels,  and,  at  |  which  bears  a  high  character  for  veracity 
length,  framed  a  pair  of  globes  and  a  watch,  and  impartiality.  Parts  of  it  have  been 
He  now  began  to  lie  patronized,  and,  hav-:  translated  by  Dow,  Scott,  Stewart,  and 
ing  acquired  a  knowledge  of  drawing,  he  Anderson.  *The  time  of  his  decease  is  Dot 
became  a  miniature  painter,  by  \\hich  pro-  known. 

fession  he  supported  himself"  for  several!  FERMAT,  PETER,  an  eminent  French 
years.  In  1743  he  removed  to  London,  and  mathematician  and  civilian,  was  born  at 
thenceforth  gained  yearly  accessions  of  repu-  Toulouse,  in  1590;  was  counsellor  of  the 
tation  and  |>rtune.  He  was  chosen  a  mem-  parliament  of  that  city ,  and  died  in  1664. 
ber  of  the  Koyal  Society,  and  received  a  He  was  thoroughly  versed  in  the  classics, 
•mall  pension  from  George  III  who  had  Wrote  Latin,  French,  and  Spanish  verses; 
attended  his  lectures  on  experimental  phi-  was  the  friend  of  most  of  his  philosophical 
lotophy.  His  works,  too,  were  numerous  contemporaries ;  and  was  a  profound  geo- 
and  successful.  Among  them  are,  Astron-  metrician.  He  seems  to  have  approached 
omy  explained;  Introduction  to  Astronomy ;  very  near  to  the  invention  of  the  diflcreu- 
Lectures  on  Mechanics,  Hydrostatics,  &c. ;  j  tial  calculus.  His  mathematical  work* 
T)M  Art  of  Drawing  in  Perspective;  and 'were  published  after  hit  death. 


FER 

I ERN AN DEZ,JuA«,  or  JOHN,  a  Spa- 
nish nilot,  who,  in  1572,  discovered  the  isl- 
and which  bears  his  name;  in  1574,  the 
islands'of  St.  Felix  and  St.  Ambrose;  and, 
in  I576j  an  extensive  tract  of  land,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  part  of  New  Zealand. 

FERNANDEZ  XIMENES  DE  NA- 
VARETTE,  JOHN,  a  celebrated  Spanish 
artist,  surnamed  El  Mudo,  because  he  was 
deaf  and  dumb,  was  born,  in  1526,  at  Lo- 
grono  ;  was  a  pupil  of  Titian;  and,  after 
his  return  from  Italy,  was  appointed  painter 
to  Philip  II.  He  died  in  1579.  Most  of 
his  great  works  are  in  the  Escurial.  Among 
them  are,  Abraham  with  the  three  Angels; 
and  the  Four  Evangelists. 

FERRARI,  Louis,  an  Italian  mathe- 
matician, born  at  Bologna,  in  1522,  was  a 
pupil  of  Cardan.  He  became  professor  of 
mathematics  in  his  native  city;  and  died 
there  in  1562.  He  is  the  discoverer  of  the 
method  of  resolving  biquadratic  equations. 
Cardan,  while  he  gives  high  praise  to  his 
talents,  represents  him  as  debauched,  im- 
pious, and  insufferably  violent. 

FERRARIS,   JOSEPH,   count  'de, 
Austrian  general,  was  born,   in    1726,    at 
Luneville;   entered  the  army  in  1741;  and 

in  1767  was  appointed  director  general  of  ing  frequently,  he  acquired  a  knowledge 
artillery  for  the  Austrian  Low  Countries,  j  of  several  of  the  sciences,  and  of  the  best 
It  was  while  he  held  this  situation  that  he  j  Greek,  Latin,  Spanish,  English,  Italian, 
undertook  the  map  of  the  Netherlands,  in!  and  French  authors,  and  wrote  an  astonisii- 
twenty-five  sheets,  which  bears  his  name. 
In  the  campaign  of  1793  he  distinguished 
himself  on  various  occasions;  and  at  the 
end  of  it  was  called  to  Vienna,  to  fill  the 
place  of  vice  president  of  the  aulic  council 
of  war.  He  waa  made  a  field-marshal  in 
1808,  and  died  in  1814. 

FERREIRA,  ANTHONY,  a  poet,  whom 

the  Portuguese  place  among  their  classics,  I  died  in  1764.  In  1780,  a  complete  edition 
was  born  at  Lisbon,  in  1528,  and  died  in  j  of  Feyjoo 's  productions  was  published,  in 
15GO.  Ferreira  brought  to  perfection  in  ;  thirty-three  volumes,  by  Campomanes. 
his  native  language  the  composition  of  el-j  FICHTE,  JOHN  THEOPHILUS,  one  of 
egies  and  epistles,  and  introduced  into  it  i  the  most  celebrated  German  philosophers 
the  epithalamium,  the  epigram,  the  ode,  i  of  the  modern  school,  was  barn,  in  17o'2, 
and  tragedy.  His  tragedy  of  Inez  de  Cas-  j  at  Rammenau,  in  Lusacia;  studied  at  \Vit- 
tro  is  considered  by  the  Portuguese  to  be  temberg  and  Leipsic;  was  successively 
one  of  the  noblest  works  in  their  literature,  j  professor  of  philosophy  at  Jeua  and  Erlan- 

FERRERAS,  JOHN  DE,  a  celebrated  gen,  and  rector  of  the  university  of  Berlin; 
Spanish  historian,  was  born,  in  1652,  of  and  died  in  1814.  He  is  the  author  of 
noble  parents,  at  Labaneza,  in  the  diocese  more  than  twenty  works,  in  most  of  which 
of  Astorga,  and  completed  his  studies  at  he  unfolds  the  doctrines  of  transcendental 
Salamanca.  After  having  filled  various  idealism.  Scheliing  was  his  most  formid- 
country  livings,  he  was  called  to  Madrid  able  opponent. 

by  Cardinal  Portocarrero,  who  gave  him  FICIXO,  or  FICINUS,  MARSILIUS.  a 
the  rectory  of  St.  Peter,  and  appointed  Platonic  philosopher,  born  at  Florence,  in 
him  his  confessor.  Ferreras  also  held  1433,  was  son  to  the  physician  of  Cosno 
office  under  the  Inquisition,  and  was  ad-  de  Medicis,  and  was  himself  patronised 
mitted  int.-)  the  state  juntos.  Twice  he  by  Cosmo,  Peter,  and  Lorenzo.  At  the 
refused  a  U'shopric.  He  died  in  1735.  age  of  forty-two  he  entered  into  the  church, 
He  contributed  to  the  great  Spanish  Die-  and  was  made  a  cantm  hi  1484.  He  waa 
tionary,  and  produced  several  works,  of  ;m  enthusi-istu-  admirer  of  [ Tito's  writings, 
which  the  most  important  is,  A  History  of  which  he  descanted  upon  in  an  academy, 
Spain,  in  sixteen  volumes  4to.  Inelegance  founded  by  Cosmo  fix-  that  purpose, 
»nd  spirit  he  '•  inferior  to  Marian*,  but  he  preichetl  even  from  th*>  pulpit,  and  al*« 


transcends  him  in  the  other  qualities  ui  un 
historian. 

FERRIAR,  JOHN,  a  physician  and 
writer  on  elegant  literature,  was  born,  in 
1764,  at  Chester;  studied  medicine,  and 
took  his  degree  at  Edinburgh;  and  settlrd 
at  Manchester,  where  he  acquired  an  ex- 
tensive practice,  and  was  chosen  physician 
to  the  Infirmary  and  the  Lunatic  Asylum 
Of  the  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society 
he  was  an  active  and  efficient  member 
He  died  in  1815.  Ferriar  is  the  author  of 
Medical  Histories  and  Reflections;  Illus- 
trations of  Sterne,  in  which  he  proves  the 
literary  larcenies  committed  by  that  writer; 
The  Bibliomania,  a  poetical  epistle;  An 
Essay  on  the  Theory  of  Apparitions;  and 
some  smaller  pieces  in  prose  and  verse. 

FEYJOO  Y  MONTENEGRO,  BE NE- 
DICT  JEROME,  an   able  Spanish  writer, 
was  born  at  Compostella,  in  1701 ;  studied 
at  the  university  of  Oviedo;    and,  in  1714, 
entered   the  convent  of   St.   Benedict,  in 
that  city.     He  became  professor  of  theol- 
ogy, and  abbot   of  the  monastery  <,f  Saint 
an  Vincent.      Feyjoo    was   one   of  the  most 
~*  indefatigable    of  human    beings.     Besides 
performing  his  official  duties,  and  preach- 


ing   number    of    volumes.       He 
scarcely  four  hours    to  sleep,  and  seldom 


mixed 


ooiety. 


devoted    to    root  in 


His    talents    were 
out    prejudices,    and 


promoting  the  welfare  of  his  country.  Of 
his  works  the  principal  are,  The  Universal 
Critical  The-itre,  sixteen  vols. ;  and  Curious 
and  Instructive  Letters,  eight  vols.  He 

1  •       l    •        1  «r/»  t  T        i  **nf\  I     ^  _        J  •  *  •     ._ 


*tt  FIB 

translated  into  Latin,  but  hi  i  me  parts 
carelessly  ind  erroneously.  His  original 
worRs  form  two  folio  volumes.  He  died 
In  1499 


FIE -DING,  HENRY,  the  eldest  son  of 
Lieuten ant-general  Fielding,  was  born,  in 
1707,  at  Sharphara  Park,  in  Somersetshire. 
He  received  his  education  at  Eton  and 
Levden,  which  latter  seminary  the  scanti- 
ness of  his  remittances  from  his  father 
compelled  him  to  leave  at  the  end  of  two 
years.  On  his  return  home  his  difficulties 
were  increased  by  dissipated  habits.  As 
a  resource,  he  began  to  write  for  the  stage. 
His  first  piece,  which  came  out  in  1727, 
was  Love  in  several  Masques,  and  its  suc- 
cess induced  him  to  persevere.  Between 
1728  and  1743,  he  wrote  twenty-eight 
dramas.  Some  of  them,  however,  were 
failures;  one  of  these  luckless  productions 
he  printed  "  as  it  was  damned  at  the 
Theatre  Royal  in  Drury  Lane."  Neither 
wit,  humour,  nor  sprightliness  is  wanting 
in  his  plays;  but  though  each  has  merit  in 
parts,  it  is  defective  as  a  whole.  At  the 
age  of  twenty -seven,  he  married  Miss 
Cnidock,  who  had  a  fortune  of  £.1500; 
and  at  the  same  time,  by  his  mother's 
death,  he  became  possessed  of  a  small 
estate,  of  two  hundred  pounds  a  year,  in 
Dorsetshire.  Unfortunately,  instead  of 
husbanding  these  means,  he  squandered 
them  in  less  than  three  years,  by  main- 
taining a  large  establishment,  and  keeping 
open  house.  He  now  turned  to  the  bar 
for  permanent  subsistence,  and  to  his  fer- 
tile pen  for  the  supply  of  hi.s  immediate 
wants.  In  the  law  he  would,  perhaps, 
have  succeeded,  had  not  his  exertions  been 
shackled  by  violent  attacks  of  the  gout. 
Disease,  however,  did  not  rtop  the  labours 
of  his  pen.  In  rapid  succession  he  brouglH 
forth  four  periodical  paperu,  called  '1  he 
Champion,  The  True  Patriot,  The  Jacobite 
Journal,  and  The  Covent  Garden  Journal ; 
Essays  on  Conversation,  and  on  the  Know  1- 
edge  and  Character/  of  Men;  A  Journey 
from  this  World  to  the  next;  and  the  nov- 
els or  Jonathan  Wild,  Joseph  Andrews, 
Ton".  Juries,  and  Amelia;  besides  some  lees 
wnpor.am  work*  During  tb«  rebellion  of 


FIL 

1745,  he  lent  the  assistance  of  his  llternry 
talents  to  the  government ;  and  for  this  h« 

was  rewarded,  it"  reward  it  may  be  railed, 
by  being  appoin  >d  a  Middlesex,  justice! 
Ill  health  at  Icngtn  obliged  him  te  try  the 
milder  air  of  Li.-bon,  and  a  Narrative  of 
his  Voyage  to  that  place  was  the  last  of 
his  works.  He  dind  in  the  Portuguese 
capital,  in  October,  1754.  Mt  re  than  three 
fourths  of  a  century  have  elapsed  since  hia 
decease,  yet,  notwithstanding  change  of 
manners,  and  modern  rivalry,  the  novels  of 
Fielding  are  still  perused  with  undimin- 
ished  pleasure. 

1TFLDING,  SARAH,  the  third  sister  of 
Henry  Fielding,  was  born  in  1714,  and 
died,  unmarried,  at  Hath,  in  1768.  She 
was  a  woman  of  learning  and  talent.  From 
the  Greek  she  translated  Xcnophon's  Me- 
moirs of  Socrates;  and  among  bar  original 
compositions  are  the  novels  of  David  Sim- 
ple; The  History  of  the  Countess  of  Del- 
wyn ;  and  The  History  of  Ophelia. 

FIESCO,  JOHN  Louis,  Count  of  La- 
vagna,  a  Genoese  of  an  illustrious  family, 
was  the  head  of  the  conspiracy  which,  in 
1547,  was  formed  against  Andrew  Doria 
and  his  nephew.  Fiesco  had  succeeded  in 
lulling  his  intended  victims  into  a  fake 
security,  collecting  together  his  partisans 
without  opposition,  and  seizing  various 
posts,  when  a  sudden,  end  was  put  to  his 
plot  and  his  existence.  In  passing  a  plank, 
from  one  galley  to  another,  it  slipped,  and 
plunged  him  into  the  water,  whence,  being 
kept  down  by  the  weight  of  his  armour,  ho 
rose  no  more.  He  was  only  in  his  twenty- 
second  year. 

FIGUEROA, BARTHOLOMEW  CARAS- 
COSA  DE,  a  Spanish  poet,  was  born,  about 
1510,  at  Logrono,  and  studied  at  the  uni- 
versity of  Salamanca.  He  died  about 
1570.  Figueroa  introduced  into  the  poetry 
of  Spain  the  species  of  verse  called  esa- 
bruxelos ;  in  which  the  line  generally 
consists  of  seven  or  eleven  syllables,  with 
the  accent  on  the  antipenuitimate. 

FILANGIERI,  GAF.TANo,a  celebrated 
Italian  publicist,  of  an  ancient  family,  was 
born  at  Naples,  in  1752.  He  was  placed 
in  the  armv  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  but 
soon  quitted"  it  that  he  might  gn'e  himself 
up  to  study.  He  subsequently,  however, 
held  an  honorary  office  at  court,  and  com- 
mission in  the  marines,  and,  in  1787,  was 
made  a  member  of  the  supreme  council  of 
finance.  He  died  in  1788.  His  great 
work,  the  Science  of  Legislation,  gives 
him  a  conspicuous  place  among  the  writer* 
upon  that  important  subject. 

FILICAJA,  VINCENT  DE,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  of  the  Italian  lyric  poets, 
was  born  at  Florence,  in  1642,  and  died 
in  1707.  He  was  living  in  retirement 
when  he  produced  hi?  six  noble  Odea  OB 
the  deliverance  of  Vienna  by  John  S 


FLA 

«ki,  which  at  once  raised  him  to  a  high 
pitch  of  fame.  Nor  were  his  laurels  barren 
The  duke  made  him  a  senator,  governor  of 
Volterra,  and,  afterwards,  of  Pisa,  and, 
lastly,  placed  him  in  a  highly  contidentia 
office  at  court.  The  best  edition  of  his 
poems  is  that  of  Venice,  1752,  in  two 
volumes. 

FINLAY,  JOHN,  a  native  of  Glasgow, 
was  born  ir»  1782,  and  was  educated  at  the 
university  of  his  native  city,  at  which  he 
distinguished  himself  by  his  talents,  and 
was  much  beloved  for  the  sweetness  of  his 
disposition.  His  poem  of  Wallace  of  El- 
lerslie  was  given  to  the  world  when  he  was 
only  nineteen.  He  died  at  Moft'at,  in  1810. 
Besides  his  Wallace,  he  published  A  Col- 
lection of  Historical  and  Romantic  Bal- 
lads, 2  vols. ;  wrote  A  Life  of  Cervantes ; 
and  edited  editions  of  Blair's  Grave,  and 
Smith's  We  tlth  of  Nations.  His  poetry 
is  characterized  by  no  trilling  portion  of 
elegmce  and  animation. 

FITZHERBERT,  Sir  ANTHOMY,  an 
able  judge,  was  born  at  Nbrbury,  in  Der- 
byshire, and  studied  at  Oxford  and  one  of 
the  inns  of  court.  He  rose,  in  1523,  to 
be  judge  of  the  court  of  common  pleas; 
and  he  died  in  1533.  Among  his  le^al 
works  are,  The  Grand  Abridgment;  The 
New  Natura  Brevium ;  and  The  Oftiee 
and  Authority  of  Justices  of  Peace.  The 
Book  of  Husbandry,  and  a  treatise  Of  the 
Surveying  of  Lands,  are  also  generally  at- 
tributed to  him;  but  some  suppose  them  to 
have  been  written  by  his  brother  John. 

FITZ  PATRICK,  RICHARD,  a  whig 
politician  and  wit,  was  born  in  1748,  and 
was  educated  at  Eton.  At  the  age  of 
eighteen  he  entered  the  army,  and  he  rose 
to  the  rank  of  lieutenant  general.  From 
1774  till  the  period  of  his  decease,  in 
1813,  he  was  a  member  of  the  House  of 
Commons.  During  the  coalition  in  1783, 
and  the  whig  administration  in  1806,  he 
was  secretary  at  war.  He  contributed  to 
the  Rolliad  and  the  Probationary  Odes, 
and  wrote  various  small  poems.  Of  his 
senatorial  eloquence  the  best  specimen  is 
his  speech,  delivered  in  1796,  on  a  motion 
to  effect  the  liberation  of  31.  de  la  Fay- 
ette. 

FIXLMILLXER,  PLACIDOS,  an  Aus- 
trian astronomer  and  mailieniAtician,  was 
born,  in  1721,  near  Lintz,  and  died  in 
1791.  He  was  a  monk  of  the  monastery 
f  Kremsmunster,  and  held  several  mo- 
lastic  offices,  besides  being  professor  of 
canon  law,  and  apostolical  notary  of  the 
Roman  court.  He  is  the  author  of  Decen- 
nium  Astronomicum;  Reipublice  Sacra? 
Origines  Divin.e;  a'id  other  works.  Fixl- 
millner  was  one  of  the  first  who  calculated 
the  orbit  of  the  Georgian!  Sidus. 

FLACCUS,  CAIUS  VALERIUS,  a  Ro- 
•utn  poet,  was  a  native  of  Padua.  Ue 


FLA 


859 


flourished  in  the  reign  of  Vepyiaaian,  and 
was  a  friend  of  Martial.  FJaccus  died 
early,  leaving  his  poem  of  the  Argonautica 
unfinished.  Some  have  considered  him 
as  ^econd  only  to  Virgil,  while  others,  not 
less  erroneously,  have  spoken  slightingly 
of  his  talents. 

FLAMSTEED,  JOHN,  a  celebrated  as- 
tronomer,  was  born,  in  1646,  at  Denby,  in 
Derbyshire,  and  was  educated  at  Derby 
free  school;  but  his  weak  state  of  health 
did  not  then  allow  him  to  proceed  to  the 
university.  Some  years  afterwards,  how- 
ever, he  entered  himself  of  Jesus  College, 
Cambridge.  To  astronomy  his  attention 
is  said  to  have  been  directed  by  perusing 
Sacrobosco's  work  De  Sphaera;  and  he 
cultivated  the  science  with  such  assiduity 
as  to  become  one  of  the  most  eminent  as- 
tronomers of  his  time.  He  was  appointed 
astronomer  royal,  and  the  observatory  at 
Greenwich  wa's  erected  for  him.  Flam- 
steed  was  also  in  orders,  and  held  the  liv- 
ing of  Burstow,  in  Surrey.  He  died  in 
1719.  His  greatest  work  is,  Historia  Cue- 
lestis  Britannica,  three  vols.  folio. 

FLAXMAN,  JOHN,  a  distinguished 
modern  sculptor,  the  son  of  a  sculptor  who 
worked  for  Roubilliac  and  Scheemaker, 
was  born,  in  1755,  at  York;  and,  in  1770, 
was  admitted  a  student  of  the  Royal  Acad- 
emy. Modelling  in  wax  and  clay  was 
one  of  his  first  occupations ;  and  he  also 
painted  in  oil  colours.  In  1787  he  went 
to  Italy.  During  his  seven  years  studies 
there,  he  executed  several  important 
works,  and  made  his  drawings  to  illustrate 
Homer,  ^Eschylus,  and  Dante.  To  these 
he  subsequently  added  illustrations  of  He- 
siod.  The  engravings  from  these  designs 
spread  his  fame  throughout  Europe  as  an 
artist  of  truly  classical  taste.  In  1794  he 
returned  to  England;  and  his  first  work 
after  his  return,  Lord  Mansfield's  monu- 
ment in  Westminster  Abbey,  placed  him 
'n  the  first  rank  of  modern  sculptors. 
Thenceforth  he  was  constantly  employed, 
and  his  productions  are  consequently  nu- 

rons.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned 
the  monuments  of  Collins,  the  poet;  Miss 
Cromwell;  Earl  Howe;  Lord  Nelson;  Sir 
Joshua  Reynolds ;  Countess  Spencer ;  and 
the.  Baring  family.  In  1818  he  completed 
drawings  and  a  model  for  the  shield  of 
Achilles,  as  described  in  the  Iliad;  from 
which  four  casts  in  silver  have  since  been 
made.  He  died  December  9,  1826.  "  To 
he  aid  of  his  art,"  says  a  celebrated  re- 
•iewer,  "  he  brought  a  loftier  and  more 
oeticul  mind  than  any  of  our  preceding 
sculptors ;  and  learning  unites  with  good 
sense  and  natural  genius  in  all  the  work* 
which  cnme  from  his  hand."  Flaxmau 
was  professor  of  sculpture  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  He  is  the  author  of  a  Cbarao. 
ter  of  liomney  the  painter;  some  article* 


280 


PLE 


in  Rees*«  Cycloptedia;  and  a  Letter  r«la 
tire  to  the  projected  National  Mom/.nen 
—  which  monument  he  proposed  should  lie 
*  statue  of  Britannia,  two  hundred  fee 
nigh,  placed  on  Greenwich  Hill. 

FLECH1ER,  ESPRIT,  a  celebrated 
French  prelate  and  preacher,  was  born,  in 
1632,  at  Pernes,  near  Avignon.  He  firs 
became  known  in  the  capital  of  France  bv 
a  Latin  poem,  on  the  famous  Carousaf 
given  by  I^uis  XIV.  in  1662.  His  Ser- 
mons and  Funeral  Orations  soon  raiser 
him  to  such  a  pitch  of  reputation  th.it 
the  duke  of  Montausier  recommended  hin 
I  fill  the  office  of  reader  to  the  dau- 
pnin.  It  wns  not  till  1685  that  he  ob- 


tained  the  bishopric  of  Lavaur.  When  the 
monarch  gave  it  to  him,  he  said,  "  Do  not 
irprised  that  I  have  been  so  tardy  in 
rding  your   merit;    I  was  loath  lobe 


be  stir 
rewa 

deprived  of  the  pleasure  of  hearing  you 
preach."  In  1687,  he  was  removed  to  the 
bishopric  of  Mimes.  In  his  episcopal 
character  he  gained  the  love  of  even  the 
protestants  of  his  diocese,  by  his  uniform 
piety,  charity,  and  mildness.  He  died 
1710.  Flechier  has  been  called  the  French 
Isocrates;  his  eloquence  partakes,  indeed, 
of  the  beauties  and  defects  of  that  of  the 
Grecian  orator.  His  principal  works  are, 
A  History  of  Theodosius  the  Great;  A 
Life  of  Cardinal  Ximenes;  Funeral  Ora- 
tions; and  Sermons. 

FLEETWOOD,  CHARLES,  the  son  of 
Sir  William  Fleetwood,  entered  the  mili- 
tary service  early  in  life  ;  espoused  the 
cause  of  the  parliament  against  Charles  I. ; 
rose  to  the-rank  of  lieutenant-general,  and 
contributed  to  the  victory  of  Worcester  ; 
married  the  daughter  of  Cromwell  ;  was 
appointed  lord  deputy  of  Ireland ;  joined 
in  deposing  Richard  Cromwell;  and  died 
soon  after  the  restoration. 

FLEETWOOD,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent 
prelate,  was  born  in  1656,  in  the  Tower 
of  London,  where  his  father  resided;  was 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College, 
Cambridge;  and,  after  having  held  several 
valuable  but  minor  preferments,  was  made 
bishop  of  St.  Asaph  in  1706.  From  St. 
Asaph  he  was  translated  to  Ely,  in  17H. 
He  died  in  1723.  His  principal  wi-rks 
are,  An  Essav  on  Miracles;  Inscriptionmn 
Antiquarum  Sylloge  ;  Chronicon  Pretio- 
•um,  or  an  Account  of  English  Money; 
and  Practical  Discourses. 

FLETCHER,  JOHN,  a  dramatist,  the 
son  of  Bishop  Fletcher,  was  born  in  North- 
amptonshire, in  1376;  received  his  educa- 
tion at  Bene't  College,  Cambridge;  awl 
died  of  the  plague  in  1623.  FL-tcher  was 
tlu»  coadjutor  of  Beaumont  in  the  compo- 
sition of  those  admirable  dramas  which 
bear  their  j  >i:it  name,  and  which  have 
ranked  them  among  the  most  eminent  of 
u»r  ancient  theatrical  wriieti  Flctchw 


FLE 

is  «aid  to  nave  been  eminent  for  fancy; 
Beaumont  for  judgment.  That  Fletcher 
possessed  the  quality  attributed  to  him  it 
rendered  certain  by  that  beautiful  dramatic 
pastoral,  The  Faithful  Shepherdess,  the  only 
piece  of  his  sole  composition. 

FLETCHER,  GILES,  a  son  of  Dr.  Giles 
Fletcher,  who  wrote  a  curious  Account  of 
the  Russe  Commonwealth,  was  born  in 
1588;  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  and  died  in  1623,  at  his  living 
of  Alderton,  in  Suffolk.  Wood  describe* 
him  as  "  equally  beloved  by  the  muses  and 
graces."  That  the  muses  smiled  on  him 
is  sufficiently  proved  bv  his  fine  poem  of 
Christ's  Victory  and  Triumph,  in  which 
some  defects  are  amply  redeemed  by  nu- 
merous passaged  of  great  originality  and 
beauty. 

FLETCHER,  PHINKAS,  a  brother  of 
the  foregoing,  and,  like  him,   a  poet,  wa« 
educated  at  Eton  and  King's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, to  which   latter   seminary  he  went 
'n  1600.      In  1621   he  obtained  the  living 
of  Hilgay,  in  Suffolk,  and   he   is   believed 
to  have  died  there  al>out  1650.     He  is  the 
author  of  The  Purple  Island,    in    twelve 
cantos;  Piscatory  Eclog:»es ;  Poetical  Mis- 
cellanies; and  a  drama  intitlcd  Sicelides. 
Notwithstanding    his    conceits    and    other 
aults,   which,   however,  are  the  faults  of 
he  age,   his   works,   as    Headley    rightly 
»bserves,  give  him  a  claim  "  to  a  very  high 
rank  among  our  old  English  classics." 
FLETCHER,  ANDRKW,  a  Scotch  polit 
cal  writer,  the  son  of  Sir  Robert  Fletcher 
if  Salton,  was  born  in  1653,  and  was  edu- 
cated by  Dr.  Gilbert  Burnet.     His  spirited 
pposition  to  the   tyranny  of  the  govern 
ment  having  rendered  it  prudent  fur  him  to 
withdraw  to   Holland,  he   was    outlawed 
n    1685,  he  bore  a  part  in  the  enterprise 
)f  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  but,   in  conse- 
|uence  of  Fletcher  having  shot  a  gentleman 
ho  refused  him  a  horse,  the    duke    dis- 
missed him.     He  next  served  in  Hungary. 
s  a   volunteer,   against  the  Tutks.     The 
evolution    of   1688    restored   him    to    his 
ountry,    and,    till    the    union,    which    he 
trenuouslv  opposed,  he  continued  to  be  one 
f  the  most  active  members  of  the  Scottish 
Mrliament.     He  died  in  1716.     His  tracts 
nd  speeches    have    been    collected    in   an 
ctavo    volume.      Of  liberty,  according  to 
is  idea  of  it,  he  was  a  warm  friend ;  but 
is  plan  to  provide  for  the  poor,  by  means 
f  domestic  slavery,  may  authorise  us   to 
•i terrain  some  doubts  as  to  the  correctness 
f  his  notions  of  liberty. 

FLEURY,  CLAUDE,  a  divine  and  his- 
torian, born  at  Paris,  in  1640,  was  an 
advocate,  but  subsequently  took  orders, 
Lecame  preceptor  to  the  princes  <  f  ( 'onti, 
and  the  count  de  Vermandois,  and  sub-prc 
ceptor  to  the  duke  of  Burgundy  and  hit 
royal  brotheri.  He  obtained  the 


FLO 

i»f  Loc  Dien,  and  the  priarr  of  Argenteui*, 
and  was  for  six  years  confessor  to  the 
vouthful  Louis  XV.  He  died  in  1722. 
Ills  most  important  works  are,  Ecclesias- 
tical- History,  thirteen  vols.  4to. ;  Manners 
of  the  Israelites;  Manners  of  the  Chris- 
tians ;  and  a  Treatise  on  Public  Law. 

FLEURY,  ANUREVT  HERCULES  DE, 
a  cardinal  and  statesman,  was  born,  in 
1653,  at  Lodeve,  in  Languedoc;  was  edu- 
cated at  ths  Jesuits'  College,  in  Paris; 
was  made  bishop  of  Frejus  in  1698;  was 
left  by  the  will  of  Louis  XIV.  preceptor  to 
pis  successor;  and  became  prime  minister 
of  France,  in  1726.  Fleury  held  the  reins 
of  power  during  seventeen  years,  and  his 
talents  were  unremittingly  exerted  to  in- 
crease the  prosperity  of  France,  and,  as 
one  means  of  doing  so,  to  preserve  her  at 
peace  with  her  neighbours.  He  died  in 
1743;  leaving  behind  him  a  very  trifling 
fortune. 

FLINDERS,  MATTHEW,  an  eminent 
modern  navigator,  was  born  at  Donington, 
in  Lincolnshire,  and  entered  early  into 
the  merchant  service,  from  which  he  re- 
moved into  the  king's,  and  went  with 
Captain  Hunter  to  i\ew  South  Wale?. 
After  having,  in  a  small  boat,  in  conjunc- 
tion wilh  Mr.  Bass,  discovered  the  straits 
which  now  bear  the  name  of  his  compan- 
ion, he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of 
the  Investigator,  in  which  he  explored  a 
considerable  part  of  the  coast  of  New  Hol- 
land. His  vessel  was  at  length  wrecked 
on  a  coral  reef.  On  his  passage  home- 
ward to  England,  in  1803,  he  touched  at 
the  isle  of  France.  There  he  was  detained 
for  more  than  six  vears  a  captive,  and  was 
deprived  of  hisjounnal  and  papers.  He 
died  in  1814.  His  Voyage  was  published, 
in  two  quarto  volumes,  shortly  after  his 
decease. 

FLOOD,  HENRY,  a  celebrated  Irish 
orator,  the  son  of  the  chief  justice  of  the 
king's  bench  in  Ireland,  was  burn  in  1732; 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
and  at  Oxford ;  became  a  member  of  the 
Irish  House  of  Commons,  in  1759,  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  eloquence  and  his 
patriotic  exertions;  was  elected,  in  1783, 
member  for  Seaford,  in  the  British  parlia- 
ment ;  and  died  in  1791.  From  1775  to  1781 
he  held  an  olnce  under  government,  but 
during  the  rest  of  his  career  he  was  in  the 
ranks  of  the  opposition.  One  of  the  most 
remarkable  events  of  his  senatorial  life 
was  the  violent  interchange  of  invective 
which,  in  1783,  took  place  between  him 
Mid  Graltan. 

FLORIAN,  JOHN  PETER  CLARIS  DE, 
a  French  writer,  was  born,  in  1755,  at  the 
castle  of  Florian,  in  the  Lower  Cevennes. 
Voltaire,  to  whom  he  wa?  related  bv 
marriage,  and  who  had  a  warm  affection 
(or  him,  recommended  him  to  the  duke  of 


FOL 


261 


I  Penthievre  as  a  page.  The  duke  toon 
!  contracted  an  equal  regard  f<  .r  him.  He 
[gave  him  a  company  in  his  own  regiment, 
and,  afterwards,  employed  him  about  lus 
person,  treated  him  as  a  confidential  friend, 
and  afforded  him  the  means  of  pursuing  the 
career  of  literature.  Thenceforth,  Florian 
became  a  fertile  and  a  popular  wruet. 
Among  his  earliest  works  were,  Galatea; 
Estelle  ;  Numa  Pompilius  ;  Comedies  ; 
Tales;  and  Gonsalvo  of  Cordova.  His 
Fables,  which  rank  him  second  among 
French  fabulists,  appeared  in  1792.  'In 
1794,  he  was  for  a  while  imprisoned,  and 
he  died  on  the  13th  of  September,  shortly 
after  his  liberation.  Besides  the  works 
already  mentioned,  he  produced  several 
others,  among  which  may  be  mentioned 
Eliezarand  Naphtali ;  William  Tell;  Ruth; 
a  translation  of  Don  Quixote  ;  and  his  own 
memoirs,  under  the  title  of  Memoirs  of  a 
young  Spaniard.  Elegance,  simplicity, 
and  benevolent  feeling,  are  the  distinguish- 
ing qualities  of  Florian's  writings. 

FLO  RIO,  JOHN,  descended  from  an 
Italian  family,  was  born  in  London  ; 
taught  the  French  and  Italian  languages  at 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford  ;  was  subse- 
quently appointed  tutor  to  Prince  Henry 
by  James  I.,  and  clerk  of  the  closet  to  the 
queen;  and  died  in  1625.  His  chief  worka 
are,  First  Fruits;  Second  Fruits;  Garder 
of  Recreation ;  and  an  Italian  and  English 
Dictionary. 

FLORLJ3,  Lucius  ANNJEUS  JULIUS, 
a  Latin  historian,  is  believed  to  have  been 
a  Spaniard,  and  of  the  same  family  as 
Seneca,  and  to  have  lived  under  the  reigns 
of  Trajan  and  Adrian.  He  is  the  author 
of  an  Epitome  of  Roman  History.  The 
Pervigilium  Veneris  and  other  poems  have 
aldo  been  attributed  to  him. 

FLOYD,  WILLIAM,  a  delegate  from 
New-York  to  the  Continental  Congress, 
and  signer  of  the  declaration  of  indepen- 
dence, was  born  on  Long  Island  in  1734, 
and  was  left  in  his  youth  heir  to  a  large 
estate.  He  was  a  zealous  and  faithful 
public  servant  for  more  than  fiftj  years. 
He  died  in  1821. 

FOLARD,  JOHN  CHARLES,  a  native 
of  Avignon,  born  in  1669,  was  inspired 
with  a  love  of  arms  by  reading  Caesar's  Com- 
mentaries. He  served  with  distinguished 
reputation  under  Vendome,  in  Italy,  during 
the  war  of  succession,  and  under  the  duke 
of  Burgundy  and  Marshal  Vi liars,  in  Flan- 
ders. A  fter  the  peace  of  Utrecht  he  volun- 
teered his  services  to  the  order  of  Malta, 
and  to  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  and  ha 
was  with  the  Swedish  monarch  at  the  siege 
of  Fredericshall  He  died  in  1752.  A 
deepened  order  of  battle  in  the  defensive, 
and  the  use  of  heavy  columns  in  the  offen- 
sive, form  the  basis  of  what  is  denominated 
the  system  of  Folard.  He  is  the  author  of 


K*  FON  F'ON 

Commentaries  on  Polybius,  New  Disco?-;  inyjtcd  him  to  Florence,  nnd  confided  lo 
cries  in  War;  and  some  less  important  him  the  formation  of  the  fine  cabinet  of 
works.  '  natural  history  which  is  now  one  of  the 

'  FOLENGO,  THFOPHILUS,  an  Italian  boasts  of  the  Florentine  capital.  He  is  the 
burlesque  poet,  hotter  known  under  his  as-  author  of  various  ]  hysiological  and  eliemi- 
sumed  name  of  Merlin  Coceiue,  was  liorn  ral  works,  one  of  the  l»est  known  of  which 
near  Mantua,  in  1491;  was  a  monk  of  the  is  a  Treatise  on  Poison* 
Benedictine  order  of  Mont  Cassin;  and  FONT  AN  A,  GREGORY,  a  brother  of 
died  in  l.V)4.  He  is  the  inventor  of  the  the  foregoing,  a  mathematician,  was  born, 
•pecies  of  poetry  called  Macaronic,  which  in  1735,  in  the  Tyrol;  became  a  monk  at 
consists  in  mingling  the  vernacular  language  an  early  age;  succeeded  Boscoxieh  as 
with  the  Latin.  He  is  the  author  of  Mac-  mathematical  professor  at  Pisa;  filled  that 
aronies,  in  eighteen  books;  Orlandino;  ollice  with  distinguished  reputation  for 
Chaos  del  Triperuno;  and  some  works  of  more  than  thirty  years;  was  elected  a  mem- 
l?«s  extent.  j  ber  of  the  legislative  assemblies  of  the  Cis- 

FONSECA,  ELEONORA,  marchioness  alpine  and  Italian  republics;  and  died  in 
of,  a  ladv  of  great  beauty  and  uncommon !  1805.  He  wrote  a  great  number  of  math- 
talents,  was  born  at  Naples,  in  1768.  She  ematical  papers  in  the  transactions  of  vari- 
cultivated  botany,  and  other  branches  of  I  ous  learned  bodies;  and  translated  several 
natural  history,  and  assisted  Spallauzani  in]  scientific  works  from  the  English,  French, 
his  philosophical  investigations.  During!  and  German. 

•he  short-lived  existence  of  the  Partheno-  FOINTANES,  Louis  DE,  an  eminent 
pean  republic,  in  1799.  she  warmly  espous-  French  writer,  was  born  at  Niort,  in  1761. 
ed  the  popular  cause,  and  edited  a  journal;  He  first  became  known  to  the  public  by  hit 
called  The  Neapolitan  Monitor;  and  for !  poems,  among  which  were  The  Orchard, 
this  she  was  executed,  on  the  20th  of  July, 'and  a  translation  of  Pope's  Essay  on  Man. 
by  the  restored  government.  j  During  the  revolution  he  edited,  first,  the 

"FONTAINE  DES  BERTINS,  ALF.X-]  journal  called  The  Moderator,  and,  after- 
is,  a  celebrated  French  geometrician,  was!  wards,  with  La  Harpe,  The  Memorial, 
born,  in  1725,  at  Claveison,  in  Dauphin",  For  the  latter,  he  was  proscribed  in  1797, 
and  died  in  1771.  He  was  the  first  who  land  obliged  to  take  refuge  in  England.  Af- 
applied  himself  to  the  general  theory  .and  ter  the  establishment  of  the  consulship  he 


the  applications  of  the  integral  cafculus. 
His  mathematical  papers,  on  that  and  other 
important  subjects,  form  a  quarto  volume. 
FONTANA,  DOMINIC,  an  Italian  archi- 
tect of  the  sixteenth  century,  was  born,  in 
1543,  at  Mili,  near  the  Lake  of  Como ;  was 


took  a  share  in  the  management  of  The 
Mercury.  He  wati  one  of  the  original  mem- 
bers of  the  Institute,  and  was  successively 
a  member  and  president  of  the  legislative 
body,  grand  master  of  the  university,  and 
a  senator.  Louis  XVII I.,  whose  recall  he 


,  ,  .  .  .., 

employed  by  Popes  Sixtus  V.  and  Clement  was  one  of  the  first  to  propose,  made  him 
VIII.,  and  by  the  Neapolitan  monarch;  a  peer,  and  a  privy  counsellor.  He  died 
and  died  at  Naples,  in  1607.  He  raised  in  1821.  His  last  work  was  an  Ode  on  the 
the  Egyptian  obelisk  in  front  of  St.  Peter's,  Violation  of  the  Tombs  of  St.  Denis.  By 
and  constructed  many  magnificent  edifices!  his  countrymen  he  is  considered  as  stand- 
at  Rome  and  Naples.— His  brother,  JOHN,!  ing  among  the  highest  of  their  poets  of  the 
born  in  1540,  died  in  1614,  was  celebra-  j  second  class,  and  in  the  ranks  of  their  first 
ted  as  an  hydraulic  architect.  He  restor-  rate  orators. 


FONTENELLE,  BERNARD  LE  BO- 
VIE  R  DE,  a  French  author  of  learning  and 
of  varied  talents,  a  nephew  of  Corneille, 
born  at  Rouen,  in  1667,  was  the  son  of  an 
advocate;  studied  at  the  Jesuits'  college, 


ed  the  aqueduct  of  Augustus  from  the  Lake 
of  Bracciano,  and  formed  the  dikes  to  pro- 
tect Ravenna  and  Ferrara  from  the  inun- 
dations of  the  Po. 

FONTANA,  CHARLES,  an  Italian  ar- 
chitect, was  born,  in  1634,  at  BruciatoJ  in  his  native  city,  and  displayed  early  tal- 
and  died  in  1714.  He  was  patronised  by  lent;  pleaded  one  cause,  which  he  lust;  and 
Popes  Innocent  XL  and  Clement  XL,  and;  then  devoted  himself  to  literature.  At  the 
executed  many  important  works,  among  outset  of  his  literary  career  he  was  not  for- 
which  are  several  fountains,  the  mausoleum  i  tunate.  Some  of  his  verses,  indeed,  were 
of  Queen  Christina,  a'id  the  Grimani,  Bo- ;  praised,  but  his  tragedy  of  Aspar  wag 
lognetli,  and  Mount  Citorio  palaces.  He  {damned;  and  Boileau,  Rurinu,  and  La 
wrote  various  architectural  treat ises,  among'  Bruycre  were  his  enemies.  His  Dialogues 
which  are  descriptions,  of  the  Vatican  anil  of  the  Dead,  however,  published  in  1683, 
the  Flavian  amphitheatre.  established  his  reputation,  and  it  was  fully 

FONTANA,  I'l  i-i  \,  an  eminent  Italian  |  au.-tained  by  the  Couxersaticns  on  the  Plu- 
philosopher  and  riaturali.-t,  was  born  at  rality  of  Worlds,  and  the  History  of  Ora- 
rjmaiolo,  i:i  the  Tyrol,  ia  17^0,  and  died  cles.  The  last  of  these,  which  was  avow 
at  Florence,  in  1M)3.  From  !'i>a,  where  edly  borrowed  from  the :  work  of  Van  Daale, 
W  wa?  profesHnrof  philosophy,  Leopold  II.' exp^(if<l  Fonlenclle  t»a  charge  of  beinf 


FOO 

.leterodox.  In  1691 ,  after  having  been  four 
times  rejected,  he  was  received  into  the 
French  Academy,  of  which,  nine  years  la- 
ter, he  was  chosen  the  secretary.  One  of 
his  best  productions  is  the  History  of  that 
Academy,  which  hid  30  lung  repulsed  him. 
it  seems  to  have  been  rather  as  performing 
the  duty  of  an  academician,  than  as  a  l.i- 
bour  of  love,  that  he  wrote  The  Elements 
of  the  Geometry  of  Infinites.  "Sir,"  said 
.i»>  to  the  regent,  when  he  presented  it  to 
him,  "here  is  a  book  which  not  more  than 
eif'ht  men  in  Europe  can  understand,  and 
tho  author  is  not  one  of  the  eight."  The 
life  and  the  popularity  of  Fontenelle  were 
protracted  far  beyond  what  is  the  usual  pe- 
riod. Till  nearly  his  hundredth  year,  he 
continued  to  be  admired  in  the  literary  and 
the  social  circle.  He  died  in  1757,  with- 
out pain.  "I  do  not  suffer,"  said  he  to  his 
physician,  "but  I  feel  a  difficulty  of  exist- 
ing." There  are  numerous  editions  of  his 
works;  the  best  is  that  of  1800,  with  the 
notes  of  Lalande. 

FOOTE,  SAMUEL,  a  comic  writer  and 
actor,  was  born,  about  1721,  of  a  good 
family,  at  Truro,  in  Cornwall ;  was  edu- 
cated" at  Worcester  College,  Oxford ;  and 
studied,  or  rather  did  not  study,  at  the  Tem- 
ple, with  a  view  to  the  bar.  Dissipation 
melted  away  his  small  fortune,  and  he  turned 
his  attention  to  the  stage  as  a  resource. 
His  first  apperyrance  was  in  Othello;  but 
he  soon  relinquished  the  buskin,  for  which 
nature  had  certainly  not  qualified  him. 
Fortunately  for  himself,  and  for  the  public 
amusement",  he  l«t  upon  a  new  kind  of  en- 
tertainment, in  which,  for  his  sole  benefit, 
he  was  at  once  author  and  actor.  In  1747 
he  opened  the  Haymarket  Theatre,  with  a 
dramatic  piece,  called  The  Diversions  of 
the  Morning,  in  which  well  known  charac- 
ters were  mimicked  and  satirised.  The  ti- 
tle of  this  was  soon  altered  to  Mr.  Foote 
giving  Tea  to  his  Friends.  In  the  ensuing 
season  he  presented  The  Auction  of  Pic- 
tures. This  course  he  pursued  at  the  dif- 
ferent theatres  for  some  years.  In  1760  he 
began  to  occupy  the  Haymarket  Theatre 
yearly,  with  a  regular  company,  when  the 
other  theatres  were  shut  up;  and,  in  1766, 
he  obtained  a  regular  patent.  The  loss  of 
Foote's  leg,  by  an  accident,  is  said  to  have 
induced  the  duke  of  York  to  obtain  the  pa- 
tent, to  consols  the  author  in  some  measure 
for  tl>e  misfortune.  Foote  continued  to  act, 
to  write,  and  to  satirize,  with  unabated 
rigour,  till  1777,  when  a  discarded  man 
servant  brought  against  him  a  charge  of  an 
unnameable  nature.  Foote  was  tried  and 
honourably  acquitted,  but  the  disgrace  sunk 
deep  into  his  min.l,  and  he  died  in  the  au- 
(umn  of  the  same  year.  He  wrote  twenty- 
»ix  dramatic  pieces,  which,  though  slight  in 
their  construction,  abound  with  wit,  hu- 
notir,  ridicule,  and  ?itire.  It  nv.ist,  h  >\v- 


FOR  263 

ever,  be  owned  that  he  does  not  always  ap- 
ply the  lash  with  a  strict  regard  to  delica- 
cy or  justice.  In  conversation,  he  possess- 
ed such  varied  powers  of  pleasing,  that  even 
Johnson,  who  disliked  him,  confessed  him 
to  be  irresistible. 

FORBES,  DUNCAN,  a  Scottish  Judge, 
was  born  at  Culloden,  in  1685;  studied 
at  Paris,  Utrecht,  and  Edinburgh;  was, 
successively  solicitor-general,  lord  advo- 
cate, and  president  of  session,  in  Scotland; 
and  died  in  1747.  Forbes  was  learned, 
pious,  and  a  true  lover  of  his  country.  It 
was  mainly  by  his  influence  and  exertions 
that  the  rebellion  of  1745  was  prevented 
from  spreading  more  widely  among  the 
cl  ins.  He  was,  however,  treated  with  the 
grossest  ingratitude,  being  unable  to  obtain 
repayment  of  the  sums  which  he  had  lib- 
erally advanced  to  uphold  the  cause  of  the 
government.  He  wrote  Thoughts  on  Re- 
ligion ;  and  other  works.  The  papers 
relative  to  his  transactions  in  1745-6  have 
been  published  in  two  volumes  4to. 

FORBES,  Sir  WILLIAM,  a  native  of 
Scotland,  born  in  1739,  at  Pitsligo,  was 
one  of  the  first  who,  with  Sir  James  Hun- 
ter Blair,  founded  a  banking  establishment 
at  Edinburgh.  As  a  commercial  character 
he  was  distinguished  by  liberality  of  con- 
duct. His  intellectual  powers  were  of  a 
superior  order ;  and  he  was  early  a  member 
of  the  Literary  Club,  in  London,  to  which 
Johnson  and  other  eminent  men  belonged. 
He  died  in  1807.  His  only  work  is,  Me- 
moirs of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Dr.  Beat* 
tie. 

FORBES,  JAMES,  anotive  of  London, 
born  in  1749,  was  sent  out  to  India,  as  a 
writer,  in  his  youth,  and  returned  from 
thence,  with  a  fortune,  in  1784.  During 
his  residence  in  India,  he  travelled  over  a 
considerable  part  of  it,  and  made  notes  and 
drawings,  which  afterwards  formed  the  ba- 
sis of  Oriental  Memoirs,  four  volumes  4tc 
He  is  also  the  author  of  Letters  fro.* 
France ;  and  of  Reflections  on  the  Charai 
ter  of  the  Hindoos.  Forbes  died  in  1811 

FORBIN,  CLAUDE,  count  de,  an  emi 
nent  French  naval  officer,  was  born,  L 
1656,  near  Aix,  in  Provence,  and  entere* 
very  early  into  the  naval  service.  In  1685 
he  accompanied  the  French  ambassador  te 
Siam,  and  the  Siamese  monarch  though* 
so  highly  of  his  talents  that  he  retained  him 
for  two  years,  as  high  admiral,  general, 
and  governor  of  Bancock.  Forbin  returned 
to  France  in  1688,  and  continued  his  mar- 
itime career,  signalizing  himself  on  num- 
berless occasions,  till  1710,  when  hi?  infir 
mities  compelled  him  to  retire.  He  died 
in  1733. 

FOltCELLTNI,  GILES,  a  lexicogra- 
pher,  was  born,  in  1638,  near  Feltre,  in 
the  Venetian  territory.  His  great  work, 
The  Complete  Lexicon  of  the  Latin  I^iv 


2*1 


FOR 


FOR 


,  in  four  volumes  folio,  was  the  labour  professor  of  philosophy  at  the  Flench  col 
of  the  largest  part  of  his  life.  He  also  as-  iege.  In  1743,  he  was  made  perpetual  se- 
pitted  F'-icciolato  in  a  new  edition  ofCale-  rretary  of  the  Academy  of  Scleir.-cs  in  his 
pi:io's  Dictionary.  i  native  city.  Fonaey  conducted,  in  whoU 

FORD,  JOHN,  one  of  our  enrly  drama-  or  in  part,  three  eminent  literary  journals, 
list-,  \\  as  born,  in  loSb",  at  Ils-iiigton.  in  and  produced  neai ly  thirty  biographical 
Devonshire;  bec;une  a  incrnl'er  of  the  Mid-  theological,  and  pkilMObhicaJ  works. 
die  Temple  in  Ki02;  and  died  about  1639.  FOKSTF.R,  JOHN  RKI.NIIOI.D,  a  na«. 
Ht-  j  >i;ied  with  Dekker  and  Ro\\  ley  in  sev-  uralist  and  traveller,  was  born,  in  1729,  at 
er.il  plays,  and  was  the  soli-  author  ofclev-  Derschau,  in  Prussian  Poland,  and  was  ed- 
en  pieces,  of  which  the  principal  are,  The  iu-ated  at  Berlin  and  Hall,-.  After  having 
Lover's  Melancholy;  Love's  Sacrifice;  been  a  minister  of  the  gospel  in  Prussia,  he 
'Tis  Pity  She's  a  Whore;  Perk  in  War-  was  invited  to  Kussia,  to  superintend  some 
beck;  and  The  Broken  Heart.  "  Ford  new  colonies  at  Sarutoii".  From  Russia  ha 
(say-  Charles  Lamb)  was  of  the  first  order  j  soon  .removed  to  England,  and  became  a 
of  poets.  He  sought  for  sublimity,  not  by  teacher  in  the  dissenting  academy  ar  War- 
parcels  in  metaphors  or  visible  images,  but  rington.  In  1772,  he  was  engaged,  with 
directly  whose  she  has  her  full  residence  in  ,  his  son,  to  accompany  Captain  Cook,  as 


naturalist.  Subsequently  to  his  return,  l>ia 
conduct  gave,  on  more  than  one  account, 
so  much  offence  to  the  British  government, 
that  he  thought  it  advisable  to  leave  Eng- 


the  heart  of  man  ;  in  the  ict ions  and  suffer- 
ings of  the  g-'eatest  minds." 

FOR  DUN,  JOHN  UK,  a  Scotch  histori- 
an, of  whose  life  nothing  certain  is  known. 

The  dedication  of  his  Scotichronicon  to  the  |  land.  For  some  time  he  was  much  dfs- 
bishop  of  Glasgow,  bears  the  date  of  1377,  [tressed;  but  in  1780  he  was  fortunate 
ot  which  period  he  is  supposed  to  have  held  'enough  to  be  appointed  professor  of  natur- 
the  benefice  of  Fordun.  Though  it  con-jal  history,  and  inspector  of  the  botanical 
tains  much  that  is  fabulous  or  absurd,  his  i  garden,  at  Halle,  in  Saxony.  He  died  in 


History  is  a  valuable  document. 

FORDYCE,  JAMES,  a  Scotch  divine, 
was  born,  in  1720,  at  Aberdeen;  was  edu- 
cated at  Marischal  College;  and  was,  suc- 
cessively, minister  at  Biechin,  Alloa,  and 
Monk  well  Street,  London.  In  1782,  he 
relinquished  the  pastoral  office,  and  retired 
first  to  Hampshire,  and  afterwards  to  Bath. 
He  wrote  Ser- 
Addresses  to 


He  died  at  Bath,  in  1796. 
mons    to    Youns   Women ; 


Young  Men;  Addresses  to  the  Deity;  and 
some  single  Sermons. — His  brother,  DA- 
VID, born  in  1711,  and  died  in  1750,  was 
also  in  orders ;  and  wrote  dialogues  con- 
cerning Education;  Theodorus, a  Dialogue 
on  the  Art  of  Preaching;  and  the  Treatise 
on  Moral  Philosophy,  in  Dodsley's  Precep- 
tor. 

FORDYCE,  GEORGE,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, was  born  at  Aberdeen,  in  1736;  was 
educated  at  Marischal  College,  and  studied 
medicine  at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden ;  set- 
tled in  London  in  1757,  and  acquired  much 
reputation  as  a  lecturer  on  chemistry,  the 
materia  mjdica,  and  the  therapeutic  art; 
rose  into  considerable  practice;  became  a 
fellow  of  the  college;  physician  of  St. 
Thomas's  Hospital;  and  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  of  the  Literary  Club; 
and  died  in  1802.  He  wrote  Elements  of 
the  Practice  of  Physic;  A  Treatise  on  Di- 
gestion; Elements  "of  Agriculture  and  Veg- 
etation; and  other  workj. 

FORMEY,  JOHN  HENRY  SAMUEL,  a 
multifarious  and  able  writer,  was  born  at 
Berlin  in  1711,  and  died  there  in  1797. 
He  was,  at  his  outset  in  life,  pastor  of  the 
French  church  at  Berlin,  but  relinquished 
tJkt  ministry  in  1739,  on  being  appointed 


1798.  Among  his  works  are,  Observa- 
tions made  on  his  Voyage;  and  a  History 
of  Voyages  and  Discoveries  in  the  North. 
FORSTER,  JOHN  GEORGE  ADAM, 
the  son  of  the  foregoing,  was  born  near 
Dantzic,  in  1754;  accompanied  his  father 
in  the  voyage  round  the  world;  and  was 
successively  professor  of  natural  history  at 
Cassel  and  Wilna,  and  principal  librarian 
to  the  elector  of  Mentz.  Having  adopted 
republican  principles,  Forster  was  sent  to 
Paris,  by  the  revolutionists  of  iMentz,  to 
desire  that  their  city  might  be  united  to 
France.  This  step  was  his  ruin,  and  h« 
was  compelled  to  find  an  asy'um  in  the 
French  capital ;  where  he  died,  in  1794, 
while  preparing  for  a  voyage  to  Hindostar 
and  Thibet.  He  is  the  author  of  a  Voyage 
round  the  World;,  a  Journey  along  tht 
Banks  of  the  Rhine;  and  several  other 
father  in  the 


works:  and  he   assisted 


Characteres  Generum  Plantarum. 

FORSYTH,  WILLIAM,  a  horticultur- 
ist, born  in  1757  at  Old  Meldrum,  in  Ab- 
berdeenshire,  was  a  pupil  of  Philip  Miller, 
and  succeeded  him  at  the  Chelsea  physic 
garden.  In  1784,  he  became  superintend- 
ent of  St.  James's  and  Kensington  Gar- 
dens. He  died  in  1804.  Forsyth  invented 
a  composition  to  cure  the  wounds  and  dis- 
eases of  trees ;  and  wrote  Observations  on 
the  Diseases,  &c.  of  Fruit  and  Forest 
Trees;  and  a  Treatise  on  the  Culture,  &c. 
of  Fruit  Trees. 

FORTESCUE,  Sir  JOHN,  an  eminent 
judge,  and  writer  on  the  law,  is  believed  to 
have  been  born  in  Dorsetshire,  and  to  have 
studied  at  Oxford  and  Lincoln's  Inn.  In 
1442,  he  wan  made  chief  justice  of  the  conn 


FOS 

of  king  s  bench.  His  loyalty  to  Henry  VI. 
caused  him  to  be  attainted  by  the  parlia- 
ment under  Edward  IV.  •  and  he  escaped 
his  fate  only  by  flying  to  Flanders.  While 
ho  was  in  exile  he  composed  his  well  known 
treatise  DC  Laudibus  Legum  Anglise.  He 
returned  to  join  in  the  struggle  for  the  res- 
toration of  the  house  of  Lancaster,  and  was 
one  of  the  prisoners  taken  after  the  battle 
of  Tewkesbury.  He  was,  however,  suffer- 
ed to  retire  to  his  seat  in  Gloucestershire, 
where  he  died  at  the  age  of  ninety.  Be- 
sides the  treatise  De  Laudibus,  he  wrote  a 
tract  on  The  Difference  between  an  Abso- 
lute and  a  Limited  Monarchy. 

FORTIGUERRA,  or  FORTEGTJERRI, 
NICHOLAS,  an  Italian  prelate  and  poet, 
uurnamed  the  younger,  to  distinguish  him 
from  th«  cardinal  of  the  same  name,  was 
born  at  Pistoia  in  1674,  and  died  in  1735. 
He  translated  into  verse  the  comedies 
of  Terence ;  but  the  work  on  which  his 
reputation  is  founded  is  the  poem  of  .Ric- 
ciardetto,  in  twenty  cantos  ;  a  lively  and 
elegant  production,  in  which  he  adopts 
by  turns  the  manner  of  Pulci,  Berni,  and 
Ariosto. 

FOSCOLO,  U«o,  a  distinguished  Italian 
writer,  was  born  at  sea,  in  1776,  near 
Zante,  of  which  island  his  father  was  the 
Venetian  governor.  He  was  educated  at 
Padua,  and  produced  his  tragedy  of  Thy- 
estes  before  he  was  twenty.  After  the 
Venetian  territory  was  placed  under  the 
Austrian  yoke,  he  returned  toLombardy, 
where  he  produced  his  celebrated  Letters 
of  Ortis,  a  romance  which  established  his 
fame.  Having  entered  into  the  first  Italian 
legion,  he  formed  a  part  of  the  garrison 
of  Genoa  when  that  city  was  besieged  by 
the  Austrians  in  1800,  and  two  of  hib  finest 
odes  were  composed  while  he  resided  in 
the  Genoese  capital.  He  retired  from  the 
army  in  1805.  In  1807  he  published  The 
Tombs,  a  poem ;  and,  in  the  following 
year,  an  edition  of  the  works  of  Montecu- 
culi.  He  was  appointed  professor  of  lite- 
rature at  Pavia,  in  1809 ;  but  the  bold  lan- 
Siiage  of  his  introductory  lecture,  On  the 
rigin  and  Office  of  Literature,  is  said  to 
have  induced  ^  Napoleon  to  suppress  the 
professorship  immediately.  In  1812,  Fos- 
colo  gave  stifl  further  offence  by  his  trage- 
dy of  Ajax,  which  waa  supposed  to  be  a 
satire  on  the  emperor,  and  a  panegyric  on 
Moieau.  He  was  consequently  obliged  to 
withdraw  from  the  kingdom  of  Italy  to 
Florence.  In  1814,  he  was  compelled  to 
fly  to  Switzerland,  in  consequence  of  hav- 
ing joined  in  a  plan  to  expel  the  Austrian 
oppressors  from  Italy ;  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  he  settled  in  England.  Here  he 
published  his  tragedy  of  Ricciarda ;  Es- 
says on  Petrarch  ;  Dissertation  and  Notes 
on  Dante  ;  and  contributed  to  the  Edin- 
burgh, Quarterly,  Westminster,  and  Re- 
12 


FOU  MS 

trospective  Reviews,  and  other  periodicals. 
He  died,  of  dropsy,  September  10, 1 827  : 
having  for  a  considerable  period  suffered 
much  from  disease  and  penury. 

FOSTER,  Sir  MICHAEL,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  was  born,  in  1689,  »t  Marlbor- 
ough,  in  Wiltshire ;  studied  at  Exeter 
College,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle  Temple; 
was  chosen  recorder  of  Bristol,  in  1735  ; 
was  appointed  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
court  of  king's  bench,  and  knighted,  in 
1745  ;  and  died  in  1763.  Blackstone  de- 
clares him  to  be  a  "  very  great  master  of 
the  crown  law."  Independence,  and  a  re- 
gard for  the  liberty  of  the  subject,  marked 
his  conduct  as  a  judge.  He  wrote  a  refu- 
tation of  the  doctrines  contained  in  Bishop 
Gibson's  Codex,  and  A  Report  of  the  Trial 
of  the  Rebels  in  1746,  to  which  are  added 
Discourses  upon  a  few  Branches  of  the 
Crown  Law. 

FOSTER,  JAMES,  an  eloquent  dissent- 
ing minister,  was  born,  in  1697,  at  Exeter. 
He  quitted  the  Independent  sect  to  be- 
come a  Baptist.  He  succeeded  Dr.  Gale 
as  preacher  at  Barbican,  and  was  after- 
wards minister  at  Pinner's  Hall,  and  lec- 
turer at  the  Old  Jewry.  Such  were  his 
talents  as  a  pulpit  orator,  that  crowds 
flocked  to  hear  him,  and  even  Pope  sang 
his  praise.  He  died  in  1752.  He  wrote 
An  Essay  on  Fundamentals ;  Tracts  on 
Heresy ;  "Discourses  on  Natural  and  Social 
Virtue  :  and  other  works. 

FOTHERGILL,  GEORGE,  an  eminent 
phvsician,  was  born,  in  1712,  at  Carr-end, 
in  Yorkshire ;  and  studied  at  Edinburgh 
and  London.  After  having  travelled  in 
many  parts  of  the  continent,  he  settled  in 
the  British  metropolis,  where  he  obtained 
an  extensive  practice.  He  died  in  1780. 
Fothergill,  who  was  a  Quaker,  was  distin- 
guished for  philanthropy  ;  he  was  indefa- 
tigable in  finding  or  making  occasions  to 
do  good.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Royal 
Society,  and  was  well  versed  in  botany, 
and  other  branches  of  natural  history.  His 
medical  and  other  works  were  collected  by 
Dr.  Lettsom,  and  published  in  three  vols. 

FOUCHE,  JOSEPH,  duke  of  Otranto, 
one  of  the  most  celebrated,  and  perhaps 
one  of  the  most  calculatingly  wicked,  of 
the  French  revolutionists,  was  born  at 
Nantes,  in  1763.  Capacity,  steadiness, 
and  a  love  of  learning,  he  early  displayed, 
and  he  gained  applause,  as  a  professor, 
among  the  fathers  of  the  Oratory.  At  the 
bar,  however,  which  he  chose  as  his  pro- 
fession, he  was  little  known  :  it  was  the 
revolution  that  raised  him  into  notice. 
Having  established  a  popular  club  at 
Nantes,  and  shone  as  one  of  its  most  vio- 
lent orators,  he  was  chosen,  in  1792,  as  a 
deputy  to  the  National  Convention.  He 
voted  for  the  death  of  the  king.  In  1793 
he  was  sent  to  Lyons  with  Collot  d'Her- 


M6  FOU 

boia,  und  the  cold-bloo  led  cruelty  which 
ne  there  exercised  stands  recorded  against 

him  in  the  damning  evidence  of  hi.-  o\\n 
letters.  To  the  downfalof  Robespierre  he 
assented,  not  because  he  hated  the  crimes 
of  that  individual,  but  because  he  feared  to 
ne  a  victim.  His  de.-ertion  of  his  jacobin 
friends  did  not  prevent  a  decree  from  bring 
to  arris!  him  for  his  participation 
in  their  enormities;  lint  lie  contrived  to 
Conceal  himself  till  the  amnesty  rotored 
him  to  safety,  and  he  soon  reappeared  in 
public  life.  "After  having  been  intrusted 
wit!:  a  mission  on  the  Spanish  frontier,  he 
was  appointed  ambassador  to  the  Cisal- 
pine republic.  He  \\as  recalled  to  Paris 
for  disobedience  of  instructions,  and  re- 
mained unemployed  till  a  change  in  the  di- 
rectory raised  him  to  the  office  of  minister 
of  the  police.  Bonaparte  retained  him  in 
it  till  after  the  peace  of  Amiens,  when  he 
suppressed  the  office.  It  was,  however, 
speedily  revived,  with  Fouche  again  at  its 
head,  who,  in  1805,  was  created  duke  of 
Otranto.  In  1809,  during  the  campaign 
in  Austria,  he  was  also  minister  of  the 
home  department,  and  was,  in  fact,  at  the 
head  of  the  government.  But  some  cir- 
cumstances in  his  conduct  displeased  Na- 
poleon, and  he  was  dismissed,  and  doomed 
to  a  kind  of  exile,  though  the  disgiace  was 
gilded  by  the  nominal  rank  of  governor  of 
Rome.  In  1813  he  was  once  more  called 
forth  on  the  political  stage,  and  employed 
by  the  emperor  on  various  occasions.  He 
was  consulted,  but  his  advice  was  not  fol- 
lowed, by  Louis  XVIII.;  and  when  Na- 
poleon returned,  Fouche  again  became 
minister  of  police.  It  \3  past  a  doubt, 
however,  that  he  acted  the  part  of  a  trai- 
tor to  the  restored  emperor,  and  contribu- 
ted to  the  second  return  of  the  Bourbons. 


FOX 

i  monster  oonseciated  to 
eternal  infamy,  was  horn  near  St.  (inentir., 
in  Trance,  in  17-17,  anil  was  brought  up  to 
the  law.  When  the  revolutionary  tribu- 
nal was  established,  in  17JKJ.  he  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  jurors;  and  the  circum- 
stance of  his  uniformly  voting  for  death 


recommended 


to    the    office    of 


public  accuser.  In  that  "  bad  cr  ineuce" 
be  acted  with  (he  most  brutal  cruelty  and 
shameless  contempt  of  justice.  He*  was 
guillotined,  in  l~U~),  with  t,\e!\e  of  the 
revolutionary  judges,  his  accomplices. 

FOURCRO1  .  AM  IIO.NV.  I-'KANCIS,  an 
eminent  lYench  chemist,  was  horn  at  Par- 
is  in  17oo,  and  studied  at  lias  court  (VI- 
lege.  In  1784,  he  was  appointed  profes- 
sor of  chemiMry  at  the  Royal  (iarden,  in 
which  office  lie  soon  became  celebrated,  by 
his  scientific  knowledge,  and  by  his  flu- 
ent, elegant,  and  impressive  manner  of 
speaking.  He  was,  successively,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Convention,  the  Committee  of 
Public  Safety,  the  Council  of  Elders,  and 
the  Council  of  State.  As  Counsellor  of 
State,  he  was  intrusted  with  the  manage- 
ment of  all  affairs  connected  with  public 
instruction;  and  he  establi.-hcd  three  med- 
ical schools,  twelve  l.:\\  :-choids,  ;:nd  more 
than  three  hundred  seminaries  for  cduca- 


His  chemical  lab 


i  s,  too,  were  in- 
>vei  ies    important. 


hnong  his  principal 
of  Chemical  Knowl- 
I  hy  ;  .Medicine 


cessant,    and    Ins 

He  died   in  1809.     Am 

works  are,  A  System 

edge  ;    Chemical     Ph.i.-^i  ,,_x  ,    _T:L-UU:IU</ 

enlightened  by  the  Pln.-ica!  Sciences;  and 

Synoptical  Tables  of  Chemistry. 

FOURNIER,  PJ.TJ  R  SIMON,  an  omi 
nent  letter-founder,  was  born,  in  1712,  ul 
Paris,  and  began  life  as  a  wood-engraver, 
but  quitted  that  occupation  to  bec«;i.:e  a 
type-founder.  In  his  new  pursuit  !<••  a<-- 


For  a  while  Louis  XVIII.  retained  him  in  I  quired  high  reputation  for  the  bea'ity  of 
the  ministry,  but  the  earliest  opportunity  I  bis  characters.  He  died  in  1768.  V'onr- 
was  taken  to  discard  him,  and  at  length  j  nier  wrot>-  several  wo:ks  relative  to  his  a;  t, 
.he  was  included  among  the  regicides  who  j  of  which  the  principal  are,  A  Tvpoyraph- 


were  banished  from  France.  He  died  at 
Trieste,  in  1820,  regretted  by  no  party ; 
for  all  parties  had,  by  turns,  been  oppress- 
ed, insulted,  and  betrayed  by  him. 

FOULJS,  RoBKRTand  Axi>REW,two 


ical  Manual,  in  two  vo's. ;  Historical  and 
Critical  Treatises  on  the  Origin  of  Print- 
ing; and  a  Dissertation  on  the  Origin  and 

B  of  Word  Engraving. 
FOX,  RICH AKD,  a    prelate  and  statrs- 


emincnt  printers  of  (Jia.-irow.  IV<U.KKTJS  man,  wa-  born,  about  1-HJG,  at  Kopesley, 
said  to  have  been  originally  a  barber,  but  near  (irantham ;  was  educated  at  Magda- 
became  a  printer,  and  greatly  distinguish-  len  College,  Oxford,  and  Pembroke  Hall, 
ed  himself  by  the  correctness  and  b-  auty  ( .'ambi  i'lge ;  and  went  to  Paris,  wheic 
•.of  his  edition.-- of  the  classics.  He  took  his  .Morton,  hishcp  of  Ely,  recommended  him 
•brother,  ANDKKNV,  into  partnership,  ar.d.to  the  earl  of  Richmond,  at  the  time  when 
•for  thirty  years  they  continued  to  be  pros-  that  nobleman  was  planning  his  descent  on 
pr-rous.  Their  public,  spirit  was  at  length  England.  After  l,i-  accession,  lienry  VII. 
their  ruin.  They  endeavoured  to  establish  employed  Fox  on  various  mi.-sions;  and 
M  Academy  for  the  instruction  of  youth  in  successiveiv  made  .tun  bishop  r,f 
painting  and  sculpture — an  undertaking  Halli  ::nd  NN'ells,  Dt.i  ln-.m,  and  Winches- 
which,  un-npported  a<  they  v.ere,  wa>  loo  ler.  Fot\  ,  fjiinded  Cor 

•inch  for  tlieir  resources.     Andrew  ilicd  in    pus  Chiisti  Coll.  ge,  Ovioril,  and    the   free 


1774,  and  Robert  in  177<J. 
FOUUUIEK-T  UAV1L1.E, 


schools  of  Taun'on  and  (ira'itham. 

FOX,  JOHN,  a  divine,  born,  in  1517, 


FOX 

At  Boston,  in  Lincolnshire,  was  educated 
at  Brazen-nose  College,  Oxford,  and  was 
elected  a  fellow  of  Magdalen  College 
From  his  fellowship  he  was  expelled  in 
Io45,  for  having  espoused  the  doctrines  of 
tli ••  Kcfornmtion,  and,  till  he  was  restored 
to  it  by  Edward  VI.,  he  subsisted  by  acting 
as  a  tutor,  first  to  the  family  of  Sir  Thomas 
Lucy,  and  afterwards  to  the  children  of 
the  "imprisoned  earl  of  Surrey.  During 
the  reign  of  Mary,  he  iOOght  an  asylum 
at  Basil.  Returning,  on  the  accession  of 
Elizabeth,  he  was  taken  into  the  house  of 
the  duke  of  Norfolk,  and  Cecil  obtained 
for  him  a  prebend  in  the  cathedral  of 
Salisbury.  His  conscientious  scruples  as 
to  church  ceremonies  prevented  his  farther 
promotion.  He  died  in  1587.  His  great 
work  is  the  Acts  and  Monuments  of  the 
Church,  usually  known  by  the  name  of 
Fox's  Book  of*  Martyrs;  the  merits  and 
demerits  of  which  have  been  a  source  of 
violent  dispute  between  protestant  and 
catholic  writers.  To  the  credit  of  Fox  it 
must  be  recorded,  that  lie  strenuously, 
though  vainly,  endeavoured  to  prevail  upon 
Elizabeth  not  to  disgrace  herself  by  carry- 
ing into  effect  the  sentence  which  condemn- 
ed two  anabaptists  to  the  llames  as  heretics. 
FOX,  GEORGE,  the  founder  of  the  so- 
ciety of  friends,  or  quakers,  was  born,  in 
1624,  at  Drayton,  in  Leicestershire;  and 
was  the  son  of  a  weaver,  a  pious  and  vir- 
tuous man,  who  gave  him  a  religious  edu- 
cation. Being  apprenticed  to  a  grazier, 
he  was  employed  in  keeping  sheep ;  an 
occupation  the  silence  and  solitude  of  which 
were  well  calculated  to  nurse  his  naturally 
enthusiastic  feelings.  When  he  was  about 
nineteen,  he  believed  himself  to  have  re- 
ceived a  divine  command  to  forsake  all, 
renounce  society,  and  dedicate  his  exis- 
tence to  the  service  of  religion.  For  five 
years  he  accordingly  led  a  wandering  life, 
fasting,  praying,  and  living  secluded;  but 
it  was  not  till  about  1648  that  he  began  to 
preach  his  doctrines.  Manchester  was  the 
place  where  he  first  promulgated  them. 
Thenceforth  he  pursued  his  career  with 
untirable  zeal  and  activity,  in  spite  of  fre- 
quent imprisonment  and  brutal  usage.  It 
was  at  Derby  that  his  followers  were  first 
denominated  quakers,  either  from  their 
tremulous  mode  of  speaking,  or  from  their 
calling  on  their  hearers  to  "  tremble  at  the 
name  of  the  Lord."  The  labours  of  Fox 
were  crowned  with  considerable  success; 
and,  in  1669,  he  extended  the  sphere  of 
them  to  America,  where  he  spent  two 
years.  He  also  twice  visited  the  continent. 
He  died  in  1690.  His  writings  were  col- 
lected in  three  vols.  folio.  Whatever  may 
be  thought  of  the  tenets  of  Fox,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  that  he  was  sincere  in  them, 
and  that  he  was  a  man  of  strict  temper- 
•nce,  humility,  moderation,  and  pietj 


FOX  267 

FOX,  CHARLES   JAMES,  one   of  the 
most  distinguished  of  statesmen  and  ora- 


tors, was  the  second  son  of  Lord  Holland, 
and  was  born  January  13,  1748.  West- 
minster and  Eton  schools,  and  Hertford 
College,  Oxford,  were  the  seminaries  at 
which  he  received  his  education.  In 
classical  learning  his  proficiency  was  great, 
and  he  always  retained  a  fondness  for  it. 
Having  completed  his  studies,  he  set  out 
on  his  travels,  and  an  intellect  like  his 
could  not  fail  to  profit  by  such  an  enlarged 
field  of  observation.  Unfortunately,  how- 
ever, his  powerful  mind  did  not  preserve 
him  from  dissipated  habits,  and  from  a 
propensity  to  gaining,  which  long  continued 
to  be  the  bane  of  his  existence.  In  the 
hope  of  weaning  him  from  these  follies,  he 
was,  when  only  nineteen,  elected  member 
for  Midhurst,  through  the  influence  of  hitf 
father.  Prudence,  perhaps,  kept  him  silent 
in  the  House  till  he  was  of  an  age  legally 
to  hold  a  seat  in  it.  His  lips  were  unlocked 
in  1770,  and  for  four  years  he  continued  to 
be  the  advocate  of  the  ministry.  His  aid 
was  rewarded  by  his  being  appointed  a 
lord  of  the  admiralty,  which  situation  he 
soon  resigned  to  be  a  lord  of  the  treasury. 
In  1774,  however,  in  consequence  of  some 
disagreement  with  Lord  North,  he  was 
abruptly  dismissed,  and  his  dismission  was 
announced  to  him  in  a  manner  which  added 
insult  to  injury  The  ranks  of  opposition 
gladly  received  so  promising  anally;  and, 
during  the  whole  of  the  American  war,  he 
was  one  of  the  most  persevering,  eloquent, 
and  formidable  of  the  minister's  opponents. 
Additional  spirit  and  effect  were  given  to 
his  exertions  by  his  being  elected  foi 
Westminster,  in  1780,  in  spite  of  the  whole 
weight  of  the  government  interest  having 
been  thrown  into  the  scale  against  him. 
On  the  downfal  of  the  North  administra- 
tion, Fox  came  into  office,  as  secretary  of 
state  for  foreign  affairs.  But  the  death 
of  the  marquis  of  Rockingham,  and  dis- 
gust at  the  conduct  of  Lord  Shelburne,  soon 
induced  Fox  and  some  of  his  party  to  re- 
tire. In  an  evil  hour  for  their  popularity 
they  formed  *he  celebrated  coalition  with 
Lord  North.  The  measure  enabled  them 


268  FOY 

to  carry  the  cabinet  bv  storm,  but  it  shook 
their  influence  with  the  people,  and  their 
short-lived  triumph  wa.<  closed  by  their 
expulsion  from  power,  on  the  question  of 
Fox's  India  Bill.  A  new  election  in  1784 
diminished  their  parliamentary  numbers 
and  gave  Mr.  Pitt  a  secure  majority.  For 
more  than  twenty  years  the  mighty  talents 
of  Fox  were  exerted  in  almost  constant 
but  fruitless  opposition  to  hi*  tfrcat  riva 
His  espousing  the  caiue  of  the  French 
revolution  lost  him  the  friendship  of  Burke. 
To  the  war  against  France  he  was  de- 
cidedly hostile.  At  length,  in  1806,  he 
resumed  his  situation  of  secretary  of  slate. 
Hut  his  constitution  was  now  broken,  and 
he  expired  on  the  16th  of  September  in  the 
Fame  year.  Before  his  death,  however,  he 
had  the  happiness  of  putting  an  end  to  the 
slave  trade;  an  object  which  had  for  many 
years  been  nearest  to  his  heart.  The  wis- 
dom of  Fox's  political  conduct  has,  on 
pome  points,  been  violently  impeached,  but 
no  one  has  yet  denied  the  goodness  and 
sweetness  of  his  disposition;  so  amiable 
was  his  temper,  that  to  know  him  was  tc 
love  him.  Of  his  eloquence  one  of  his 
panegyrists  justly  observes  that,  "  plain, 
nervous,  energetic,  vehement,  it  simplified 
what  was  complicate,  it  unravelled  what 
was  entangled,  it  cast  light  upon  what  was 
obscure,  and  through  the  understanding  it 
forced  its  way  to  the  heart.  It  came  home 
to  the  sense  and  feelings  of  the  hearer; 
and,  by  a  secret,  irresistible  charm,  it  ex- 
torted the  assent  of  those  who  were  most 
unwilling  to  be  convinced."  His  literary 
i  ompositions  consist  of  some  excellent 
Greek,  Latin,  and  English  verses;  a  few 
|  apers  in  The  Englishman;  A  Letter  to 
i  le  Electors  of  Westminster ;  and  A  His- 
xory  of  the  early  Part  of  the  Reign  of 
James  the  Second. 

FOY,  MAXIMILIAN  SEBASTIAN,  cele- 
brated both  in  the  field  and  the  senate,  was 
born,  in  1775,  at  Hamm,  in  Picardy; 
studied  at  the  military  school  of  La  Fere; 
and  made  his  first  campaign,  in  1792,  under 
Dumourier.  In  the  war  which  was  ter- 
minated by  the  peace  of  Amiens  he  acted 
with  conpr»ic'»-us  talent  and  bravery,  par- 
ticularly at  the  assault  of  the  bridge  head 
of  Huninguen,  the  passages  of  the  Lech, 
the  Rhine,  and  the  Limmat,  and  the  action 
of  Peri,  in  the  Tyrol.  In  1805  he  bore  a 
part  in  the  Austrian  campaign;  in  1807 


FRA 

he  continued  to  be  one  of  the  moat  active 
and  eloquent  defenders  of  the  liberties  of 
his  country  till  his  decease,  Nov.  28,1825 
He  was  attended  to  his  grave  by  thousanda 
of  his  countrymen,  and  a  subscription  was 
made  to  provide  for  his  children,  and  erect 
a  monument  to  his  memory.  He  had  be- 
gun a  History  of  the  War  in  the  Peninsula. 
The  part  which  he  completed  was  published 
1>\  his  wife. 

"  FRACASTORIO,  or  FRACASTO- 
RIUS,  JEROME,  a  physician  and  Latin 
poet,  was  born  at  Verona  in  1483.  He 
came  into  the  world  with  his  lips  so  united 
that  a  surgical  operation  was  necessary  to 
open  them;  and  while  he  was  an  infant  in 
his  mother's  arms,  she  was  killed  by  light- 
ning, without  his  being  injured.  His  med- 
ical reputation  obtained  for  him  the  office 
of  chief  physician  to  Pope  Paul  III.  and 
he  acted  in  the  same  capacity  to  the  council 
of  Trent.  He  died  in  1553.  Of  modern 
Latin  poets  he  confessedly  stands  among 
the  most  elegant.  His  poem  denominated 
Syphilis  is  a  singular  instance  of  a  dis- 
gusting subject  being  treated  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  render  it  attractive.  Fra- 
c.astorio  wrote  some  other  poems,  and  va- 
rious tracts  in  prose. 

FRA  DIAVOLO,  whose  real  name  was 
Michael  Pozzo,  was  a  native  of  Calabria, 
and  was  originally  a  stocking  weaver,  but 
quitted  his  occupation  to  join  a  band  of 
robbers,  of  which  he  subsequently  became 
the  chief.  So  formidable  was  he  in  the 
Calabrias,  that  the  government  offered  a 
reward  for  his  head.  In  1799,  however, 
when  Cardinal  Ruffo  was  labouring  to  ex- 
pel the  French  from  Naples,  he  gave  Fra 
Diavolo  the  command  of  a  large  body  of 
ne  insurgents,  and  the  bandit  behaved 
with  equal  bravery  and  ferocity.  In  1806 
b'ra  Diavolo  took  the  field  against  the 
troops  of  Joseph  Bonaparte;  but,  after 
having  displayed  much  talent,  and  gained 
some  advantages,  he  was  taken,  ana  sen- 
tenced to  be  hanged. 

FRANCIS  OF  PAULO,  St.  a  Romish 
aint,  waa  born  at  Paulo,  in  Calabria,  in 
1416;  was  brought  up  in  a  Franciscan 
convent;  and, at  length,  retired  to  a  cell 
n  a  solitary  spot,  where  he  >vas  soon  sur- 
rounded by  so  many  disciples  that  it  be- 
came necessary  to  build  a  monastery  and  a 
church  for  them.  These  new  monks  were 
at  first  called  the  Hermits  of  St.  Francis, 


he  was  sent  to  Tuikey,  with  a  corps  of;  but  Pope  Axexander  VI.  changed  their 
French  artillerymen,  and  assisted  in  de-  name  to  that  of  Minims.  Their  founder 
fending  the  Dardanelles;  from  1807  to  died  in  1507. 

1814  inclusive,  he  fought  with  great  gal-  FRANCIS  DE  SALES,  St.  n  pious 
lantry  in  Spain  and  Portugal,  and  on  the  catholic  prelate,  was  born,  in  1657,  at  the 
Pyrenean  frontier;  and  he  closed  his  mili-' castle  of  Sales,  near  Geneva.  He  was  so 
tary  career  at  the.  battle  of  Waterloo.  The  successful  in  converting  the  protestant* 
rank  of  general  he  attained  in  1809.  In  that  he  was  appointed  coadjutor  to  the 
1819  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  bishop  of  Geneva,  and  eventually  bishop, 
chamber  of  deputies,  and  in  this  capacity  In  tlie  performance  of  wuiks  of  charity, 


FRA 

ftnd  of  his  episcopal  duties,  he  deserves 
the  highest  culogium.  He  died  in  1622, 
and  was  canonized  in  1624.  The  last 
edition  of  his  theological  productions  is  in 
sixteen  vols.  8vo. 

FRANCIS  XAVIER,  St.  SeeXxviER. 

FRANCIS,  PHILIP,  son  of  the  dean  of 
Lismore,  was  educated  at  Dublin;  and, 
after  having  taken  orders,  he  settled  at 
Esher,  in  Surrey,  where  he  established  an 
academy.  He  obtained,  through  Lord 
Holland's  influence,  the  rectory  of  Barrow 
in  Suffolk, and  the  chaplainship  of  Chelsea 
Hospital.  He  died  in  1773.  Francis  wrote 
the  tragedies  of  Eugenia  and  Constantia, 
and  some  political  articles  in  defence  of 
government ;  and  translated  the  poems  of 
Horace,  and  the  orations  of  Demosthenes 
and  Eschines. 

FRANCIS,  Sir  PHILIP,  a  son  of  the 
foregoing,  was  born  at  Dublin  in  1740, 
and  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's  School. 
After  having  been  a  clerk  in  the  secretary 
of  state's  office,  secretary  of  the  embassy 
to  Portugal,  and  a  clerk  in  the  war  office, 
he  was  raised  to  a  situation  of  much  higher 
importance.  In  1773  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  members  of  the  council  of 
Bengal.  In  India  he  remained  from  1774 
to  1780,  during  whiJti  period  he  was  active 
in  opposition  to  the  measures  of  Mr.  Hast- 
ings. Such  was  their  mutual  animosity 
that  a  duel  ensued,  in  which  he  was  shot 
through  the  body.  In  1784  he  obtained 
a  seat  in  parliament,  and  he  continued  to 
sit  there  for  the  greatest  part  of  his  life. 
He  voted  with  the  whigs,  and  took  a  prom- 
inent part  on  many  questions,  particularly 
those  of  the  impeachment  of  Hastings,  In- 
dia affairs,  the  slave  trade,  reform,  and  the 
war  with  France.  When  his  friends  came 
into  power,  he  received  the  order  of  the 
Bath,  and  they  at  one  time  intended  to 
send  him  to  Hindostan  as  governor  general.. 
He  died  in  1818.  Francis  published 
nearly  thirty  speeches  and  political  pam- 
phlets; the  style  of  which  has  a  very  large 
portion  of  point  and  spirit.  The  Letters 
of  Junius  have  been  attributed  to  him;  and 
if  must  be  owned  that  to  no  one  have 
they  been  assigned  with  more  probability. 
He,  however,  always  disclaimed  them 

FRA^CKLIN,  THOMAS,  D.  D.,  a  son 
of  tne  printer  of  The  Craftsman,  was  born 
in  London,  in  1721;  was  educated  at 
Westminster  School,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  became  Greek  professor  at 
Cambridge;  obtained,  successively,  the 
king's  chaplainship,  and  the  livings  of 
Ware,  Thundridge,  and  Brastcd  ;  and  died 
in  1784.  Dr.  Francklin  '  "instated  laician, 
Sophocles',  Phalaris's  Epistles,  and  Cicero 
on  the  Nature  of  the  Gods;  wrote  Ser- 
mons, some  misctll  ineoiid  pieces,  the  Earl 
of  Warwick,  and  four  other  tragedies; 
tOBtrihuteJ  to  liio  Critical  Review ;  and 


FRA 


269 


joined    In   the   translation    ef    Voltaire's 
works. 

FRANCO-BARRETO,  a  poet,  wa. 
born  at  Lisbon  in  1606,  and  died  in  1664. 
In  1646  he  fought  gallantly  against  the 
Dutch  in  Brazil.  On  his  return  home,  IIP 
took  his  doctor's  degree;  was  appointed 
secretary  of  embassy  in  France  ;  ultimately 
entered  the  church  ;  and  became  v'car  of 
Barreiro  in  1648.  He  wrote  many  poems, 
and  translated  the  ^Eneid,  and  the  Battle 
of  the  Frogs  and  Mice.  Ilia  style  is  ad- 
mired for  its  spirit,  elegai*e,  and  purity. 


FRANKLIN,  BENJAMIN,  a  philosopher 
and  statesman,  the  son  of  a  soap-boiler  and 
tallow  chandler,  was  born,  in  1706,  at  Bos- 
ton, in  America.  He  was  apprenticed  as  a 
printer,  to  his  brother,  at  Boston.  It  was 
while  he  was  with  his  brother  that  he  began 
to  try  his  powers  of  literary  composition. 
Street  ballads  and  articles  in  a  newspaper 
were  his  first  efforts.  Dissatisfied  with  the 
manner  in  which  he  was  treated  by  his 
relative,  he,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  pri- 
vately quitted  him,  and  went  to  Phila- 
delphia, where  he  obtained  employment. 
Deluded  by  a  promise  of  patronage  from 
the  governor,  Sir  William  Keith,  he  visited 
England  to  procure  the  necessary  materials 
for  establishing  a  printing  office  in  Phila- 
delphia; but,  on  his  arrival  at  London,  he 
found  that  he  had  been  deceived,  and  he 
was  obliged  to  work  as  a  journeyman  for 
eighteen  months.  While  he  was  in  the 
British  metropolis,  Ije  wrote  a  Dissertation 
on  Liberty  and  Necessity,  Pleasure  and 
Pain.  In  1726  he  returned  to  Philadelphia ; 
not  long  after  which  he  entered  into  busi- 
ness as  a  printer  and  stationer,  and,  in 
1728,  established  a  newspaper  His  pru- 
dence soon  placed  him  among  the  most 
prosperous  of  the  citizens,  and  the  influ- 
ence which  prosperity  natural v  gave  was 
enhanced  by  his  activity  and  talent.  Chiefly 
by  his  exertions,  a  public  library,  a  fire- 
preventing  company,  an  insurance  com- 
pany, and  a  voluntary  association  for  de- 
fiiiire,  were  established  at  Philadelphia. 
In  1732,  he  begun  Poor  Richard's  Almanac 
His  first  public  employment  wa«  that  of 
t  li-rk  to  the  general  assembly  of  Pennsyl- 


27«  FRF.  FRE 

vania;  his  next  that  of  postmaster  ;  and  my.  and  iiK-rnii-inir  tlie  resources  of  hit 
to  was  subsequently  chosen  as  a  repnven-  kingdom.  Commencing  in  1755.  the  sev- 
tative.  Philosophy,  also,  now  attracted  en  gears'  war  ensued,  in  \\hich,  wilh  no 
his  attention,  and  he  be^an  those  inquiries  other  aid  than  a  snh.-idy  from  England,  lie 
into  the  nature  of  electricity,  the  rc.-nlts  made  head  against  the  combined  attacks  oi 
of  which  have  ranked  him  high  amoni:  the  Austrian,  Russian,  Swedish,  and  Sa\- 
" 


,  , 

17.";:].  he  ua-  appointed    on  fines,  ;md  naincd  the  la  illiaat  \  ictories 
f  P>i  itish  Amer-    of  Prague.  I.eulhen,    Ko—  bach,   7oi  ndorfV, 


men  of  science 
deputy  postmaster  general 

if  a  ;  find  from  1757  to  17(>2,  lie  resided  Torgan,  and  many  le>s  ini|uirtant  snct  < 
n  Load  n,  as  agent  f"r  Pennsylvania  and  Though  lie  was  sevei  al  times  severely  de- 
Dther  colonies.  The  last  of  these  offices  feated,  \et  he  still  kept  the  field,  and  1  af- 
c-ntriMed  to  him  again  in  1764,  and  fled  liis  enemies.  By  the  peace  of  Huberts- 
n  u  held  it  till  the  breaking  out  of  the  burgh,  in  1763,  peace  wa*  restored  to  Pnu- 
contest  in  177.").  Alter  his  return  to  sia;  and  Frederic  thenceforth,  wilh  the 
America,  he  took  an  acti\e  part  in  the  sole  exception  wf  the  brief  war  in  1777, 
cause  <f  liberty,  and,  in  1778,  he  was  was  employed  in  making  his  dominions 
dispatched,  by  the  .  ;s  ambassador  flourish,  by  encouraging  commerce,  agri- 

to  France.  The  treaty  of  alliance  with  culture,  manufacture,  and  the  arts.  In 
the  French  government,  and  the  treaties  1772  he  obtained  a  disgraceful  enlargement 
r.f  peace,  in  17S2  and  17S:?,  as  well  as  of  his  states,  by  the  partition  of  1'oland. 
treaties  with  Sweden  and  Piussia,  were  He  died  August  17,  17S6.  Literatm  e  \\  as 
signed  by  him.  On  his  reaching  I'hila-  the  solace  and  the  delight  of  Frederic's 
delphia,  in  September,  17S5,  his  arrival  whole  existence.  His  works,  among  \\hich 
was  hailed  by  applauding  thousands  <,f  are  1  1  istories  of  his  o\\  n  Times,  or  the  Se\  - 
his  countrymen,  \\lio  conducted  him  in  en  Years'  War,  and  of  the  I  louse  of  P>ran- 
triumph  to  his  lesidence.  He  died  .\|;ril  denbnr»h,  extend  to  twenty-five  octavo  vol- 
17,  1790.  His  Memoirs,  written  by  hi  in-  nines,  and  entitle  him  to  an  honourable 
Felt",  bat  left  unfinished,  and  his  Philosoph-  rank  among  authors.  As  a  military  com- 
ical. Political,  and  Miscellaneous  Works,  mander  his  name  stands  enrolled  among 
have  been  published  by  his  grandson,  in  the  Comics,  the  Turennes,  the  Marlhor- 
six  volumes  octavo.  ;ongh.s,  the  Napoleons,  and  the  \\elling- 

FICA.\KL1.\,  KI.EAMOH  ANN,  a  poet,  tons. 

the  daughter  of  Mr.  Porden,  an  eminentl  FREIND,  JOHN,  an  eminent  physician 
architect,  was  born  in  1795.  She  eai  lv  and  writer,  was  a  son  of  the  rector  of  Gro- 
manifested  great  talent  and  a  strong  mem-  ton,  in  Northamptonshire,  at  which  place 
ory,  and  acquired  a  considerable  knowl-  he  was  born,  in  1675.  He  was  educated 
edge  of  Greek  and  other  languages.  Her  at  Westminster  School,  and  at  Christ's 
first  poem,  The  Veils,  was  written  when  !  College,  Oxford,  and,  while  at  college, 
phe  was  seventeen.  Her  next  was  The  j  gave  proofs  of  high  classical  acquirements. 


Arctic  Expedition,  which  led,  in   1823,  to 
her  marriage  with  Captain  Franklin.     Her 


work    is 


aptam  I1  rant 
the  epic    of 


Crrur  de 


ion,  which  appeared  in  1825.     Her  poems 
display    much   elegance,  spirit,  and    rich- 


of  imagination. 
FREDERIC  11.  Kim 


of  Prussia,  sur- 


After  having  been  physician  to  the  army 
under  the  earl  of  Peterborough,  and  to  the 
duke  of  Onnond,  in  Flanders,  he  settled  in 
London,  and  obtained  extensive  practice. 
In  1722.  he  was  elected  member  for  Laun- 
ceston,  and,  shortly  after,  was  committed 
to  the  Tower,  on  suspicion  of  treasonable 


named  the  GRKAT,  was  born   January  24,    practices.      He  was,  however,  soon  libera 
1712.     In  the  early  part  of  his  life  he  was   ted.     He  died  in  172S.     Of  Ins  woiks  the 
exposed  to  severe  trials.     He  had   a  taste   most  important  is,  The  History  of  Physic. 
for  literature  and  the. fine   arts,  which   was 
considered  as  a  heinous  crime  by  his  father. 
n,    unintellectual    despot,"    who    held 
strict  obedience  to  be  the  highest  of  v  it  :i;e>, 
and  milita.y  pursuits    the   iiio.-t    noble  that 
can  occupy  mankind.      Frederic  attempted 
;ie   from    paternal   tyranny,   but    hi? 
intent' 
friend 

he  himself  narrowly  e--;a|ed  a  similar  fate. 
17-10,  l.e   a-cendcd  the   throne,  and    his 


in:  BESSY,  a  mathema- 
brother of  Nicholas  J'lenicle,  a 
French  poet,  was  celebrated  f 'I  "is  >kill  in 
solving  mathematical  questions  by  meie 
arithmetical  means.  His  method,  uhich 
is  called  the  method  of  exclusion,  he  rigid- 
ly kept  secret  during  his  life,  but  a  de- 


itMitiou  was    disc ,. \cred,   his   confidential    BCriptiaa  "f  it    \\as    fiiind     in    his    papers. 
i«-nd,  Katt,   was   sent  to  the  scatlbld,  and    He  wrote  a  Treati.-e  of    Right-angled  Tri- 


a'-»le>    in    numbers,    and   a    very    curious 
on  .Ma_ric  S(juar(!s.      Only  sixteen 


•a-  to  demand  the  ces.-ionof  modes  cf  arranging  the  squares   \\ere   pre- 


I'M 'in    .M..i  i.i    There.-.'.      A   uar  en- 

ined,  by  uhic'i,  in    17-15,  a  Per  having  won 

•eded  in  (.btainini: 

rt.  Ten  succeeding  years  of  pi  ace 
tsre  spent  by  him  i:i  nil  HigUMuing  iiis  ar- 


viouslv    known, but   he   diccoverrd  no  less 

than  eight   hundred    and   eighty,      lie  died 
in   1675. 

FUKRKT,  NICHOLAS  a  Fr<  iirn  writer 
was  born,  in  1688,  at  Paria.     He  wasdes* 


FRI 

lined   for  the  bar  by  his  father,  who  was 
an  advocate,  but  lie  had  an  insurmountable 

aversion  to  the  profession,  and  was  at 
length  permitted  to  relinquish  it.  Ili.-s; 
sC'juent  lift:  \vas  entirely  give-:)  in  litera- 
ture. His  first  work,  On  tlic  Origin  of 
the  l-'re:irh,  wounded  the  national  vanity 
p!y  that  it  occasioned  his  imprison- 
ment iii  "the  B.istile.  In  captivity  he  amus- 
ed himself  by  reading  the  works  of  Bayle, 
and  is  said  t>>  have  become,  inconsequence, 
n  determined  sceptic.  He  died  in  1749. 
Frerct  had  an  extensive  knowledge  of  an- 
cient and  modern  language-,  and  of  chro- 
nology, history,  geography,  mythology,  and 
philology.  He  was  secretary  of  the  Acad- 
e:nv  of  Inscriptions;  and  a  great  number 
of  his  Dissert. nio'is  are  to  be  found  in  the 
Memoirs  of  that  body.  Among  his  sepa- 
rate pieces  are,  Letters  from  Thrasybulus 
to  Leucippus;  and  an  Examination  of  the 
Apolo_;i.'s  far  Christianity.  An  edition  of 
his  works  has  been  recently  published,  in 
eight  v.il^. 

i'KESXEL,  AUGUSTINE  JOHN,  an  ex- 
perimemal  French  philosopher,  was  born, 
in  1788,  at  Brogiie,  and  died  in  1S27.  By 
profession  he  was  a  civil  engineer.  Fres- 
ncl  particularly  distinguished  himself  by 
hi.-  masterly  experiments  on  the  diffraction, 
inflection,  and  polarisation  of  light.  His 
scientific  merit  occasioned  him  to  be  ad- 
mitted as  a  member  of  the  French  Acade- 
my of  Sciences,  and  of  the  British  Royal 
Society. 

FRISCH,  JOHN  LEONARD,  a  German 
naturalist  and  philologist,  was  born,  in 
16(56,  at  Sulzbach.  From  1690  to  1693  he 
spent  in  wandering  over  Europe.  He  set- 
tled at  length  at  Berlin,  became  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  rector  of  the 
Grey  Convent  Gymnasium,  and  a  profes- 
sor He  died  in  1743.  Among  his  numer- 
ous \\orks  are,  A  German  and  Latin  Dic- 
tionary; A  Description  of  all  the  German 
Insects;  and  Descriptions  and  Figures  of 
German  Birds.  The  last  of  these  was 
completed  by  his  ?on.  Frisch  was  the  first 
who  cultivated  the  mulberry  in  Branden- 
bnrgh,  and  introduced  the  silk  manufac- 
ture. 

FR1SI,  PAUL,  a  mathematician  and 
philosopher,  was  born,  in  1728,  at  Milan, 
and  died  there  in  1784  Mathematics  he ! 
learned  without  assistance,  and  so  rapidly  I 
and  perfectly,  that,  before  he  was  twenty- 
two,  he  composed  hi.s  celebrated  Disser- ' 
tation  on  the  Figure  of  the  Earth.  He 
was  a  member  of  m  my  learned  bodies, 
and  professor  (,S  •iathen"iu(i;-s  at  his  native 
city.  Frisi  introduced  into  the  Milanese 
the  use  of  conductors  to  s.vure  buildings 
from  lightning,  and  he  contributed  greatly 
to  root  out  the  superstitious  notions  of  the 
people  respecting  ma^ie  and  sorcerers. 
His  works,  on  hydraulics,  astronomy,  and 


mu  rri 

T..IVIV  other    sciences,    are   numerous    and 
valnaole. 

FROHISHER,  Sir  MAR  TIN,  a  celebra. 
t:-d  navigator,  born  near  Doncaster,  IB 
Yorkshire,  was  brought  up  to  the  sea.  He 
was  thft  first  who  adventured  to  discover  a 
northwest  passage  to  China.  With  this 
view  ho  made  three  vova-_res,  in  1576, 
1577,  and  1578,  and,  though  he  failed  in 
his  object,  he  explored  various  parts  of  the 
Arctic  coast,  among  which  were  the  straits 
that  bear  his  name.  In  1585,  he  fought 
under  Drake,  in  the  West  Indies;  in  1588, 
he  was  knighted  for  his  bravery  against 
the  armada;  in  1590  and  1592,  he  com- 
manded squadrons  successfully  against  the 
Spaniards;  and,  in  1594,  being  sent  with 
some  ships  to  the  succour  of  Henry  the 
Fourth  of  France,  he  was  killed  in  attack* 
ing  fort  Crov/.a^,  near  Brest. 

FROISSART,  JOHN,  a  French  chroni- 
cler and  poet,  supposed  to  have  been  the 
son  of  a  heraldic  painter  (though  one  man- 
uscript of  his  works  implies  him  to  have 
been  of  knightly  origin),  was  born  at 
Valenciennes,  ab'out  1333,  and  was  origi- 
nally designed  for  the  church ;  but,  having 
much  more  taste  for  dances,  minstrels, 
and  festivals,  than  for  anthems,  homilies, 
and  fasting,  he  entered  the  service  of  Sir 
Robert  de  Namur,  lord  of  Beaufort.  At 
the  desire  of  his  master  he  is  said  to  have 
begun,  before  he  was  twenty,  to  write  the 
history  of  the  wars  of  his  time.  A  dis- 
appointment in  love,  and  a  desire  to  learn 
from  their  own  mouths  the  achievements 
f  his  contemporary  warriors,  induced  him 
to  travel  extensively.  He  first  visited 
England,  and  was  for  a  considerable  time 
secretary  to  Philippa,  the  queen  of  Edward 
HI.  Subsequently  he  was  patronised  by 
Edward  the  Black  Prince,  the  duke  of 
Brabant,  the  earl  of  Blois,  and  other  illus- 
trious characters.  He  settled  at  length  in 
lis  own  country,  and  was  made  canon  and 
treasurer  of  the  collegiate  church  of  Chi- 
may.  He  is  supposed  to  have  died  soon 
after  1400.  His  delightful  Chronicle  of 
France,  England,  &c.  has  been  twice  trans- 
lated into  English,  by  Lord  Berners  and 
by  Mr.  Johnes.  Froissart  is  also  the 
author  of  a  romance  called  Meliador,  the 
Knight  of  the  Sun,  and  of  some  poems, 
which  have  never  been  printed. 

FRUGONI,  CHARI.FS  INNOCENT,  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  Italian  poets  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  was  born  at  Genoa,  in 
1()92.  He  was  originally  enrolled  in  one 
of  the  monastic  orders ;  but  disliking  his 
situation,  he  was  released  from  his  vow* 
by  Clement  XII.  After  having  been  pro- 
Censor  of  rhetoric  at  Brescia,  Rome,  Genoa, 
and  Bologna,  he  was  introduced  to  the 
sovereign  of  Parma,  by  Cardinal  Bcnti- 
voglio,  and  became  cornt  poet  lie  died 
in  1768.  Frugoni  was  a  fertile  ind  ele- 


272 


FUL 


earn  writer.  His  works,  which  compre- 
hend almost  every  species  of  poetry,  form 
mn«  volumes. 

FUCA,  JOHN  DE,  whose  real  name  was 
Apostolos  Valerianos,  was  a  native  of 
Cephalonia,  born  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
and  died  at  Zante,  in  1632.  For  more 
than  forty  years  lie  acted  as  a  pilot  in  the 
Spanish  American  possessions.  In  the  year 
ir><)2.  he  discovered  the  strait  that  leads 
into  the  extensive  archipelago,  on  the  coast 
of  the  .North  Pacific,  subsequently  explored 
by  Vancouver ;  but  he  mistakenly  supposed 
it  to  communicate  with  the  Atlantic  ocean. 

FUCHS,  or  FUCHSIUS,  LEONARD, 
ft  physician  and  botanist,  was  born,  in 
1501,  at  Wembdingen,  in  Bavaria,  and 
took  his  degree  at  Ingolstadt.  Charles  V. 
ennobled  him.  He  died,  in  1561,  at  Tubin- 
gen, at  which  university  he  had,  for  five 
and'  thirty  years,  been  professor  of  medi- 
cine. He  wrote  several  medical  works, 
which  attest  his  superior  skill;  but  he  is 
principally  remembered  by  his  History  of 
Plants.  His  name  was  given  by  Plumier 
to  an  American  genus,  remarkable  for  the 
beauty  of  its  leaves  and  flowers. 

FULLER,  THOMAS,  a  divine  and  his- 
torian, a  son  of  the  minister  of  Aldwinkle, 
in  Northamptonshire,  at  which  place  he 
was  born,  in  1608,  was  educated  at  Queen's 
College,  Cambridge;  was  appointed  minis- 
ter of  St.  Bennet's  parish,  Cambridge; 
and  acquired  great  popularity  as  a  pulpit 
orator.  He  received  further  preferment  in 
the  church,  of  which,  however,  he  was 
deprived  during  the  civil  war,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  activity  on  the  side  of  the 
monarch  Between  1640  and  1656,  he 
published  nearly  the  whole  of  his  works. 
In  1648  he  obtained  the  living  of  Waltham, 
in  Essex,  which,  in  1658,  he  quitted  fo» 
that  of  Cranford,  in  Middlesex.  At  the 
restoration  he  recovered  the  prebend  of 
Salisbury,  was  made  D.  D.  and  king's 
chaplain,  and  was  looking  forward  to  a 
mitre,  when  his  prospects  were  closed  by 
death,  in  1661.  Fuller  possessed  a  remark- 
ab  v  tenacious  memory.  He  had  also  a 
considerable  portion  of  wit  and  quaint 
humour,  which  he  sometimes  allowed  to 
run  riot  in  his  writings.  Among  his  chief 
works  are,  A  History  of  the  Holy  War; 
The  Church  History  of  Britain;  The  His- 
tory of  the  University  of  Cambridge;  and 
The  History  of  the  Worthies  of  England. 

FULLER,  ANDREW,  a  minister,  emi- 
nent among  the  Baptists,  was  born,  in  175-1, 
ut  Wicken,  in  Cambridgeshire,  and  was 
engaged  in  the  labours  of  husbandry  till  he 
was  twenty  years  of  a^e.  riy  diligent 
study  he*  acquired  a  considerable  degree  of 
learning;  and  he  became  a  preacher  of  the 
gospel,  first  at  Soham,  and  next  at  Kem-r- 
ing.  He  died,  at  Ketlering,  in  \*\'i. 
Fuller  wtu  secretary  to  tlu>  haptixt  Mi*- 


FUJI 

eionary  Society,  und  in  that  capacity  wai 
very  active.  He  was  also  an  acute  contro- 
versialist against  the  Socinians.  He  wrotft 
The  Calvinistic  and  Socinian  Svstems 
examined  and  compared  ;  Socimanism 
Indefensible;  Discourses  on  the  Book  of 
Genesis;  Sermons;  and  other  works. 

FULTON,  ROBERT,  an  American  en- 
gineer and  projector,  was  born,  in  1765, 
at  Little  Britain,  in  Pennsylvania.  Aban- 
doning the  trade  of  a  jeweller,  he  studied 
for  some  years  under  West,  with  the  inten- 
tioij  of  being  a  painter ;  but,  having  become 
acquainted  with  a  fellow  couirtryman  named 
Rumsey,  who  was  skilled  in  mechanics, 
he  became  fond  of  that  science,  and  ulti- 
mately adopted  the  profession  of  a  civil 
engineer.  Before  he  left  England,  he 
published,  in  1796,  a  treatise  On  Inland 
.Navigation,  in  which  he  proposed  to  super- 
sede locks  by  inclined  planes.  In  1800, 
he  introduced,  with  much  profit  to  himself, 
the  panorama  into  the  French  capital.  For 
some  years  he  was  engaged  in  experiments 
to  perfect  a  machine  called  a  torpedo, 
intended  to  destroy  ships  of  war  by  explo- 
sion. After  his  return  to  America,  he 
gave  to  the  world  an  account  of  several 
inventions,  among  which  are  a  machine 
for  sawing  and  polishing  marble,  another 
for  rope  making,  and  a  boat  to  be  navigated 
under  water.  He  obtained  a  patent  for 
liis  inventions  in  navigation  by  steam  in 
1809,  and  another  for  some  improvement* 
n  1811.  In  1814  he  contrived  an  armed 
steam  ship  for  the  defence  of  the  harbour 
of  New-York,  and  a  submarine  vessel  large 
enough  to  carry  one  hundred  men;  the 
slans  of  which  being  approved  by  govern- 
ment, he  was  authorized  to  construct  them 
at  the  public  expense.  But  before  com- 
pleting either  of  those  works,  he  died 
suddenly  in  1815.  Though  not  the  inven- 
tor of  it,  he  was  the  first  who  successfully 
employed  the  steam  engine  in  navigation. 
FURETIERE,  ANTHONY,  a  French 
philologist  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
born  at  Paris,  in  1620;  took  orders,  and 
was  made  abbot  of  Chalivoy;  and  died 
in  1683.  He  was  a  member  of  the  French 
Academy,  but  was  expelled  from  it,  on  a 
charge  of  having  pillaged  the  unpublished 
lexicographical  labours  of  his  colleagues, 
to  enrich  a  Dictionary  of  his  own.  Ilia 
work,  which  was  in  two  volumes  folio, 
forms  the  foundation  of  the  Dictionary  of 
Trcvoux.  His  expulsion  gave  rise  to  a 
virulent  paper  war  between  Furetiere  and 
his  late  brethren.  He  is  the  author  of 
several  works,  among  which  are  Roman 
Bourgeois;  Fables;  Voems;  and  Mercu- 
ry's Journey.  The  Fureteriana,  which  was 
published  after  hi?  death,  by  Meraifl,  is  u 
badly  executed  f.Hectioii  of  Furetiere *i 
rr  marks  and  bons-muts. 

Ft'UST.  WAL-rv.K.a  SuifH,  by  whim*. 


in  conjunction  with  William  Tell,  hia  rela- 
tive, and  Arnold  of  Melchtlml,  tlie  liberty 
of  Switzerland  was  founded,  in  1307.  He 
was  born  at  Altorf,  in  the  canton  of  Uri, 
and  died  subsequently  to  1317 


FUSELI,  or  FUESSLI,  HENRY,   an 

eminent  painter,  was  born,  about  1739,  at 
Zurich,  in  Switzerland.  Though  in  his 
boyhood  he  manifested  a  talent  for  draw- 
ing, his  father,  an  artist,  was  desirous  to 
see  him  in  the  church,  and  he  was  edu- 
cated accordingly.  At  Berlin,  where  he 
studied  under  Sultzer,  Sir  Robert  Smith, 
the  British  ambassador,  induced  him  to 
visit  England.  Fuseli's  entrance  into 
active  life  was  as  tutor  to  a  nobleman's 
son.  With  the  English  language  Fuseli 
was  thoroughly  acquainted,  and,  in  1765, 
he  published  Reflections  on  the  Painting 
and  Sculpture  of  the  Greeks.  This  he 
followed  up  by  a  Defence  of  Rousseau 
against  Voltaire.  Still  the  longing  after 
pictorial  fame  was  uppermost  in  his  mind. 
In  order  to  decide  whether  he  should 
follow  the  bent  of  his.  genius,  he  showed 
some  of  his  drawings  to  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds, and  requested  his  candid  opinion  of 
:hem.  "  Young  man,"  said  Sir  Joshua, 
"  were  I  the  author  of  these  drawings, 


273 

and  offered  ten  thousand  a  year  not  to 
practice  as  an  artist,  I  would  reject  it 
with  contempt."  Fuseli  hesitated  no 
longer.  In  1770  he  visited  Italy,  and  ho 
studied  diligently  there  for  eight  years. 
On  his  return  he  painted  several  pictures 
for  the  Shakspeare  Gallery,  and,  in  1790, 
became  a  Royal  Academician.  The  open- 
ing of  his  Milton  Gallery,  in  1798,  first 
made  known  to  the  public  the  full  extent 
of  his  genius.  In  1799  he  was  appointed 
professor  of  painting,  and,  in  1804,  keeper 
of  the  Royal  Academy.  He  died  in  April, 
1825,  and,  notwithstanding  his  advanced 
age,  the  vigour  of  his  faculties  was  unim- 
paired. In  his  domestic  character  Fuseli 
was  truly  estimable.  He  was,  too,  an 
excellent  scholar,  and  enjoyed  the  friend- 
ship of  his  most  eminent  literary  contem- 
poraries. The  works  of  art  which  he 
produced  are  numerous.  His  imagination 
was  lofty  and  exuberant;  but,  in  aspiring 
to  the  sublime,  which  he  often  reaches,  he 
occasionally  falls  into  extravagance  and 
distortion.  Still,  his  extravagance  is  that 
of  a  man  of  genius.  His  anatomical  knowl- 
edge was  extensive.  It  must,  however, 
be  owned  that,  in  some  instances,  he  dis- 
played it  too  ostentatious.y,  so  as  to  give  to 
his  figures  rather  the  forms  seen  in  the 
dissecting  room  than  those  which  charac- 
terize the  living  subject. 

FUST,  or  FAUST,  JOHN,  a  goldsmith 
of  Mentz,  in  the  fifteenth  century.  He 
shares  with  Guttemberg  and  Schoeffer  in 
the  honour  of  having  invented  printing 
To  Guttemberg,  his  partner,  however,  10 
generally  supposed  to  belong  the  merit  of 
the  invention,  which  was  perfected  by 
Schoefler,  another  partner,  while  Fust  con- 
tributed little  more  than  the  capital  neces- 
sary to  carry  on  the  business.  The  first 
work  which  they  produced  appears  to  be  a 
Latin  Bible  printed  between  1450  and  1455 


G 


GADSDEN,  CHRISTOPHER,  a  patriot 
of  the  American  revolution,  was  born  in 
Snith  Carolina,  in  the  year  1724.  ID  1765 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Congress  which 
was  convened  at  New  York,  lor  the  pur- 
pose of  petitioning  against  the  stump  act, 
and  again  of  that  which  assembled  in  1774. 
He  remained  in  Charleston  during  the 
siege  in  1780.  In  1782  he  was  elected 
governor  of  his  native  stale,  but  declined 
tlie  office  on  account  of  the  infirmities  of 
age.  He  died  in  1S05. 

GLERTNER,  CHARLES  CHRISTIAN, a 

native  of  Saxony,  born   at   Freyberg,  in 

1712,  was  professor  of  morals  and  rhetoric 

at  the   Caroline  College,  Brunswick,  and 

12! 


died  in  1791.  He  was  one  of  those  who 
contributed  to  reform  the  literary  taste  of 
Germany,  in  the  eighteenth  centurv.  In 
conjunction  with  Gellert  and  Ratnler,  he 
translated  Bayle's  Dictionary,  and  Rollin's 
History;  with  Klopstock,  "Schlegel,  and 
others,  he  published  a  literary  journal  of 
great  celebrity,  called  New  Materials,  &c. ; 
and  he  also  wrote  two  comedies,  and  a 
volume  of  Discourses. 

G^ERTNER,  JOSEPH,  an  eminent  bota- 
nist, a  native  of  Wirtemberg,  born  at 
Calu,  in  1782,  was  educated  at  Gottingen; 
travelled  over  various  parts  of  Europe; 
was  made  botanical  professor,  and  keeper 
of  the  botanical  garden,  in  1768,  at  Saint 


274 


GAI 


Pcterpburoh ;     returned    *.o    Germany    in 
1771;   and  died  in  1791       De  FructiboBet 

Seininihns  Plantarnm,  in  two   M  Is.    -lio.  is 
his  principal  work. 

GAGE,  Tumi  \s,  tli-  l.i.-t    ^>  '.  rn<»r  of 

linsctts  appointed  h\  tin-  ki 
came  to  Ann-rim  as  a  lieutenant  \\iili 
Braddedt,  :in»l  was  prc.-cnt  at  tin-  battle  in 
\\hk-h  that  officer  received  his  mortal 
wound.  IK-  was  appointed  governor  of 
.Montreal  in  1760,  and  in  1763,  succeeded 
general  Amherst  as  commandcr-in-chief  of 
the  British  forces  in  .North  America.  In 
1771  he  succeeded  Hutchinson  as  yo^ernor 
of  Ma.~sachu:-etts,  \\hen  he  soon  beyan  the 
c..nrse  of  illeir.il  and  oppressive  acts  that 
brought  on  the  war  of  the  revolution.  In 
177.")  the  provincial  Congress  of  Massachu- 
setts declared  him  an  enemy  to  the  colony, 
and  nut  lon^  after  he  returned  to  England, 
where  he  died  in  1787. 

GAGNIER,  JOHN,  an  orientalist,  was 
horn,  in  1670,  at  Paris,  and  educated  at 
the  college  of  Navarre.  He  took  orders, 
Init  snb.-eqnently  changed  his  religion, 
came  over  to  England,  and  settled  at 
Oxford.  At  first  he  subsisted  by  teaching 
Hebrew,  but,  on  the  death  of  Dr.  Wallis, 
he  succeeded  him  as  Arabic  lecturer.  He 
died  in  1740.  Ciaguier  wrote,  in  French. 
A  Life  of  Mahomet;  and  published,  be- 
sides some  other  works,  an  edition  of  Ben 
Gorion's  History  of  the  Jews,  \\itl'  "  Latin 
translation  and  notes. 

GAIL,  J«HN  BAPTIST,  a  Cv.._.,rated 
Hellenist,  was  born  at  Paris,  in  1755,  and 
•lied  in  the  same  city,  in  1828,  professor 
of  Greek  literature  at  the  College  of  France. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  In- 
scriptions and  Belles  Lettres,  and  a  knight 
of  the  legion  of  honour.  He  contributed 
greatly  to  render  the  study  of  Greek  pop- 
ular in  France.  Among  his  productions 
are,  A  Greek  Grammar  ;  and  Translations 
of  Xenophon,  Thncydides,  Theocritus. 
Bion,  Moschus,  and  Lucian's  Dialogues  of 
the  Dead. 

GAIL,  SOPHIA,  the  wife  of  the  fore- 
going, was  born  about  1779,  and  died,  at 
Paris,  in  1S19.  For  the  arts,  and  par- 
ticularly for  music,  she  manifested  an 
euily  taste,  and  she  began  to  compose 
when  she  was  not  more  than  twehe 
of  a;re.  Antony  her  princij  al  campOMtJOM 
are  the  operas  of  The  Jealous  Pair.  Made- 
moiselle de  Launay  in  the  Bastilc,  and 
Serenade. 

GAILLAKD,  GABKIKL  HKXRV,  a 
French  mi.-cellaneous  writer  and  historian, 
was  born,  in  172H,  at  Ostel,  near  Soist-on> ; 
abandoned  the  bar  to  become  wholly  an 
author;  was  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Inscription-,  the  French  Academy,  and 
Oie  Institute;  and  died  in  1806.  His  most 
im|x>rtunt  works  a;-e,  Miscellanies,  i-i  fmrr 
tolumes;  hu  His?torie>  uf  Marv  of  Bur- 


GAL 

gundy,  ot  rrancis  L,  of  Charlemagne,  of 
the  Etivalship  of  England  and  France,  of 
the  Rivalship  of  France  and  Spain;  th« 
lli.-toriral  Dictionary  of  the  Methodica 
Encyclopedia;  and  Obs(>r\  ations  on  Vel- 
1\  's  I  iistory  of  l;rauce. 

"  GAINSBOROUGH,  THOMAS,  a  cele- 

brated  artist,  the  son  of  a  clothier,  at 
Siuibnry,  in  Suffolk,  was  born  in  1727. 
Nature,  \\hich  lie  studied  in  the  woods  and 
fields,  was  his  first  teacher.  On  leaving 
Sudbury,  he  went  to  London,  and  received 
instruction!  from  Gravelot  and  Hayman. 
After  having  painted  at  Ipswich  and  Bath, 
he  settled  in  the  metropolis,  in  1774,  and 
speedily  rose  to  eminence  in  his  profession. 
He  died  of  cancer  in  the  neck,  in  1788. 
His  portrait*,  though  slight,  are  striking 
likenesses,  and  his  landscapes  have  a  pecul- 
iar charm,  "  a  portrait-like  representation 
of  nature  (says  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds).  Mich 
as  we  see  in  "the  works  of  Rubens,  l!u\s- 
dael,  or  others  of  those  schools."  Gains- 
borough had  a  considerable  talent  for  music, 
but  was  singularly  capricious  in  abandon- 
ing one  instrument  for  another.  His  man- 
ners were  somewhat  eccentric,  but  he  was 
kind  hearted  and  generous. 

GAI.15A,  Si  uvius  SUT.PICIUS,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  born  four  years  B.  r.,  was 
consul  under  Tiberius,  A.  I).  33;  command- 
ed with  honour  in  Upper  Germany;  was, 
successively,  proconsul  in  Africa,  and  in 
Spain;  and  was  raised  to  the  throne,  A. 
l>.  68.  He  held  his.  dignity  but  seven 
months,  at  the  expiration  of  which  period 
he  was  murdered  by  the  soldiery.  By  his 
conduct  as  emperor  he  lost  much  of  the 
reputation  which  he  had  gained  in  less  ele- 
vated stations. 

GALE,  THOMAS,  a  divine  andantiqna 
ry,  was  born,  in  1636,  at  Scruton,  in  York- 
:-hire  ,  was  educated  at  Westminster  School, 
and  Trinity  College,  ( 'ainbridjf;-;  and  was, 
in  succession,  Regius  professor  of  Greek, 
at  Cambridge,  head  master  of  St.  Paul's 
School,  prebend  of  St.  Paul's,  and  dean 
ot  \ork.  He  was  also  secretary  of  the 
Royal  Society,  lie  died  in  1702.  Gale 
was,  reckoned  one  of  the  best  Greek  s:-lu>l- 
ars  of  his  aire,  und  c..rresponded  with 
some  of  the  most  eminent  of  his  contem- 
poraries. I  le  published  editions  of  various 
learned  works,  and  <.f  the  ancient  English 
li-t  i  ia::>.  lie  left  Serin. ,i:s.  and  an  anno- 
tated c'-py  of  Aiitoiiinus's  British  Itineiary, 
which  were  edited  by  his  son. 

GALEN,  Cr.Afii'ii  s,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  physicians  of  ancient  times,  was 
born  A.  i),  131,  at  Pergamus,  and  has  some- 
times been  denominated  the  Hippocrates 
of  Pergamns.  'V  dream  is  said  to  ha\e 
directed  his  genius  to  the  study  of  medi- 
cince  After  ha\ii:g  received  an  excellent 
education,  he  travelled  extensively,  to  ac- 
quire modica),  anatomical,  and  surgii«l 


GAL 

information.  Alexandria  was  one  of  the 
cities  at  which  ho  most  increased  his  stock 
of  knowledge.  In  his  thirty-second  year 
lit;  made  an  effort  to  settle  at  Rome,  bu 
the  intrigue;  of  his  jealous  rivals  induce( 
him  at  length  to  return  to  Pergumns 
Froai  liis  native  city,  however,  he  was. 
summ.m"d  l>y  Marcus  Aurelius,  who  com- 
mitted to  him  the  cure  of  Coinniodus  an 
•Sextu<5,  his  sons.  The  place  and  time  of 
his  death  are  uncertain;  Ixit  he  is  sup- 
posed to  have  died  at  Rome,  in  about  the 
seventieth  year  of  liis  age.  Of  the  seven 
hundred  and  fifty  works,  which  he  is  sai 
to  have  written,  only  a  part  has  been  pre- 
served, but  even  that  part  forms  five  folio 
volumes,  and  affords  an  irrefragable  proof 
that  fame  has  not  exaggerated  his  learning 
and  skill. 

GALERIUS,  CAIUS  VALERIUS  MAXI 
Mi,\\i's,  a  Roman  emperor,  was  a  native 
of  Dacia,  and  kept  flocks  when  a  boy, 
whence  he  acquired  the  surname  of  Arincn- 
tarius.  Entering  into  the  army,  he  raised 
himself  to  tne  highest  ranks  by  his  courage, 
and  was  adopted  by  Diocletian,  who  gave 
him  his  daughter  in  marriage.  Among  his 
subsequent  exploits  was  the  defeat  of  the 
1'ersians.  He  ascended  the  imperial  throne 
A.  D.  305,  and  died  in  311.  Galerius  was 
of  a  cruel  disposition,  and  a  violent  per- 
secutor of  the  Christians. 

GALHEGOS,  MANUEL  DE,  a  Portu- 
guese poet,  was  born,  in  1597,  at  Lisbon; 
was  patronised  by  the  duke  of  Olivares,  and 
loaded  with  honours  at  the7:ourt  of  Philip 
IV.;  and  died  in  1665.  He  was  the 
friend  of  Lopez  de  Vega,  by  whom  he  was 
highly  praised  in  the  Laurel  of  Apollo. 
Galhegos  is  the  author  of  Gigantomachia, 
a  poem ;  The  Temple  of  Memory,  a  poem ; 
a  volume  of  poems;  and  a  great  number 
of  dramatic  pieces. 

GALIAXI,  FKRDTSAND,  an  eminent 
writer  on  various  subjects,  was  born  at 
Chi-5ti>  in  the  Neapolitan  province  of 
Abruzzr,  ir;  172°.,  made  so  rapid  a  pro- 
gress in  1m  studies  that,  at  the  age  of 
sixteen,  he  composed  a  Dissertation  on  the 
Money  in  use  it  the  Period  of  the  Trojan 
War;  was  seni  as  secretary  of  embassy  to 
Paris;  held  several  important  offices  after 
a\3  return  tj  Naples;  and  died  in  1787. 
Galiani  was  a  man  of  wit  as  well  as  of 
solid  talent.  Among  his  works  are,  A 
Treatise  on  (Vm;  Dialogues  on  the  Com- 
merce in  Grain  ;  On  the  Reciprocal  Duties 
of  [Ventral  ami  Belligerent  Princes;  On 
the  Neapolitan  Dialect;  and  a  Commentary 
on  Horace.  Many  of  his  writings  are  still 
unpublished. 

GALILEI,  GALILEO,  an  illustrious 
philosopher,  the  s.»:i  of  Viucoiit  Galilei,  a 
Florentine  nobleman  of  talent,  was  born, 
ii  1564.  at  Florence.  His  dislike  to  the 
Medical  profession,  for  which  he  was  dc- 


GAL  *?• 

signed,  was  so  great,  that  liis  father  aU' 
lowed  him  to  desist  from  preparing  for  it, 
and  to  study  the  mathematics.  So  rapidly 
did  he  attain  a  proficiency  in  his  favourite 
science  that,  at  the  age  of  twenty-four,  he 
was  appointed  mathematical  professor  at 
Pisa,  liis  dislike  of  the  Aristotelian  phi- 
losophv,  howe\cr.  raised  him  up  so  many 
enemies,  that,  in  1592,  he  resigned  the 
chair  at  Pisa,  a::d  accepted  the  professor- 
ship at  Padua,  in  which  he  continued  for 
eighteen  years.  Cosmo  III.  at  last  invited 
him  back  to  Pisa,  and,  soon  after,  called 
him  to  Florence,  with  the  title  of  principal 
mathematician  and  philosopher  to  the  grand 
duke.  In  160.9,  Galileo  was  informed  of 
the  invention  of  the  telescope,  and  he  im- 
mediately constructed  one  for  himself,  with 
which  he  proceeded  to  expbre  the  heavens. 
With  this  instrument  he  discovered  four 
satellites  of  Jupiter,  the  phases  of  Venus, 
the  starry  nature  of  the  milky  way,  the 
hills  and  valleys  of  the  moon,  and  the  spots 
on  the  solar  disk,  from  the  motion  of  which 
he  inferred  the  rotation  of  the  sun.  The 
result  of  his  discoveries  was,  to  convince 
him  of  the  truth  of  the  Copernican  system, 
and  the  consequence  of  this  conviction 
was,  that  he  was  twice  persecuted  bv  the 
Inquisition,  in  1615  and  1633,  on  a  charge 
of  heresy.  On  both  occasions  he  was  com- 
pelled to"  abjure  the  system  of  Copernicus; 
in  the  !ast  instance,  after  having  repeated 
the  abjuration,  he  is  said  to  have  stamped 
his  foot  on  the  earth,  and  said,  in  a.  low 
tone,  "  it  moves,  nevertheless."  Galileo 
was  blind  for  about  three  years  before  his 
death.  He  died  January  8,  1642.  Be- 
ides  what  has  been  already  mentioned, 
Galileo  discovered  the  gravity  of  the  air,  in- 
ented  the  cycloid  and  the  simple  pendulum, 
and  was  the  first  who  clearly  explained  the 
doctrine  of  motion.  His  works  form  two 
volumes  quarto. 

GALL,  JOHN  JOSEPH,  a  celebrated 
)h\siologist,  the  founder  of  the  science 
low  called  phrenology,  was  born,  in  1758, 
at  a  village  in  the  duchy  of  Baden  ;  studied 
it  Baden,  Bruchsal,  and  Strasburgh;  was 
'or  a  considerable  period  a  physician  at 
Vienna;  but,  in  consequence  of  the  Aus- 
trian government  having  prevented  the 
exposition  of  his  new  doctrines  there,  he 
ravelled  through  the  north  of  Germany, 
Sweden,  and  Denaiark,  delivering  lectures  ; 
and  settled  at  Paris,  in  1807,  where  he 
lie  1  August  22,  1828.  The  system  of 
Gall,  which  has  since  been  developed  by 
Spur/heim,  assumes  that  each  faculty  of 
he  mind  has  a  separate  organ  in  the  brain, 
in.l  that  those  organs  are  marked  cxter- 
lally  by  elevations  on  the  cranium. 

<;  V1J.  \.\  1),  A  NTHONT,   an   orientalis*. 

ill  numismatist,  wa.»  born,  in  16-16,  near 
Montdidier,  i!i  Picanlv;  accompanied  th« 
•'reivli  nii!kis.-a'li»r  to  Constantinopfof 


IT*  GAL 

made  two  subsequent  voyage*  to  the  Le 
vant;  was  Arabic  professor  to  the  college 
of  France,  antiquary  to  the  king,  and  a 
member  o  the  Acidemy  of  Inscriptions; 
and  died  Ji  1715.  He  wrote  several  nu- 
mismatic Knd  antiquarian  essays;  but  the 
work  which  secures  his  name  from  ever 
perishing  is  his  translation  of  The  Thou- 
sand and  One  Nights,  which  is  known  to 
English  readers  as  The  Arabian  Nights' 
Entertainments. 

GALLIENUS,  PUBLIUS  Licimus,  a 
Roman  emperor,  the  eon  of  Valerian, 
reigned  in  conjunction  with  his  father  for 
seven  years;  became  sole  sovereign  A  i>. 
260;  belied  on  the  throne  the  promise  of 
his  youth,  and  indulged  in  indolence  and 
voluptuousness;  and  was  at  length  assassi- 
nated at  Milan,  in  268. 

GALLUS,  CAIUS  Sm,Picius,an  emi- 
nent Roman,  who  was,  successively,  ques- 
tor,  edile,  pretor,  and  consul.  1  he  last 
dignity  he  attained  in  conjunction  witli  M. 
Claudius  Mar  eel  Jus,  in  the  year  of  Rome 
587.  During  his  consulship  he  overcame 
the  Ligurians.  The  introduction  of  dra- 
matic spectacles  at  the  consular  festivals  is 
attributed  to  him,  and  he  was  even  believed 
to  have  assisted  Terence  in  the  composition 
of  the  Andria.  He  was  likewise  celebrated 
for  his  astronomical  knowledge. 

GALLUS,  CORNELIUS,  a  Roman  poet, 
was  born, about  B.  c.69,  either  at  Frejus, 
in  Gaul,  or  the  Friuli,  in  Italy,  but  most 
probably  at  the  former.  He  governed,  or 
rather  tyrannized  over,  Egypt,  for  Augus- 
tus. On  his  being  recalled,  he  was  con- 
demned to  a  heavy  fine,  and  to  be  exiled, 
upon  which  he  put  an  end  to  his  existence, 
in  the  forty-third  year  of  his  age.  His 
four  books  of  Elegies  are  lost.  He  was  a 
friend  of  Virgil,  who  addressed  to  him  his 
tenth  eclogue. 

GALLUS,  CAIUS  VIBIUS  TREBONIA- 
KDS,  emperor  of  Rome,  was  born  in  the 
island  of  Meninx,  now  Gerbi,  on  live  Afri- 
can coast.  He  held  a  command  in  Mossia, 
under  Decius,  at  the  time  when  that  mon- 
arch was  slain  in  action  against  the  Goths, 
•Mid  he  was  raised  to  the  purple  by  the 
legions,  in  251.  On  the  throne  he  disgraced 
himself  by  his  indolence  and  negligence, 
and  his  troops  at  length  assassinated  him, 
in  253,  and  gave  the  diadem  to  Emiliaiws. 
GALVANI,  Louis,  a  physician  and 
experimental  philosopher,  was  born,  in 
1737,  at  Bologna,  and  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  anatomy  in  the  university  of  his 
native  city  He  died  December  4,  1798. 
The  name  of  Galvani  is  immortalized  by 
nis  discovery  of  galvanic  electricity,  a  dis- 
covery which  was  brought  to  perfection  by 
Volta  and  others.  A  very  trivial  circum-j 
•lance  gave  rise  to  the  science.  Some 
skinned  frogs  were  lying  in  the  laboratory,! 
•ear  an  electrical  machine,  and.  by  chance, 


UAR 

an  assistant  touched  the  crural  nerve  of 
one  of  them  with  a  scalpel,  upon  which 
convulsive  movements  ensued  in  the  limb 

Madame  Galvani,  who  was  present,  com- 
municated this  circumstance  to  her  husbana, 

who  lost  no  time  in  investigating  the  cause 
of  the  phenomenon.  The  important  result 
of  his  labours  is  well  known  to  the  scien- 
tific world.  Galvani  is  the  author  of  De 
Viribus  Elcctricitatis  in  Motu  Musculari 
Commentarius,  and  of  some  other  papers 
in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Bolognese  In.sfj 
tute. 

GALVEZ  DE  MONTALVO,  Lons, 
a  celebrated  Spanish  poet,  was  lx>rn,  in 
1549,  at  Gaudalaxara,  and  took  his  degree 
of  doctor  of  laws  and  theology  in  the 
university  of  Alcala.  Though  praised  by 
Lopez  de  Vega,  Cervantes,  and  other  emi- 
nent contemporaries,  he  languished  unpat- 
ronised,  and  at  length  entered  into  the 
order  of  St.  Jerome.  H'e  died  in  1610. 
His  principal  work  is  the  Pastor  de-Filiile. 
He  also  translated  Tasso's  Jerusalem,  and 
Tansillo's  Tears  of  Saint  Peter. 

GAMA,  VASCO  UE,  a  celebrated  Portu- 
guese navigator,  was  born  at  Sines,  in  the 
province  of  Alemtejo.  In  1497  he  was 

ppointed  to  command  a  squadron  intended 
for  India,  and,  after  having  been  l;»n» 
baffled  by  contrary  winds,  lie  succeeded  iu 
doubling  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and1 
reaching  Calicut.  In  1302,  he  sailed  again, 
with  a  large  fleet,  and  the  title  of  admiral 

f  the  Indian,  Persian,  and  Arabian  feas. 
He  reached  his  destination  in  safety,  an«l 
defeated  a  squadron  which  the  Zarnorm 

lad  fitted  out  to  oppose  him.  In  1524,  he 
was  again  sent  to  India,  as  viceroy  of  the 
Portuguese  possessions,  and  he  died  at 
Cochin,  in  1525. — His  two  sons>STEi'H  EX 
and  CHRISTOPHER,  distinguished  tlienv 
Delves  in  India.  The  first  voyage  of  Vuscu 
forms  the  subject  of  The  Lusiad. 

G  AN  DON,  JAMES,  an  eminent  archi- 
tect, a  native  of  England,  was  a  pupil  o{ 
^-ir  William  Chambers,  and  was  the  fir* 
who  received  the  architectural  gold  meda 
of  the  Royal  Academy.  He  went  to  Ire- 
land, and  resided  there  for  many  years 
till  his  decease,  in  1S24,  at  the  age  of 
eighty-t-n-n.  Gandon  designed  the  court 
houses  of  Nottingham  and  Waterford ;  the 
Custom  House,  the  Four  Courts,  and  the 
portico  of  the  House  of  Lords,  at  Dublin; 
and  many  other  elegant  structures.  The 
concluding  part  of  the  Vitruvius  Britanni- 
cus  was  edited  by  him. 

GARAMONI),  CHARLES,  a  celebrated 
French  letter,  founder  and  type  engraver 
was  born  at  Paris,  towards  the  close  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  and  died  in  1561 
Among  his  works  were  three  fonts  of  ex- 
tremely beautiful  Greek  typea,  produced 
in  1538;  the  punches  of  which  were  again 
called  into  uso,  i*  1796,  for  an  edition  of 


GAR 

Xenophon.     He  also  brought  to  perfection 
the  Roman  character. 

GARAT,  PETER  JOHN,  an  eminent 
French  composer,  was  born,  about  1768, 
at  Bordeaux,  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1823. 
Like  some  other  celebrated  musicians,  he 
displayed  the  natural  bent  of  his  genius 
even  In  infancy;  as,  before  he  was  able 
to  speak,  he  repeated  the  ti:nes  which 
2  bv  his  nurse.  He  was  music 


were  sun 
master    to 


tne  queen  of  France.  The 
melodies  of  several  of  his  songs  are  much 
admired. 

GARAY,  JOHN  DK,  a  Spaniard,  was 


GAR  277 

GARCIAS  LASSO,  or  GARCILASSO 
DE  T,A  VEGA,  an  historian,  surnamed  the 
Inca,  because,  by  his  mother's  side,  hf» 
descended  from  the  Peruvian  royal  family, 
was  born,  in  1530,  at  Cuzco,  in  Peru. 
Philip  II.,  who  dreaded  the  influence  oi 
Garcilasso  among  the  natives,  summoned 
him  to  Spain,  and  the  exile  died  at  Valla- 
dolid,  in  1568.  From  the  numerous  docu- 
ments which  he  had  collected  in  Peru,  he 
composed  a  General  History  of  that  country, 
and  also  a  History  of  Florida.  His  styla 
is  occasionally  faulty,  but  he  is  faithful, 
and  his  narrative  is  interesting 


born,  in  1541,  at  Badajoz;  "and  went  to  GARDEN,  ALEXANDER,  a  physician 
America,  as  secretary  to  the  governor  of  and  naturalist,  was  born  in  Scotland  in 
Paraguay,  in  which  capacity  he  displayed  1728,  and  educated  at  the  university  of 
so  much  "bra  very  and  talent  that  he  was!  Edinburgh.  He  went  to  America,  and 
appointed  a  captain,  and  sent  into  the  [settled  as  a  physician  at  Charleston,  in 
interior  with  a  small  force  to  make  discov-  South  Carolina,  about  the  year  1750.  His 
eries.  He  ascended  the  Parana,  explored;  attention,  in  the  intervals  of  professional 
a  wide  extent  of  country,  and  founded  employment,  was  chiefly  directed  to  the 
Santa  Fe.  Bein"  raised  to  the  rank  of !  study  of  natural  history,  arid  he  opened  a 
lieutenant-general  and  governor  of  Assinnp-  j  correspondence  in  1756  with  the  celebrated 
tion,  he  rebuilt  an.d  fortified  Buenos  Ayres,  Linnaeus.  This  eminent  naturalist  gave 
and,  unlike  most  of  his  countrymen,  en- j  the  name  Gardenia,  to  a  most  beautiful 
deavoured  to  civilize  the  Indians  by  per-  flowering  shrub,  and  often  mentioned  his 
suasion  and  acts  of  kindness.  He  was,!  name  with  applause.  After  a  residence  of 
unfortunately,  killed  on  the  banks  of  the  (twenty  years  in  America,  Dr.  Garden 
Parana,  about  1592.  returned  to  England,  and  about  the  year 

GARCIA  DE  MASCARENHAS,  1772  he  was  elected  a  meml>er  of  the  Royal 
B  r.  A  is  E,  a  Portuguese  poet,  was  born,  in  {  Society  of  London.  He  died  in  London 
1596,  at  Avo,  in  the  province  of  Beira, 


and,  in  1614,  went,  in  the  military  service, 
to  Brazil,  where  he  remained  for  twenty- 
six  years.  In  1640,  he  returned  to  Lisbon, 
and  \vas  appointed  governor  of  Alfayates. 
Though  he  had  bravely  defended  the  lor- 
tress  against  the  Spaniards,  his  enemies 
threw 'him  into  prison,  on  a  charge  of 
treason.  He  composed  a  letter  in  verse 
to  the  king,  but  being  denied  materials 
for  writing,  he  procured  a  book,  cut  out 
the  words,  and  pasted  them  on  a  blank 
leaf.  Tliis  he  threw  from  his  window  to 


in  1792. 

GARDINER, 


STEPHEN,   a   catholic 


prelate,  of  undesirable  celebrity,  was  an 
illegitimate  son  of  Lionel  Woodville,  bishop 
of  Salisbury;  was  born,  in  14S3,  at  Bury; 
and  was  educated  at  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge, of  which  he  Ixjcame  master.  By 
Wolsey  he  was 'employed  to  negotiate  at 
Rome  the  king's  divorce,  and  his  services 
were  rewarded  by  the  bishopric  of  Win- 
chester. He  was  employed  on  other  em- 
bassies by  Henry  VIII., "but  at  length  he 
fell  into  disgrace  with  the  monarch.  Ed- 
ward VI.  committed  him  to  the  Tower, 


j  but  Mary  raised  him  to  l>e  lord  chancellor, 


>i   friend,   and    it   obtained    his  lil>eratioii. 
He  died  in  1656.     Garcia  is  the  author  of  i 

Viriatus,  a  poem,  in  twenty  cantos,  and  of  { and    he    avenged    himself   for    his    recent 
some  shorter  compositions.  !  imprisonment    by     the    most    unrelenting 

GARCIAS  LASSO,  or  GARCILASSO '  persecution  of  the  protestants.  Before  his 
I>E  LA  VEGA,  who  was  called  the  Spanish  'decease,  however,  which  took  p»:«ce  in 
'Petrarch,  and  the  Prince  of  Spanish  Poe-  1555,  he  is  said  to  have  expressed  coin- 
try,  was  born  in  1503,  at  Toledo.  He  punction  for  his  cruelty.  Gardiner,  groat 
entered  early  into  the  service  of  Charles  j  as  were  his  faults,  had  the  merit  of  being 
V.  and  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle' a  patron  of  learning,  and  of  a  grateful 
ofPavia-  His  valour  was  afterwards  tried  disposition.  Among  his  works  are,  Tim 
against  the  Turks  in  Hungary,  and  in  the  j  Necessary  Doctrine  of  a  Christian  Man; 
expedition  to  Tunis.  At  length,  in  1536,  and  a  treatise  in  defence  of  Henry  the 
he  fell  in  attacking  a  tower,  the  fire  from' Eighth's  religious  supremacy, 
which  harassed  the  Imperial  army  in  Us  I  GARNERIN,  JAMES"  ANDREW,  :i 
retreat  from  Marseilles.  Garcilasso,  with  French  aeronaut,  who  led  the  way  in  the 
his  friend  Boacan,  reformed  the  bad  taste  perilous  experiment  of  descending  from  a 
which  had  been  introduced  into  Spanish  balloon  by  means  of  a  parachute.  His 
poetry.  His  works,  chiefly  pastorals  and  first  attempt  was  made  at  St.  Petersburg!!, 
fonnets.  form  Htit  a  smalf  volume.  He 'in  1800;  and  he  successfully  rrjieated  it 
cx'-el*  in  tht  tender  and  the  pathetic.  ;  in  England  and  France.  Ha  died  in  1821 


rs  GAR 

GARNT-.  1 ,  THOMAS,  a  physician,  was 


norn,  in  17t>o,  at  C'asterton,  in 
land;  took  his  decree  at  Edinburgh;  and, 
after  having  practised  in  various  parts  of 
the  country,  was  about  to  depart  to  Ame- 
rica, \\lie.i  the  success  of  a  com>e  of 
lectures  at  Liverpool  induced  him  to  re- 
main in  England.  He  Ix-came  pr..fe>sor 
of  chemistry  of  the  Royal  Institution;  but 
died  in  1S02.  He  wrote  A  Tour  through 
the  Highlands;  Ou'.lines  of  Cheinistr\  ; 
and  Zoonomia;  and  edited  the  Annals  of 

e. 

GARMER,  JOHN  J A'MKS,  historiogra- 
pher of  France,  and  member  of  the  Aca- 
demy of  Inscriptions  and  Belles  Lettres, 
was'born,  in  1729,  at  Goron,  in  the  pro- 
vince of  Maine,  and  died  in  1805.  Among 
other  works,  he  predated  The  Man  of 
Leiters,  two  vols.;  On  the  Origin  of  tin 


GAS 

Or tolier,  1741,  at  the  Goodman's  FieWt 
Theatre,  in  the  character  of  Richard  III 
lie  introduced  an  entirely  new  style  of 
acting,  more  true  to  nature  than  the  old, 
and  his  success  was  instant  and  imp-pee 
dented.  The  regular  theatres  were  (resett- 
ed, and  rank  and  fashion  nightly  hurried 
to  view  the  theatrical  phenomenon.  At  ;hc. 
same  time  he  gained  tlie  honours  of  a  dra- 
matist, by  his  comic  piece  of  The  I. \  in;; 
Valet.  In  1712  he  u  as  endued  at  Dimy 
Lane  Theatre,  of  which,  in  1747,  he  I  e- 


yoar< 


joint    proprietor. 
he    continued,    ' 


For    thirty-four 
ith    undiminished 


|)opularity,  to  act  an  infinite  numl.er  cf 
characters,  seemingly  requiring  the  most 
incompatible  talents,  yet  all  personated 
with  matchless  skill,  both  in  tragedy  and 
comedy.  During  that  period  he  a'so  pro- 
luced  nearly  forty  pieces;  some  of  \\hich, 


French  Government ;   a  Treatise  on  Civil   however,  were    merely    adaptations.       In 
Education;  and  a  Continuation  of  Velly's |  1769  he  projected   ;;ml  carried    into  e  fleet, 


History  of  France. 

G  A II. \  I E II,  Count  G  K  K  M  A  i  N  ,  a  French 
statesman,  was  born,  in  1721,  at  Auxerre; 
became  prefect  of  the  department  of  the 
Seine  and  Oise,  and  president  of  the  sen- 
ate; and  died  i*  1S21.  He  translated 
\arious  productions  from  the  English, 
among  which  was  Smith's  Wealth  of  .Na- 
tions; and  wrote  A  History  of  Coinage, 
in  two  volumes;  An  Abridgment  of  the 
Elementary  Principles  of  Political  Ecor.o- 


my; 


and  other  works. 


GARRICK,  I)  A  vii),  the  son  of  a  captain 
in  the  army,  was  born,   in   1716,  at  Here- 


the  celebrated  Shaksj>eare  jubilee,  at 
Stratford  upon  Avon.  At  length,  inl77(», 
he  retired  from  the  sta^e ;  and  he  died  on 
the  twentieth  of  January,  1779.  Besides 
his  dramas,  Garrick  wrote  many  prologue*, 
epilogues,  epigrams,  and  light  piece.-  of 
poetry. 

GARTH,  Sir  SAMUKL,  a  poet  and 
physician,  was  born  in  Yorkshire;  wag 
educated  at  Peter  House,  Cambridge;  took 
his  decree  in  1691;  was  admitted  a  fellow 
of  the  college  in  the  following  year ;  was 
knighted,  on  the  accession  of  George  I., 
and  appointed  king's  physician  in  ordi- 
nary, and  physician  general  to  the  army; 
and  died  in  June,  1718.  Of  his  poems 
the  principal  is.  The  Dispensary,  which 
conveys  much  lively  and  pointed  satire, 
clothed  in  polished  versification.  He  also 
wrote  a  Latin  Harveian  Oration  ;  and  con- 
tributed a  Preface  to  a  translation  of 
Ovid's  Meta in- >r pluses. 

GASCOIGNE.  Sir  \Vn.r.i  AM,  a  native 
of  Yorkshire,  born  at  Gawthorp,  in  1350, 
was  appointed  one  of  the  justices  of  com- 
mon pleas  on  the  accession  of  Henry  IV., 
and,  in  1-401,  was  raised  to  be  chief  jus- 
tice of  the  kind's  bench.  In  the  la'tter 
office  he  honourably  distinguished  him.-rlf 

ford.  His  education  he  received  partly  at  by  committing  Prince  Henry,  aftrruard.s 
Litchfield  School,  partly  from  Dr.  John-  1  ler.ry  V.,  to  prison  for  striking  him  while 
(on,  and  partly,  at  a  later  period,  from  in  the  execution  of  his  judicial  dutio.  He 
Mr.  Colson,  a  mathematician,  at  Rochester. 


\\hen     Johnson 


gavt. 


academy, 


Garrick    accompanied    him  to    the   metro- 
Fora  while  he  contemplated  study- 


died in  Mi:;. 

GA^COIG.XE,  GKORGK,  a  poet  of 
Queen  Kli/aheth's  reign,  the  son  of  Sir 
George  Gaseoigne,  was  burn  at  \Valtham- 


ing  the  law  ;  he  next  l.ecame  a  wine  stow,  in  Essex,  and  was  disinherited  by 
merchant,  in  partnership  with  his  brother;  his  father.  After  having  studied  at  Cam- 
aiid,  lastly,  yielded  to  that  love  of  the  bridge,  and  Gray's  Inn,  he  sened  in  the 
ftage  \\hieh  "had  induced  him  to  act  Ser-  Dutch  army.  On  returning  to  England; 
jeant  Kite  'it  school,  when  he  was  only  he  became  a  courtier,  and  wrote  masques 
eleven  years  old.  After  having  played  for  the  entertainment  of  the  queen.  He 
*ri  Ipswich,  under  the  name  of  Lyddal,  he  died  in  1577.  Besides  -his  original  and 
came  out.  in  London,  on  the  nineteenth  of  translated  dramas,  and  come  prose  tract*,. 


GAT 

h«  wrote  The  Steel  G  ass,  a  satire,  and 
oilier  poems.  "  He  is,''  says  lleadley, 
"smooth,  sentimental,  and  harmonious. 

GASCOIGNE,  Wn.MAM,  a  natural 
philosopher,  born  in  1621,  was  a  native  of 
-Lancashire,  and  \\as  .-lain,  fighting  lot- 
Charles  I.,  -it  the  battle  of  Alar.-ton  Moor, 
in  164o.  lie  divides  with  Air/.ont  the 
merit  of  having  invented  the  micrometer. 
(See  AU/OUT.)  lie  also  wrote  a  Trea- 
tise on  Optics,  which  is  lost. 

GASSENDI,  PETER,  a  justly  cele- 
brated French  philosopher,  was  born,  in 
1592,  at  Chantersier,  in  Provence.  So 
rapidly  did  he  acquire  knowledge,  that  at 
the  age  of  sixteen  he  was  capable  of  filling 
the  professorship  of  rhetoric  at  Digne,  and 
at  twenty-one  was  chosen  to  fill  the  theo- 
logical and  philosophical  chairs  at  the 
university  of  Aix.  He  resigned  the  latter 
in  1623,  to  give  himself  up  wholly  to  his 
scientific  pursuits.  He  travelled  in  France, 
Germany,  and  the  Netherlands,  to  confer 
with  men  of  science,  and  he  carried  on  an 
extensive  correspondence  with  the  most 
learned  and  eminent  of  his  contempora- 
ries. In  1645  he  was  appointed  regius 
professor  of  mathematics  at  Paris,  and  his 
lectures  were  exceedingly  popular.  He 
died  in  1655  Gassendi  was  at  once  a 
theologian,  metaphysician,  philosopher,  as- 
tronomer, naturalist,  and  mathematician ; 
great  in  some  of  these  sciences,  and  above 
mediocrity  in  all.  His  attacks  on  the  phi- 
losophy of"  Aristotle  gave  it  a  severe  shock, 
but  raised  up  against  him  a  host  of  bitter 
enemies.  His  works  were  collected,  in 
six  folio  volumes,  by  Sorbiere. 

GATES,  HORATIO,  was  born  in  Eng- 
land in  1723,  and  entering  the  British 
service  in  early  life,  rose  by  his  merits  to 
.he  rank  of  major.  In  1755  he  was  with 
Craddock  when  that  unfortunate  comman- 
ler  was  defeated,  and  received  in  that  bat- 
le  a  severe  wound,  which  for  some  time 
lebarred  him  from  active  service.  On  the 
;onclusion  of  peace,  he  settled  in  Virginia, 
*here  he  resided  till  the  commencement 
>f  the  revelation  in  1775.  He  was  then 
Appointed  adjutant  general  by  Congress, 
•vith  the  rank  of  brigadier,  and  in  1776 
received  the  command  of  the  army  in 
Canada.  General  Schnyler  succeeded  him 
for  a  few  months  in  1777,  but  he  resumed 
his  situation  in  August,  and  soon  revived 
the  hopes  of  his  country  by  the  capture  of 
the  army  under  Burgoyne.  In  1780  he 
was  appointed  to  the  chief  command  of 
the  southern  districts,  but  he  was  after- 
wards superseded  by  general  Greene,  and 
his  conduct  was  subjected  to  the  investiga- 
tion of  a  special  court.  He  was  restou-d 
to  his  command  in  17S2.  On  the  termin- 
ation of  -var  he  resided  on  his  farm  in 
Virginia  till  1790,  when  emoved  to 


GAU  2T1 

New  York,  where  he  lived  much  esteemoq 
and  respected  till  his  decease  in  1806. 

(i  Al.'lilL;  ASTIION  v,  a  learned  Jesuit 
missionary,  was  horn,  in  1(>S!>,  at  Gaillac, 
in  LangUBdoc.  In  1723,  he  was  sent  to 
China;  and  lie  remained  there  till  his.  de- 
cease, in  1709.  Having  made  himself 
perfectly  master  of  the  Chinese  and  M ant- 
chew  languages,  he  was  appointed  inter- 
preter to  the  imperial  court;  and  he  ac- 
quired the  entire  confidence  of  the  empe- 
ror. His  works  are,  A  History  of  Genghis 
Khan,  and  of  the  Mongol  Dynasty;  ami  an 
Historical  and  Critical  Treatise  on  Chi- 
nese Astronomy. 

GAU  DEN,  JOHN,  a  divjne,  was  born, 
in  1605,  at  Mayland,  in  Essex;  was  edu- 
cated at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  and  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge;  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  Wadham  College,  Oxford.  In  1635 
he  was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  earl  of 
Warwick,  who  was  hostile  to  the  court. 
For  some  years  he  continued  true  to  the 
principles  of  the  political  reformers,  and 
was  even  presented  to  the  deanery  of 
Bocking  by  the  parliament;  bi-.t  he  changed 
sides  as  soon  as  the  monarch  was  endan- 
gered, and  strenuously  pretested  against 
his  trial.  In  1648  he  published  the  fa- 
mous Icon  Basilike,  the  composition  of 
which  he  afterwards  claimed  as  his  own; 
a  claim  which  has  given  rise  to  much  con- 
troversy as  to  the  real  author.  At  the 
Restoration  he  was  made  bishop  of  Exe- 
ter, and,  in  1662,  he  was  translated  to 
Worcester.  But  Winchester  was  the  ob- 
ject of  his  ambition  and  avarice,  and  the 
loss  of  it  was  a  grievous  disappointment 
to  him.  He  died  in  the  year  of  his  trans- 
lation. Gauden  was  a  bad  specimen  of  a 
prelate.  Changeful,  grasping,  selfish,  he 
was  one  of  those  of  whom  Milton  says, 
"  of  other  care  they  little  reckoning  make 
than  how-  to  scramble  at  the  shearer's 
feast,  and  shove  away  the  worthy  biddoli 
iiuest." 

GAULTIER,  Abbe  Louis,  was  born  in 
Italv,  about  1745,  of  French  parents,  and 
iven't  to  France  in  his  childhood.  Devot- 
ng  himself  to  the  task  of  education,  ne 
"ormed  the  plan  of  rendering  the  acquisi- 
tion of  learning  less  repulsive  to  children, 
by  the  invention  of  a  number  of  games,  at 
once  amusing  and  instructive.  The  revo- 
kuion  drove  him  from  France,  but  he  re- 
turned in  1802,  and  resumed  his  labours. 
Of  the  systems  of  Bell  and  Luncas/ er  he  was 
in  active  supporter.  He  died  in  1818 
Among  his  numerous  and  often  printed 
works  are,  A  Method  of  making  Abridg- 
ments; Lessons  of  Chronology  and  Histo- 
ry; Progressive  Lessons  for  Chillren;  and 
.Notions  ,  f  ['radical  Geometry. 

GAUTttEY,     EMILIAS     "MARY,   wai 
born,  in  1732,  at  Chalons  sur  Saone ; •  fiilc4 


280 


GAY 


several  important  posts  as  a  civil  engi- 
neer; and  died,  inspector  general  of  roads 
and  bridges,  in  1806.  He  executed  the 
canal  of  the  centre,  and  the  junction  canals 
of  the  Saone,  Yonne,  and  Doubs;  built  the 
bridge  of  Mavilly,  and  the  quays  of  Cha- 
lons; anJ  performed  some  other  public 
works.  II  a  principal  publication  is  A 
Complete  Treatise  on  the  Construction  of 
Bridges  and  Canals. 

GAVARD,  HYACINTH,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  anatomists  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury, was  born,  in  1753,  at  Montmelian, 
and  was  a  pupil  of  Desault.  He  wrote 
excellent  Treatises  on  Osteology,  Myolo- 
gy,  and  Splanchnology  ;  and  invented  a 
method  of  teaching  reading  and  writing 
together  to  children.  He  died  poor,  at 
Paris,  in  1802. 


GAY,  JOHN,  an  eminent  poet,  a  native 
of  Devonshire,  was  born,  in  1688,  at 
Barnstaple,  and  was  apprenticed  to  a  silk- 
mercer  in  London.  Disliking  trade,  how- 
ever, he  soon  abandoned  it,  and  relied 
upon  literature  and  the  patronage  of  the 
great  for  a  subsistence.  For  a  while  he 
held  the  situation  of  secretary  to  the  duch- 
ess of  Monmouth.  Rural  Sports,  his  first 
work,  he  dedicated,  in  1711,  to  Pope,  and 
it  produced  a  warm  and  lasting  friendship 
between  the  two  poets.  Thenceforth  he 
continued  frequently  to  offer  his  composi- 
tions to  public  notice;  not  without  advan- 
tage, to  his  reputation.  Of  his  earlv  poema 
The  Shepherd's  Week  was  the  most  suc- 
cessful. Court  favour  Gay  more  than  once 
had  hopes  of  obtaining,  but  his  hopes  were 
blighted.  His  appointment  as  secretary  to 
the  earl  of  Clarendon,  on  the  embassy  to 
Hanover,  would  probably  have  led  to  high- 
er promotion,  had  not  the  queen  unex- 
pectedly died.  A  second  time  the  door  of 
preferment  seemed  to  be  opened  by  his 
Fables,  written  for  the  instruction  of  the 
duke  of  Cumberland,  but  all  the  reward 
that  was  offered  was  the  petty  place  of 
gentleman  usher  to  the  young  princess 
Louisa,  which  he  indignantly  rejected. 
The  exertions  of  his  private  friends  were 
beneficial.  A  thousand  pounds  wan 


UED 

raised  by  a  subscription  to  u  volume  of  his 
poems;  and  (Yairgs  gave  him  some  South 
Sea  stock:  all,  however,  was  lost,  on  the 
bursting  of  the  bubble.  In  1727  he  brought 
out  his  Beggar's  Opera,  which  was  acted 
sixty-three  davs  in  succession  on  the  Lon- 
don stage,  and  nearly  as  often  on  most  of 
the  provincial  boards.  A  second  part  of 
it,  under  the  name  of  Polly,  the  lord  cham- 
berlain refused  to  license;  but  a  subscrip- 
tion of  twelve  hundred  pounds  amply  in- 
demnified the  author  for  this  refusal.  *The 
last  years  of  Gay's  life  were  spent  under 
the  hospitable  roof  of  the  duke  and  duchess 
of  Queensberry,  who  were  warmly  attached 
to  him.  He  died  in  1732.  Possessed  of 
all  the  softer  virtues,  Gay  had,  unfortunate- 
lv,  a  nerveless  mind,  which  the  slightest 
breath  of  disappointment  could  shake  to 
the  centre.  His  poetry  is  of  that  kind 
which,  though  Johnson  denies  to  it  "  the 
dignity  of  genius,"  will  always  afford  plea- 
sure by  its  elegance,  sprighthness,  and  oc- 
casional felicity  of  description. 

GAY  VERNON,  SIMON  FRANCIS, 
baron,  was  born,  in  1760,  at  St.  Leonard, 
in  the  Limousin ;  obtained  a  captaincy  in 
the  army  in  1790;  distinguished  himself 
greatly,  in  1793,  on  the  Rhine  and  in  Flan- 
ders ;  was  for  seventeen  years  sub-director 
of  the  polytechnic  school;  defended  the 
fortress  of  "Trogau,  in  1814,  with  the  ut- 
most gallantry;  and  died  in  1822.  He 
wrote,  in  two  volumes  quarto,  An  Elemen- 
tary Treatise  on  the  Military  Art,  and  on 
Fortification. 

GAZA, or  GAZIS,  THEODORE,  a  lear- 
ned Greek,  was  born,  in  1398,  at  Thessa- 
lonica.  When  his  country  was  desolated 
by  the  Turks,  he  sought  an  asylum  in  Ita- 
ly; was  patronised  by  Pope  Nicholas  the 
Fifth,  and  other  eminent  men;  and  contri- 
buted greatly  to  diffuse  a  knowledge  of  the 
ancient  literature  of  his  native  land.  He 
died  in  1478.  He  translated  various  works 
from  the  Greek,  and  wrote  a  Greek  Gram- 
mar, and  a  Treatise  on  the  Grecian  Months. 

GEBER,  or  GEABER,  an  Arabian  al- 
chemist and  astronomer,  whose  real  name 
was  Abou  Moussah  Giaffar  al  Sofi,  is  sup- 
posed by  some  to  have  been  a  native  of 
Seville;  but  he  is  more  generally  believed 
to  have  been  born  at  Hauran,  in  Mesopo- 
tamia, in  the  eighth  century.  Hi.--  alche- 
mical researches  led  him  to  the  discovery 
of  corrosive  sublimate,  red  precipitate, 
aquafortis,  and  nitrate  of  quicksilver. 
There  have  been  several  editions  of  his 
works. 

GED,  WILLIAM,  a  goldsmith  of  Edin- 
burgh, invented  stereotype  printing  in  1725, 
and,  in  1729,  entered  into  partnership 
with  Fenner,  a  ttationer  of  London  II 
treated  by  his  partner,  and  thwarted  by 
printers,  he  sustained  considerable  IOM. 


GEL 

In  1733  he  returned  to  Scotland,  where 
he  printed  an  edition  of  Sallust.  His  de- 
cease took  place  in  1749. 

GEDDES,  ALEXANDER,  alearned  Ro- 
man catholic  divine,  was  born,  in  1737,  at 
Ruthven,  in  Banffshire;  was  educated  at 
the  Scotch  college  at  Paris ;  and  officiated 
at  various  chapels  till  1782,  when  he  de- 
sisted entirely  from  the  exercise  of  his 
clerical  functions.  For  many  years  he  was 
engaged  on  a  new  Translation  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testament,  of  which  he  publish- 
ed only  two  volumes.  This  work  raised  a 
tempest  of  indignation  against  h:m  from 
both  protestants  and  catholics.  He  died 
in  1802.  Besides  the  version  of  the  Bible, 
he  published  a  translation  of  Horace's  Sat- 
ires; Critical  Remarks  on  the  Hebrew 
Scriptures ;  and  other  works  of  less  impor- 
tance. 

GEER,  CHARLE'S  DE,an  eminent  nat- 
uralist, who  has  been  called  the-Swedish 
Reaumur,  was  born  in  Sweden,  in  1720; 
studied  at  Utrecht  and  Upsal ;  was  ap- 
pointed marshal  of  the  Swedish  court,  in 
1761 ;  and  died  in  1778.  His  great  work 
is  Memoirs  towards  the  History  of  Insects, 
in  seven  quarto  volumes,  with  plates.  It 
describes  more  than  fifteen  hundred  species. 

GELLERT,CHRISTLIEBEHREGOTT, 
a  celebrated  metallurgist,  was  born  in  1713, 
at  Haynichen,  near  Freyburg,  in  Saxony, 
and  died  in  1795,  professor  of  metallurgy, 
and  effective  counsellor,  of  the  Saxon 
mines.  Gellert  introduced  very  important 
improvements  into  the  method  of  parting 
metals  by  amalgamation.  He  is  the  au- 
thor of  Elements  of  Metallurgical  Chemis- 
try; and  Elements  of  Docimastics. 

GELLERT,  CHRISTIAN  FURCHTE- 
GOTT,  a  German  poet  and  writer  on  mor- 
als and  elegant  literature,  the  brother  of 
the  metallurgist,  was  born  at  Haynichen, 
in  1715,  and  studied  theology  at  Leipsic. 
In  1751,  he  was  chosen  extraordinary  pro- 
fessor of  moral  philosophy  at  Leipsic.  Af- 
ter having  gained  applause  by  his  share  in 
two  periodical  publications,  he  brought 
out,  in  1746,  his  first  collection  of  Fables, 
and  the  romance  of  The  Swedish  Countess. 
They  were  soon  followed  by  a  second 
part  of  the  Fables,  and  several  Comedies. 
Among  his  still  1  iter  productions  may  l>e 
mentioned  Moral  Didactic  Poetry;  Canti- 
cles; Dissertations  on  Literature  and  Mor- 
als ;  and  Miscellaneous  Works.  Of  all  his 
writings  his  Fables  were  the  most  popular. 
Their  success  was,  indeed,  complete;  for 
all,  from  the  peasant  to  the  prince,  were 
delighted  with  them.  After  suffering  se- 
verely all  his  life  from  hypochondriacal  af- 
fections, Gellert  died  in  1769.  For  the 
inipraVHUnt  of  its  literary  taste,  and  the 
diffusion  of  g  >od  principles,  Germany  owes 
much  to  Gellert.  Nor  las  it  bean  ungrate- 
fill-  for  his  memory  i*  .till  cherished  as 


GEM 


281 


that  of  a  man  who  was  a  benefactor  andaa 
honour  to  his  native  land. 

GELLI,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  an  Italian 
writer,  born,  in  1498,  at  Florence,  was 
brought  up  as  a  tailor,  which  calling  he 
continued  to  follow  even  amidst  his  litera- 
ry avocations.  It  was  not  till  he  was  twen- 


ty-five that  he  began  to  study,  but  his  pro- 
gress was  rapid.  He  was  one  of  the  foun- 
ders of  the  Florentine  Academy;  and,  in 


1553,  was  ordered  by  Cosmo  I.  to  give 
public  lectures  on  the  Divina  Commedia  of 
Dante.  He  died  in  1563.  Gelli  wrote 
two  Comedies :  Dialogues ;  Circe ;  and 
some  minor  pieces. 

GELLIBRAND,  HENRY,  a  mathema- 
tician, was  born  in  London,  in  1597; 
studied  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford ;  was 
made  professor  of  astronomy  at  Gresham 
College;  and  died  in  1636.  He  comple- 
ted and  published  Briggs's  Trigonometria 
Britannica;  and  wrote  A  Discourse  on  the 
Longitude  ;  and  other  works  connected 
with  navigation.  It  is  not  to  the  credit  of 
his  judgment,  that  he  was  an  opponent  of 
the  Copernican  system. 

GEMELLI-CARRERI,  JOHN  FRAN- 
cis,  a  celebrated  Italian  traveller,  was 
born,  in  1651,  at  Naples,  and  was  admit- 
ted a  doctor  of  laws.  The  love  of  travel- 
ling, however,  lured  him  from  his  profes- 
sion. After  having  seen  the  whole  of  Eu- 
rope, and  served  as  a  volunteer  in  Hunga- 
ry, he  embarked  for  Egypt  in  1693.  Be- 
tween that  year  and  1698,  he  traversed 
Upper  Egypt,  Syria,  Palestine,  parts  of 
European  and  Asiatic  Turkey,  Persia, 
Hindostan,  China,  Mexico,  and  Cuba.  He 
closed  his  peregrinations  by  again  visiting 
Spain,  France,  and  a  portion  of  Italy. 
The  year  of  his  death  is  unknown.  His 
Journey  round  the  World  forms  six  vol- 
umes, and  contains  much  curious  informa- 
tion. It  has  been  denied,  but  most  unjust* 
ly,  that  Gemelli  ever  saw  the  countries 
which  he  describes. 

GEMINI ANI,  FRANCIS,  an  eminent 
composer,  born,  in  1666,  at  Lucca,  was  a 
pupil  of  Lonati,  Scarlatti,  and  Corelli. 
In  1714  he  came  to  England,  and,  with 
one  interval,  continued  to  reside  in  the 
British  dominions  till  his  decease,  in  1762. 
He  is  the  author  of  solos,  concertos,  and 
various  other  compositions;  and  of  The 
Harmonic  Guide;  The  Art  of  Playing  on 
the  Violin;  and  a  Treatise  on  Good  Taste, 
and  Rules  for  playing  with  Good  Taste. 

GEMISTUS,GEORGE,surnamed  PLE- 
THO,  a  Platonic  philosopher,  was  born,  in 
1390,  at  Constantinople;  and  from  the 
Peloponnesus,  where  he  usually  resided, 
was  sent  to  the  council  of  Florence,  to  dis- 
cuss the  subject  of  an  union  between  the 
Greek  and  Latin  churches.  He  was  the 
reviver  of  PUtonism  in  Italy,  and  made 
many  convert*  to  it,  among  whom  WAM 


282 


Cfttt 


Cosmo  do  Medici.  He  died  in  Greece,  at 
the  age  of  nearly  a  hundred.  His  work.- 
are  mnncrou.-  ;  several  of  them  relate  to  the 
Platonic  phil«s  i|  hy  ;  the  remainder  are 
theological,  rhetorical,  and  historical. 

VGHIS  K!l  A.VJL\G1IIS  KHAN. 
or  THEM  I  "(JIN  .  one  of  taor-e  pe.-ts  known 
by  the  a|)pellation  ofirre.it  conquerors,  was 


born, 
1227. 


1164,    in    Tartary,  and    died    in 
He  was  the  sou  of  a  petty  Moiigo- 


lian  prince;  but,  bv  ilint  of  smvosiv  e  vic- 
tories, he  became  monarch  of  a  territory 
extending  fifteen  hundred  leagues.  North- 
ern China,  Eastern  Persia,  and  the  whole 
of  Tartary,  he  reduced  under  hisy.,ke;  but 
his  triumphs  cost  the  destruction  of  number- 
less cities,  and  of  millions  of  human  ! 

GENLIS,  STKPHAXIA  FKLICITV, 
countess  de,  whose  maiden  name  was  l)u- 
crest  de  St.  Auhin,  was  Ixirn,  in  17-16,  near 
Autun,  in  Burgundy.  Though  of  a  good 
family,  she  had  no  fortune;  but  her  beau- 
ty, her  accomplishments,  and  particularly 
her  skill  on  the  harp,  introduced  lur  into 
high  circles,  from  which  she  derived  pe- 
cuniary resources.  Many  ofiers  of  mar- 
riage were  made  to  her,  but  she  acce|  ted 
the  hand  of  the  Count  de  Genlis,  who 
had  become  enamoured  of  her  in  conse- 
quence of  reading  one  of  her  letters.  The 
union  was  unproductive  of  happiness,  and 
the  tongue  of  scandal  did  not  spare  her 
character.  By  that  union,  however,  she 
l>ecame  allied  to  Madame  Montesson,  who 
married  to  the  duke  of  Or- 
led  to  her  being  chosen 
bv  the  duke  of  Chartres  as  the  governess 
of  his  children.  She  now  appeared  as 
an  author,  and  produced  in  rapid  succes- 
sion Adela  and  Theodore,  The  Evenings 
of  the  Castle,  The  Theatre  of  Education, 
and  Annals  of  Virtue;  all  of  which  were 


was 
leans 


privately 
;   and  thi 


highly 
friend 


Though   she  was  a  warm 
revolution,    her 


connexion 


v  popular. 
friend    to    the 

with  the  duke  of  Orleans  rendered  her 
obnoxious  to  the  prevailing  faction,  and, 
in  1793,  she  was  compelled  to  quit 

T^ A  r*.     .      I  •  •    i      i     •         <r>*       • 


GEO 

volume?.  She  died,  at  Paris,  Dec*mb« 
31,  183Q.  Her  productions  are  character- 
ized by  fertility  of  imagination,  and  purity 

of  .-{\  le. 

GENOVESI,  ANTHONY,  ;nnetaplusi- 
cian  and  philosopher,  \\  as  horn  near  Saler- 
no,  in  the  kingdom  of  .Naples,  in  1712,  and 
took  orders  at  the  ag<-  of  twenty-four,  lie 
was  professor  of  niriaplu.-irs,  moral  philo- 
sophy, and  |)(ditical  economy,  in  the  Nea- 
politan capital,  and  contributed  -neatly  to 
the  extension  of  enlightened  principle.-.  1  Ie 


died  in  17t>9  Among  his  works  are,  Ele- 
ments of  .Metaphysics;  a  Treat  i>e  m  Com. 
nieree;  Philosophical  .Meditations;  and  El- 
ements of  Logic. 

GE.NTILJS,  ALBKRIC,  a  celebrated 
Italian  civilian,  was  horn,  in  1551,  in  the 
march  of  Ancona;  studied  at  Perugia  ;  and 
\\as  a  doctor  of  laws  in  his  twenty-first 
year.  Having adopted»the  protestant  faith, 
he  took  refuge  in  England,  was  patronised 
hy  the  earl  of  Leicester,  and  obtained  the 
civil  law  profosorship  at  Oxford,  lie  died 
in  1611.  Several  works  on  jurisprudence 
were  produced  hy  him. — His  brother,  S<  i  r- 
10,  who  ua*  horn  in  1563,  and  died  in 
1611,  was  al=o  an  eminent  jurist. 

GEOFFREY  or  MONMOITH,  or 
GEOFFRKY  AP  ARTHUR,  a  British 
historian  o(  the  twelfth  century,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Moimonth;  and  was  raised  to  the 
Bee  of  St.  \saph;  whieh,  however,  in  con- 
sequence c.f  the  disturbed  state  <>f  North 
Wales,  he  deserted,  and  took  np  his  abode 
at  the  crurt  of  Henry  II.  He  is  the  au- 
thor, or  perhaps,  rather  the  translator  of 
a  Chronicle  or  History  of  the  Britons, 
abounding  with  fables;  a  poem  on  Merlin; 
and  some  other  productions  of  less  conse- 
quence. 

GEOFFROY,  STEPHKN  FRANCIS,  a 
physician,  was  born,  at  Paris,  in  1672; 
acquired  extensive  and  deserved  populari- 


iv;    w 


,-as  a  member  of  several  learned  bod- 


ies;  and  died  MI  1731.     He  wrote  a  Trea- 
tise on  the  Materia  Medica,   in   three  vol- 


France.  .  After  having   resided    in   S\\ii/>   nines;    and  various  pap 
erland,    at     Altona,     at     Hamhnrfjh,    and  'lions    of  the    Academy 


in  Holgtein,  »he  was  allowed  bv  the  first 
consul  to  return  to  her  native  country. 
During  her  absence  from  France  she  wrote, 

In  -,-i  \<--  some  minor  pieces,  The  Knights  of 
tlie  Swan,  The  Little  Emigrant.--,  The  Ri- 
val Mothers,  and  Rash  Vows.  Napoleon 
gave  her  a  pension,  and  apartments  in  the 
Ars<-nal,  and  carried  on  u  Correspondence 
with  her;  hut,  on  the  return  of  the  Bour- 
b'Uis,  she  f  .r^.,t  the  favours  lie  had  confer- 
red, and  the  incense  .-he  had  offered  to  him, 


in  the  Transac- 
f   Sciences.     In 


honour  of  him,  Jacqnin  gave  the  name  of 
Geofthea  to  a  genus  of  leguminous  plants. 
— Ilis  brother,  CLAUDE  JOSEPH,  was  a 
botanist  of  eminence. 

GEOFFROY,  STEPHKN  Louis,  SOB 
of  the  foregoing,  was  horn  at  Paris  in  1725, 
became  one  of  the  most  eminent  physician* 
and  naturalists  of  the  capital;  retired  from 
practice  uhen  the  revolution  broke  out; 
and  died  in  1810.  He  wrole  a  Manual  of 
1'ractical  Medicine  for  Surgeons;  an  A- 


and  joined  the  bifid  of  his  detractors.  For  bridged  Historv  of  Insects  found  in  the 
the  last  thirty  years  her  inexhaustible  pen  \eighhoui  hood  "  of  Paris  ;  a  Treatise  on 
Continued  to  pour  forth  a  variety  of  works,  Shells  in  the  Neighbourhood  of  1'ar'u;  y 
of  which  spa!  -.uting  to  enuii.e-  Dissertation  on  the  Organ  of  Hearing; 

rate  even  the  name-.  Tint  u  hole  of  her  lit-  and  a  Latin  poem  on  the  Preservation  of 
trary  progeny  full*  little  short  of  u  hundred,  Health. 


GEft 


GER 


rJEOFFROY,  JULIAN  Louis, a  French  [many  curious  exotics,  and,  in  the  whole, 

:ritic  of  considerable  celebrity,  was  born,  one  thousand  and  thirty-three  species,  for- 
n  1743,  at  Reimes,  and  died,  at  Paris,  injeign  and  indigenous.  He  published  A  Her 
1S14.  He  was  remarkable  for  the  severity:  bal,  or  General  History  of  Plants,  which 
of  hid  criticism,  especially  on  theatrical contributed  to  diffuse  a  taste  for  botany, 
subjects.  He  conducted_the  Literary  An-  j  In  memory  of  him,  Plumier  gave  the  name 


of  Gerard  ia  to  a  genus  of  flowers 

GERMANICUS,  TIBERIUS  DRUSUS 
,  a  nephew  of  the  Emperor  Tiberi- 


nals, after  the  death  of  Freron;  and,  from 
1SOO,  was  the  dramatic  censor  of  the  Jour- 
nal of  Debates.  His  contributions  to  the 
last  of  these  periodicals  were  collected  in 
five  volumes,  with  the  title  of  A  Course  of 
Dramatic  Literature.  He  wrote  a  Com- 
mentary on  Racine,  in  seven  volumes,  and 
translated  Theocritus. 

GEORGE  CADOUDAL,  a  celebrated 

royalist  chief  (whose  surname  was  Cadon-lsent  into  the  Eastern  provinces,  where  his 
dal,  but  who  is  little  known  except  by  his  career  was  cut  short  by  death,  at  Antioch, 
Christian  name),  was  the  son  of  a  miller, 
and  was  born,  in  1769,  at  Brech,  in  Bri- 
tanny.     In  1793,  he  raised  a  small  troop  of 
Breton  peasants,  joined  the  Vendeans,  and 
was  made  a  captain  at  the  siege  of  Gran- 
ville.     In  1794  and  1795  he  served  under 
M.  de  Puisaye;   and,  after  the  retirement 


us,  was  at  the  head  of  the  Roman  army  in 
Germany  when  Augustus  died.  His  legions 
insisted  on  raising  him  to  the  throne;  but 
he  frustrated  their  design  at  the  risk  of  his 
life.  Having  defeated  Arminius,  and  re- 
covered the  eagles  lost  by  Vaftis,  he  was 


A.  D.  19,  in  his  thirty-tourthyear,  not  with- 
out a  suspicion  of  his  having  been  poisoned 
by  order  of  Tiberius.  He  wrote  some 
Greek  Comedies,  now  lost;  and  translated 
the  Phenomena  of  Aratus. 

GERRY,  ELBRIDGE,  one  of  the  sigiv- 
ers  of  the  declaration  of  independence,  and 


of  that  general,  was  the  principal  leader 'vice  president  of  the  United  States,  was 
in  the  Morbihan.  Till  the  beginning  of!  born  at  Marblehead,  Massachusetts,  in 
1800,  he  was  almost  constantly  in  arms,  1744,  and  received  his  education  at  Har- 


but  was  then  forced  to  consent  to  a  treaty. 
Bonaparte,  however,  in  vain  endeavoured 
to  win  him  over  from  the  royal  cause.  Hav- 
ing been  appointed  lieutenant  general  by 
Count  d'Artois,  George  renewed  his  efforts 
to  restore  the  Bourbons,  and  he  at  length 
fell  into  the  power  of  the  French  govern- 
ment, and  was  executed  in  June,  1804. 
On  his  trial,  and  at  his  execution,  he  dis- 
played the  same  courage  that  had  always 
distinguished  him  in  the  field. 

GERARD,  TIIOM,  or  TENQUE,  was 
born,  about  1040,  on  the  island  of  Mar- 
tigue,  on  the  coast  of  Provence.  He  vis- 
ited Jerusalem  on  commercial  affairs;  but 
devoted  himself  there  to  religious  exercises, 
and  to  aiding  pilgrims.  In  1100  he  found- 
ed the  order  of  knights  hospitallers  of  St. 
John,  which  afterwards  acquired  such  splen- 
did fame.  He  was  the  first  grand  master 
of  the  order.  He  died  about  1121. 

GERARD,  ALEXANDER,  a  Scotch  di- 
vine and  writer,  born,  in  1728,  at  Garioch, 
in  Aberdeensbire,  was  educated  at  Maris- 
chul  College,  at  which,  in  1752,  he  succeed- 
ed Fordyce,  as  professor  of  moral  philoso- 
phy, and,  in  17GO,  was  appointed  divinity 
piofessor.  In  1771,  he  obtained  the  theo- 
logical professorship  at  King's  College,  Ab- 
erdeen He  died  in  1795.  He  wrote  An 
Essay  on  Taste;  An  Essay  on  Genius; 
Sermons;  and  Dissertations" on  the  Genius 
and  Evidences  of  Christianity. 

GERARDE,  JOHN,  a  surgeon  and  bot- 
anist, was  born,  in  1515,  at  .Vmtwich,  in 
Cheshire.  Jle  practised  ia  London,  be- 
came master  of  the  apothecaries'  company, 
superintended  Lord  Burle'ii^n's  hotanir.al 
garden,  and  had  one  of  hi*  o\\  n,  containing 


vard  College.  He  was  graduated  at  this 
institution  in  1762,  and  afterwards  engag- 
ing in  mercantile  pursuits,  amassed  a  con- 
siderable fortune.  He  took  an  early  part 
in  the  controversy  between  the  colonies  and 
Great  Britain,  and  in  1772  was  elected  a 
representative  from  his  native  town,  in  the 
legislature  of  Massachusetts.  In  1776  he 
was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  continental 
congress,  where  for  several  years  he  exhib- 
ited the  utmost  zeal  and  fidelity  in  the  dis- 
charge of  numerous  and  severe  official  la- 
bours. In  1784,  Mr.  Gerry  was  re-elected 
a  member  of  congress,  and  in  1787  was 
chosen  a  delegate  to  the  convention  which 
assembled  at  Philadelphia,  to  revise  the  ar- 
ticles of  confederation.  In  1789  he  was  a- 
gain  elected  to  congress  and  remained  in 
that  body  for  four  years,  when  he  retired 
into  private  life,  till  the  year  1797,  wher 
he  was  appointed  to  accompany  geuenil 
Pinckney  and  Mr.  Marshall  on  a  special 
mission  to  France.  In  October,  1798,  Mr. 
Gerry  returned  home,  and  having  been  e- 
lected  governor  of  his  native  state,  and  in 
1812  vice  president  of  the  United  States,' 
he  died  suddenly  at  Washington  in  Novem- 
ber, 1814. 

GERSON,  JOHN  CHARLIER  DE,  a 
French  ecclesiastic,  born,  in  1363,  at  Ger- 
son,  in  Champagne,  was  made  chancellor 
of  the  university  of  Paris,  and  canon  of 
Notre  Dame;  distinguished  himself  by  his 
piety,  his  theological  writings,  and  his  con- 
duct at  the  council  of  Constance;  wasdriv 
en  into  exile  by  the  Burguudian  faction; 
and  died,  in  1429,  in  a  convent  at  Lyons 
His  virtues  gained  for  him  the  appellations 
'M'  the  evangelical  doctor,  and  the  most 


doctor.      The  works  of  Gerson  .  clared  he  would  never   get  beyond  reading 
folio    volumes.     It  seems  to  be  and  writing.    Another  instructor,  however. 


284  GES 

Christian 

'brin  five 

now  certain  that  he  is  the  author  of  the  fu- 

mous  Imitation  of  Jesus  Christ,  which  bears 

the  name  of  Thomas  a  Kempis. 

GESNER,  CONRAD,  a  man  eminent  in 
Many  branches  of  knowledge,  but  particu- 
larly so  in  botany,  was  born,  in  1516,  at 
Zurich;  was  loft  "by  his  father  in  indigent 
circumstances, but  acquired  extensive  learn- 
ing, and  celebrity,  by  dint  of  incessaYit  ex- 
ertion ;  was  professor  of  philosophy  at  Zu- 
rich for  twenty-four  years,  and  practised 
there  a.*  a  physician  ;  and  died  of  the  plague, 
in  1565.  Gesner  was  no  loss  estimable  as 
a  man  than  as  a  philosopher:  he  was  pi- 
ous, benevolent,  an  ardent  friend,  and  a 
general  peacemaker.  In  his  botanical  re- 
searches he  was  indefatigable,  and  spared 
110  expense.  Botany,  indeed,  has  been  said 
to  owe  to  him  its  very  existence  as  a  sci- 
ence. Among  his  productions  are,  A  His- 
tory of  Animals,  five  vols.  folio;  Botani- 
cal" Essays,  two  vols.  folio;  a  Treatise  on 
Fossils;  and  a  translation  of  Elian. 

GESNER,  JOHN  MATTHIAS,  a  Ger- 
man philologist,  was  born  at  Roth,  near 
Anspach,  in  1691 ;  studied  at  Anspach  and 
Jena;  and,  after  having  held  situations  at 
Weimar  and  Leipsic,  was  made  professor 
of  rhetoric  at  Gottingen,  and,  subsequently, 
inspector  of  all  the  schools  of  that  city, 
counsellor  of  state,  and  perpetual  director. 
He  died  in  1761.  Gesner  was  a  man  of 
almost  universal  erudition:  with  the  dead 
and  the  oriental  languages,  philosophy, 
mathematics,  natural  history,  and  law,  he 
was  thoroughly  acquainted.  One  of  his 
greatest  labours  is,  The  New  Thesaurus  of 
the  Latin  Language,  four  volumes  folio,  in 
which  he  was  assisted  by  his  learned  broth- 
er, ANDREW  SAMUEL.  Various  works 
were  translated  by  him  from  the  Greek  and 
Latin.  His  Miscellaneous  pieces  have 
oeen  collected,  in  eight  volumes  octavo. 


GHI 


GESNEK,  orGESS.N'ER,  SOLOMON, 
a  poet,  painter,  and  engraver,  who  h. is  1  ecu 

called  th:;  Hi  Ivetian  Virgil,  \v;is  bun,  in 
1750,  at  Zurich.  Though  he  was  of  a 
iterary  family,  he  was  so  apparently  dull 


writing. 

succeeded  in  eliciting  the  latent  sparks  of 
genius.  But  it  was  to  poetry  that  thn 
youth  first  paid  his  devotion;  and  his 
father,  who  had  no  respect  for  the  "  idle 
trade"  of  verse-making,  and  wan  desirous 
that,  like  himself,  he  should  be  a  book- 
seller, sent  him  to  learn  his  intended  occu- 
pation at  Berlin.  Speedily  disgusted  with 
his  new  master,  Gesner  quitted  him,  hired 
an  humble  apartment,  and  began  to  write 
poems  and  paint  pictures.  After  a  while 
he  desisted  from  painting,  but  continued  to 
cultivate  his  literary  talents,  and  was  aided 
by  the  advice  of  Lessing,  Gleim,  and  Rain- 
ier. Forgiven,  at  length,  by  his  father, 
and  allowed  to  persist  in  sacrificing  to  the 
Muses,  he  went  back  to  Zurich.  Night, 
his  first  poem,  had  little  success;  but  his 
pastoral  of  Daphnis  was  applauded;  his 
Idylls  enhanced  his  reputation;  and  his 
fame  was  sealed,  in  1758,  by  The  Death 
of  Abel,  which  was  translated  into  every 
language  in  Europe.  Among  his  subse- 
quent works  were  the  poems  of  the  First 
Navigator,  and  A  Picture  of  the  Deluge; 
Moral  Tales;  Drimas;  and  Letters  on 
Landscape.  He  had  now  succeeded  to  his 
father  as  a  bookseller,  but  the  business  was 
chiefly  managed  by  a  most  affectionate  w  ife, 
and  he  had  leisure  not  only  to  compose, 
but  to  resume  some  of  his  early  pursuits. 
He  made  himself  master  of  landscape 
painting,  and  of  engraving,  and  in  both 
arts  produced  many  works  of  great  merit. 
He  also  found  time  to  act  as  a  member  of 
the  council  of  Zurich,  and  as  bailiff  of 
Ellibach.  Gesner  died  of  pulsy  in  1788, 
and  his  fellow  citizens  erected  a  monument 
to  his  memory  on  a  beautiful  gpot,  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Linth  and  the  Limrnat. 
In  spite  of  some  faults,  among  which  is  the 
dwelling  occasionally  too  long  upon  hi* 
subject,  the  writings  of  (»e?ner  will  always 
find  admirers  while  grace,  simplicity, 
sweetness,  and  natural  description,  retain 
their  influence  over  the  human  mind. 

GETA,  SEPTIMUS,  il.e  second  sen  of 
the  emperor  Severus,  was  born,  in  18.9,  at 
Milan;  and  his  early  years  gave  promise 
that  he  would  not  disgrace  the  throne.  On 
the  death  of  his  father,  Geta  became  joint 
sovereign  with  lib  brother,  the  infamous 
Caracalla.  Afterhaving  made  a  fruitless 
attempt  to  poison  him,  Caracalla  mu'cered 
Geta  in  the  arms  of  their  mother,  wrr  nas 
wounded  in  attempting  to  save  her  son. 
Geta  was  killed  in  his  twenty-third  year. 

GHIBERTI,  LAURKNCK,  a  celebrated 
sculptor,  was   born   at   Florence   in    1S78, 
and 
His 


believed   to   have    died   about  145P 
greatest    vv:ik    is    the    bronze    gate  of 


the  baptistery  of  St.  John's  church,  in  hi« 
Dative  city,  which  Michael  A  ngclo  declared 
his  boyhood,  that  Bodner,  his  tutor,  de-  i  to  l>e  worthy  of  Ix-iiij;  the  gate  of  paradise 


GIE 

It  contains  twenty-four  panels,  representing 
various  subjects  from  the  New  Testament. 

GIANNI,  FRANCIS,  an  Italian  poet, 
born  at  Rome  about  1760,  was  originally  a 
slay-maker.  His  poetical  talent  was! 
awakened  by  reading  Ariosto,  and  he  quit- 
ted his  trade  to  exhibit  as  an  improvisatore 
in  the  cities  of  Italy.  Napoleon  nominated 
him  lilt;  imperial  poet,  and  Gianni  sung 
the  victories  of  his  master  in  strains  not 
unworthy  of  the  subject.  Towards  the 
close  of  his  life,  he  became  a  rigid  devotee, 
ami  his  intellects  were  seriously  affected. 
He  died  in  1823.  A  part  of  his  works  has 
been  published  in  six  volume.*. 

G  IAIN  NONE,  PETER,  an  intrepid  and 
valuable  historian,  was  barn,  in  1676,  at 
Ischitelli,  in  the  Neapolitan  province  of 
Capitanata,  and  finished  his  studies  at 
Naples,  where  he  became  an  advocate. 
He  spent  twenty  years  on  his  Civil  History 
of  the:  Kingdom  of  Naples,  in  four  quarto 
volumes.  When  it  came  from  the  press, 
his  friend  Argento  said  to  him,  "  You  have 
placed  on  your  brows  a  crown  of  most 
pungent  thorns."  Such,  indeed,  it  proved  ; 
ftr  its  dauntless  exposure  of  papal  usurpa- 
tion roused  the  vengeance  of  thn  court  of 
Rome,  and  exposed  him  to  an  unrelenting 
persecution.  His  book  was  prohibited  ;  he 
was  himself  excommunicated;  and  after 
having  been  driven  from  Vienna,  Venice, 
and  other  places,  he  died  a  prisoner  at 
Turin,  in  1758.  His  posthumous  works, 
in  a  quarto  volume,  were  published  in 
1760 


GIB 


286 


GIBBON,  EDWARD,  one  of  the  three 
t  eatest  of  English  historians,  was  born, 
it  1737,  at  Putney;  was  imperfectly  edu- 
cs/ed  at  Westminster  School,  and  Magda- 
len College,  Oxford;  and  finished  his 
•tudies  at  Lausanne,  under  M.  PaviTlard, 
a  Calvinistic  minister.  It  was,  however, 
his  having  embraced  popery  that  occasioned 
.lis  being  sent  to  Lausanne.  Pavillard  re- 
claimed him  from  popery ;  but,  after  hav- 
ing vibrated  between  Catholicism  and  pro- 
testantism, Gibbon  settled  into  a  confirmed 
sceptic.  In  1758- he  returned  to  England, 
•nd  entered  upon  the  duties  of  active  life. 
Till  the  peace  of  Paris,  he  was  much  en- 


gaged  as  an  officer  of  the  militia;  but, 
during  that  time,  he  read  extensively,  and 
published,  in  French,  An  Essay  on  the 
Study  of  Literature.  More  than  two  years 
were  next  spent  in  visiting  France,  Swit- 
zerland, and  Italy;  and  it  was  while  he 
sat  musing  among  the  ruins  of  the  Capitol, 
and  the  barefooted  friars  were  singing  ves- 
pers in  the  temple  of  Jupiter,  that  the  idea 
of  writing  a  history  of  the  decline  and  fall 
of  the  Roman  empire  first  arose  in  his  mind. 
Several  other  historical  schemes  had  previ- 
ously occupied  his  attention.  Of  this  great 
woik  the  first  volume  appeared  in  1776, 
the  second  and  third  in  1781,  and  the  con- 
cluding three  volumes  in  1788.  .  It  raised 
him  at  once  to  the  summit  of  literary  fame  ; 
but  its  artful  attacks  on  Christianity  ex- 
cited great  disgust  and  indignation,  and 
called  forth  several  antagonists,  who  un- 
fortunately possessed  more  of  zeal  than  of 
discretion.  One  of  them  impeached  his 
fidelity,  as  an  historian,  and  thus  provoKed 
a  reply,  which  "gave  the  assailant  ample 
cause  to  repent  his  rashness.  Gibbon  had 
already  displayed  his  controversial  power* 
in  his  Critical  Observations,  which  de- 
molished Warburton's  theory  respecting 
the  descent  of  ^Eneas.  In  1774  he  became 
a  member  of  parliament,  and,  throughout 
the  American  war,  he  gave  a  silent  sup- 
port to  the  measures  of  Lord  North: 
Liskeard  and  Lymington  were  the  places 
which  he  represented.  A  Justificatory 
.Memorial  against  France,  which  he  wrote, 
in  French,  for  the  ministers,  gained  him 
the  pi  ice  of  a  lord  of  trade;  which,  how- 
ever, he  lost  when  the  Ixjard  was  sup- 
pressed by  Mr.  Burke'g  bill.  In  1783  he 
retired  to  Lausanne,  whence  he  twice  re- 
turned to  his  native  country.  He  died, 
January  16,  1794,  during  his  last  visit  to 
England.  II  ts  posthumous  works  were 
published,  in  two  quarto  volumes,  by  his 
friend  Lord  Sheffield. 

GIBBONS,  GRINLING,  an  eminent 
sculptor,  particularly  in  wood,  was  born  in 
London  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  died  in  1721.  His  flowers 
and  foliage  in  wood  have  almost  the  Jight- 
nyss  of  nature.  Among  his  works  are 
St.  Paul's  and  Windsor  choirs,  the  archi- 
episcopal  throne  in  Canterbury  Cathedral, 
the  ornaments  at  Petworth  House,  and  the 
statue  of  James  the  Second,  in  Privy  Gar- 
dens. 

GIBBS,  JAMKS,  an  architect,  born  in 
1674  at  Aberdeen,  was  educated  at  Maris- 
chal  College,  and  obtained  the  patronage 
of  the  earl  of  Mar,  through  whose  influence 
he  was  employed  to  erect  several  edifices 
in  the  British  metropolis.  He  died  in  1754. 
Among  his  works  are,  the  churches  of  St 
Martin's  in  the  Fields,  and  St.  Mary  U 
Strand  London  ;  the  new  buildings  of 
King's  College,  and  the  Senate  House,  at 


J86  GIF 

Cambridge;   and  tlie  Rack-lift'  Library,  :«t 
Oxford. 

GIl'.SOX,  KiriiAKi),  an  English  pain- 
ter, horn  in  I<>1.~>,  was  of  dwarhMi  stature, 
bring  diilv  three  feet  ten  inches  in  height. 
1  lc  .-nulled  under  De  Cleym,  imitated  I.ely, 
and  was  much  favoured  by  Ch-ailr-  I., 
•  Yoinwell,  and  Charles  II."  lie  married 
Ann  Shepherd,  a  dwarf,  of  exactly  the 
«iiii!'  altitude  as  himself.  Charles  1.  gave 
away  lite  bride,  and  Waller  composed  the 
epitmlamiutn.  Gibson  died  in  !()!>(). 

GIFFORD,  \\II.I.IAM,  a  critic  and 
P;K  i.  \\as  horn,  iii  1757,  at.  Ashburton,  in 
Devon.-hire.  Left,  at  the  age  of  thirteen, 
an  orphan^  in  poverty,  and  wi'.h  the  scanti- 
est education,  lie  was  exposed  to  many  >e- 
vere  hardships  till  he  reached  his  twentieth 
vear.  From  being  a  .-liipboy  in  a  coaster, 
he  was  taken  to  be.  apprenticed  V)  a  shoe- 
maker* and  as,  to  use  his  own  words,  he 
"  hated  his  new  profession  with  a  perfect 
hatred,  and  made  no  pn  gress  in  it,  he 
Mink  by  decrees  into  the  common  drudge." 
Still,  his  mind  thirsted  after  knowledge. 
Havinir  acquired  arithmetic,  lie  began  to 
study  a  treatise  on  algebra,  and,  as  paper 
was  out  of  his  reach,  he  worked  his  prob- 
lems with  a  blunted  awl  upon  fragments  of 
leather.  He  also  began  to  compose  \erses, 
by  repeating  which  lie  sometimes  obtained 
fin  ill  sums;  and  with  the  money  he  pur- 
chased books.  In  this  state  he  languished 
on  till  he  was  twenty,  when  a  helping  hand 
was  extended  to  him  by  -Mr.  Cookesley,  a 
surgeon  of  Ashburtori.  That  benevolent 
man  raised  a  subscription  to  prepare  Gif- 
ford  for  the  university,  and  in  1780  the 
rescued  youth  was  sent  to  Exeter  College, 
Oxford.  His  progress  there  was  rapid. 
While  he  was  pursuing  his;  studies,  acci- 
dent brought  him  to  the  notice  of  Lord 
Grosvenor,  who  took  him  into  his  family, 
and  subsequently  gave  him  the  situation  of 
travelling  tutor  to  his  heir  Lord  Belgrave. 
On  his  return  to  England  Gifford  com- 
menced his  literary  career,  and  thencefor- 
ward his  existence  was  cheered  by  the 
smiles  of  fortune  and  fame.  In  1791,  he 
published  The  Haviad;  in  1794,  The 
_M;e\iad;  in  1798,  he  superintended  the 
Anti-Jac  bin  Newspaper,  which  involved 
him  in  a  quarrel  with  Peter  Pindar,  to 
whom  he  addressed  a  bitter  poetical 
Epistle;  in  1W02  ap|  eared  his  version  of 
Jmeual  (a  work  v.hi.'h  he  had  begun  in 
youth),  to  which  he  afterwards  added  a 
translation  of  Persins;  and,  in  1^09,  he 
became  editor  of  The  Qiiart-rly  Review, 
which  woik  he  conducted  till  declining 
health  compelled  him  to  relinquish  it  in 
]SL>  J.  He  al.-o  \,':  iilioiis  < 

of  Ma  .loiisou,  Ford,  and  SJiir- 

-ley.     Ue  ni.-d    I  >•  ,     The 

•atrreofGMl.nl  is  cau-ii-.  in  the  extreme; 
but  two  or  'three  of  I.U  poems  pro\e     mt , 


GIL 

h»-  oonld  also  excel  in  the  pathetic.     Ilia 

:\le  is  cnrrect  and  vigorous,  and, 
\\here  politics  do  not  bias  him,  his  criti- 
ci.-m  is  dictated  bv  a  sound  judgment  and 
a  pure  taste. 

(JIFFORP,  JOHN,  an  historical  and  po- 
litical writer,  whose  real  name  was  John 
Richard  Green,  was  born  in  17-~>S;  \\  as 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ; 
and  was  intended  fir  the  law,  but  having 
dissipated  his  fortune,  he  retired  to  the 
continent,  under  the  name  of  Gi fiord. 
Returning  to  England,  in  1788,  he  became 
a  fertile  writer  on  politics;  vehemently 
opposed  the  principles  of  the  French  revo- 
lution; and,  at  length,  was  pensioned  and 
made  a  police  magistrate.  lie  died  in  1818. 
I'esides  his  pamphlets,  he  wrote  a  Life  of 
Pitt,  in  three  vols.  quarto;  a  History  of 
France,  in  five  vols.  quarto;  and  other 
works;  established  the  Anti-Jacobin  Re- 
view, and  contributed  to  the  British  Critic. 
Though  violent  as  a  political  partisai^ 
Gifford  was  a  worthy  and  amiable  man 
possessed  of  respectable  talents. 

GILBERT,  SIR  HUMPHRY,  an  intre- 
pid soldier  and  navigator,  was  born,  about 
1539,  in  Devonshire;  studied  at  Eton  and 
Oxford;  served  in  the  expedition  against 
Havre;  in  Ireland,  where  he  was  knight- 
ed; and  in  the  Netherlands,  and  made  two 
voyages  of  discovery  to  North  America, 
in  the  last  of  which,  after  having  taken 
possession  of  Newfoundland,  he  was  lost, 
in  1583,  during  a  storm.  He  wrote  a  Dis- 
course, to  prove  the  feasibility  of  a  north- 
west passage. 

GILBERT,  or  GILBERD,  WILLIAM, 
an  experimental  philosopher  and  physician, 
born  in  1540  at  Colchester,  in  Essex,  was 
educated  at  Cambridge;  took  his  degree 
at  a  foreign  university;  practised  with 
success,  and  was  a  member  of  the  college, 
in  London  ;  and  died  in  1603.  In  his  prin- 
cipal work,  On  Magnetism,  Gilbert  has 
the  merit  not  only  of  having  first  given  a 
complete  system  on  the  subject,  but  also  of 
having  been  the  first  to  make  experiment 
the  basis  of  theory. 

GILBERT,  Sir  JKFFF.RY,  a  judge  and 
law  writer,  was  born,  in  1674,  in  Devon- 
shire; was  appointed  an  Irish  judge  in 
171"),  an  English  baron  of  the  exchequei 
in  1722,  and  chief  baron  in  1725;  and 
died  in  1726.  Among  his  works  are,  The 
Law  of  Dev  ises  ;  of  Uses  ;  of  Ejectments  ; 
of  Replevins;  of  Executions ;  and  of  tin 
Law  of  Evidence:  Treatises,  of  the  Court 
of  Exchequer;  of  Tenures;  and  of  Rents: 
Cases  in  Law  and  Equity;  and  The  His- 
tory and  Practice  of  Chancery. 

OILCHRIST,  OCTAVIUS,  was  born,  in 

1779,    at    Twickenham;    was    educated   at 

M:i»dalen    <  'ollege,  Oxford ;    and   died,   in 

,t  Stamford,  in  Lincolnshire,  where 

i:i-ua.  .1  practitioner  of  medicine.  Bcsidei 


GIL 

rainy  scattered  papers  on  our  old 


GIO 


tion    of   the    Assertions    of   Ben   Jonson's. 


E'imitv   to  Shak 


s|>eare ; 

,V,.l  .„,.'. 


drama  [Third  often  r  Aycd  a  part  in  his  comedies 

tists  and  poets,  he  published  an  Examina-   lie  died,  at  Evura,  i-.i  1557.     Gil  Vicente 

was  one  of  the  earliest  European  dramatic 
writers.  In  his  play?,  which  are  nearly 
fifty  in  number,  he  redeems  the  unavoida- 
ble faults  of  his  time  by  a  rich  invention, 
natural  dialogue,  and  much  spirit  and  ele 
gance  of  style. 

GILRAY,  JAMES,  an  artist,  who  wag 
for  manv  years  celebrated  for  his  carica- 
tures, which  were  drawn  and  etched  by 
himself.  For  broad  humour,  keen  satire, 
and  fertility  of  invention,  he  was  unrivalled 


a   Letter  to  W. 

(Ji fiord,  Esq.  on  Weber's  edition  of  Ford; 
and  an  edition  of  Corbet's  Poems,  with 
notes  and  a  life. 

GILPIN,  BKRNARD,  a  protestant  re- 

l">rmer,  was  b«rn,   in   1517,  at  Kentmire, 

in    Westmoreland J    and    was   educated   at 

Queen's    College,    Oxford.      His    catholic 

rinciples     were     first     shaken     by    Peter 

artyr,  against  whom  he  had  been  brought 


clr.irch.  After  having  embraced  the  prot- 
pMant  faith,  he  became  rector  of  Iloughton 
le  Spring,  in  the  diocese  of  Durham.  In 
the  reign  of  Mary,  the  sanguinary  Bonner 
marked  him  out  for  one  of  his  victims, 
but  the  queen's  death  took  place  before 
Gilpin  could  be  brought  to  London.  In 
the  next  reign  he  refused  the  highest 
oilers  of  preferment,  and  he  died  deeply 
lamented  by  his  pari.-hioners,  in  1583". 


E 

forward    us  the   champion   of  the  Romish   in    his   branch    of  the   art.     He    died    in 


1815. 
GLN'GUENE,  PETER  Louis,  a  French 


writer,  was  boi 


1748  at  Rennes,  and 


Hi 

unwearied  endeavours  to  spread  religion, 
gained  him  the  honourable  appellation  of 
the  .Northern  Apostle. 

GILPIN,  WILLIAM,  a  divine  and  ele- 
gant writer,  was,  born,  in  1724,  at  Carlisle; 
received  his  education  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford ;  for  many  years  kept  a  celebrated 
academy  at  Cheam ;  and  died,  in  1807, 
vicar  of  Boldre,  and  prebendary  of  Salis- 
bury. He  wrote  Lives  of  Bernard  Gilpin 
and  Wicliff;  Sermons;  and  various  theo- 
logir-0  works ;  Remarks  on  Forest  Scene- 
ry; a  Tour  to  the  Lakes;  and  several 
volumes  of  Observations  on  the  Picturesque 
Beauties  of  many  Parts  of  England. 

GILP I N ,  S  AAV  R  i  Y,  an  artist,  the  brother 
of  the  foregoing,  was  born  in  1733  at  Car- 
lisle, and  was  apprenticed  to  a  ship  painter. 
His  talent  gained  him  the  patronage  of 
the  duke  of  Cumberland,  for  whom  he 
executed  many  compositions.  It  was  prii.. 
cipally  as  an  animal  painter  that  he  acquired 
his  reputation,  but  his  merit  in  historical 
subjects  was  no*,  inconsiderable.  He  also 
etched  the  cattie  in  the  prints  of  his  broth- 
oiks,  lie  died,  at 


began  his  literary  career  by  publishing  The 
Confessions  of  Zulna,  a  poern.  Early  in 
the  revolution  he  edited,  in  concert  with 
Cerutti,  a  paper  intended  to  diffuse  the 
principles  of  liberty  among  the  lower 
classes,  and  particularly  among  the  country 
people.  He,  however,  narrowly  escaped 
of  t 


s  nietv,    benevolence  to  the    poor,  and   the  scaffold  during  the  reign  of  the  jaco- 

1  ,  ,  _       i     .__!••     _        I-      _  rpi          T^- .,,,J     !•'___ 


er's     picturesque 
Brompton,  in  1807. 


GIL  POLO,  GASPAR,  a  Spanish  poet, 
born    at   Valencia  in   1516,  exercised  the 


profes 


of  an  advocate  in  that  city,  and 


died  there  in  1572.  He  is  the  author  of 
Diana  Enamorada,  or  Diana  in  love,  on 
which  (Yrxaiiies  has  bestowed  the  highest 


pr 


It  is  remarkable  for  the  puriiy  of 


its  styi:1,  and  the.  elegance  and   melody  of 
its  ver.- ideation. 

GIL  VICENTE,  a  Portuguese  dramat- 
ist, who  is  called  the  1'Iatitus  of  his  country, 
na«  born,  at  Bareellos,  about  11^5,  ami 
produced  his  first  piece  in  \~,()\.  He  soon 


bins.  The  Directory  appointed  him  am- 
bassador at  Turin;  and  Bonaparte  gave 
him  a  seat  in  the  tribunate.  His  reimnal 
from  fhe  latter  closed  his  political  life,  and 
he  was  thenceforth  wholly  occupied  by 
literature.  He  died  in  1816.  Of  his 
many  works,  the  principal  is  The  Literary 
History  of  Italy,  in  nine  volumes,  of  which 
the  last  three  were  completed  by  M.  Salfi. 
GIOCONDO,  or  JOCUNDUS,  JOHN, 
an  Italian  dominican  friar,  who  was  at 
once  an  architect,  antiquary,  and  literary 
character,  was  born  about  1435,  at  Verona, 
and  died  at  Rome,  at  a  very  advanced  age. 
He  constructed  the  bridge  of  Notre  Dame, 
at  Paris,  and  other  edifices  in  France  and 
Italy;  fortified  the  city  of  Treviso;  and 
was" summoned  to  Rome  by  Leo  the  Tenth, 
after  the  death  of  Bramante,  to  assist  in 
the  building  of  St.  Peter's.  As  an  anti- 
quary he  measured  many  ancient  ruins,  and 
collected  two  thousand  inscriptions;  and, 
as  a  man  of  letters,  he  published  editions 


puplii 

d  the 


of  Caesar,  Vitruvius,  and  the  Roman  agri- 
cultural writers. 

GIORDANO,  Lu  K  E,  a  celebrated  paint- 
er, was  born  at  Naples  in  1629,  or  1632, 
and  was  a  pupil  of  Spagnoletto  and  Pietro 
da  Cortona,  after  which  he  studied  the 
works  of  Titian  and  Paul  Veronese.  Phi- 
lip V.  of  Spain  patronised  and  knighted 
him.  He  died  at  Naples  in  1704. 

GIORGIONE,  an  eminent  painter  of 
the  Venetian  school,  whose  real  name  was 
GroiiGK  BARBAllELLI,  was  born,  in 
1477,  at  CasteliVanco,  in  the  Friuli,  was  a 
pupil  of  Bellini,  and  improved  liis  sh  le  by 
study!!';,'  t!ie  designs  of  Leonardo  da  Vinci. 
lie  died  of  the  plague,  in  1511.  Giuigi- 
.  one  excelled  in  fresco  painting,  in  portrait, 
Wcamc  popular,  and  even  Kii'.Gr  J,.ii,i  the  ;uiJ  in  landscape;  and  was  one  of  the  first 


288 


GTR 


who    practised    the   opposition   of  strong 
lights  to  strong  shadows. 

GIOTTO,  ...  ANGlOLOTTO(diminn- 
ti\e  from  Angiol  >  or  Anijelo),  \\hose  name- 
Mas  I)i  Bond. me,  and  \\ho  is  KNMtnM 
railed  Da  Vespi^nano,  from  the  place  of 
his  birth,  near  I-  lorenrc,  was  born  in  12?(>. 
He  v.as  a  painter,  sculptor,  and  architect, 
the  pupil  of  Cimahue,  wh'o  found  him 
drawing  a  sheep  on  a  stone,  while  keeping 
a  Hick.  Giotto  fir  Mil-passed  his  master 
inst\le,  design,  and  colouring,  and  was 
one  of  the  restorers  of  art  in  Italy.  He 
constructed  the  Campanile  at  Florence, 
fortified  the  city,  and  executed  many  bas- 
reliefs  and  statues.  He  died  in  1336. 

GIRALDI,  or  CYRALDUS,  LILIO 
GREGORIO,  a  learned  Italian  writer  and 
Latin  poet,  was  born,  in  1479,  at  Ferrara. 
At  the  sacking  of  Rome,  he  lost  all  his 
property,  and  for  some  years  his  poverty 
wats  such,  and  so  imbittcied  by  ill  health, 
that  he  was  accustomed  to  say,  that  he  had 
always  three  powerful  enemies  to  contend 
with,  nature,  fortune,  and  the  injustice  of 
mankind.  Before  his  decease,  however, 
which  took  place  in  1552,  he  had  so  com- 
pletely triumphed  over  fortune  as  to  have 
accumulated  ten  thousand  crowns.  Of  his 
works,  which  form  two  folio  volumes,  one 
of  the  principal  is  an  excellent  History  of 
the  Heathen  Deities. 

GIRALDI-CINTIO,  JOHN  BAPTIST, 
a  relation  of  the  foregoing,  was  born,  in 
1504,  at  Ferrara  ;  was  for  many  years 
professor  of  philosophy  and  medicine  in 
the  university  of  that  city,  and  secretary 
to  t.ne  duke;  and,  after  having  resided  for 
a  while  at  Turin  and  Pavia,  died  in  his 
native  city  in  1573.  He  wrote  nine  trage- 
dies, and"  other  works  :  but  he  is  best 
known  by  his  Hecatomiti,  which  consists 
of  a  hundred  tales,  in  the  manner  of  Boc- 
cacio. 

GTRARD,  STEPHEN,  a  celebrated 
banker,  was  born  in  France  about  the  year 
1746.  At  the  age  of  twehe  years,  in  the 
capacity  of  cabin  boy,  he  left  France  for 
the  West-Indies,  where  hr:  resided  some 
time,  and  whence  he  made  many  voyages 
to  the  United  States.  About"  1775  he 
arrived  in  this  country,  and  for  a  while 
kept  a  small  shop  in  .New  Jersey.  In  1780 
he  removed  to  Philadelphia,  and  by  grad- 
ual but  sure  acquisition  accumulated  a  large 
fortune.  He  became  distinguished  for  his 
active  philanthropic  exertions,  during  the 
ravages  of  the  yellow  fever  in  that  city  in 
1793.  In  1811",  when  Congress  refused  to 
reeharter  the  old  bank  of  the  United 
States,  Mr.  Girard  purchased  the  bankin_ 
house  of  that  institution,  and  became  a 
banker.  The  cupital  which  he  first  inves- 
ted in  his  bank  was  one  million  eight 
hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  he  subse- 
quently augmented  it  to  five  million* 


GIR 

During  our  late  war  with  Great  Britain, 
he  government  found  difficulty  in  raising 
the  necessary  funds,  and  public  credit  had 
sunk  so  low,  that  seven  per  cent,  stock  wai 
illered  at  thirty  per  cent,  discount.  Of 
his  stock  Mr.  Girard  took  five  millions. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  in  1832,  he  was 
estimated  to  be  worth  from  twelve  to  fifteen 
million  of  dollars,  and  he  was  the  most 
wealthy  man  in  the  new  world.  He  was 
juried  with  public  honours.  By  his  will, 

e  distributed  his  immense  riches  in  the 
most  judicious  and  liberal  manner,  among 
several  charitable  institutions,  and  for  the 
purposes  of  public  improvements.  One 
request  was  of  $ 2,000 ,000,  for  the  erec- 
ion  of  a  permanent  college  in  Penn  Town- 
hip,  for  the  accommodation  of  at  least 
hree  hundred  poor  white  male  Orphans, 
above  the  age  of  six  years.  In  regulation 
of  this  bequest,  it  is  enjoined,  that  "no 
ecclesiastic,  missionary  or  minister,  of  any 
sect  whatever,  shall  ever  hold  or  exercise 
any  station  or  duty  whatever  in  said  col- 

•ge  ;  nor  shall  any  such  person  ever  be 
admitted  for  any  purpose,  or  as  a  visiter, 
within  the  premises  appropriated  to  the 

irposes  of  the  said  college." 
GIKARDON,  FRANCIS,  a  celebrated 
French  sculptor,  was  born  at  Troyes,  in 
1630  (or,  as  some  say,  in  1627),  and  went 
to  Paris,  where  he  gained  the  patronage 
of  Seguier,  and  subsequently  of  Louis  XI V . 
who  sent  him  to  study  at  Rome.  He  was 
much  employed  after  his  return,  and  was 
made  inspector  general  of  sculpture  in 
France.  Many  of  his  works  are  in  the 
gardens  of  Versailles.  His  masterpieces 
are,  a  monument  for  Cardinal  Richelieu; 
an  equestrian  statue  of  Louis  XIV.;  The 
Rape  of  Proserpine;  and  the  group  of  the 
Baths  of  Apollo.  He  died  in  1715.— His 
wife,  CATHERINE,  born  in  1629,  died  in 
1698,  excelled  as  a  fruit  and  flower  painter. 
GIRODET-TRIOSON,  ANNE  Louis, 
one  of  the  most  eminent  of  modern  French 
painters,  was  born,  in  1767, at  Montargis; 
studied  under  David,  and  at  Rome;  and 
died  in  1824.  His  genius  was  so  early 
manifested,  that  whon  he  was  only  thirteen 
he  painted  his  father's  portrait."  Among 
his  principal  works  are,  Endymion  sleep- 
ing; Hippocrates  refusing  the  Presents  of 
Artaxerxes;  The  Deluge  (which  gained 
the  prize  from  David's  Sabines)  ;  The 
Burial  of  Atala  ;  The  Revolt  of  Cairo  ; 
and  Pygmalion  and  Galatea. 

GIRTIN,  THOMAS,  an  artist,  was  born, 
in  1773,  in  London  ;  was  a  pupil  of  Dayes; 
studied  the  works  of  Canaletti  and  "Ru- 
bens; and  died  in  1802.  His  works  are 
full  of  spirit  and  effect.  It  was  he  \vho 
introduced  the  practice  of  drawing  upon 
cartridge  paper,  by  which  means  he  avoided 
the  ppottiness  ana  glaringness  incident  to 
drawings  tipon  white  paper.  H«  mUo 


GLA 

painted  excellently  in  oil  colour*.  Among 
his  best  productions  are,  Views  in  Paris; 
a  View  in  Wales;  and  a  Panoramic  View 
of  London. 

GISCALA,  JOHN  of,  a  celebrated  char- 
acter in  the  Jewish  history,  was  originally 
the  leader  of  a  band  of  robbers,  but  quitted 
his  predatory  course  of  life,  and  was  em- 
ployed by  Joseplius  to  fortify  Giscala. 
After  having  endeavoured  to  ru:n  Josephus, 
and  for  some  time  held  possession  of  Gis- 
cala, he  went  to  Jerusalem,  where  he 
headed  one  of  the  factions,  and  committed 
enormous  crimes.  He,  however,  displayed 
great  bravery  in  defence  of  the  city.  He 
at  length  surrendered  to  Titus,  and  was 
Imprisoned  for  the  remainder  of  his  days. 

G1USTINIANI,  POMPEY,  an  eminent 
general,  was  born,  in  1569,  in  Corsica. 
He  entered  the  Spanish  service  early;  and 
lost  an  arm  at  the  siege  of  Ostend.  The 
deficient  member  he  replaced  by  one  of 
•ron,  from  which  he  obtained  the  surname 
j»f  Iron-arm.  He  was  killed,  in  1616, 
^hile  reconnoitring  at  Candia,  of  which  he 
was  governor  for  the  Venetians;  and  the 
senate  erected  an  equestrian  statue  to  his 
memory.  He  wrote,  in  six  books,  a  His- 
tory of  the  Wars  of  Flanders. 

GLANVIL  RANULPH  DE,  a  warrior 
and  lawyer  of  the  twelfth  century,  was 
justiciary  of  England  under  Henry  II.  ; 
distinguished  himself  in  defeating  the  in- 
vasion by  William  I.  of  Scotland;  had 
the  sum  of  fifteen  thousand  pounds  extorted 
from  him  by  Richard  I.  towards  the  ex- 
pense of  the  crusade  ;  accompanied  that 
monarch  to  Palestine;  and  died,  in  1190, 
at  the  siege  of  Acre.  A  Treatise  on  the 
Laws  and  Customs  of  England  is  attributed 
to  him. 

GLANVIL,  JOSEPH,  a  theologist  and 
philosopher,  was  born,  in  1636,  at  Ply- 
mouth; was  educated  at  Exeter  and  Lin- 
coln Colleges,  Oxford;  was  one  of  the 
earliest  and  most  active  members  of  the 
Royal  Society;  and  died,  in  1680,  rector 
of  the  abbey  church  at  Bath.  He  was  a 
strenuous  opponent  of  the  Aristotelian  phi- 
losophy. It  is  less  to  his  credit  that  he 
was  a  firm  believer  in  witchcraft.  Among 
his  works  are,  Scepsis  Scientifica;  Lux 
Orientalis;  Essay  concerning  Preaching; 
Plus  Ultra;  and  Some  Philosophical  Con- 
siderations touching  the  Being  of  Witches 
and  Witchcraft. 

GLAUBER,  JOHN  RODOLPH,  a  chem- 
ist and  alchemist  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
was  a  native  of  Germany,  and  settled  at 
Amsterdam.  At  what  period  he  died  is 
not  recorded,  but  it  must  have  been  subse- 
quently to  1668.  Glauber  was  a  laborious 
experimenter,  but  vain,  and  full  of  charla- 
tanism. In  his  incessant  attempts,  how- 
ever, to  find  out  the  philosopher's  stone, 
lie  made  some  chemical  discoveries,  atnonsj 
IB 


GLE 


28* 


which  is  the  salt  that  bears  his  name.  His 
treatises,  thirty-two  in  number,  contain 
some  valuable  information  blended  with 
much  that  is  worthless. 

GLEICHEN,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM 
VON,  a  German  naturalist,  was  born,  in 
1717,  at  Bayreuth,  and  served  for  several 
years  as  an  officer  in  the  army ;  after 
which  he  retired,  and  gave  up  his  time 
wholly  to  microscopical  observations  and 
chemical  experiments  He  died  in  1783. 
Gleichen  invented  many  things,  among 
which  were  an  universal  microscope  and 
a  water  proof  cloth.  He  wrote  various 
works  on  botany,  entomology,  and  ani- 
malcules. 

GLEIM,  JOHN  WILLIAM  Louis,  a 
celebrated  German  poet,  was  born,  in 
1719,  at  Ermsleben,  in  Halberstadt,  and 
studied  at  the  university  of  Halle.  After 
having  been  secretary  to  Prince  William 
of  Brandenburg  (whose  death  he  witnessed 
on  the  field  of  battle),  and  to  Prince  Leop- 
old of  Dessau,  he  was  appointed  secretary 
of  the  grand  chapter  of  Halberstadt,  and 
canon  of  that  of  Walbeck.  He  died  in 
1803.  Gleim  has  obtained  the  appellation 
of  the  German  Anacreon;  but  it  is  to  his 
highly  animated  War  Songs  that  he  owes 
the  largest  portion  of  his  fame.  His  po- 
ems form  seven  octavo  volumes,  and  con- 
tain successful  attempts  in  almost  every 
species  of  poetry. 

GLENBERVIE,  SILVESTER  DOUG- 
LAS, lord,  was  born,  in  1743,  at  Techil, 
in  Aberdeenshire;  and  was  educated  at 
Marischal  College,  Aberdeen.  He  was  in- 
tended for  the  medical  profession,  but  pre- 
ferred the  law.  His  marriage  with  a 
daughter  of  lord  North  opened  to  him  the 
way  to  promotion,  and  he  successively  held 
various  important  offices,  among  which 
were  those  of  chief  secretary  in  Ireland, 
joint  paymaster  of  the  army,  and  vice-pres- 
ident of  the  board  of  trade.  He  was  ere 
ated  a  peer  in  1819,  and  died  in  1823. 
He  published  Cases  of  Controverted  Elec- 
tions, four  vols.;  Reports  of  Cases  in  the 
Court  of  King's  Bench ;  a  translation  of 
the  first  canto  of  the  Ricciardetto;  and  an 
edition  of  Major  Mercer's  Poems. 

GLENIE,  JAMES,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, was  born  in  the  south  of  Ireland, 
and  educated  at  St.  Andrew's.  During 
the  American  war  he  distinguished  himself 
as  an  officer  of  artillery,  and  was  subse- 
quently removed  to  the  engineer  corps 
From  that  corps,  however,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  retire,  in  consequence  of  his  hav- 
ing, by  a  seasonable  pamphlet,  defeated 
and  covered  with  ridicule  the  duke  of 
Richmond's  plan  of  fortification.  After 
having  experienced  many  vicissitudes,  in 
America  and  England,  he  died,  in  embar- 
rassed circumstances,  Nov.  24,  1817,  in 
the  vkinitv  of  Pimlico.  He  was  a  meui- 
1 


IM  GLU 

her  of  the  Roval  Society.  Among  his! 
vconts  are,  A  History  of  Gunnery;  The' 
Antecedent ial  Calculus;  ObMTTMtMM  on 
Construction  and  The  Doctrine  of  Uni- 
rersal  Comparison  ami  General  Propor- 
tion. 

GLISSON,  I-'HANCIS,  an  anatomist 
and  physician,  was  horn,  in  15J>7,  at 
Kampi.-ham.  in  Dorsetshire;  \\as  eJncatcd 
at  Cains  College,  Cambridge;  rose  into 
great  practice,  and  became  president  of  the 
college  of  physicians;  and  died  in  1677. 
It  is  a  sufficient  proof  of  his  merit,  that  he 
has  been  warmly  praised  by  Boerhaave  and 
Haller.  Among  his  works  are  Treatises 
on  the  Rickets;  on  the  Anatomy  of  the 
Liver;  on  the  Intestines;  and  a  meta- 
physical treatise,  of  great  extent  and  pro- 
fundity. 

GLOVER,  RICHARD,  a  poet  and  dra- 
matist, the  son  of  a  merchant,  was  born  in 
London  in  1712,  and  educated  at  Cheani 
school.  In  his  sixteenth  year  he  wrote  a 
poem  in  memory  of  Sir  Isaac  Newton.  His 
greatest  work,  the  epic  of  Leonidas,  ap- 
peared in  1737,  and  excited  considerable 
attention,  the  more  especially  as  it  was 
•warmly  patronised  by  the  party  which 
was  hostile  to  Sir  Robert  Walpole.  It 
was  followed  by  The  Progress  of  Com- 
merce, and  the  ballad  of  Hosier's  Ghost. 
In  1742  he  gained  reputation  as  an  orator, 
by  a  speech  which,  on  behalf  of  the  mer- 
chants of  London,  he  delivered  at  the  bar 
of  the  House,  on  the  neglect  of  trade. 
Commercial  losses  having  impaired  his 
fortune,  he  retired  for  a  while  from  public 
life;  but,  economy  and  activity  having 
improved  his  circumstances,  he  again  came 
forward,  and  was  elected  member  cf  par- 
liament for  Weymouth.  He  died  in  1785. 
Besides  his  Leonidas,  and  the  poems  al- 
ready mentioned,  he  wrote  The  Athenaid, 
a  sequel  to  Leonidas;  the  tragedies  of  Bo- 
adicea,  Medea,  and  Jason;  and  a  diary, 
which  was  published  under  the  title  of 
Memoirs  of  a  distinguished  literary  and 
political  Character.  The  Letters  o"f  Ju- 
nius  have  also  been  ascribed  to  him.  Le- 
onidas, though  containing  much  genuine 
poetry,  is  now  but  little  read;  the  Athe- 
naid may  be  said  to  have  dropped  dead 
born  from  the  press;  but  the  ballad  of  Ho- 
sier's Ghost  still  ranks  among  one  of  the 
beat  compositions  of  the  kind  in  the  Eng- 
lish language. 

GLUCK,  CHRISTOPHER,  an  eminent 
modern  composer,  who  has  been  called  the 
Mir.iael  Angelo  of  music,  was  born,  in 
1712,  in  a  village  of  the  Upper  Palatinate 
on  the  Bohemian  frontier.  San  Martini 
of  Milan  was  one  of  his  first  masters.  Af- 
ter having  visited  Itnly  and  England,  am 
produced  several  operas,  he  went  to  Paris. 
In  the  French  capital  he  wa«  opj>osfd  l.\ 
Picciniy  and  the  Patisiang  were  dhidtc 


GOD 

into  two  violent  parties,  as  to  t  e  merit  oi 
the  rival  composers.  He  diea  in  1787 
His  finest  operas  are,  Armida,  Alcestis, 
Orpheus,  Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  and  Iphigc- 
nia  in  Tauris. 

GMKL1N,  JOHN  GEORGE,  a  German 
physician  and  botanist,  was  born,  in  1709, 
at  Tubingen ;  Fettled  in  Russia  in  early 
life,  and  '-ecame  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences,  and  professor  of  chemistry 
and  natural  history;  was  employed  on  an 
exploratory  mission  in  Siberia;  returned 
to  his  own  country  in  1747,  and  obtained 
the  chemical  and  botanical  professorship.* ; 
and  died  in  1755.  He  is  tlie  author  of 
The  Siberian  Flora;  Travels  in  Siberia; 
and  a  Life  of  Steller. 

GMELIN,  SAMUKL  THEOPHILUS,  a 
nephew  of  the  foregoing,  was  born,  in 
1745,  at  Tubingen;  l>ecame,  in  1766,  pro- 
fessor of  botany  at  St.  Petersburgh;  wai 
employed  on  a  mission  of  discovery  in  the 
provinces  bordering  on  the  Caspian;  and 
lied,  in  1774,  a  prisoner  to  a  Tartar  chief 
He  is  the  author  of  Travels  in  Russia, 
four  volumes;  and  a  History  of  the  Fuci, 
with  plates. 

GMELIN,  JOHN  FRKDERIC,  a  physi- 
cian and  chemist,  was  born,  in  1748,  at 
Tubingen;  became  professor  of  natural 
listory  and  chemistry  at  Gottingen;  and 
died  in  1S05.  The  works  of  Gmelin  are 
very  numerous:  among  them  are,  a  Com- 
plete Dictionary  of  Botany,  in  nine  vol- 
umes; A  General  History  of  Poisons, 
three  volumes ;  Elements  of  General  Chem- 
istry, two  volumes;  Elements  of  Mineral- 
ogy; Elements  of  Pharmacy;  and  a  His- 
tory of  the  Natural  Sciences.  The  thir- 
teenth edition  of  Linnaeus  was  edited  by 
Gmelin.  Several  valuable  dyes  were  dis- 
covered by  him. 

GOBELIN,  GILES,  a  French  dyer  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  who  resided  at  Par- 
He  is  celebrated  for  dyeing  wool,  and 
is  said  to  have  invented  the  process  of 
dyeing  scarlet.  His  establishment  wai 
afterwards  converted  into  the  royal  manu- 
factory of  tapestry,  but  it  still  retains  his 
name. 

GODFREY  OF  BOUILLON,  the  hero 
of  Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered,  was  born, 
in  the  eleventh  century,  at  Bezy,  near  Ni- 
velle,  and  was  the  son  of  Eustace  II.  count 
of  Boulogne.  After  having  served  in  the 
armies  of  Henry  IV.  of  Germany,  who 
created  him  duke  of  Lorraine,  lie  took  the 
cross  in  1096,  and  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  crusading  army.  By  his  valour  and 
wisdom  he  justified  the  choice  of  the  cru- 
saders. On  the  conquest  of  Jerusalem  he 
was  appointed  sovereign,  and,  shortly  af- 
ter, he  routed  the  sultan  of  Egypt  at  As- 
calon.  He  died  in  1100. 

(I  O  1)  M  A  N  ,  JOHN  1).,  an  eminent 
American  natura.ist  and  physician,  wmj 


GOD 

•orn  ml  Annapolis,  in  Maryland,  and  hav- 
ing lost  his  parents  at  an  early  age,  was 
bound  apprentice  to  a  printer.  He  after- 
wards entered  the  navy  as  a  sailor  boy, 
and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  commenced  the 
study  of  medicine.  On  completing  his 
studies,  he  settled  in  Philadelphia  as  a 
physician  and  private  teacher  of  anatomy, 
and  for  some  time  was  an  assistant  editor 
of  the  Medical  Journal.  It  was  at  this 
period  that  he  published  his  Nmtural  His- 
tory of  American  Quadrupeds,  in  three 
volume?,  8vo.  Having  been  elected  to  the 
professorship  of  anatomy  in  Rutgers'  Med- 
ical College,  he  removed  to  New  York, 
where  he  soon  acquired  extensive  practice 
as  a  surgeon.  Ill  health,  however,  obliged 
him  to  relinquish  his  pursuits,  and  he  re- 
turned in  1829  to  Philadelphia,  where  he 
jied  in  1830,  in  the  thirty-second  year  of 
nis  age.  He  possessed  much  and  varied 
information  in  his  profession,  in  natural 
history  and  in  general  literature.  Besides 
the  work  above  referred  to,  he  is  the  au- 
thor of  Rambles  of  a  Naturalist,  and  seve- 
ral articles  on  natural  history  in  the  Ency- 
clopaedia Americana. 

GODFREY,  THOMAS,  the  real  inventor 
of  the  quadrant  commonly  called  Hartley's, 
was  born  in  Philadelphia  and  pursued  the 
trade  of  a  glazier.  He  was  a  great  stu- 
dent of  mathematics,  and  acquired  by  hi m- 
eelf  a  tolerable  knowledge  of  Latin,  in  or- 
der to  be  able  to  read  mathematical  works 
in  that  language.  In  1730  he  communi- 
cated the  improvement  he  had  made  in 
Davis'a  quadrant  to  Mr.  Logan,  secretary 
of  the  commonwealth;  and  in  the  following 
year  a  full  description  of  a  similar  instru- 
ment was  read  before  the  Royal  Society 
of  London,  by  Mr.  Hadley.  It  was  de- 
cided that  both  claimants  were  entitled  to 
the  honour  of  the  invention,  and  the  society 
presented  Godfrey  with  household  furni- 
ture to  the  value  of  £200.  He  was  in- 
temperate in  his  habits,  and  died  in  1749. 

GODFREY,  THOMAS,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  a  poet  of  some  merit,  was  born 
in  Philadelphia  in  the  year  1736.  He  was 
at  first  apprenticed  to  a  watch-maker,  but 
disliking  the  drudgery  of  this  occupation, 
he  obtained  a  lieutenant's  commission  in 
the  Pennsylvania  forces,  which  were  rais- 
ed in  1758  for  the  expedition  against  fort 
Du  Quesne.  Subsequently  he  established 
himself  as  a  factor  in  North  Carolina, 
where  he  died  in  1763.  His  chief  works 
are  The  Court  of  Fancy,  a  poem;  and 
The  Prince  of  Parthia,  which  was  the  first 
American  tragedy. 

GODWIN,  MART,  who  acquired  her 
celebrity  under  her  maiden  name  of 
Wolstonecraft,  was  born,  in  1759,  in  the 
vicinity  of  London.  After  having  kept  a 
female  academy,  and  been  governess  to 
the  daughter  of'an  Iri«h  peer,  she  turned 


bUL  291 

to  literary  labour  for  a  subsistence,  an<J 
became  a  fertile  writer.  Of  talent  she 
undoubtedly  possessed  no  trifling  portion 
Her  political  principles  were  those  of  the 
French  revolution.  With  respect  to  the 
licence  allowable  to  the  softer  sex,  her 
ideas  were  at  utter  variance  with  all  the 
received  laws  of  delicacy.  Accordingly, 
she  first  indulged  a  passion  for  Mr.  Fuseli, 
who  was  a  married  man;  next,  lived  for 
a  considerable  period  with  Mr.  Imlay,  an 
American,  whose  desertion  of  her  induced 
her  to  attempt  suicide;  and,  lastly,  entered 
into  an  intercourse  with  Mr.  Godwin, 
whom  she  did  not  marry  till  it  was  thought 
prudent  to  legitimate  the  coming  fruit  of 
their  union.  She  died,  in  childbed,  in 
1797.  With  all  her  failings,  however,  she 
was  a  woman  of  a  warm  heart  and  disin- 
terested feelings.  Among  her  works  are, 
A  Vindication  of  the  Rights  of  Women; 
an  Answer  to  Burke's  Reflections;  A 
Moral  and  Historical  View  of  the  French 
Revolution  ;  and  Letters  from  Norway. 

GOETZE,  JOHN  AUGUSTUS  EPHRATM, 
a  German  naturalist,  was  born,  in  1731, 
at  Ascherleben  •  became  preacher  at  Qued- 
linburgh,  in  1751 ;  and  died  in  1793.  His 
researches  with  the  microscope  were  ex- 
tensive, and  led  to  valuable  results.  Be- 
sides many  books  for  the  instruction  of 
youth,  he  wrote  Entomological  Memoirs, 
in  four  volumes;  and  an  Essay  towards  a 
History  of  Intestinal  Worms. 

GOFFE,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the  regicides 
in  the  time  of  the  English  revolution,  and 
a  major-general  under  Cromwell,  left  Lon- 
don with  general  Whalley  before  the  res- 
toration, and  arrived  in  New  England  in 
1660.  They  were  kindly  received  by  gov- 
ernor Endicott;  but  not  being  included  in 
the  act  of  indemnity,  they  removed  to  Had- 
ley in  Massachusetts,  and  remained  con- 
cealed 15  or  16  years  in  the  house  of  the 
reverend  Mr.  Russel.  He  died  at  Hadley, 
it  is  supposed,  about  the  year  1679. 

GOLDONI,  CHARLES,  whom,  not 
without  some  reason,  his  countrymen  call 
the  Italian  Moliere,  and  whom  Voltaire 
styles  "  the  painter  of  nature,*'  was  born  in 
1707  at  Venice,  and  had  such  an  early  ten- 
dency to  the  drama,  that  he  sketched  the 
plan  of  a  comedy  before  he  was  eight  yean 
of  age.  He  studied  at  Perugia  and  Rimini. 
For  a  short  time  he  practised  at  the  bar, 
and  was  subsequently  secretary  to  the  Ve- 
netian resident  at  Milan;  but  he  abandon- 
ed all  other  occupations  to  write  for  the 
stage.  His  success,  as  a  dramatist  and 
theatrical  reformer,  was  commensurate  with 
his  strenuous  efforts.  To  Paris  he  was 
invited  by  the  manager  of  the  Italian 
theatre  in  that  city,  and,  while  there,  lie 
was  appointed  Italian  teacher  to  the  French 
princesses.  For  thirty  years  he  resided  in 
!  the  French  capital,  happy  and  respected, 


292 


<10L 


Xing  a  pension  from  the  court.  The 
Tsion  of  the  throne  deprived  him  of 
the  principal  part  of  his  resources;  he 
sank  uito  distress  and  deep  melancholy, 
and  died  Jan.  8,  1793.  The  best  edition 
of  his  works  is  that  printed,  in  1S09,  at 
Lucca,  in  twenty-six  volume?. 


GOLDSMITH,  OLIVER,  a  celebrated 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  the 
Bon  of  a  clergyman;  was  born,  in  1731, 
at  Pallas,  in  the  county  of  Longford,  in 
Ireland;  and  was  educated  at  the  univer- 
sities of  Dublin,  Edinburgh,  and  Leyden, 
with  a  view  to  his  adopting  the  medical 
profession.  Leyden,  however,  he  quitted 
abruptly,  with  no  money  and  a  single 
fhirt  in  his  pocket,  and  wandered  over  a 
considerable  part  of  Europe.  During  his 
peregrinations  he  was  sometimes  indebted 
to  his  German  flute  for  procuring  him  a 
meal  or  a  lodging  from  the  peasants. 
Returning  pennyless  to  England  in  1758, 
he  was,  for  a  short  time,  usher  to  a  school 
at  Peckham,  but  soon  gave  up  that  occu- 
pation to  become  an  author.  In  1759 
appeared  his  first  work,  an  Essay  on  the 
Present  State  of  Polite  Literature.  His 
subsequent  labours  were  multifarious;  for 
he  soon  gained  an  honourable  popularity, 
and  seems  never  to  have  been  unemployed, 
but  his  want  of  economy  kept  him  always 
embarrassed.  Among  his  friends  he  num- 
bered Johnson,  Burke,  Garrick,  and  many 
other  eminent  characters.  Between  1759 
and  1774,  he  produced  The  Traveller,  The 
Deserted  Village,  and  Retaliation;  the 
comedies  of  The  Good-natured  Man,  and 
She  stoops  to  conquer;  The  Vicar  of 
Wakefield  ;  Histories  of  England,  Greece, 
Rome,  and  Animated  Nature;  The  Citizen 
of  the  World,  and  The  Bee;  and  several 
pieces  of  less  consequence.  He  died  in 
1774.  In  his  manners  Goldsmith  was  ec- 
centric, and  in  conversation  he  displaced 
such  a  lack  of  talent,  that  he  was  satirically 
said  to  have  "  talked  like  poor  Poll.'' 
Thoua '.  benevolent  in  his  disposition,  he 
was  exceedingly  jealous,  not  to  say  en- 
vious of  competitors.  As  an  author  he 
•lands  high.  His  poetry,  natural,  nielodi- 
•tts,  affecting,  and  beautifully  descriptive, 


GOO 

finds  nn  echo  in  every  bosom;  ami  tw 
prose,  often  enlivened  with  humour,  and 
;il\\avs  adorned  with  the  graces  of  a  pure 
style,"  is  among  the  best  in  our  lai  juage. 

GOLIUS,  JAMES,  an  eminent  oriental" 
ist,  was  born,  in  1596,  at  the  Hague;  wat 
interpreter  to  the  Dutch  embassy  to  Mo- 
rocco; succeeded  Erpenius  as  Arabic  pro- 
fessor at  Leyden ;  was  subsequently  profes 
sor  of  mathematics;  and  died  in  1667. 
Among  his  works  are,  Arabic  and  Persian 
Lexicons;  a  Life  of  Tamerlane;  and  a 
translation  of  Elmacin's  History  of  the 
Saracens. — His  brother,  PETER,  was  also 
an  oriental  scholar. 

GOMARA,  FRANCIS  LOPEZ  DE,  a 
Spanish  historian,  Mas  born  in  1510  at 
Seville,  and  was  professor  of  rhetoric  at 
Alcala.  He  took  a  voyage  to  America, 
and  remained  four  years  in  that  country, 
collecting  materials  for  his  General  Histo- 
tory  of  the  Indies.  His  style  is  good,  but 
the  facts  of  his  work  are  not  to  be  relied 
upon.  He  wrote  also  a  History  of  Barba- 
rossa,  and  Annals  of  Charles  V.;  but  they 
remain  in  manuscript.  The  period  of  hii 
death  is  uncertain. 

GONGORA  Y  ARGOTE,  Louis,  i 
Spanish  poetw  of  a  noble  but  poor  family, 
was  born,  in  1561,  at  Cordova;  studied  at 
Salamanca;  became  a  prebendary  of  Cor- 
dova, and  almoner  to  the  king;  and  died 
in  1627.  Though  some  of  his  countrymen 
have  called  him  the  prince  of  lyric  poets, 
and  he  undoubtedly  was  a  man  of  talent, 
Gongora  inflicted  serious  injury  on  the 
literature  of  Spain,  by  introducing,  in  his 
poems,  a  style  distinguished  for  its  bad 
taste  and  affectation.  His  works  form  one 
volume  quarto. 

G  ON  SALVO  OF  CORDOVA,  HER. 
NAJJDEZ  yAcuiLAR,a  celebrated  Span 
ish  warrior,  whose  exploits  gained  for  him 
the  appellation  of  the  Great  Captain,  was 
born,  in  1443,  at  Montilla,  near  Cordova. 
He  began  the  profession  of  arms  at  the 
age  of  fifteen ;  distinguished  himself  against 
the  Moors,  Portuguese,  Turks,  and  Fieiich  ; 
was  appointed  viceroy  of  Naples,  \\hich 
kingdom  he  had  conquered;  and  died,  in 
1515,  at  Grenada. 

GOOD,  JOH.V  MASON,  a  physician, 
poet,  and  philologist,  the  son  of  a  dissenting 
ninister,  was  born,  in  1764,  at  Epping, 
in  Essex ;  practiced  for  some  years  as  a 
surgeon  and  apothecary  at  Coggeshal,  and 
in  the  metropolis;  took  his  degree,  and 
:x>gan  to  practice  as  a  physician,  in  1820; 
ind  died  January  2,  1827.  Good  was  a 
man  of  diversified  knowledge;  was  inti- 
mately acquainted  with  many  of  the  ori- 
ental languages;  and  was  no  contemptible 
poet.  He  published  translations  of  Solo 
non's  Song,  Job,  and  Lucretius;  Memoir* 
of  Alexander  Geddes;  Medical  Techno 
;  A  Physiological  System  of  Noso- 


GOR 


2M 


logy;  and  The  Study  of  Medicine,  four  to  the  catholics,  taken  a  leading  part  n 
volumes  8vo.  |  the  protestant  association,  and  given  ris» 

GOOKIN,  DANIEL,  a  major  general  of  i  to  that  mob  which  threatened  the  metro- 
Massachusetts,  was  born  in  England,  and  polls  with  destruction.  He  subsequently 
in  1621  emigrated  to  Virginia.  In  1644;  apostati/ed  to  the  Jewish  faith,  and,  in 
he  removed  to  i\ew  England,  and  was  ap-|  1793,  he  died  in  Newgate,  where  he  was 
pointed  supcrintcndant  of  all  the  Indians  j  imprisoned  for  libelling  the  queen  of  France, 
who  had  submitted  to  the  government  of  GORE,  CHRISTOPHER,  governor  of 
Massachusetts.  In  1681  he  received  the  Massachusetts,  was  born  in  Boston  in  1758, 
appointment  of  major  general  of  the  pro- 1  and  received  his  early  instruction  in  the 
vince.  He  died  in  16SJ,  at  the  age  of  75.  public  schools  of  that  town.  He  waa 
He  left  in  manuscript  historical  collections!  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1776, 
of  New-England  Indians,  which  were  I  and  soon  after  commenced  the  study  of  the 
published  in  the  first  volume  of  the  Massa-j  law.  When  he  entered  on  the  practice  of 
chusetts  Historical  Society.  He  also  left !  his  profession,  he  rose  rapidly  in  public 
in  manuscript  a  history  of  New  England. 'esteem  as  a  lawyer,  a  politician,  and  an 

GORDIAN,  MARCUS  ANTONIUS,  the;  honest  man.  At  the  age  of  thirty  he  was 
elder,  a  Roman  emperor,  surnamed  Afri-Jsent  by  his  fellow  citizens,  with  Hancock 
canus,  born  at  Rome,  A.  D.  157,  was!  and  Samuel  Adams,  to  the  state  convention 
descended  from  the  Gracchi  and  the  j  which  considered  the  adoption  of  the  na- 


family  of  Trajan.  The  early  part  of  his 
life  was  spent  in  study,  and  he  composed 
various  works,  among  which  was  a  poem, 
in  thirty  books,  on  Antoninus  Pius  and 
Marcus  Aurelius.  After  having  been  edile, 
twice  consul,  and  proconsul  of  Africa,  he 
was  raised  to  the  throne,  in  his  eightieth 
year,  in  conjunction  with  his  son.  His 
reign  lasted  but  six  weeks.;  for  he  killed 
himself,  in  237,  in  consequence  of  his  son 
being  slain  in  battle. 

GORDIAN,  MARCUS  ANTONIUS,  a 
Roman  emperor,  grandson  of  the  elder 
Gordian,  was  created  Caesar,  in  237,  at 
the  age  of  twelve  years,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  became  sole  emperor.  He  ruled 
worthily,  and,  in  242,  defeated  the  barba- 
rians in  Thrace  and  Mcesia,  drove  the 
Persian  monarch,  Sapor,  beyond  the  Eu- 

Ehrates,  and  compelled  him  to  abandon  all 
is  conquests.     He  died,  near  Circesium, 
in  244;    bat  it  is  doubtful  whether  he  came 
to  his  end  by  a  natural  death  or  by  assas- 
sination. 

GORDON, THOMAS,  a  political  writer, 
was  born,  towards  the  close  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  at  Kircudbright,  in  Scot- 
land, and  settled  in  London  as  a  classical 
teacher,  but  soon  turned  his  attention  al- 
most wholly  to  politics.  In  conjunction 
with  Trent-hard,  he  published  Cato's  Let- 
ters and  the  Independent  Whig.  Walpole 
and  rewarded  him  with 
he  held  till  his  decease,  in 
1750.  Some  of  his  pieces  were  published 
after  his  death.  Gordon  also  translated 
Sallust  and  Tacitus,  with  fidelity,  but  in  a 
harsh  unidiomatic  stvle. 

GORDON,  the  Hon.  GEORGE,  usually 
called  Lord  George  Gordon,  was  born  in 
1750,  and  was  a  son  of  the  duke  of  Gor- 
''on.  After  having  served  in  the  navy,  lie 
tat  in  the  House  of  Common*,  and  was  un 
cpponent  of  Lord  NortVs  a:lmiiiistrati'>u. 
In  1780,  he  g  lined  •>  Sinister  fame,  by 
laving,  for  tho  purport  -sf  opposing  rvlief 


employed  his  pen 
a  place,  which  he 


tional  constitution.  In  1789  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  Washington,  the  first  United 
States'  attorney  for  the  district  of  Massa- 
chusetts; and  in  1796. one  of  the  commis- 
sioners under  the  fourth  article  of  Jay'a 
treaty  to  settle  our  claims  for  spoliations. 
He  remained  abroad  in  the  public  service 
for  about  eight  years,  and  on  his  return 
was  welcomed  home  with  the  strongest 
marks  of  public  favour.  Having  held  seats 
in  the  state  senate  and  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, he  was  chosen  in  1809  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  but  retained  this  dignity 
only  one  year.  In  1814  he  was  appointed 
senator  to  congress,  and  served  in  this  ca- 
pacity about  three  years,  when  he  withdrew 
into  "final  retirement.  He  died  in  1827. 
Mr.  Gore  was  an  useful  member  of  several 
important  literary  associations.  To  the 
American  Academy,  and  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society  he  left  valuable  bequests ; 
and  he  made  Harvard  College,  of  which 
institution  he  had  l)een  some  years  a  fellow, 
his  residuary  legatee.  He  was  a  man  of  a 
clear,  acute,  and  discriminating  mind. 

GORDON,  WILLIAM,  an  historian  of 
the  American  revolution,  was  born  in 
England,  and  settled  at  an  early  age  pas- 
tor of  an?  independent  church  at  Ipjwich. 
In  1770  he  came  to  America,  ant  soon 
after  settled  in  Roxbury.  In  1776  he  be- 
gan the  collection  of  materials  for  the  his- 
tory of  the  revolution,  and  at  the  close  of 
the  war  he  repaired  to  England  and  pub- 
lished them.  He  died  at  Ipswich  in  1807. 

GORGIAS,  a  celebrated  orator  and 
sophist,  was  born  at  Leontium,  in  Sicily, 
whence  he  was  surnamed  Leontinus.  rfe 
flourished  in  the  fifth  century  B.  c.  and  is 
said  to  have  been  a  disciple  of  Empedocles. 
Such  was  his  eloquence  that  a  statue  of 
hi,n  in  the  templo  of  Delphi  was  voted  by 
the  Greeks,  at  the  Pythian  games.  Ha 
lived  to  the  a^e  of  a  hundred  and  five. 

GORHAM,  NATHANIEL,  was  born  in 
Charlestowii.  Miusachu«~tU.  in  1738,  aud 


»4  GO\V 

after   receding  a  good   school   education, ' applies  to   him,  tin     there  Is   little  of  the 

engaged  in  mercantile   pursuits.     He  took  spirit  of  poetrv  in  his  works. 

an  active  part  in  political  affairs,  and  was  GOZZI,   Count   GASTAR,   an   eminent 

successively    representative     to     the     state  Italian  writer,  was  born  at  Venice  in  1713, 

legislature";    a   delegate    to   the  convention  and  died    in    17St>.      He    is    the   author  of 

whk-h    formed    the   constitution   of  Massa-  various  works,  among  which  an*,  Dramatic 

chust'tts;  judge  of  the    court  of  common  Pieces;  Poems;  Familiar  Letters;  and  the 


pleas;   member  of  congress,  and  president 
of  that  Ix.dy.     He  died  in  1796. 

GOSSEC,  FRANCIS  JOSEPH,  an  emi- 
nent composer,  was  born,  in  1733,  at  Verg- 
nies,  in  Hainault;  settled,  in  1751,  at 
Paris,  where  he  acquired  great  reputation; 


Venetian   Observer,  on   the  model  of  the 
Spectator. 

GRACCHUS,  TIBF.KIUS  SEMPROM- 
us,  a  celebrated  Roman,  was  educated 
with  the  utmost  care  by  his  mother,  Cor- 
nelia, and  distingiii.-hod  himself  at  the 


and  died  in  1829.  Among  his  best  com-; taking  of  Carthage.  He  was  chosen  tri- 
posiiions  are,  a  Motet  for  three  voices;  ibune  of  the  people,  B.  c.  133,  and  was, 
the  choruses  in  Athaliah;  some  quartets  !  soon  after,  murdered  by  the  patricians,  in 
and  symphonies;  and  the  Mass  of  the  consequence  of  his  having  carried  an  agra- 
rian law,  and  also  another  law  for  dividing 


Dead. 
GOTTSCHED,  JOHN  CHRISTOPHER, 


among  the  poorer  citizens  the  bequeathed 


a  German  writer,  who  is  considered  as  one  treasures  of  Attalus,  king  of  Pergarnus. 
of  the  reformers  of  his  native  literature,  GRACCHUS,  CAIUS  SEMPRONIUS, 
was  born,  in  1700,  near  KoenigsKrg,  in  the  brother  of  the  foregoing,  but  nine  yeard 
Prussia;  was  successively  professor  of  the  •  younger,  possessed  the  same  advantages  of 
belles  lettres,  philosophy,  and  poetry,  at  education,  the  same  talents,  and  the  same 
the  university  of  Leipsic;  and  died  in  1*766.  [principles.  He  was  twice  tribune,  and 
Gottsched  survived  his  popularity.  His  j  obtained  the  passing  of  various  laws  ob- 
mistaken  fondness  for  the  French  school  of  noxious  to  the  patricians;  but  was  at 
literature,  and  his  dictatorial  tone,  drew  j  length  slain,  or,  according  to  some  ac- 
upon  him  an  abundance  of  bitter  satire,  i  counts,  ordered  his  own  slave  to  despatch 
He  was  a  voluminous  writer,  in  poetry,  |  him,  after  having  been  defeated  by  his 
the  drama,  and  philology.  As  a  poet  and  enemies,  E.  c.  121. 

dramatist  he  is  below  mediocrity. — Hisj  GR^EFE,  or  GR^EVIUS,  JOHN 
wife,  LOCISA  ALDEGONDA  VICTORIA,  i  GEORGE,  an  erudite  German  writer,  was 
A-ho  was  born  at  Dantzick  in  1709,  and  born,  in  1632,  at  Naumburg,  in  Saxony ; 
died  in  1762,  assisted  him  in  his  labours,  studied  at  Leipsic  and  Deventer;  was,  in 
and  was  more  than  his  equal  in  learning  succession,  professor  at  Duisburg,  Deven- 
and  talent.  ter,  and  Utrecht;  and  died  in  1703.  To 

GOUJON,  JOHN,  a  sculptor,  who  has  Gnefe,  who  was  a  modest  and  worthy  as 
been  styled  the  French  Phidias,  and  the  well  as  a  learned  man,  the  literary  world 
Correggio  of  sculpture,  was  born  at  Paris  i  is  indebted  for  editions  of  several  classics; 
in  the  sixteenth  century,  and  was  shot  j  the  Thesaurus  of  Roman  Antiquities,  in 
during  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  twelve  folio  volumes ;  and  the  Thesaurus 
while  he  was  working  on  a  scaffold  at  the !  of  Italian  Antiquities,  in  six  folios, 
old  Louvre.  Among  his  most  celebrated  j  GRAHAME,  JAMES,  a  Scottish  poet, 
works  are,  the  Fountain  of  the  Innocents;  :  was  born  in  1765  at  Glasgow,  and  was 
the  Tribune  of  the  Hall  of  the  hundred  educated  at  the  university  of  that  city. 
Swiss;  abas-relief  of  Christ  in  the  Tomb;  His  first  occupation  was  that  of  an  attorney 
and  two  groups  of  Diana  hunting.  (which  was  his  father's);  in  1795  he  was 

GOVVER,  JOHN,  a  poet  of  the  four-  called  to  the  bar;  and,  in  1S09,  he  relin- 
teenth  century,  whom  Chaucer  calls  "  thejquished  the  bar  for  the  church,  and  obtained 
moral  Gower,"  was  born,  Caxton  says,  in  the  curacy  of  Shepton  Mayne,  whence  he 
Wales,  but  Leland,  more  probably,  derives  removed  in  May,  1811,  to  that  of  Sedge- 
him  from  a  family  settled  at  Sitenliam,  in  field,  in  Durham.  He  died  in  little  more 
Yorkshire.  He  studied  the  law  at  the  than  four  months  after  he  removed  to 
Middle  Temple,  and  is  imagined  by  some  Sedgefield  Grahamc's  chief  works  are, 
to  have  filled  the  office  of  chief  jiis'tice  of  The  Sabbath;  The  Birds  of  Scotland; 
the  common  pleas.  He  was  patronised  bv  and  The  British  Georgics,  and  he  excels 
Richard  II.,  yet  he  could  afterwards  adu-  in  description,  and  in  the  expression  of 
late  Henry  IV.  and  reflect  on  his  deposed  tender,  affecting,  and  devotional  feelings, 
patron.  He  died  blind,  at  an  advanced  GRAINGER,  JAMES,  a  poet  and  phy- 
aje,  in  1402;  and  was  buried  in  St.  .Mary  sician,  was  born,  in  1724,  at  Dunse,  in 
Chen's  church,  to  the  building  of  \\lik-li  Berwickshire;  studied  medicine  at  Edin- 
ne  had  largely  contributed.  He  wrote  the  burgh  ;  .served  as  a  regimental  surgeon  with 
Speculum  Amantis;  Vox  Clamantis ;  and  the  British  forces  in  Germany;  practised, 
Conle?sio  Amanti?.  He  versifies  smoothly  [first  in  London,  and  next  at  St.  Christo- 
ead  deserves  tlm  ej-.ithH  which  Chance  p'nei's,  in  th»  West  Indies;  and  died  ia 


GRA 

1767,  at  Basseterre.  Of  his  poems  the 
best  is  the  Ode  on  Solitude,  which  was 
praised  by  Johnson.  His  didactic  poem  of 


GRA 


295 


ereJ  as  a  standard  authority.  Its  errors 
and  imperfections  have  been  exposed  br 
later  writers. 


The  Sugar  Cane  has  good  passages,  but  is 
unfortunate  in  its  subject,  nor  is  the  sub- 
ject always  happily  treated.  His  transla- 
tion of  Tibullus  is,  on  the  whole,  above 
mediocrity.  It  was,  however,  virulently 
attacked  by  Smolldt,  and  a  violent  paper 
war  was  the  consequence  of  the  aggression. 
GRANVILLE,  JOHN  CARTERET, 
earl,  a  British  statesman,  thn  son  of  Lord 
Carteret,  was  born  in  1690,  and  was  ed- 
ucate.! at  Westminster  School,  and  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  where  his  acquirements 
gave  an  earnest  of  his  future  eminence. 
His  attachment  to  the  house  of  Hanover 
was  rewarded  bv  olHce  and  honours.  In; 
1719  he  was  ambassador  to  Sweden;  ml  GRATTAN,  HENRY,  a  distinguished 
1721  he  succeeded  Craggs  as  secretary  of  ;  orator  and  statesman,  was  born,  about  1750, 
state;  and,  between  1723  and  17:JOJ  he  [  at  Dublin,  of  which  city  his  father  was  re- 
twice  filled,  and  with  public  approval,  thejcorder;  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin, 
high  station  of  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  laud  at  the  Middle  Temple;  was  called 
On  his  last  return  to  England,  he  became]  to  the  Irish  bar  in  1772;  and,  in  1775, 
a  strenuous  opponent  of  Sir  Robert  Wai-  obtained  a  seat  in  the  parliament  of  his 


pole,  and,  on  the  expulsion  of  that  minis- 
ter, was  appointed  secretary  of  state.  He, 
however,  resigned  in  1744.  In  all  the  sub- 
sequent political  contests  of  the  second 
George's  reign,  Earl  Granville  bore  a  part, 
and  Tie  died  president  of  the  council  in 
1763.  Granville  was  a  lover  and  patron 
of  learning,  but  wished  to  confine  it  within 
a  narrow  circle,  for  he  deemed  it  proper  to 
retain  the  humbler  classes  of  society  in  pro- 
found ignorance.  "  He  was,"  says  Hor- 
ace Walpole,  "  an  extensive  scholar,  mas- 
ter of  classic  criticism,  and  of  all  modern 
politics.  He  was  precipitate  in  his  man- 
ner and  rash  in  his  projects;  but  though 
there  was  nothing  he  would  not  attempt, 
he  scarcely  ever  took  any  measures  neces- 
sary to  the  accomplishment.  He  would 
profess  amply,  provoke  indiscriminately, 
oblige  seldom.  It  is  difficult  to  say  whether 
he  was  oftener  intoxicated  by  wine  or  am- 
bition; in  fits  of  the  former  he  showed  con- 
tempt for  every  body ;  in  rants  of  the  lat- 
ter, for  truth.  His  genius  was  magnificent 
and  lofty,  his  heart  without  gall  or  friend- 
ship; for  he  never  tried  to  be  avenged  on 
his  enemies,  or  to  serve  his  friends. 

GRANVILLE.     See  LANSDOWNE. 

GRATIAN,  FLAVIUS,  a  Roman  empe- 
ror, was  born,  in  359,  at  Sirmium;  defeat- 
ed the  Germans,  in  378;  became  unpopular 
oy  neglecting  the  labours  of  government, 
and  by  displaying  a  bigoted  spirit;  and 
was  assassinated  at  Lyons,  in  383. 

GRATIAN,  a  Benedictine  monk,  of  the 
twelfth  century,  was  born  at  Chiusi,  in 
Tuscany,  and  embraced  the  monastic  pro- 
fession at  Bologna.  He  spent  twenty  year;; 
in  compiling  that  abridgment  of  IMHOH 
jiw  which  i"  known  by  the  name  of  Gra- 
liau'fl  Decretal,  air  1  which  wa*  1  >ng  COMld- 


native    country,    through  the  influence  of 
Lord  Charlemont.     His  senatorial  career 


was  truly  splendid, 
opposition  he    stood 


In  the  ranks  of  the 
proudly   eminent,'* 


and  his  example  and  his  eloquence  aroused 
a  corresponding  spirit  in  the  people.  It 
was  mainly  through  his  exertions  that  the 
army  of  Irish  volunteers  was  called  into 
existence,  and  that  the  statute  of  the  sixth 
of  George  I.,  which  had  long  shackled 
I  re  Ian  d ,  was  repealed .  For  those  exertions 
his  liberated  country  rewarded  him  with 
a  .vote  of  £50,000.  For  many  years  he 
continued  to  be  the  leader  of  the  Irish 
whigs,  and  a  most  active  member,  espe- 
cially in  endeavouring  to  obtain  redress 
for  the  catholics.  A  short  time  before  th« 
rebellion,  however,  having  vainly  recom- 
mended conciliation  instead  of  coercion, 
he  retired  in  disgust  from  the  parliament; 
nor  did  he  again  enter  it  till  he  reappeared 
for  the  purpose  of  opposing  the  union.  In 
1805  he  was  elected  for  New  Malton,  and 


he  displayed  all  his  wonted  activity  and 
talent  till  his  decease,  which  took  place 
May  14,  1820.  His  Speeches  have  beea 
published  in  four  volumes;  his  Miscella- 
neous compositions  in  one.  "  The  style 
of  his  speaking,"  says  his  son,  "  was 
strikingly  remarkable, — bold,  figurative, 
and  empassioned;  always  adapted  to  the 
time  and  circumstance,  and  peculiarly 
well  suited  to  the  taste  and  temper  of  the 
audience  that  he  had  to  address.  In  the 
latter  part  of  his  career,  his  arguments 
were  more  closely  arranged;  there  was 
less  ornament,  but  more  fact  and  reason- 
ing; less  to  dazzle  the  sight,  and  more  t« 
convince  the  understanding." 

GRAVESAXDE,  WILLIAM  JACOBI 
a  Dutch  geometrician  and  phibi-oph'jr,  wa» 


296  ORE 

born,  in  1688,  at  Bois  le  Due;  Quitted  th 
law  for  mathematics ;  introduced  the  New 
toman  system  at  Leyden,  in  the  universit; 
of  which  he  was  professor  of  mathematic 
and  natural  philosophy;  and  died  in  1742 
His  numerous  works  are  said  to  have  been 
entirely  composed  in  his  head  before  he 
committed  them  to  paper;  and  he  coiili 
proceed  with  the  most  intricate  calcula 
tions,  even  while  engaged  in  conversing 
His  mathematical  works  have  been  collec 
ted  in  two  quarto  volumes,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  his  Introduction  to  the  Newto- 
lian  Philosophy,  which  forms  two  more. 

GRAVINA,  JOHN  VINCENT,  a  celebra- 
ted jurist  and  literary  character,  was  born 
in  1664,  at  Roggiano,  in  Calabria;  was 
professor  of  civil  and  canon  law  at  Rome; 
founded  the  Arcadian  Academy;  was  the 
early  protector  of  Metastasio;  and  died 
in  1718.  His  works,  among  which  are 
five  tragedies,  and  a  treatise  on  poetry, 
have  been  collected  in  three  quarto  vols. 

GRAY,  THOMAS,  one  of  the  most  emi- 
nent of  British  poets,  was  born,  in  1716, 
in  London ;  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
Peter  House,  Cambridge;  accompanied 
Horace  Walpole,  on  a  continental  tour, 
jut  parted  from  him  at  Reggio,  and  re 
turned  to  England  in  1741 ;  spent  the 
ensuing  years  in  literary  retirement,  in 
sacrificing  to  the  Muses,  and  in  visiting 
the  lakes  and  Scotland;  refused,  on  the 
death  of  Gibber,  the  post  of  poet  laureat, 
but,  in  1768,  accepted  that  of  professor  of 
modern  history  at  Cambridge;  and  died, 
in  1771,  of  the  gout  in  his  stomach.  The 
poems  of  Gray  are  few,  but  they  are  gems 
of  the  first  water.  As  a  lyrist  he  is 
rivalled  by  Collins  alone,  and  his  celebra- 
ed  Elegy  has  extorted  the  reluctant  praise 
:f  his  hypercritic  Johnson.  His  corres- 
pondence places  him  among  our  best  letter 
writers;  his  Latin  poetry  equals  that  of 
any  modern ;  and  some  of  his  posthumous 
pieces  afford  proof  of  his  profound  erudi- 
tion. The  best  edition  of  his  works  is 
that  by  Mr.  Mathias. 

GRAZZINI,  ANTHONY  FRANCIS,  an 
Italian  poet,  was  born,  in  1503,  at  Flo- 
rence, and  died  there  in  1583.  He  is  the 
author  of  Tales,  the  style  of  which  rivals 
that  of  Boccacio  in  purity ;  and  of  various 
Poem?,  the  most  popular  of  which  are  his 
Carnival  Songs.  Grazzini  was  the  origi- 
nator of  the  Delia  Crusca  Academy. 

GREAVES,  RICHARD,  an  orientalist 
and  mathematician,  was  born,  in  1602,  at 
Colmore,  in  Hants,  was  educated  at  Baliol 
College,  Oxford;  was  chosen,  in  1630, ge- 
ometrical professor  at  Oxford  ;  travelled  in 
the  Levant  and  Egypt,  in  which  latter  coun- 
try he  measured  the  principal  pyramids; 
was  appointed  Savilian  professor  of  As- 
cronomy  on  his  return  ;  was  expelled  from 
bii  profr**onij»i;>,  in  1618,  Uy  th*  ro;>nl»li- 


cam;  and  died  in  1652.  Of  hi*  woHu 
the  principal  are,  Pyramidographia;  and  a 
Treatise  on  the  Roman  Foot  and  Denarius 
— His  brothers,  THOMAS  and  ED\VARD, 
were  also  men  of  learning. 

GREEN,  MATTHEW,  is  supposed  to 
have  been  born,  about  1696,  in  London. 
It  is  only  known  of  him,  that  his  parents 
were  dissenters ;  that  he  held  a  sit  t  at  ion  in 
the  Custom  House ;  that  he  was  a  worthy  and 
much  respected  man;  and  that  he  died  in 
1737.  Of  his  poems,  The  Spleen  is  the  prin- 
cipal. It  displays  much  wit  and  orignality. 
GREENE,  SAMUEL,  was  the  first  prin- 
ter in  North  America.  The  first  thing 
printed  was  the  Freeman's  Oath,  in  1639, 
the  next  an  almanac,  and  the  third  the  New 
England  version  of  the  Psalms  in  1640. 
The  time  of  hia  death  is  unknown. 

GREENE,  NATHANIEL,  major  gener- 
al in  the  army  of  the  United  States,  wa» 
:>orn  in  Warwick,  Rhode  Island,  in  1742. 
Though  enjoying  very  few  advantages  of 
education,  he  displayed  an  early  fondness 
for  knowledge,  and  devoted  his  leisure  time 
assiduouslj^to  study.  In  1770  he  was  elect- 
ed a  member  of  the  state  legislature,  and 
in  1774  enrolled  himself  as  a  private  in  a 
company  called  the  Kentish  Guards.  From 
his  situation  he  was  elevated  to  the  hea  1 
of  three  regiments,  with  the  title  of  major- 
jeneral.  In  1776  he  accepted  from  Cor- 
fress  a  commission  of  brigadier  gener- 
al, and  soon  after,  at  the  battles  of  Trer- 
on  and  Princeton,  distinguished  him- 
telf  by  his  skill  and  bravery.  In  1778  he 
was  appointed  quarter-master  general,  and 
"n  that  office  rendered  efficient  service  to  the 
:ountry  by  his  unwearied  zeal  and  grnat 
alents  for  business.  He  presided  at  '.he 
ourt  martial  which  tried  Major  Andn  in 
780,  and  was  appointed  to  succeed  Artold 
n  the  command  at  West  Point;  but  he 
leld  this  post  only  a  few  days.  In  Docem- 
>er  of  the  same  year  he  assumed  to*1  com- 
mand of  the  southern  army,  and  in  'hissit- 
lation  displayed  a  prudence,  intrep''lityand 
irmness  which  raise  him  to  an  elevated 
ank  among  our  revolutionary  generals.  In 
September,  1781,  he  obtained  the  famous 
ictory  at  Eutaw  Springs,  for  which  he  re- 
eived  from  Congress  a  British  standard 
rid  a  gold  medal,  as  a  testimony  of  their 
alue  of  his  conduct  and  services.  On  the 
ermination  of  hostilities,  he  returned  to 
Ihode  Island,  and  in  1785  removed  with 
is  family  to  Georgia,  where  he  died  sud- 
enly  in  June  of  the  following  year.  He 
,-us  a  man  of  high  energy,  courage  and  abil- 
ty,  and  possessed  the  entire  confidence  of 
Vashington 

GREEN,  VALENTINE,  an  engraver  in 

lenotiato,  was  born    in    Warwickshire; 

eft  the  law  to  learn  engraving  from  an  in- 

ifferent   artist    at  Worcester;    settled  io 

I /union,  in  17(>r>,  and  noon  attained 


ORE 

ration;  was  keeper  of  th«  (Royal  Institu- 
tion, ai  d  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy  ; 
and  died  in  1813.  Among  his  works  are 
twenty  two  engravings  from  the  Dusseldorf 
gallery,  and  many  from  Reynolds  and  West, 
lie  wrote  a  History  of  Worcester;  and 
other  works. 

GREENE,  ROBERT,  a  wit  and  poet  of 
Elizabeth's  reign,  was  born,  about  1560,  at 
Norwich,  and  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
College  and  Clare  flail,  Oxford.  After  hav- 
ing spent  a  life  of  libertinism,  he  died,  in 
1592,  of  a  surfeit,  brought  on  by  eating  too 
many  pickled  herrings,  and  drinking  Rhen- 
ish wine.  Some  of  his  poems  have  consider- 
able elegance.  He  wrote  five  plays,  and 
many  prose  tracts,  of  which  his  Groat's 
Worth  of  Wit  bought  with  a  Million  of 
Repentance,  has  been  recently  reprinted. 

GREENE,  Dr.  MAURICE,  u  musical 
composer,  was  born,  in  London,  towards 
the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century;  suc- 
ceeded his  master,  Brind,  in  1718,  as  or- 
ganist of  St.  Paul's;  was  appointed  organist 
of  the  Chapel  Royal  in  1726;  and  died  in 
1775.  His  Anthems  are  his  principal  com- 
positions; but  he  produced  also  some  ex- 
cellent catches,  canons,  and  two  part  songs. 

GREGORY  NAZtANZEN,  ST.,  the 
son  of  the  bishop  of  Nazianzum,  in  Cappa- 
docia,  was  born  A.  D.  328,  and  studied  at 
C.esarea,  Alexandria,  and  Athens.  After 
having  displayed  great  theological  and  oth- 
er talents,  he  was  raised  by  Theodosius,  in 
380,  to  the  archiepiscopal  throne  of  Con- 
stantinople. He,  however,  soon  resigned 
his  high  office,  and  retired  to  Nazianzum, 
where  he  died  in  339.  His  works,  which 
form  two  folio  volumes,  consist  of  sermons, 
poems,  and  letters,  and  are  pure  in  their 
style  and  highly  eloquent. 

"GREGORY  OF  NYSSA,  St.,  the  younger 
•brother  of  St.  Basil,  was  born  at  Sebaste, 
about  331,  and  was  ordained  bishop  of 
Nyssa,  in  Cappadocia,  in  372.  The  zeal 
of  Gregory  against  the  Arians  induced  Va- 
iens  to  expel  him  from  his  see,  but  he  was 
restored  by  Gratian.  The  drawing  up  of 
the  Nicene  creed  was  intrusted  to  him  by 
the  council  of  Constantinople.  He  died 
about  396.  His  sermons,  funeral  orations, 
scriptural  commentaries,  lives,  and  other 
works,  form  two  folio  volumes. 

GREGORY, GEORGE  Fi,ORENCE,St., 
generally  known  as  Gregory  of  Tours,  was 
born,  in  544,  in  Auvergne;  was  chosen 
bi&hop  of  Tours,  in  573;  and  died,  in  593. 
He  wrote  some  Lives  of  Saints  and  Mar- 
tyrs; and,  in  sixteen  books,  the  History 
of  the  Franks,  from  their  Establishment  in 
Gaul  till  the  year  591 ;  a  work  valuable  for 
its  facts,  but  contemptible  in  point  of  style. 

GREGORY   I.,    Pope,    who  bears  the 

•urname  of  Great,  and  obtained  the  honours 

of  oaintship,  was  born,  about  544,  at  Rome ; 

WUM  raised  to  the  papal  throne  in  590;  and 

131 


GRE 


297 


died  in  604.  It  was  by  him  that  Augustin 
was  commissioned  to  convert  the  Anglo- 
Saxons.  Gregory  was  pious,  charitable, 
and  a  reformer  of  the  clerical  discipline; 
but  he  had  lofty  notions  of  papal  authority; 
cou  d,  for  political  purposes,  flatter  the  vi- 
cious great;  and  was  an  inveterate  enemy 
of  classical  literature.  His  works  occupy 
four  folio  volumes. 

GREGORY  VII.,  Pope,  whose  real 
name  was  Hildebrand,  is  said  to  have 
been  the  son  of  a  carpenter,  at  Soano,  in 
Tuscany.  After  having  held  various  cler- 
ical preferments,  he  was  invested  with  the 
tiara,  in  1073.  His  persecution  of  Henry 
IV.  of  Germany  is  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent events  of  his  pontificate.  No  pope 
ever  exceeded,  and  very  few  equalled  him, 
in  ambition,  daringness,  perseverance,  and 
want  of  principle.  The  power  of  deposing 
sovereigns,  releasing  subjects  from  then- 
allegiance,  and  acting  as  lord  paramount 
of  kingdoms,  he  was  the  first  pope  who 
claimed.  He  died  in  1085.  He  r  the 
author  of  Letters,  in  eleven  books;  A 
Commentary  upon  the  Seven  Penitential 
Psalms,  which  work  has  been  often  ascrib- 
ed to  Gregory  I,;  and  A  Commentary  up- 
on the  Gospel  of  St.  Matthew. 

GREGORY  XIII.,  Pope,  whose  name 
was  Hugh  Buoncompagno,  was  born,  in 
1502,  at  Bologna;  acquired  a  consummate 
knowledge  of  the  civil  and  canon  law;  suc- 
ceeded Pius  V.  as  pope,  in  1572;  and 
died  in  1585.  The  reformation  of  the  cal- 
endar, which  took  place  under  his  auspices, 
in  1582,  is  the  most  remarkable  event  of 
his  pontificate. 

GREGORY,  JAMES,  an  eminent  phi- 
losopher and  mathematician,  was  born,  in 
1648,  at  Aberdeen;  was  educated  at  Ma- 
rischal  College,  in  that  city;  resided  for 
some  years  in  Italy;  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  mathematics  at  St.  Andrews,  about 
1668;  and  of  mathematics  at  Edinburgh, 
in  1674;  and  died  in  1685,  a  few  days  aftei 
having  been  struck  with  total  blindness 
while  observing  the  satellites  of  Jupiter. 
He  wrote  works  on  the  Quadrature  of  the 
Circle  and  Hyperbola;  on  the  Transmuta- 
tion of  Curves;  and  on  Optics.  He  in- 
vented the  refracting  telescope,  and  his 
mathematical  discoveries  are  so  numerous 
and  important  as  to  place  him  in  the  first 
rank  of  philosophers. 

GREGORY,  DAVID,  the  nephew  of  the 
foregoing,  and,  like  his  uncle,  eminent  as  a 
mathematician,  was  born,  in  1661,  at  Ab- 
erdeen, and  was  educated  there  and  at 
Edinburgh.  Till  1691  he  was  mathemati- 
cal professor  in  the  Scotch  capital,  and  he 
was  the  first  who  taught  there  the  Newtoni- 
an philosophy.  In  that  year  he  became  a 
competitor  for  the  Savilian  professorship 
at  Oxford,  and  he  carried  his  election 
against  Hulley — u  sufficient  proof  of  hit 


»8  ORE 

met  it.  With  that  philosopher,  and  Midi 
Newton  and  Flainstoed,  he  was  in  hah  its 
of  fricn^.-hip.  His  f minus  Demonstration 
of  i he  Catenarinn  Curve  was  given  in  1(597. 
At  the  time  of  hi?  decease,  in  1710,  he  was 
p»"nariin,  in  conjunction  with  Halley,  a 
ne«  edition  of  the  Cmiics  of  Apo  lion  his. 
One  of  his  principal  works  is,  The  Ele- 
ments of  Physical  and  Geometrical  As- 
tronomy. 

QREGORY,  JOHN,  a  miscellaneous 
writer  and  phvsirian,  was  horn,  in  1724,  at 
Aberdeen;  studied  there,  at  Edinburgh, 
and  at  Leyden  ;  was  successively  profosm- 
of  medicine,  at  King's  College,  in  his  native 
place,  and  professor  of  the  practice  of  physic 
at  Edinburgh;  was  appointed  first  physi- 
cian to  his  majesty  for  Scotland;  and  died 
in  1773.  He  wrote  A  Comparative  View 
of  the  State  and  Faculties  of  Man  with 
those  of  the  Animal  World ;  Elements  of 
the  Practice  of  Physic;  a  Treatise  on  the 
Duties  and  Offices  of  a  Physician;  and  a 
Father's  Legacy  to  his  Daughter. 

GREGORY,"  JAMKS,  M.  D.,  F.  R.  s., 

a  native  of  Aberdeen,  was  born  in  1753, 
and  died  in  1821.  Among  his  works  are, 
Philosophical  and  Literary  Essays,  in  two 
vols. ;  Cullen's  First  Lines  of  the  Practice 
of  Physic,  with  notes,  in  two  vols.,  which 
went  through  several  editions;  and  Con- 
spectus Medicinae  Theoretica,  two  vols. 

GREGORY,  GEORGE,  D.  D.,  a  divine 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  the  son  of  the 
prebendary  of  Ferns,  in  Ireland,  was  born 
in  1754,  and  completed  his  education  at 
Edinburgh.  In  1778  he  took  orders,  and 
became  a  curate  at  Liverpool;  whence,  in 
1782,  he  removed  to  London,  where  he  ob- 
tained the  curacy  of  Cripplegate,  and  was 
chosen  evening  preacher  of  the  Foundling. 
As  a  reward  for  having  written  in  defence 
of  the  Addington  administration,  Lord  Sid- 
mouth,  in  1804,  procured  for  him  the  living 
of  Westham,  in  Essex,  which  Dr.  Gregory 
held  till  his  decease,  in  1808.  Among  his 
works  are,  Essays,  historical  and  moral ; 
a  Life  of  Chatterton;  a  Church  History; 
The  Economy  of  Nature;  Sermons;  Let- 
ters on  Literature;  and  a  Translation  of 
Low  tli's  Lectures  on  Hebrew  Poetry. 

GREPPI,  CHARLKS,an  Italian  drama- 
tist, was  born,  in  1751,  at  Bologna;  quitted 
the  profession  of  an  advocate  to  be  a  writer 
for  the  stage;  was  employed  by  Cardinal 
Zelada,  the  Roman  secretary  of  state, 
but  was  dismissed  for  making  love  to  a 
princess;  threw  himself  into  a  cloister  in 
consequence  of  his  being  jilted  by  the  wo- 
man waom  he  was  about  to  marry,  but  en- 
tered the  world  again  in  twelve  months ; 
adopted  with  enthusiasm  the  principles  of 
liberty,  and  held  considerable  office*  under 
the  Cisalpine  republic;  and  died  at  Milan, 
in  1811.  As  a  tragic  and  comic  writer  he 
was  equally  •uccestfjl.  He  wrote  eight 


GRE 

[comedies,  four  tragedies,  and  several  p*» 

1  emu. 


GRESHAM,  Sir  THOMAS,  the  son  of 
Sir  Richard  Gresham,  a  merchant,  wai 
born  in  1519,  and  was  educated  at  Gon- 
vile  Hall,  Cambridge;  but,  being  designed 
for  commerce,  he  was  bound  apprentice  to 
his  uncle,  Sir  John  Gresham.  In  1552, 
the  King's  money  agent  at  Antwerp  having 
wofully  mismanaged  affairs,  Gresham  was 
sent  over  to  retrieve  them,  and  he  fully 
succeeded.  Elizabeth,  on  her  accession, 
removed  him  from  his  office,  but  soon 
restored  it  to  him,  and  he  ever  after  pos- 
sessed her  favour  and  confidence.  In  1566, 
he  planned  and  began  to  execute  an  Ex- 
change for  the  merchants,  which,  in  1570, 
was  opened  by  the  queen  in  person,  whc 
gave  it  the  epithet  of  Royal.  The  interests 
of  trade  and  manufactures  Gresham  wa« 
indefatigable  in  promoting  ;  nor  was  he 
neglectful  of  those  of  science,  for  he  founded 
the  college  bearing  his  name,  the  professor- 
ships of  which,  however,  have  since  been 
shamelessly  perverted  into  sinecures.  Such 
was  his  liberality  that  he  was  called  the 
Royal  Merchant.  He  died  of  apoplexy, 
in  1579. 

CRESSET,  JOHN  BAPTIST  Louis,  a 
French  poet  and  dramatist,  was  born  in 
1709;  was  educated  by,  and  became  one 
of,  the  Jesuits;  but  withdrew  from  the 
society  at  the  nge  of  twenty-six.  H« 
acquired  a  brilliant  reputation,  both  in 
poetry  and  the  drama ;  became  a  member 
of  the  French  Academy,  and  was  for  many 
years  admired  in  the  Pai  isian  circles.  A*t 
length  he  renounced  all  his  favourite  pur- 
suits, and  turned  almost  a  devotee,  to  the 
great  annoyance  of  Voltaire  and  many  of 
his  early  friends.  He  died  in  1777.  His 
Ver  Vert,  one  of  the  most  sportive  and 
elegant  of  French  poems,  was  called  a 
literary  phenomenon  by  John  Baptist 
Rousseau.  Several  of  his  other  pieces  arc 
little  inferior  in  merit.  Of  his  dramas, 
the  most  perfect  is  the  comedy  of  Le 
Me  chant. 

GRETRY,ANDREWERNEST  MODKS- 

TUS,  a  celebrated  musical  composer,  waa 
born,   in   1744,   at  Liege;   cultivated  bit 


GRK 

early  genius  under  Moreau  and  Ca*ali  ; 
seltlec  at  Paris,  in  1768;  first  rose  into 
notice  by  setting  Marmontel's  Huron ;  and 
thence  forward,  till  his  decease,  in  1813, 
was  exceedingly  popular.  Between  1769 
and  1800,  he  brought  out  no  less  than  forty- 
four  opera.*,  of  which  twenty  retain  pos- 
session of  the  stage.  Two  of  them,  Richard 
Coeur  de  Lion,  and  Zetnira  and  Azor,  have 
b.-en  introduced  to  the  English  theatre. 
Gretry  has  l>een  denominated  the  Moliere 
of  his  art.  He  wrote  an  Essay  on  Music; 
and  some  other  works. 

GREVILLE,  FULK,  Lord  Brooke,  was 
born,  in  1554,  at  Beauchamp's  Court,  in 
Warwickshire,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  and  at  Oxford.  He 
was  in ucli  in  favour  with  Elizabeth  and 
James  L;  was  the  intimate  friend  of  Sir 
Philip  Sidney;  and  was  acquainted  with 
Camden,  Shakspeare,  Jonson,  and  many 
other  of  his  eminent  contemporaries.  He 
was  himself  learned,  and  was  a  patron  of 
learning.  At  Cambridge  he  founded  a 
professorship  of  history.  He  is  the  author 
of  a  Life  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney;  Poems; 
•and  other  works 

GREY,  Lady  JANE,  a  female,  whose 
accomplishments  and  whose  fate  have  ren- 
dered her  an  object  of  universal  admiration 
and  pity,  was  the  daughter  of  the  marquis 
of  Dorset,  and  was  born,  about  1537,  at 
Bradgate  Hall,  in  Leicestershire,  Her 
talents,  which  were  of  a  superior  order, 
were  early  developed,  and  by  the  time  that 
fhe  was  fourteen  she  had  mastered  Greek, 
Latin,  Hebrew,  Chaldee,  and  Arabic,  and 
French  and  Italian.  Aylmer,  who  was 
afterwards  bishop  of  London,  was  her 
tutor.  In  1553,  she  was  united  to  Lord 
GuiLlford  Dudley;  and, shortly  afterwards, 
reluctantly  accepted  the  diadem  which  the 
intrigues  of  her  father  and  her  father-in- 
law  h  id  induced  Edward  VI.  to  settle  upon 
her.  Her  brief  reign  of  nine  days  ended 
by  her  being  committed  to  the  Tower  with 
her  husband,  and,  in  February  1554,  they 
were  brought  to  the  scaffold  by  the  relent- 
less Mary.  She  refused  to  apostatize  from 
the  protestant  faith,  and  died  with  the 
utmost  firmness.  Her  Remains  were  pub- 
lished after  her  death,  and  some  of  her 
•etfers  and  devotional  pieces  are  preserved 
ic  Fox'*  X*rtyrology. 

GREY,  RICHARD,  a  divine,  was  born, 
in  16ft  \  at  Newcastle  upon  Tyne;  took 
fcisdcgre*  of  A.  M.  in  1719,  at  Lincoln 
College,  OxJ:vd ;  was  rector  of  Hinton,  in 
Northamptonshire,  and  Kimcote,  in  Lei- 
cestershire, a  prebendary  of  St.  Paul's, 
and  commissary  of  the  archdeaconry  of 
Leicester;  and'died  in  1771.  He  is  the 
author  of  various  works,  among  which  are, 
A  System  of  Ecclesiastical  Law,  abridged 
from  Gibson's  Codex;  a  Method  of  learn- 
ing Hebrew  without  Points  ;  and,  beat 


OKI  at 

known  of  all  his  productions,  Memoua 
Technica,  or  a  new  Method  of  Artificial 
Memory,  which  has  been  often  reprinted 

GRIDLEY,  JEREMIAH,  an  eminent 
lawyer  of  Massachusetts,  was  born  abotit 
the  year  1705,  and  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard College  in  1725.  He  was  a  warm 
advocate  for  the  colonial  rights,  but,  not 
withstanding,  was  appointed  attorney  gen 
eral  of  the  province,  and  in  that  capacity 
defended  the  obnoxious  writs  of  assistance. 
He  was  a  man  of  an  ardent  and  generous 
character,  and  possessed  extensive  legal 
information.  He  died  in  1767. 

GRIESBACH,  JOHN  JAMES,  an  en*, 
nent  German  theologian,  was  born,  in 
1745,  at  Butzbach,  in  the  duchy  of  Hesse 
Darmstadt;  was  educated  at  Frankfort, 
Tubingen,  Halle,  and  Leipsic;  and  was 
successively  professor  of  theology  at  Hall* 
and  at  Jena,  rector  of  the  university  of 
Jena,  and  ecclesiastical  privy  counsellor  to 
the  duke  of  Saxe  Weimar.  He  died  iu 
1812.  Of  his  numerous  and  erudite  pub- 
lications one  of  the  most  celebrated  is  an 
edition  of  the  Greek  Testament,  with 
various  readings. 

GRIJALVA,  JOHN  DE,  a  Spanish  ad- 
venturer, was  born  at  Cuellar,  in  Old 
Castile,  towards  the  end  of  the  fifteenth 
century.  In  1518  he  was  made  commander 
of  a  flotilla  by  Velasquez,  the  governor  of 
Cuba,  with  which  he  discovered  the  Mexi- 
can coast.  On  his  return  to  Cuba,  he 
hoped  to  be  placed  at  the  head  of  a  new 
expedition,  but  the  command  was  intrusted 
to  Cortes. 

GRIMM,  FREDERICK  MELCHIOR, 
baron  de,  the  son  of  poor  parents,  was 
born,  in  1723,  at  Ratisbon,  and  received  a 
good  education.  The  first  step  of  his 
literary  career  was  not  a  fortunate  one. 
He  produced,  in  Germany,  a  tragedy, 
which  was  hissed  on  the  stage,  and  con- 
demned by  the  critics.  Obtaining  the 
situation  of  tutor  to  the  children  of  the 
count  de  Schomberg,  he  went  with  them 
to  Paris,  where  he  subsequently  became 
principal  secretary  to  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
and  intimate  with  all  the  men  of  letters  of 
that  period.  His  wit,  manners,  and  tal- 
ents, procured  for  him  admission  among 
the  highest  class  of  society.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  Diderot,  he  was  employed  by  the 
duke  of  Saxe  Gotha,  to  give  him  an 
analysis  of  all  that  occurred  within  tnc 
sphere  of  French  literature.  To  this 
voluminous  and  amusing  Correspondence, 
which,  after  a  lapse  of  thirty  years,  was 
published  in  sixteen  volumes,  Grimm  is 
indebted  for  his  fame.  In  1776  the  duke 
appointed  him  his  envoy  at  Paris,  and 
gave  him  the  title  of  baron.  The  French 
revolution  frightened  him  from  Paris,  and, 
after  having  acted  as  Russian  plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  lircle  of  Lower  Saxony,  h« 


other    »ork«.       Grose   wa«   *  UMB  ot  n»> 
markable  wit,  humour,  and  good  nature 


MO  CiRO 

died,  in  1807,  at  Gotha.  His  fugitive 
piece*  have  been  printed,  as  a  supplement 
»o  his  Correspondence. 

GRTMOARD,  Count  PHILIP  DE,  a 
French  erneral  and  military  author,  of 
an  ancient  Avijjnonese  family,  was  em- 
ployed l>y  Louis  XVI.  in  his  private 
cabinet,  and  in  negotiations  in  Holland, 
and  drew  up  the  plan  of  operations  for 
the  campaign  of  1792.  He  died  in  1815. 
he^ides  editing  various  military  works,  he 
produced  several  original,  among  which 
are,  A  Theoretical  and  Practical  Essay 
on  Battles;  A  Treatise  on  Light  Troops"; 
A  Picture  of  the  Life  and  Reign  of 
Frederic  the  Great;  A  Treatise  on  the 
Staff  Service  ;  and  (with  Servan)  An 
Historical  Picture  of  the  Wars  of  the 
French  Revolution. 

GRON'OV,  or  GRONOVIUS,  JOHN 
FREDERIC,  an  erudite  critic,  was  born  at 
Hamburgh,  in  1611;  succeeded,  in  1658, 
to  Daniel  Heinsius,  as  professor  of  belles 
letters,  at  Leyden;  and  died  in  1671.  He 
published  editions  of  various  classics,  and 
wrote  several  learned  dissertations  on  sub- 
jects connected  with  ancient  times.  Gro-lthe  Dutch  ambassador,  to  Paris;  was  pie 


GROTIUS,  or  DE  GROOT,  HUGH, 

an  eminent  scholar,  was  born,  in  1583,  at 
Delft,  in  Holland,  of  which  place  his  father 
was  burgomaster.  From  his  childhood  he 
manifested  talents  and  a  love  of  learning, 
which  were  carefully  fostered.  At  Leyden, 
Francis  Jnnius  was  his  tutor,  and  S«iliger 
also  assisted  to  direct  his  studies.  In  hi* 
fifteenth  year  he  accompanied  Barnevelt 


novius  was  of  a  mild  and  modest  disposi 
tion,  and  so  hated  controversial  asperity, 
that  having,  in  a  solitary  instance,  replied 
sharply  to  an  adversary,  he  called  in  the 
copies  of  his  work,  and  burnt  them. 

GRONOV,  or  GRONOVIUS,  JAMES, 
a  son  of  the  foregoing,  was  born,  in  1645, 
at  Deventer.  In  the  early  part  of  his  life 
he  visited  England,  France,  Germany,  and 
Italy;  and  for  two  years  was  professor  at 
Pisa.  The  university  of  Leyden,  however, 
in  1679,  lured  him  back  by  the  appointment 
of  professor  of  Greek  and  history,  and  re- 
warded him  so  liberally  that  he  refused  all 
subsequent  offers  from  other  quarters.  He 
died  in  1716.  He  edited  several  classics, 
but  his  great  work  is  the  Thesaurus  of 
Grecian  Antiquities,  thirteen  vols.  folio. 
With  even  more  learning  than  his  father, 
he  was  his  very  antipodes  as  to  contro- 
versy. He  seemed  to  delight  in  provoking 
hostility  by  arrogance  and  insult,  and  was 
grossly  unjust.  Yet  RO  tender  were  his 
domestic  feelings,  that  his  death  was  has- 
tened by  grief  for  the  loss  of  his  youngest 


daughter. 

GROSE,  FRANCIS, 


an  antiquary,  the 


•on  of  a  jeweller,  was  born,  about  1731, 
At  Richmond,  in  Surrey.  Having  dissi- 
pated his  fortune,  he  obtained  a  captaincy 
in  the  militia,  and  also  turned  to  account, 
as  a  means  of  subsistence,  his  natural  taste 
for  drawing.  His  first  work  was  The  An- 
tiquities of  England  and  Wales;  those  of 
Scotland  succeeded;  but  those  of  Ireland 
death  prevented  him  from  completing.  He 
died  in  1791.  Besides  the  Antiquities,  he 
published  a  Treatise  on  Ancient  Armour 
•ad  Weapon*;  Military  Antiquities  :  and  may  be  mentioned,  Mar*  Llbcrum;  Vt 


sented  by  Henry  IV.  with  his  picture  and 
a  go  d  chain;  and  received  the  most  flat- 
tering attentions  from  men  of  rank  and 
learning.  On  his  return  home,  he  began 
to  practise  as  an  advocate.  His  legal  avo- 
cations, however,  did  not  prevent  him 
from  making  an  indefatigable  and  effective 
use  of  his  pen.  The  honours  conferred  on 
him  kept  pace  with  the  reputation  which 
he  acquired.  He  was  successively  ap- 
pointed historiographer,  advocate  general 
of  Holland  and  Zealand,  pensionary  of 
Rotterdam,  a  member  of  the  States  Gene- 
ral, and  envoy  to  England,  to  adjust  some 
disputes  between  the  two  countries.  But, 
in  1618,  his  fortune  changed,  and,  along 
with  Barnevelt,  he  was  involved  in  the 
hateful  proscription  of  the  Armenian  party 
by  Prince  Maurice.  He  narrowly  escaped 
the  fate  of  Barnevelt,  but  was  sentenced 
to  perpetual  imprisonment  in  the  castle  of 
Louvestein.  At  the  expiration  of  eighteen 
months,  however,  which  he  had  employed 
in  writing  his  Treatise  on  th«  Truth  of  th« 
Christian  Religion,  be  wa«  deli\ercd  by 
the  contrirance  of  his  wife,  wl>o  sent  him 
out  of  the  castle  concealed  in  a  large  chest. 
Grotius  sought  an  asylum  in  France,  and 
it  was  during  his  residence  there  that  lit 
composed  his  great  work,  De  Jure  Belli  et 
Pacis.  After  an  absence  of  twelve  years 
lie  returned  to  Holland,  but  persecution 
still  awaited  him,  and  he  quitted  his  native 
land  for  ever.  .  In  1635  Christina  of  Swe- 


den a 


mbaseador  at  Paris, 


ippointed  him  her  a 

this  office  he  held  n 
He  died  at  Rostock,  on  his  way  to   Swe- 
den, in  August,  1645.     Among   bis  works 


GUB 

Arvtlquitate  Reipublicae  Batavi-.e;  Institu- 
tions of  the  Laws  of  Holland ;  A  History 
.if  the  Goths  ,  Annals  of  Belgium  ;  and 
three  Latin  tragedies. 

GRYNJ3USJ,  SIMON,  an  eminent  pro- 
testant  theologian,  was  born,  in  1493,  at 
Veringen,  in  Swabia;  was  professor  of 
Greek  at  Heidelberg,  and  theology  at  Basil ; 
was  the  friend  of  Luther,  Melancthon,  and 
Erasmus;  and  died  in  1541.  The  last 
five  books  which  we  possess  of  Livy  were 
discovered  by  Grynaeus,  in  a  monastery  at 
Lorach. 

GRYPH,  ANDREW,  a  celebrated  Ger- 
man dramatist,  was  born,  in  1616,  at  Gross 
Glogau ;  and  died  there  in  1664.  Such 
was  his  dramatic  merit  that,  in  some 
points,  J.  E.  Schlegel  does  not  hesitate  to 
compare  him  with  Shakspeare.  Of  his 
tragedies,  in  which  chiefly  he  excelled,  the 
best  are,  Leo  the  Armenian,  and  Charles 
Stuart.  Gryph  also  produced  poems,  and 
some  pointed  epigrams. 

GUARINI,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  a  cele- 
brated Italian  poet,  was  born,  in  1537,  at 
Ferrara;  was  successively  in  the  service 
of  the  dukes  of  Ferrara,  Savoy,  Mantua, 
and  Florence,  by  neither  of  whom  was  he 
treated  as  his  merits  deserved;  suffered 
severely  from  domestic  misfortunes;  and 
died  at  Venice  in  1612.  Of  all  his  com- 
positions the  best  is  his  pastoral  drama, 
II  Pastor  Fido,  which  in  poetical  merit, 
though  not  in  decency,  rivals  the  Aminta 
of  Tusso. 

GUARNERIUS,  JOSEPH  and  PETER, 
celebrated  musical  instrument  makers,  of 
whom  the  former  was  a  pupil  of  Stradiva- 
rius,  and  the  latter  of  Jerome  Amati, 
flourished  at  Crernona,  in  the  first  half  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  The  shape  of  their 
violins  differs  considerably  from  that  of 
other  manufacturer*.  Their  instruments 
be;ir  a  high  price  among  amateurs. 

GUERC1NO  (so  called  from  his  being 
'one-eyed,  but  whose  real  name  was  John 
Franris  Barbieri),  one  of  the  most  eminent 
ot  the  Italian  painters,  was  born,  in  1590, 
at  Cento,  in  the  Ferrarese;  was  a  pupil 
of  Crernonini  and  Gennari,  but,  in  h's 
best  style,  blended  somewhat  of  Caravaggio 
with  the  Ruman,  Venetian,  and  Bolognese 
schools;  aoj aired  great  riches,  which  he 
liberally  dikpensed  in  acts  of  munificence; 
and  died  ir.  1666.  He  painted  a  hundred 
and  six  altar  pieces,  and  a  hundred  and 
forty-four  easel  pictures. 

(iUERICKE,  OTTO,  an  experimental 
philosopher,  was  born,  in  1602,  at  Magde- 
burjrh;  and  died,  in  1686,  at  Hamburgh, 
while  visiting  that  city.  He  was  burgo- 
master of  his  native  place,  and  counsellor 
of  the  elector  of  Brandenburgh.  To  Otto 
Guericke  science,  is  indebted,  among  other 
things,  for  the  invention  of  the  air-pump, 
and  of  th«  copper  hemisphere*,  by  which 


GUI 


901 


he  illustrated  the  pressure  of  the  utmoiu 
phere.  His  electrical  and  astronomica 
knowledge  was  also  considerable. 

GUEVARA,  Loois  VELEZ  DE  LAS 
DUENAS  Y,  a  Spanish  dramatist  and  ro- 
mance writer,  was  born,  in  1574,  at  Ecija, 
and  died,  in  1646,  at  Madrid.  He  is  call- 
ed the  Spanish  Scarron.  Guevara  was  an 
advocate,  and  is  said  to  have  often  called 
forth  roars  of  laughter  from  the  judges,  and 
even  from  those  against  whom  he  pleaded. 
He  is  the  author  of  Comedies;  Miscella- 
neous Poems ;  and  Romances.  Le  Sige 
is  indebted  to  Guevara's  Diablo  Cojuelo 
for  the  idea  of  his  Diable  Boiteux 

GUIBERT,  JAMES  ANTHONY  HIPPO- 
LYTUS,  count  de,  a  celebrated  French  tac- 
tician, the  son  of  a  distinguished  officer, 
was  born,  in  1743,  at  Montauban.  After 
having  distinguished  himself  by  arms,  dur- 
ing six  campaigns  of  the  seven  years'  war, 
and  in  Corsica,  he  aspired,  and  with  suc- 
cess, to  the  attainment  of  literary  laurels, 
by  works  on  tactics,  by  tragedies,  and  by 
eulogies  of  great  men.  He  held  a  place  in 
the  war  department,  under  the  count  de 
St.  Germain,  and  in  1787  was  appointed  a 
member  of,  and  reporter  to,  the  council  of 
that  department.  The  last  of  these  offices 
brought  on  him  a  host  of  foes;  all  that  was 
offensive  in  the  operations  of  the  council 
being  unjustly  attributed  to  him  alone.  He 
died,  partly  of  vexation,  in  1790.  His 
General  Essay  on  Tactics,  in  which  he  en- 
forces a  system  the  very  opposite  of  Fo- 
lard's,  excited  a  vehement  controversy. 
Among  his  works  are  the  tragedies  of  The 
Constable  of  Bourbon,  The  Death  of  the 
Gracchi,  and  Anne  Boleyn ;  a  Defence  of 
his  System;  Historical  Eulogies  on  De 
1'Hopital,  Catinat,  the  King  of  Prussia, 
and  others;  Travels  in  Germany;  and 
Travels  in  Switzerland. 

GUICCIARDLM,  FRANC  s,  a  celebra- 
ted historian,  was  born,  in  1482,  at  Flor- 
ence, of  a  noble  family.  At  the  age  of 
twenty-three  he  was  professor  of  jurispru- 
dence in  his  native  city.  Politics,  howev- 
er, occupied  the  rest  of  his  life.  He  was, 
at  various  periods,  an  ambassador,  gover- 
nor of  Reggio  and  Modena,  of  Romagna, 
and  Bologna,  and  lieutenant-general  of  the 
papal  forces.  As  a  governor  he  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  equity,  and  his  ex- 
ertions to  benefit  the  people,  and  by  his  de- 
fence of  Parma  against  the  French.  He 
died  in  1540.  The  History  of  Italy,  from 
1490  to  1534,  is  his  great  work.  Though 
occasionally  diffuse,  it  stands  in  high  esti- 
mation for  its  impartiality  and  eloquence. 

GUIDI,  CHARLES  ALEXANDER,  an 
Italian  poet,  was  born,  in  1560,  at  Pavia, 
and  was  patronised  by  the  duke  of  Parma, 
and  by  the  abdicated  "Christina  of  Sweden, 
the  latter  of  whom  gave  him  apartments  in 
her  rmlace.  He  died  in  1712.  Hit  iiiv 


SM  GUI 

eipal  work*  are,  Lyric  Poems;  the  pa*to- 
-al  of  Endymion;  and  tlie  tragedy  of  Ain- 
alasootha.  Guidi  is  considered  as  the  rr- 
roniKT  of  Italian  lyrical  poetry.  In  Its 
disposition  hf  was  prudent,  affable,  and 
singularly  disinterested. 

(.II  1)0  KKM,  who  is  justly  ranked 
amon^  the  most  eminent  Italian  painters, 
•in,  in  1574,  at  Bologna,  and  studied 
at  first  under  Denis  Calvart,  and  next  in 
the  school  of  the  Caracci.  His  splendid 
tul.-nts  soon  made  his  pictures  eagerly 
sought  for;  and  he  was  employed,  honour- 
ed, and  caressed,  by  nobles,  cardinals, 
princes,  and  popes.  An  unfortunate  love 
of  gaming,  however,  rendered  unavailing 
th.-  gifts  of  nature  and  fortune;  and,  in 
1G42,  he  died  in  a  state  of  poverty  and  de- 
jivti  >n.  Guido  is  preeminently  the  pain- 
ter of  beauty,  expression,  and  grace.  Among 
his  masterpiece*  are,  a  Christ  crowned 
with  Thorns;  and  the  Penitence  of  St. 
Peter. 

GUIGNES,  JOSEPH  DK,  a  French  ori- 
c  it.ilist,  was  born,  in  1721,  at  Pontoise; 
studied  the  eaitern  languages  under  Four- 
m.>nt;  was  appointed  king's  interpreter, 
in  1745;  was  admitted  into  the  Academy 
of  Inscriptions,  in  1753;  and  died  in  1800. 
His  principal  work  is  a  learned  and  excel- 
lent History  of  the  Huns,  Turks,  Mongols, 
and  other  Western  Tartars,  in  five  vol- 
umes (jiiarto. 

lillLLOTI.N,  JOSEPH  IGNATIUS,  a 
French  physician,  born  atSaintes,  in  1738, 
was  a  member  of  the  National  Assembly. 
His  political  principles  were  marked  by 
prudence  and  moderation.  In  the  benevo- 
lent hope  of  rendering  capital  punishment 
less  painful,  he  proposed  that  criminals 
should  be  decapitated.  The  proposition 
wa^  adopted;  but,  to  the  severe  and  per- 
manent annoyance  of  his  feelings,  his  name 
was  given  to  the  instrument  of  death.  He 
died,  much  regretted,  in  1814. 

GUISCHARDT,  CHARLES  THEOPH- 
ILUS,  a  writer  on  tactics,  was  born,  in 
1724,  at  Magdeburgh;  and,  after  having 
acquire:!  considerable  reputation  as  a  Lu- 
theran preacher,  he  adopted  the  military 
profession,  and  served  as  an  ensign  in  the 
Dutch  troops.  His  Military  Memoirs  on 
the  Greeks  and  Romans  attracted  the  no- 
tice of  Frederic  of  Prussia,  who,  in  1757, 
made  him  his  aid-de-  camp,  and  gave  him 
the  name  of  Quintus  Icilius,  who  was  one 
«if  Csesar's  l>e.st  officers.  Guischardt  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  Prussian  service, 
but  if  said  to  have  increased  his  fortune 
hy  exactions  and  pillage.  In  1774  he 
published  his  Historical  and  Critical  Me- 
moirs on  several  Points  of  Military  Anti- 
quity; and,  iu  the  following  year,  he  died 
at  Berlin. 

GUISE, FRANCIS  or  LORRAINE, duke 
of,  rne  of  t  le  most  illustrious  warriors  of 


GUI 

France,  was  born  in  1519;  and  was  a» 
sasMnatrd,  by  Poltrot,  in  1563.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  bravery  at  the 
siege  of  Boulogne,  Iiis  defence  of  Metz 
against  Charles  \  .,  his  masterly  conduct 
after  the  defeat  of  St.  Queutin,  his  con- 
iiot  of  Calais  and  Thionville,  and  his 
ictories  at  Rcnti  and  Drcux.  Bigotry 
and  boundless  ambition  were  the  faults  of 
Guise;  and,  indeed,  of  all  of  the  individu- 
als of  his  family. 

GUISE,  CHARLES  of,  better  known  as 
the  Cardinal  of  Lorraine,  was  born,  in 
1525,  at  Joinville.  He  was  the  minister 
of  Francis  II.  and  Charles  IX. ;  and  his 
bigotry,  ambition,  and  violence,  rendered 
him  tlie  scourge  of  his  country.  By  his 
furious  persecution  of  the  protestants,  he 
lighted  up  the  flames  of  civil  war;  but  it 
is  not  true  that  he  personally  bore  a  part 
in  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  he 
being  then  at  Rome.  He  died  in  1574. 

GUISE,  HENRY  OF  LORRAINE,  duk« 
of,  tlie  son  of  him  who  was  slain  by  Polt- 
rot, was  born  in  1550,  and  was  liberally 
endowed  with  all  the  gifts  of  nature.  His 
person,  manners,  and  intellect,  were  of  a 
superior  order,  and  his  bravery  nothing 
could  shake.  But  his  insane  lust  of  power 
made  him  the  bane  of  France.  After  hav- 
ing signalized  his  valour  in  Hungary 
against  the  Turks,  he  turned  it  against  the 
French  protestants,  whom  he  hated  with  a 
deadly  hate.  He  bore  a  part  in  the  battles 
of  Massignac,  Jarnac,  Montcontour,  and 
Dormans.  In  the  last  of  these  he  received 
a  wound  on  the  face,  from  the  scar  of 
which  he  gained  the  appellation  of  Balafre. 
At  length,  he  aspired  to  the  crown,  and 
became  the  head  of  the  celebrated  League. 
His  career  was,  however,  cut  short  in 
1588,  he  being  assassinated,  by  order  of 
Henry  III.,  as  he  was  entering  the  council 
chamber. 

GUISE,  HENRY  II.  OF  LORRAINE, 
duke  of,  a  grandson  of  the  foregoing,  was 
born  in  1614.  Intended  originally  for  the 
church,  for  which  his  gallantries,  his  pro^ 
igality,  and  his  martial  propensities,  ren- 
dered him  an  unfit  subject,  his  accession  tc 
the  title,  by  the  death  of  his  elder  brother, 
enabled  him  to  follow  the  bent  of  his  incli-- 
nations.  After  having  joined  in  the  rebel- 
lion of  the  count  de  Soissons,  and  been 
pardoned,  he  went  to  Rome,  in  1647,  and, 
while  there,  was  invited  by  the  revolted 
Neapolitans,  to  put  himself  at  their  head. 
In  their  cause  he  displayed  great  gallantry, 
but  he  at  length  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Spaniards.  In  1654  he  made  an  unsuc- 
cessful attempt  to  recover  the  lost  diadem 
of  Naples.  He  died  in  1664. 

GLIZOT,  ELIZABETH  CHARLOTTE 

i  PAULINA,  a  native  of  Paris,  was  born  in 

1773.      Two    novels,   her   first   attempts 

I  were  written  for  the  pious  purpose  of  pro 


GUT 

riding  for  the  wants  of  a  mother  and  eis- 
ter.  In  1812  she  married  M.  Guizot,  an 
eminent  literary  man,  and  she  subsequent- 
ly acquired  considerable  reputation.  Her 
Rodolpb  and  Victor,  and  her  Domestic  Ed- 
ucation, gained  the  prize  of  the  French 
Academy,  as  works  beneficial  to  morals. 

GUiVTER,  EDMUND,  a  mathematician, 
was  born,  in  1581,  in  Herefordshire,  was 
educated  at  Westminster  School,  ana  at 
Christ  Church  College,  Oxford ;  and  died 
in  1619,  after  having  been  for  six  years 
professor  of  astronomy  at  Gresham  Col- 
lege. Gunter  invented  a  portable  quadrant, 
and  the  scale  which  bears  his  name;  im- 
proved the  sector,  and  various  instruments ; 
introduced  the  measuring  chain,  which  is 
now  in  use ;  discovered  the  rate  of  the 
magnetic  variation;  and  published  the 
Canon  Triangulorum,  and  other  mathe- 
matical treatises. 


GUST AV US  ADOLPHUS,  king  of 
Sweden,  the  grandson  of  Gustavus  Vasa, 
was  born  in  1594,  and  succeeded  to  the 
crown  at  the  age  of  seventeen.  The  first 
eighteen  years  of  his  reign  were  employed 
in  ameliorating  the  situation  of  his  sub- 
iects,  and  in  bringing  to  a  glorious  con- 
/lusion  a  war  in  which  his  country  was 
involved  with  Denmark,  Russia,  and  Po- 
land. In  1630  he  entered  upon  a  still 
more  heroic  career.  For  the  noble  purpose 
of  rescuing  the  protestants  of  Germany 
from  the  tyranny  of  the  house  of  Austria, 
he  led  into  the  empire  an  army  of  sixty 
thousand  men.  In  1631  and  1632  he  de- 
feated Tilly,  near  Leipsic,  and  on  the  banks 
of  the  Lech;  but,  in  1633,  on  the  16th  of 
Novemoer,  he  fell,  in  the  moment  of  vic- 
tory, at  the  battle  of  Lutzen.  To  the  vir- 
tues of  a  man  Gustavus  joined  the  talents 
of  a  consummate  general.  The  military 
spirit  which  he  had  inspired  long  survived 
him  in  his  army.  He  was  a  lover  of  learn- 
ing, humane,  equitable,  generous,  and 
pious;  and  even  the  most  splendid  suc- 
cesses never  prompted  him  to  deviate  from 
hid  wonted  simplicity  of  manners,  and 
moderation  of  conduct. 

GUTHRIE,  WILLIAM,  an  indefatiga- 
ble Scotch  writer,  wns  lwrn,  in  1708,  at 


GUY  SOI 

Brechin;  was  educated  at  King's  College, 
Aberdeen;  settled  in  London  as  an  author, 
and  was  pensioned  by  the  government; 
ind  died  in  1770.  Among  his  works  are; 
V  History  of  England,  in  three  folio  vol- 
imes ;  A  History  of  Scotland,  ten  volumes, 
An  Universal  History,  thirteen  volumes. 
Of  the  last,  however,  he  is  known  to  have 
written  only  a  part;  and  the  Geographical 
jrrammar,  which  bears  his  name,  is  be. 
lieved  to  have  been  compiled  by  Knox  the 
Bookseller.  Guthrie  also  translated  Quin- 
illian,  and  Cicero's  Offices  and  Epis- 
tles. 

GUTTEMBERG,  JOHN,  the  inventor 
of  printing,  was  born  at  Mentz,  in  1400; 
went  to  Strasburgh  in  1424;  and  appears 
to  have  resided  there  till  1444.  About 
1436  he  first  practised  the  typographical 
art.  Wood  is  supposed  to  have  been  the 
material  of  his  original  types.  In  1444 
be  removed  to  Mentz,  where,  in  1450,  he 
entered  into  partnership  with  Faust.  He 
died  in  1468. 

GUYOIV,  JANK  BOUVIER  DE  LA 
MOTTE,  a  French  lady,  who  became  cele- 
brated through  her  religious  enthusiasm, 
was  born,  in  1648,  at  Angers,  and  was 
left  a  widow  at  the  age  of  twenty-eight. 
Her  mind  had  naturally  a  strong  devotional 
tendency.  It  was  now  heated  by  medita- 
tion ;  and,  misled  by  the  bishop  of  Geneva 
and  two  monks,  she  was  taught  to  believe 
that  Heaven  destined  her  for  an  extraor- 
dinary mission.  For  five  years  she  wan- 
dered about,  preaching  her  doctrines. 
During  that  period  she  published  her  Short 
and  easy  Method  of  Praying;  and  The 
Song  of  Songs  interpreted  according  to  its 
mystical  Sense.  The  system  of  quietism 
which  she  taught,  and  which  was  first  ima- 
gined in  Spam  by  Michael  Molinos,  ex- 
cited the  attention  of  the  French  clergy, 
and  drew  upon  her  a  long  persecution,  in 
which  Bossuet  was  a  principal  actor. 
Fenelon  in  vain  espoused  her  cause.  After 
having  been  confined  in  the  Bastile  and 
various  prisons,  she  was  liberated  in  1702, 
and  she  died  at  Blois,  in  1719.  Her  works 
occupy  thirty-nine  volumes,  and  are  now 
almost  forgotten.  Some  of  her  poems  have 
been  translated  by  Cowper. 

GUYTON  DE  MORVEAU,  Louis 
BERNARD,  an  eminent  French  chemist, 
was  born,  in  1737,  at  Dijon;  studied  the 
law;  and,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  was  ad 
vocate  general  to  the  parliament  of  hia 
native  city.  The  bar,  however,  he  relin- 
quished for  the  sciences,  and  in  1774  he 
was  appointed  professor  of  chemistry  at 
Dijon.  He  was  successively  a  member  of 
(he  Legislative  Assembly,  the  Convention, 
the  Committee  of  Public  Safety,  and  the 
Council  of  Five  Hundred  ;  voted  the  death 
of  the  king;  and  was  violently  revolution- 
ary  in  his  principles.  Napoleot  }»»»•«  lii;u 


894  RAO 

the  crow  of  the  legion  of  honour,  and  the 
title  of  baron.  He  died  in  1316.  Guyton 
de  Morveau  made  several  discoveries  in 
chemistry.  Among  his  works  are,  The 
Chemical  Dictionary  of  the  Methodical 
Encyclopedia;  and  Elements  of  Theoreti- 
cal ami  Practical  Chi'inistry.  He  was  ono 
of  the  principal  editors  of  the  Annals  of 
Chemistry. 

GWINNET,  BUTTON,  was  born  in 
England,  in  1732,  and,  after  engaging  in 
commercial  pursuits,  emigrated  to  America 
in  1770,  and  resided  for  about  two  years 


HAL 

nt  Charleston,  S.  C.  He  then  removed  to 
Georgia,  and  having  purchased  a  planta- 
tion turned  his  attention  to  agriculture. 
On  the  commencement  of  the  revolution, 
he  fook  an  active  part  in  the  affairs  of  this 
state;  was  elected  a  representative  in  the 
general  congress  of  1775,  1776,  and  1777, 
and  signed  the  declaration  of  independence. 
In  May,  1777,  he  was  a  candidate  for  the 
chair  of  governor  of  the  state,  but  failed; 
and  on  the  27th  of  the  Fame  month  was 
shot  in  a  duel  with  a  political  rival,  general 
M'IntoRh. 


HADLEY,  JOHM,  an  English  philoso- 
pher, who  lived  in  the  first  half  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  was  vice-president  of 
the  Royal  Society ;  and  wrote  several  pa- 
pers in  the  Philosophical  Transactions 
between  1723  and  1736.  He  .invented,  or 
rather,  perhaps,  brought  into  use,  the 
quadrant  which  bears  his  name,  and  also 
a  reflecting  telescope. 

HAFIZ,  or  HAFEZ,  MOHAMMKD 
SHKMSF.DDIN,  a  celebrated  poet,  the 
Anacreon  of  Persia,  was  born  at  Shiraz, 
in  the  beginning  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  died  there  in  1389.  The  monument 
erected  to  him  by  his  countrymen  was 
destroyed  by  an  earthquake  in  1825.  Love, 
wine,  and  luxurious  indolence  were  the 
delights  of  Hafiz's  life.  Some  of  his  Odes 
have  been  translated  by  Sir  W.  Jones, 
Richardson,  Nott,  and  Hindley. 

HAGEDORN,  FREDERIC^  celebrated 
German  poet,  was  born,  in  1708,  at  Ham- 
burgh; was  educated  in  the  college  of  his 
native  place ;  was  private  secretary  to  the 
Danish  ambassador  at  London,  from  1729 
till  1731 ;  and,  in  1733,  was  appointed 
secretary  to  the  British  factory  at  Ham- 
burgh;  which  office  he  held  till  his  decease 
in  1754.  Hagedorn  has  been  called  the 
German  Horace  and  Prior.  He  formed 
himself  chiefly  on  the  English  school  of 
poetrv,  and,  consequently,  was  in  a  state 
of  hostility  with  Gottsched.  His  style  is 
puro  and  flowing.  Mia  fable?,  Moral 
Poems,  Songs,  and  Tales,  are  his  princi- 
pal works. 

IIAGER,  JOSEPH,  an  eminent  Chinese 
scholar,  was  born,  about  1750,  at  Milan; 
•tudied  at  Vienna;  passed  some  time  at 
London,  where  he  published  various  works 
on  the  Chinese  language,  and  a  Prospectus 
of  a  Dictionary;  was  subsequently  pro- 
fessor of  the  oriental  languages  at  Pavia, 
and  librarian  at  Milan;  and  died  in  the 
jitter  city  in  1820.  Among  his  work*  are, 
Elements  of  the  Chinese  Language;  The 
Chinese  Pantheon ;  and  a  Dissertation  on 


the  Babylonian  Inscriptions.  It  was  Ilager 
who  detected  the  historical  forgery  com 
mitted  by  Vella,  in  1789. 

HAKLUYT,  RICHARD,  wai  born,  in 
1553,  at  Eyton,  in  Herefordshire;  was 
educated  at  Westminster  School,  and  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford;  gave  a  course  of 
lectures  on  cosmography  at  the  university; 
was  chaplain  to  the  English  ambassador  at 
Paris,  from  1584  to  1589;  and  died,  in 
1616,  prebendary  of  Westminster,  and 
rector  of  Wetheringset.  His  principal 
work  is  the  valuable  collection,  in  three 
folio  volume?,  of  the  Voyages  and  Discov- 
eries of  the  English  Nation.  Purchas,  in 
his  Pilgrimage,  availed  himself  of  Hak 
luyt's  manuscripts. 


HALE,  Sir  MATTHEW,  an  eminent 
and  incorruptible  judge,  born,  in  Ifi09,  at 
Alderlcy,  in  Gloucestershire,  was  the  son 
of  a  retired  barrister;  studied  diligently 
at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford,  and  Lincoln'* 
Inn;  and  was  called  to  the  bar  not  long 
tafore  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war. 
Though  he  acted  as  counsel  for  Strafiord, 
Laud,  Hamilton,  and  many  others  of  the 
king's  party,  and  even  for  ('hatles  hiauclf, 
he  conformed  to  the  republican  govern- 
ment, and  became  a  lay  member  of  the 
Westminster  Assembly  of  Divines.  By 
dint  of  importunity,  Cromwell  prevailed 
upon  him,  in  1654,  to  becom*  on*  of  th« 


HAL 

Justice*  of  the  Common  Bench,  out  he 
•oon  offended  the  Protector  by  refusing 
to  warp  the  laws,  and  the  result  was,  thai 
he  thenceforth  refused  to  try  crimina1 
rauses.  Having  promoted  the  Restora- 
tion, he  was,  in  1660,  appointed  chief 
baron  of  the  exchequer,  and,  in  1671 
chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench.  He  died 
in  1676.  The  seat  of  judgment  was  never 
more  purely  filled  than  by  Sir  Matthew 
Hale.  No  influence,  no  power,  could  turn 
him  aside  from  the  path  of  rectitude.  His 
private  character  was  equally  estimable 
The  knowledge  of  Hale  was  not  confined 
•o  the  law,  but  extended  to  divinity,  math- 
ematics, and  history,  upon  all  of  which 
subjects  works  of  his  are  extant.  His 
principal  religious  production  is  Contem- 
plations, Moral  and  Divine.  Among  his 
legal  labours  are,  A  History  of  the  Pleas 
of  the  Crown;  and  A  History  of  the  Com- 
mon Law  of  England. 

HALE,  NATHAN,  a  soldier  of  the 
American  revolution,  was  born  in  Coven 
try,  Connecticut,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale 
College,  in  1773.  Devoting  himself  to  the 
cause  of  the  colonies,  in  the  contest  with 
Great  Britain,  he  received  a  captain's 
commission  in  the  regiment  of  Colonel 
Knowlton.  After  the  retreat  of  general 
Washington  from  Long  Island,  Captain 
Hale  was  induced,  by  the  hope  of  render- 
ing important  service  to  his  country,  to 
visit  in  disguise  the  camp  of  the  enemy, 
and  obtain  information  of  their  resources 
and  future  plans.  Having  effected  his 
purposes,  he  was  arrested  in  attempting  to 
return,  and  executed  on  the  following 
morning.  His  sentence  was  carried  into 
effect  in  the  most  unfeeling  manner;  he 
was  refused  the  attendance  of  a  clergyman, 
and  the  letters  which  he  wrote  to  his 
mother  a  short  time  before  his  death  were 
destroyed. 

HALIFAX,  GEORGE  SAVILE,  mar- 
quis of,  a  statesman,  was  born  in  1630; 
contributed  to  the  restoration  of  Charles  II. 
and  was  rewarded  with  a  coronet;  was 
appointed,  in  1672,  one  of  the  negotiators 
to  treat  fur  a  general  peace ;  opposed  the 
exclusion  bill,  by  which  conduct  he  excited 
the  indignation  of  the  Commons;  assisted 
in  bringing  about  the  revolution,  and  was 
made  privy  seal,  but  soon  resigned,  and 
went  into  opposition;  and  died  in  1695. 
He  wrote  Advice  to  a  Daughter;  and 
vat  ious  political  tracts. 

HALIFAX,  CHARLES  MONTAGUE, 
earl  of,  a  statesman  and  poet,  grandson 
of  the  earl  of  Manchester,  was  born,  in 
1661,  at  Horton,  in  Northamptonshire; 


HAL  00& 

the  Tories  in  the  reign  of  Anne;  was 
raised  to  an  earldom  by  George  I.;  and 
died  in  4715.  The  funding  system  had 
its  birth  under  his  administration.  His 
Poems,  once  the  object  of  venal  or  mis- 
taken praise,  are  forgotten.  Pope  has 
satirised  him,  under  the  name  of  Bufo 

HALL,  JOSEPH,  a  divine  and  poet,  was 
born,  in  1574,  at  Ashby  de  la  Zouch,  in 
Leicestershire,  and  was  educated  at  Ema- 
nnel  College,  Cambridge.  After  having 
held  the  livings  of  Halsted  and  Waltham, 
and  the  deanery*  of  Worcester,  and  been 
chosen  as  one  of  the  English  divines  de- 
puted to  the  synod  of  Dort,  he  was  raised, 
in  1627,  to  the  see  of  Exeter,  whence,  in 
1641,  he  was  translated  to  Norwich. 
Though  he  had  refused  to  persecute  the 
puritans,  yet,  ha\ing  joined  the  other 
bishops  in  the  celebrated  protest  against 
laws  made  during  their  absence  from  the 
upper  house,  he  was  committed  to  the 
Tower,  and  his  estate  was  subsequently 
sequestrated.  He  died  in  1656.  His  the- 
ilogical  works  gained  for  him  the  title  of 
the  English  Seneca.  His  Satires,  which 
appeared  in  1597  and  1599,  under  the 
title  of  Virgidemiarium,  are  spirited  in 
their  sentiment  and  language,  and  often 
'ery  musically  versified. 

HALL,  LYMAN,  a  signer  of  the  declar- 
ation of  independence,  was  born  in  Con- 
necticut about  the  year  1731,  and  after 
receiving  a  collegiate  education,  and  ac- 
quiring a  competent  knowledge  of  medicine, 
removed  to  Georgia  in  1752.  On  the 
commencement  of  the  struggle  with  Great 
Britain,  he  entered  warmly  into  the  CAUSO 
of  the  colonies,  and  in  1775  was  appointed 
delegate  to  Congress,  first  only  from  the 
parish  of  St.  John,  and  afterwards  in  the 
same  year  from  the  colony  of  Georgia 
To  this  station  he  was  annually  re-elected 
until  1780,  when  he  finally  retired  from  the 
national  legislature.  In  1783,  he  was 
elected  governor  of  Georgia,  and  after 
enjoying  this  office  for  a  time  went  into 
*etirement,  and  died  at  his  residence  in 
Burke  County,  about  the  sixtieth  year  of 
"  "is  age. 

HALLER,  ALBERT  VON,  a  native  of 
Switzerland,  who  has  many  claims  to 
"ame,  was  born,  in  1708,  at  Berne,  and 
displayed  even  in  childhood,  the. most 
extraordinary  talents.  Having  chosen  the 
medical  profession,  he  studied  at  Tubingen 
and  Leyden,  after  whirh  he  visited  Eng- 
and  and  France,  and  then  proceeded  to 
Basil,  to  make  himself  master  of  mathe- 
natics  under  James  Bernouilli.  Botany 
also  became  one  of  his  favourite  pursuits, 


was  educated  at  Westminster  School,  and  I  and    he    began    to   display    those   poetical 
„*    rr*~:    **_.    f*   ii /~i    _  t.  _•  i_          i  1 1  •    i  ••»  ii.. 


at   Trinity   College,    Cambridge;    bee  a 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer    in    1694,  first 
lord  <»f  the   treasury  in   1699,  and   a 
in  1*«K);    wo*  f  -ic«  vainly   impeach* 


powers     which     eventually     ranked    him 
among  the  standard    German   poets.     For 
nineteen   year*  he  was  professor  of  anat- 
peached  byioray,  surgery,  nnd  botany,  at  Gotiiugen. 


306 


HAM 


at  the  expiration  of  whicn  period  he  re- 
turned to  his  native  country.  There  he 
resided,  honoured  by  his  fellow  vitizens, 
for  nearly  a  quarter  of  a  centurv;  con- 
tinued to  benefit  science  by  his  literary 
labours;  and  filled  several  important 
offices  in  the  state.  He  died  in  1777. 


Among 

Poems  ; 


his    numerous 

Romances  ; 


productions     are, 
the    collection    of 


HAM 

of  Count   Grammont;   Fairy   Tales;   and 
Poems;   which  display  great  wit,  spright- 

; 'id  elegance. 

HAMILTON,  ALEXANDER,  was  born 
in  the  island  of  Nevis  in  1757.  At  the 
age  of  sixteen,  he  accompanied  his  mother 
to  New  York,  and  was  placed  at  Columbia 
College,  vthere  he  soon  gave  proof  of  ex- 
traordinary talent,  by  the  publication  of 
some  political  essays,  of  such  strength  and 
sagacity  that  they  were  generally  attributed 
to  Mr. 'Jay.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  he 
entered  the  American  army,  and  in  1777 
\\as  appointed  aid-de-camp  of  Washington, 
with  tlie  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel.  In 
this  capacity  he  served  during  the  remain- 
der of  the  war,  and  at  the  siege  of  York- 
town,  led  in  person  the  detachment  that 
carried  by  assault  one  of  the  enemy's  out- 
works. After  the  war  he  commenced  the 
study  of  the  law,  entered  into  its  practice 


uly 

in  New  Yrork  and  soon  rose  to  distinction. 
In  1782  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  con- 
gress from  the  state  of  New  York ;  in  1787 


Bibliothecnp,  in  ten  quarto  volumes;  Pre- 
lections; Elements  of  Physiology  ;  Out- 
lines of  Physiology  ;  and  various  works  on 
botany. 

BALLET,  EDMUND,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  of  British  astronomers  and  mathe- 
maticians, was  born,  in  1656,  at  Hagger- 
*ton,  near  London  ;  was  educated  at  St. 
Paul's  School,  and  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford  ;  and  displayed  such  a  precocity  of 
talent  that,  at  the  age  of  only  nineteen,  he 
gave  to  the  world  A  Direct  and  Geometri- 
cal Method  of  finding  the  Aphelia  and  Ex- 
centricity  of  Planets.  In  1676  he  visited 
St.  Helena,  where  he  remained  for  twelve 

months,  observing  and  classing  the  stars  a  member  of  the  convention  which  formed 
of  the  southern  hemisphere,  of  which  he  the  constitution  of  the  United  States,  and 
subsequently  published  a  Catalogue;  in  j  in  1787  and  1788  wrote  in  connection  with 
1680  he  made  a  continental  tour  with  Mr.  Mr.  Jay  and  Mr.  Madison,  the  essays 
Nelson  ;  in  1686  he  was  intrusted  with  >  published  under  the  title  of  The  Federal- 
the  publication  of  the  Principia  by  New-|ist.  In  1789  he  was  placed  by  Washing- 
ton, to  which  he  prefixed  a  copy  of  Latin  ton  at  the  head  of  the  treasury  department, 
verses;  and  in  1696  he  was  made  comp-  j  and  while  in  this  situation  rendered  the 
troller  of  the  mint  at  Chester;  in  1698  most  efficient  service  to  the  country,  by  the 
and  1699  he  made  two  extensive  voyages  establishment  of  an  admirable  system  of 
to  ascertain  the  variations  of  the  compass,  ]  finance,  which  raised  public  credit  from 
the  result  of  which  he  published  in  A  I  the  lowest  depression  to  an  unprecedented 
General  Chart;  in  1703  he  was  employed  '  height.  In  1795  he  retired  from  office,  in 
by  the  emperor  to  survey  the  coast  of  j  order  to  secure  by  his  professional  labours 
Dalmatia;  in  the  same  year  he  was  ap-  [  a  more  ample  provision  for  his  numerous 
pointed  Savilian  professor  at  Oxford;  in  family.  In  1798  his  public  services  were 
1705  he  made  public  his  valuable  researches  again  required,  to  take  the  second  coin- 
01.  the  orbits  of  comets;  in  1713  he  be-jmand  in  the  army  that  was  raised  on  ac- 
came  secretary  to  the  Royal  Society;  and,!  count  of  the  apprehended  invasion  of  the 
in  1719,  he  succeeded  Flamsteed  as  astron-  1  French.  On  the  disbanding  of  the  army, 
omer  royal.  The  remainder  of  his  life  he  resumed  the  practice  of  the  law  in  New 
was  chiefly  spent  in  sedulously  performing,  York,  and  continued  to  acquire  new  suc- 
the  duties  of  the  last-mentioned  office,  es-  cess  and  reputation.  In  1804  he  fell  in  a 
pecially  in  completing  the  theory  of  the  duel  with  Colonel  Burr,  vice  president  of 
motion  of  the  moon.  He  died  in  his  chair,  the  United  States,  and  died  universally  la- 
without  a  groan,  in  1741.  Besides  numer-  mented  and  beloved.  Besides  his  share  in 
ous  papers  in  the  Philosophical  Transac-  the  Federalist,  General  Hamilton  was  the 
tions,  he  published  A  Theory  of  the  Vari-  author  of  numerous  congressional  reports, 
ation  of  the  Compass;  A  History  and  the  essays  of  Pacificus,  and  the  essays  of 
Physical  Cause  of  the  Trade  Winds;  and  Phocion.  A  collection  of  his  works  in 
Miscellanea  Curiosa:  translated  Apollo-  three  vols.  8vo.  was  issued  at  New  York 
nius  de  Sectione  Rationis  into  Latin;  and  some  time  after  his  death.  He  was  a  man 
assisted  in  bringing  out  Gregory's  edition  of  transcendant  abilities,  and  unsullied  in- 
of  the  Conies  of  Apollonius.  His  Astro-  tegrity,  and  no  one  laboured  more  eflicient- 
nomical  Tables  were  printed  in  1752.  ly  in  the  organization  of  the  present  fede- 

HAMILTON,  Count  ANTHONY,  a  witty  ral  government. 

writer,  was  born,  in  1646,  in  Ireland;!  HAMILTON,  WILLIAM  GERARD, 
was  taken  to  France  when  a  child  by  1m  was  born,  it.  1729,  in  Lincoln's  Inn;  re- 
parents;  returned  at  the  period  of  the  ceived  his  education  at  Westminster 
Kestoivuion  ;  fought  for  James  II.  in  Ire-  School,  and  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford; 
.and;  finally  nettled  in  France;  and  died  sat  both  in  the  English  and  Irish  parlia- 
ia  1720.  He  M  the  author  ef  Memoirs  menu;  was  for  several  years  chance  llor  of 


HAM 

Ac  exchequer  in  Ireland ;  and  died  in  1796 
He  obtained  the  appellation  of  Single 
Speech  Hamilton,  from  his  having  deliv- 
ered only  a  single,  but  excellent,  speech 
in  the  British  House  of  Commons:  in  the 
Irish  House  he  was  a  frequent  speaker. 
His  Parliamentary  Logic,  and  his  Speech 
es,  appeared  after  his  decease.  The  Let- 
ters of  Junius  have  idly  been  imputed  to 
him. 

HAMILTON,  GAVIN,  an  artist,  was 
born  at  Lanark,  in  Scotland,  and  went  in 
his  youth  to  Rome,  where  he  studied  under 
Agostino  Masucchi.  He  settled  in  that 
city,  ind  died  there  in  1797.  His  paint- 
ings Irom  the  Iliad  are  among  his  principal 
works.  The  latter  part  of  his  life  was 
employed,  with  much  success,  in  making 
excavations  to  recover  buried  antique 
monuments.  He  published  a  work  iuti- 
tled  Schola  Italica  Picturae. 

HAMILTON,  WILLIAM,  an  artist,  was 
born,  in  1750,  at  Chelsea,  and  studied  un- 
der Zucchi  at  Rome,  and  also  at  the  Royal 
Academy.  He  became  a  royal  academi- 
cian, in  1789,  and  died  in  1801.  Many  of 
Hamilton's  pictures  were  painted  for  the 
Shakspeare  Gallery,  Macklin's  Bible  and 
Poets,  and  Tomkin's  edition  of  the  Sea- 
sons. 

HAMILTON,  ELIZABETH,  a  female 
of  great  talents  and  acquirements,  was 
born,  in  1758,  at  Belfast;  was  brought  up 
by  an  uncle  who  resided  near  Stirling,  in 
Scotland  ;  acquired  reputation  by  her  pro- 
ductions, and  affection  and  respect  by  her 
disposition  and  character;  and  died,  un- 
married, at  Harrogate,  July  2o,  1816. 
Among  her  works  are,  Letters  of  a  Hin- 
doo Rajah;  Memoirs  of  Modern  Philoso- 
phers (a  satire  on  modern  philosophism)  ; 
The  Life  of  Agrippina;  The  Cottagers  of 
Glenburnie;  Popular  Essays;  Letters  on 
the  Elementary  Principles  of  Education ; 
and  Letters  on  the  Formation  of  the  Re- 
ligious and  Moral  Principle. 

HAMPDEN,  JOHN,  a  man  immortal- 
ized by  liis  opposition  to  the  encroach- 
ments of  kingly  authority,  was  born,  in 
1594,  in  London,  and  was  educated  at 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford.  In  1621  he 
was  first  elected  a  member  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  and  was  returned  in  each  of 
the  succeeding  parliaments.  Though  a 
consistent  enemy  of  the  court  measures, 
and  though  his  dislike  of  those  measures 
induced  him  to  form  a  design  of  emigra- 
ting, which  the  government  frustrated,  he 
did  not  act  any  prominent  part  in  the 
country  till  1636,  when  he  boldly  resisted 
in  a  court  of  law  the  illegal  imposition  of 
Bhip  money  by  the  king.  He  was  defeat- 
ed, but  his  conduct  gained  the  warm  ap- 
plause of  every  friend  of  liberty.  In  1642 
be  was  one  of  the  *•  -e  members  whom  the 
miftjudging  monarc!  attempted  to  seize  on 


HAN 


80? 


a  charge  of  treason.  On  the  breaking  out 
of  the  war  he  accepted  the  command  of  a 
regiment;  and,  in  1643,  he  was  mortally 
wounded  in  a  skirmish,  at  Chalgrove-field, 
in  Oxfordshire.  His  talents  were  of  a 
high  order,  and  he  was  equally  estimable 
in  public  and  in  private  life. 

HANCARVILLE,  PETER  FRANCIS 
HUGH  D',  an  eminent  antiquary,  was 
born,  in  1729,  at  Nanci;  was  a  member 
of  the  Academy  of  Berlin,  and  of  other 
learned  bodies  ;  and  died  at  Rome,  in  1800. 
His  chief  works  are,  Etruscan,  Greek, 
and  Roman  Antiquities  ;  and  Inquiries  in- 
to the  History,  Origin,  Spirit,  and  Pro- 
gress of  the  Arts  of  Greece. 

HANCOCK,  JOHN,  an  American  pa- 
triot and  statesman,  was  born  in  Quincy, 
Massachusetts,  in  1737,  and  under  the  pat- 
ronage of  a  wealthy  uncle,  received  a  lib- 
eral education  and  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard College  in  1754.  On  leaving  college, 
he  entered  the  counting  house  of  his  uncle, 
by  whose  sudden  death  in  1764  he  suc- 
ceeded to  great  riches  and  the  management 
of  an  extensive  business.  In  1766  he  was 
chosen  a  member  of  die  assembly,  and 
soon  distinguished  himself  by  his  zeal  in 
the  cause  of  the  colonies.  In  1774  he 
was  elected  president  of  the  provincial 
congress  of  Massachusetts,  and  in  the 
following  year  president  of  the  continental 
congress,  in  which  capacity  he  was  the 
first  to  affix  his  signature  to  the  declara- 
tion of  independence.  In  this  station  he 
continued  till  October  1777,  when  ill 
health  induced  him  to  resign.  In  1780  he 
was  elected  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
and  held  that  office  for  four  successive 
fears,  and  again  from  1787  till  his  death 
in  1793.  Governor  Hancock  was  hospita- 
ble and  munificent,  a  man  of  excellent  tal- 
ents for  business,  and  a  true  lover  of  hit 
country. 


HANDEL  or  HAENDEL,  GEORG« 
FREDERIC,  the  eon  of  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, was  born,  in  1684,  at  Halle,  in 
Saxony.  His  father  intended  him  for  die 
law,  but  as  nothing  could  overcome  tha 
musical  bent  of  the  youthful  Handel'f 
mind,  he  reluctantly  consented  to  his  being 


303  HAN 

nttructed  in  music.     His  first  master  was 


F1AR 
HAM  WAY,  JONAS,   a   philanthropist. 


Zachau,  an  organist,  and  he  began  to  com-  was  born,  in  1712,  at  Portsmouth;  was"  en- 
pose  in  the  ninth  year  of  his  age.  After  gaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  as  a  Russian 
having  struggled  through  considerable  dif-  merchant,  in  the  course  of  which  he  vifiit- 
ficuhies,  but  still  kept  rising  in  reputation,  ed  Persia;  and  died  in  1786.  Hanway 
he  visited  Italy  in  1708;  remained  there,  was  a  man  of  great  active  humanity.  He 
much  admired,  during  two  years;  and  then  was  the  chief  founder  of  the  Marine  So- 
returned  to  Germany,  and  entered  into  the  cietyan.l  the  Magdalen  Hospital;  and  con- 
service  of  the  elector  of  Hanover,  who  was  tributed  to  the  establishment  of  Sunday 
afterwards  George  I.  The  accession  of  Schools,  and  to  the  improvement  of  the 
that  prince  to  the  British  throne  fixed  condition  of  climbing  boys.  Besides  his 
Handel  in  England.  In  1720  he  was  Travels  in  Persia,  he  published  many  oth- 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  Italian  opera;  '  er  works,  faulty  in  style,  but  benevolent  in 
but  this  event,  which  seemed  to  promise  purpose. 

fame  and  riches,  ended  in  such  severe  loss  HARDWICKE,  PHILIP  YORKE,earl 
that  his  liberty  was  often  endangered  by  of,  the  son  of  an  attorney  at  Dover,  was 
angry  creditors.  After  twenty  years  of  born  in  1690;  studied  at  the  Middle  Tern- 
vexation  and  unavailing  efforts,  he  bade  a;  pie;  became  lord  chief  justice  of  the  king's 
final  adieu  to  the  opera.  His  Oratorios,  bench  in  1733,  after  having  been  attorney 
however,  saved  him  from  ruin,  and  he  ul-  and  solicitor  general;  was  appointed  lord 
timately  accumulated  a  second  fortune,  of  i  chancellor  in  1737;  obtained  the  dignity 
no  despicable  magnitude.  Eight  years ;  of  earl  in  1754;  and  died  in  1764.  A~* 
previous  to  his  death,  he  was  wholly  de-  the  head  of  the  chancery  court  he  was 
prived  of  sight;  and  it  was  an  affecting  distinguished  for  ability  and  integrity, 
circumstance  to  see  him  led  to  the  organ,  He  wrote  The  Legal  Judicature  in  Chancery 
and  hear  him  perform  his  own  pathetic  stated;  and  a  paper  in  the  Spectator. — 
composition  of  "Total  eclipse,  without  His  son,  PHILIP,  who  succeeded  him  in 

his 

j»c; 

In   conjunction    with 


all  hope  of  day,"  from  the  Samson  Agon-  the  title,  was  born  in  1720;  received  his 
istes  of  that  immortal  bard  who  may  be 'education  at  Bene't  College,  Cambridge; 
considered  as  the  Handel  of  poets.  This 'and  died  in  1790.  In  conjunction  witk 
in  many  respects  matchless  composer  died  his  brother  Charles,  he  published  Athenian 
April  13,  1758.  letters;  and  he  edited  a  Collection  of 

HANMER,  Sir  THOMAS,  was  born  in  State  Papers,  and  Sir  Dudley  Carleton'a 
1676 ;  was  educated  at  Westminster  School,  Letters. 


and  at    Christ  Church,    Oxford  ;  became 
speaker    of   the    House    of    Commons    in 


HARDY,   ALEXANDER,   one   of   the 
elder  French   dramatists,  flourished  under 


1713;  held  that  high  station  more  than '  Henry  IV.  and  Louis  XIII.;  and  died 
thirty  years;  and  died  in  1746.  He  is  the  about  1630.  He  was  one  of  the  most  fer- 
tile of  theatrical  writers ;  his  plays  amount- 
ing to  more  than  six  hundred  in  number. 
Though  he  bore  the  title  of  poet  laureat, 
and  though  his  muse  was  so  prolific,  he 
lived  and  died  in  indigence. 

HARGRAVE,  FRANCIS,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  the  son  of  an  attorney,  was  born 
about  1741,  and  studied  at  the  Charter 
House,  Oxford,  and  Lincoln's  Inn.  As  a 
barrister  he  first  attracted  notice  by  his 
excellent  argument,  which  he  afterwards 
published,  in  the  case  of  Somerset  the 
negro.  His  subsequent  practice,  however, 
was  chiefly  as  a  chamber  counsel.  He 
died  in  1821.  Among  his  principal  works 
are,  State  Trials,  eleven  vols.  folio;  Juri- 
dical Arguments  and  Collections,  two  vols. 
quarto;  Collection  of  Tract*  relative  to  the 
English  Laws,  never  before  published ;  and 
an  Argument  in  Defence  ol  Literary  Pro- 
perty 


editor    of   an   elegant   edition  of   Shaks- 
peare. 

HANNO,  a  Carthaginian  voyager,  the 
period  of  whose  birth  is  variously  stated 
at  from  three  hundred  to  a  thousand  years 
B.  c.;  though  the  latter  seems  to  be  the 
most  probable  opinion.  He  is  asserted  to 
have  circumnavigated  Africa;  but  others 
limit  his  discoveries  to  the  coast  between 
the  straits  of  Gibraltar  and  Cape  Bojador. 
The  Greek  narrative  of  his  voyage  has 
been  translated  by  Falconer. 

HANS  SACliS,  an  ancient  German 
poet,  was  born,  in  1494,  at  Nuremberg; 
and  died  in  1576.  He  was  a  shoemaker, 
and  worked  all  his  life  at  that  trade. 
"  With  the  exception  of  Lope  de  Vega,'' 
§ays  Loeve-Veimars,  "  never  did  any  mor- 
tal present  himself  at  the  temple  of  memo- 
ry loaded  with  such  a  ponderous  poetic 
baggage;"  and  we  must  admit  the  truth  of 
the  remark,  when  we  are  told  that  honest 
Huns  wrote  no  less  than  ten  thousand  eight 

hundred  and  forty  c-.ui|.'ositi..i^  in  \eise,  Elizabeth,  was  born,  in  1561,  at  Kt  l.-tun, 
aim. n;/  which  Are  two  hundred  and  eigh-  near  Bath;  was  educated  at  Eton  and 
.ucdies  and  tragedies!  The  immense  Cambridge;  was  OIK-  of  the  wittiest  cour- 
mass  is,  however,  illumined  by  some  r\  Htk»;  tiernof  that  period  ;  was  knighted  by  Essex 
of  jfenuinu  pot-try.  i..  Ireland,  and  ma-Jc  a  kai;-l.t  of  the  Balk 


HTARINGTON,  Sir  JOHN,  an  English 
poet,   the  godson  and  favourite  of  Queen 


HAR  HAR 


by  James  I.;  and  died  in  1612.  He  trans- 
lated the  Orlando  of  Ariosto  ;  and  wrote 
four  books  of  Epigrams;  and  two  Tracts, 


tndei.  At  the  age  of  twenty  h«  found 
himself  in  Charleston,  S.  C.  with  but  a 
dollar  or  two  in  his  pockets,  and  with  the 


A    Discourse    on    the    Metamorpiiosis    of    intention  of  studying  the  profession  of  the 
Ajax,  and    An  Apologie  for   Ajax,  which  J  law.       Having  obtained  introduction  to   a 


are   more  deserving  tif  praise  for   humour 
fhun  fir  delicacy. 
H  A  RLE  Y,  ROBERT,  earl  of  Oxford  and 

Mortimer,  a  celebrated  statesman,  the  son 
of  Sir  Robert  Harley,  was  born,   in  1661, 


lawyer,  he  prepared  himself  under  his 
instruction  for  the  bar,  and,  in  about  a 
twelve-month,  undertook  the  management 
of  causes  on  his  own  account.  He  then 
removed  from  Charleston  to  an  interior 


in  London.  His  first  entrance  into  public  i  district,  where  he  first  distinguished  him- 
life  was  at  the  period  of  the  Revolution,  self,  politically,  by  the  publication  of  a 
and  for  some  years  he  acted  with  the  whig  series  of  newspaper  essays  on  a  proposed 
party.  At  the  accession  of  Anne,  how- 1  change  in  the  constitution  of  the  state, 
ever,  he  enrolled  himself  among  the  tories.  He  was  immediately  elected  to  the  state 

legislature,   and  soon  afterwards   to    Con- 


In  1702  he  was  chosen  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Commons  ;  and  in  1704  was 
appointed  one  of  the  secretaries  of  state. 


gress,  where  he  ivas  an  efficient  member  of 
the  federal  party,  a   powerful   advocate  of 
i  Wa 


The  secretaryship  he  resigned  in  1708  ;!  the  policy  of  Washington,  and  the  personal 
but  in  1710  he  ag.iin  came  into  office,  as  a  friend  of  the  most  distinguished  federal 
commissioner  of  the  treasury  and  chancel-  statesmen  of  the  day.  Many  years  after- 
lor  of  the  exchequer.  In  1711  he  narrowly  i  wards  he  collected  in  an  octavo  volume, 
escaped  being  assassinated  at  the  council;  a  number  of  his  circulars  and  addresses 
board  by  the  marquis  of  Guiscard.  Hello  his  constituents,  and  several  of  his 
was  shortly  after  raised  to  the  peerage,!  speeches  in  Congress.  In  1797  he  pul>- 
and  made  lord  high  treasurer.  The  invet-j  lished  a  pamphlet  entitled  Observations  on 
erate  hostility  which  at  length  broke  out  I  the  Dispute  between  the  United  States  and 
between  him  and  Bolingbroke  induced  him '  France,  which  passed  through  numerous 
to  resign  in  1714.  On  the  accession  of  |  editions,  and  acquired  great  celebrity  both 
George  I.  he  was  impeached,  and  com-  at  home  and  in  Europe.  The  speeches 


mitted  to  the  Tower,  and  he  remained 
confinement   till   1717,  when   he    was    ac- 


hich   he  delivered  in   managing  the  im- 
peachment of  Blount,  and  the  defence  of 


quitted.  After  his  liberation,  he  retired !  Judge  Chase,  are  admirable  specimens  of 
wholly  from  public  business,  and  employed  !  argument  and  eloquence.  On  the  down- 
himself  in  adding  to  his  magnificent  libra- jfal  of  the  federal  party  Mr.  Harper  resumed 
ry.  He  died  in  1724.  Harley  was  fond  j  the  practice  of  the  law  in  Baltimore, 
of  literature,  and  a  friend  to  literary  men.  where  he  married  the  daughter  of  the 
He  wrote  sonje  political  pamphlets,  and  a  |  distinguished  Charles  Carroll.  He  attended 
Letter  to  SwSl  on  correcting  and  improv-  almost  every  session  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
ing  the,  English  Language.  from  the  time  of  its  removal  to  Washing- 

HARLOW,  GEORGE  HENRY,  an  ar-  ton  to  that  of  his  death,  and  was  always 
tist,  was  born,  in  1787,  in  Westminster ;,  heard  with  respect  and  attention  by  the 
studied  under  DeCort,  Drummond,  and  Sir 'court  and  juries.  The  federal  party  hav- 
Thomas  Lawrence;  visited  Italy  in  1818,' ing  regained  the  ascendant  in  Maryland, 
whore  he  made  a  copy  of  Raphael's  Trans- j  Mr.  Harper  was  immediately  elected  a 
figuration,  and  executed  a  large  original  senator  in  Congress,  but  the  demands  of  his 
composition;  and  died,  in  1819,  shortly  i  profession  soon  obliged  him  to  resign  his 
after  his  return  to  his  native  country. '  seat.  In  the  years  1819-20  he  visited 
Among  his  best  works  are,  a  scene  from  I  Europe  with  a  portion  of  his  family  and 
Shakspeare's  Henry  the  Eighth,  containing  was  absent  about  two  years.  He  died 
portraits  of  the  Kemble  family;  Hubert  suddenly  in  Baltimore,  in"  1825.  He  was 
and  Prince  Arthur;  and  portraits  of  Mr. !  an  active  leader  in  the  federal  party,  an 
West  and  Mr.  Northcote.  I  able  and  learned  lawyer,  well  versed  in 

HAROUN, or  AARON  ALRASCHID,1  general  literature,  and  political  economy, 
caliph  of  the  Saracens,  ascended  the  throne  and  lived  with  elegant  hospitality. 
in  780;  obtained  many  splendid  successes!  HARRINGTON,  JAMES,  an  eminent 
against  the  Greek  emperors;  and  died  in 'political  writer,  was  born,  in  1611,  \t 
803  His  bravery,  magnificence,  and  love!  Upton,  in  Northamptonshire  ;  and  studied 
of  letters,  have  shed  a  lustre  over  his  char-;  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  wuh  Chilling 
acter,  but  his  perfidy  and  cruelty  form  a  worth  for  his  tutor.  Being  republican  in 
heavy  drawback  upon  his  shining  qualities,  j  principle,  he  was  chosen,  in  1647,  by  the 

HARPER,  ROBERT  GOODLOE,  was  a !  parliamentary  commissioners,  to  attend  tha 
native  of  Virginia,  but  when  very  young1  captive  Charles  I.  as  one  of  the  grooms  of 
removed  with  his  parents  to  North  Caro-  the  bedchamber,  and  he  filled  this  office 
lina.  His  parents  were  poor,  and  in  early  with  much  propriety  and  delicacy.  Under 
life  he  pas«<yl  thro  up  a  number  of  viciwi-;  Cromwell  he  passed  hia  time  in  ref  uement. 


810 


HAR 


II A  U 


md,  in  1656,  published  his  celebrated  ]  at  Lancasu,  the  bridge,  gaol,  and  countj 
Oceana.  In  1661  ho  was  arrested  on  a  <  courts  at  Chester ;  the  column  at  Shrews- 
bury, in  honour  of  Lord  Hill;  Count  Wo- 
ron/.ow's  palace  in  the  Ukraine;  and  a 
lighthouse  on  the  coast  of  the  Black  Sea 


groundless  charge  of  treason,  and  suffered 
*o  niurh  hardship  during  his  imprisonment 
that  his  health  \\as  permanently  impaired. 
He  died  in  1(577.  Harrington  was  a  man 
of  talent,  and  a  sincere  republican.  Burk< 
describes  him  as  "  the  learned  and  ingen- 
ious speculator  vtho  (in  his  works)  has 
tossed  about  society  into  all  forms." 

HARRIOT,  THOMAS,  an  astronomer 
and  mathematician,  was  born,  in  15CO,  at 
Oxford;  was  educated  at  St.  Mary's  Hall; 
visited  Virginia  in  1585,  and  published  an 
kccount  of  it  on  his  return;  and  died  in 
1621.  The  present  improved  method  of 
algebraical  calculation  was  invented  by 
Harriot,  and  Descartes  appropriated  many 
of  his  ideas.  He  was  also  the  first  who 
observed  the  spots  in  the  sun. 

HARRIS,  JAMES,  a  metaphysician  and 
philologist,wasborn,  in  1709,  at  Salisbury ; 
received  his  education  at  Wadham  College, 
Oxford  ;  sat  in  parliament  for  Christchurch ; 
was,  successively,  one  of  the  lords  of  the 
admiralty  and  of  the  treasury;  and  secre- 
tary and  comptroller  to  the  queen  ;  and 
died  in  1780.  He  wrote  Treatises  on  Art, 
on  Music,  Painting,  and  Poetry,  and  on 
Happiness;  Hermes,  or  a  Philosophical 
Inquiry  concerning  Universal  Grammar; 
Philosophical  Arrangements  ;  and  Plvilo- 
logical  Inquiries.  His  knowledge,  of  the 
Greek  language  was  profound,  and  his 
powers  of  reasoning  were  remarkably 
acute. 

HARRIS,  WILLIAM,  an  historian,  was 
born,  about  1720,  at  Salisbury;  was  a  dis- 
senting preacher  ;  was  patronised  in  his 
historical  labours  by  Mr.  Hollis;  and  died, 
at  Honiton,  in  1770.  Between  1751  and 
1766  he  published  Lives  of  Hugh  Peters; 
James 
and  Charles 


He  was  the  first  projector  of  a  grand  quay 
from  Westminster  Bridge  to  Blackfriars. 

HARR1SO.N,  BKNJAMIN,  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  independence,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Virginia.  He  was  three  time* 
chief  magistrate  of  that  state,  and  after- 
wards member  of  the  state  convention  that 
assembled  to  consider  the  new  constitution 
of  the  United  States.  He  died  in  1791. 

HART,  JOHN,  a  signer  of  the  declara 
tion  of  independence,  was  born  in  New 
Jersey,  and  was  one  of  the  first  delegates 
from  that  province  to  the  general  congress 
of  Philadelphia.  While  this  ptcviiice  was 


the  se 


liladelphi 
iat  of  w 


war,  Mr.  Hart  suffered  much 


in  his  property,  and  was  obliged  to  submi 
to  such  personal  privations  that  his  consti- 
tution received  a  shock  from  which  he 
never  recovered.  He  died  in  1780. 

HARTLEY,  DAVID,  a  physician  anc 
metaphysical  writer,  was  born,  in  1705,  at 
Armley,  in  Yorkshire;  and  studied  at  Je- 
sus College,  Cambridge,  with  the  intentior 
of  taking  orders;  but  some  doubts  with 
respect  to  the  thirty-nine  articles  induced 
him  to  relinquish  his  design  and  adopt 
the  medical  profession.  He  practised  at 
Newark,  Bury,  London,  and  Bath;  and 
died  at  the  latter  place  in  1757.  Observa- 
tions on  Man,  his  Frame,  his  Duty,  and 
liis  Expectations,  is  his  great  work ;  and, 
although  its  hypothesis  of  nervous  vibra- 
tions has  been  ridiculed,  and  indeed  over- 
thrown, it  contains  much  that  is  valuable, 
and  places  in  a  very  favourable  light  the 
talents  of  the  author. 

HARTLEY,  DAVID,  a  son  of  the  fore- 


I.;  Charles  I.;   Oliver  Cromwell;  going,  was  born  in  1730,  and  was  educated 

arles  II.     They  are  written  in   the  at  Merton  College,  Oxford.     He  was   M. 

of  Bayle;  the  text  being,  in   fact,  P.   for  Hull;     distinguished  himself  by  a 

nate  to  the  critical  notes.      Harris  strenuous  opposition  to  the  American  war: 


manner 

subordinate  to  the  critical  notes. 

was  a  strenuous   advocate  of  liberty,  and 

an  honest  and  kind-hearted  man. 

HARRIS.     See  MALMF.SEURY. 

HARRISON,  JOHN,  an  eminent  mecha- 
nician, was  born,  in  1693,  at  Foulby,  in 
Yorkshire,  a.id  was  the  son  of  a  carpenter, 
who,  occasionally,  repaired  clocks  and 
watches.  Self-instructed,  he  at  length  at- 
tained such  a  mastery  in  the  construction 
of  chronometers  that  he  received  the  par- 
liamentary reward  of  twenty  thousand 
pounds  for  his  famous  time-keeper,  to 
determine  the  longitude  at  rea.  lie  died 
in  1776. 

HARRISON,  THOMAS,  an  architect, 
*-as  born,  in  1744,  at  Richmond,  in  York- 
«hire;  studied  at  RxHM  f>r  sc\eral  years; 


strenuous  opposition  to  the  American  war; 
and  was  appointed  one  of  the  negotiators 
to  treat  with  Dr.  Franklin.  To  him  also 
belongs  the  merit  of  having  been  one  of 
the  first  to  attack  in  parliament  the  abom- 
ination of  the  slave  trade.  Among  several 
of  his  inventions,  one  of  the  principal  is  a 
mode  of  securing  buildings  from  fire.  He 
died  in  1813. 

HARTSOEKER,  NICHOLAS,  a  Dutch 
metaphysician,  geometrician,  and  natural 
philosopher,  was  born,  in  1656,  at  Gouda, 
and  died  at  Utrecht,  in  1725.  When  he 
was  a  boy,  he  was  desirous  to  become  an 
astronomer,  and  being  told  that  a  knowl- 
edge of  mathematics  was  necessary,  he 
contrived  to  pay  a  teacher  by  saving  his 
pocket  money.  In  the  course  of  his  philo- 


practis.ed  with  great  reputation  after  his  sophical  inquiries  he  discovered  the  sper 
return  to  England;  and  died  March  29,  j  mat  ic  animalcules,  and  thus  afforded  ground 
1829.  Among  hi»  woiks  are,  the  bridge 'for  a  new  theory  of  generation.  The  con- 


HAS 

ftruetion  of  telescopes,  in  which  he  was 
rery  successful,  was  one  of  his  next  occu- 
pations. Hartsoeker  had  some  highly  ec- 
centric metaphysical  and  philosophical 
notions,  and  was  of  a  singularly  disputa- 
tious temper.  Among  his  principal  works 
are,  Essay  on  Dioptrics;  Principles  of 
Natural  Philosophy;  A  Course  of  Natural 
Philosophy;  and  Physical  Conjectures. 

HARVEY,  WILLIAM,  a  physician  and 
philosopher,  was  born,  in  1578,  at  Folk- 
etone,  in  Kent;  studied  at  Cains  College, 
Cambridge,  and  at  Padua ;  settled  in  Lon- 
don as  a  physician;  and,  in  1607,  was 
admitted  a  fellow  of  the  college.  In  1604 
and  1615  he  was  appointed  physician  to 
St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  and  lecturer, 
at  the  college,  on  surgery  and  anatomy. 
Many  years  were  spent  by  Harvey,  in 
verifying  his  immortal  discovery  of  the 
circu  ation  of  the  blood,  which,  though  he 
seems  to  have  made  it  partially  known  as 
early  as  1616,  he  did  not  publish  to  the 
world  till  1628.  Envy  was  soon  at  work 
to  deny  or  diminish  his  merit;  but  he  had 
the  satisfaction  of  obtaining  a  complete 
triumph.  Harvey  was  physician  to  James 
I.  and  Charles  I.;  was  present  with  the 
latter  at  the  battle  of  Edgehill;  was  cre- 
ated by  him  warden  of  Merlon  College; 
and  suffered  heavy  losses  during  the  civil 
war.  In  1651  appeared  his  learned  work 
on  Generation.  He  died  in  1658.  To  the 
College  of  Physicians  he  was  a  liberal 
benefactor,  and  he  founded  the  Harveian 
oration,  which  is  now  annually  delivered. 

HASSE,  JOHN  AUOLPHUS,  an  eminent 
German  musician,  was  born,  in  1699,  at 
Bergedorf,  near  Hamburgh ;  studied  under 
Keiser,  Porpora,  and  Scarlatti;  and,  after 
having  acquired  high  reputation  in  England 
and  Germany,  died  at  Venice  in  1784. 
His  wife,  Faustina  Bordoni,  was  a  cele- 
brated singer.  Dr.  Burney  describes  him 
as  "  the  most  natural,  eiegant,  and  judicious 
composer  of  vocal  music,  as  well  as  the 
most  voluminous  composer,  of  his  time." 

HASSELQUIST,  FRKDERIC,  a  Swe- 
dish naturalist,  one  of  Linnseus's  favourite 
pupils,,  was  born  at  Toernvalla,  in  East 
Gothland,  in  1722;  studied  at  Upsal; 
visited  the  Levant,  in  1749,  to  investigate 
its  natural  history;  and  died,  at  Smyrna, 
in  1752.  From  "his  papers,  the  Iter  Pa- 
hestinum,  or  Journey  to  the  Holy  Land, 
was  drawn  up  by  Linnaeus.  Hasselquist 
wrote  various  dissertations  in  the  Upsal 
and  Stockholm  Transactions;  and  a  thesis 
intitled  Vires  Plantarum. 

HASTINGS,  WARREN,  was  born,  in 
1733,  at  Churchill,  in  Oxfordshire,  of  which 
his  father  was  the  clergyman, and  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  School.  At  the  age 
ot  seventeen  he  went  out  to  Imiia  as  a 
writer  in  the  company's  service,  from 
whence,  in  1765,  he  returned  with  a  mode- 


HAS  81i 

rate  fortune.     In  1769  he  again  went  ou% 
as  second  in  council  at  Madras;   HI  1772 


he  was  appointed  president  of  the  supreme 
council  in  Bengal;  and,  in  1773,  he  wa§ 
raised  to  be  governor-general.  The  period 
of  his  administration  was  one  of  the  most 
trying  which  is  to  l>e  found  in  the  history 
of  British  Hindostan.  He  had  to  contend 
with  the  opposition  and  enmity  of  his  col- 
leagues,  the  revolt  of  the  native  subjects, 
the  defection  of  allies,  and  a  confederacy 
of  the  native  powers,  headed  by  Hyder 
Ali,  and  formm.ibly  aided  by  the  land  and 
sea  forces  of  Frz.r,ce.  Through  these  diffi- 
culties he  passed  triumphantly,  but  it  must 
be  owned  that  in  achieving  his  triumph  be 
sometimes  resorted  to  means  which,  at 
best,  admit  only  of  palliation.  He  re- 
turned to  England  in  1786,  and  his  conduct 
was  soon  the  subject  of  an  impeachment, 
which,  in  contempt  of  all  the  principles  of 
justice,  lasted  nine  years.  He  was  ac- 
quitted in  1795,  and  thus  ended  his  public 
career.  He  died  in  1818.  Hastings  was 
a  man  of  a  highly  cultivated  mind,  and  of 
seductive  manners.  He  wrote  A  Narra- 
tive of  the  Insurrection  of  Benares;  Me 
moirs  relative  to  the  State  of  India;  A 
Treatise  on  guarding  Houses,  by  their 
Construction,  against  Fire;  ami  some  ele- 
gant fugitive  poetry. 

HASTINGS,  marquis  of,  FRANCIS 
RAWDON  HASTINGS,  son  of  the  earl  of 
Moira,  was  born  in  1754;  was  educated  at 
Oxford ;  entered  into  the  army  in  1771 ;  and, 
during  the  American  war,  distinguished 
himself  at  Bunker's  Hill,  Fort  Clinton,Cam- 
den,  and  many  other  places;  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier-general.  On  his  return 
home  he  was  created  Lord  Rawdon,  and 
in  1793  he  succeeded  to  his  father's  title. 
He  was  now  on  terms  of  confidential  inti- 
macy with  the  heir  apparent,  and  took  an 
active  part  in  the  debates  of  the  English 
and  .Irish  peers.  In  1794  he  led  a  con- 
siderable  force  to  the  succour  of  the  duke 
of  York  in  Flanders,  and  succeeded  in 
joining  him  after  a  m.isterlv  march.  For 
many  years  subsequently  to  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war  with  France,  Lord  Moir» 
was  a  prominent  member  of  the  opposition 


812  HAU  HAW 

but  in  1806  be  shared  in  the  short-lived  is  Indebted  to  him  for  un  admirable  tneorj 
tnumph  of  the  whig?,  and  was  made  ma.--  of  crystallization.  Among  his  works  are, 
ter- general  of  the  ordnance.  In  18J2  he  •  A  Treatise  on  .Mineralogy,  four  vois. ;  A 
was  "appointed  £ovei nor-general  of  India,  Treatise  on  Crystallography,  two  v. 
nn  office-  which  he  held  till  1S22.  During  Elementary  Treatise  on  Natural  Philoso- 
thi*  ten  year?  of  his  suay  he  overcame  the  phy ;  and  An  Essay  on  the  Theory  and 
IS'epaulese,  the  Pindarees",  and  other  native  Structure  of  Crystals. 

powers,  and  rendered  the  BritL-h  authority  I  HAWKE,  EUWA  RD,  lord,  a  brave  and 
supreme  in  India.  While  absent,  he  \\as  successful  admiral,  born  in  1713,  was  the 
cieated  marquis  of  HacttOff*.  In  1S24  he, son  of  a  barrister;  went  to  sea  at  the  age 
w  is  made  governor  of  Malta,  and  he  died  of  twel\e  years;  distinguished  himself,  in 
November  28,  1823.  The  marquis  of  1 1744,  under  Matthews  and  Lestock  ;  was 


Hastings  \\as  an  excellent  officer,  an  acute 
statesman,  and  a  man  of  unbounded  gener- 


osity. 


llATSELL,    JOHN,    was   born    about 

1733;   studied  at  Queen's  College,  Cam 
•     •  i  i    »i__    m*:.i,ii_    'T1— !„  .    i.—— 


made  rear-admiral  of  the  white  in  1747, 
and,  in  the  same  year,  captured  seven 
French  men  of  war,  for  which  he  received 
the  order  of  the  Bath,  and  the  rank  <,f 
vice-admiral  of  the  blue.  In  1759,  he,  in 

bridge,  and  the  Middle  Temple;  became  spite  of  tempestuous  weather,  and  the 
chief  clerk  of  the  House  of  Commons  in  proximity  of  a  lee  and  dangerous  shore, 
1768;  retired  in  1797;  and  died  in  1820.  j attacked  the  French  admiral  Confians, 
He  published  Precedents  of  Proceedings  in  j  whom  he  utterly  defeated.  In  1770 'he 
the  House  of  Commons  ;  Rules  and  Stand-  was  made  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  and  in 
ing  Orders  of  the  House;  and  a  Collection  1776  was  created  a  peer.  He  died  in 
of  Cases  of  Privilege  of  Parliament.  !  17S1. 

HATTON,  Sir  CHRISTOPHER,  a  HAWKESWORTH,  Dr.  JOHN,  was 
statesman  and  lawyer,  was  born  at  Hoi-  born,  in  1715,  at  Bromley,  in  Kent,  and 
denby,  in  Northamptonshire;  studied  at  was  the  sou  of  a  watchmaker.  After  hav- 
St.  Mary's  Hall,  Oxford,  and  at  the  Inner  ing  tried  his  father's  trade,  and  also  been 
Temple;  and,  at  a  masque,  BO  much  clerk  to  a  writing  stationer,  he  became  an 
charmed  Queen  Elizabeth  by  his  graceful  author;  contributed  to  the  Gentleman's 
dancing  that  she  raised  him,  by  successive  Magazine;  and  succeeded  Johnson  in  corn- 
steps  of  promotion,  till,  in  1587,  he  became  piling  the  debates  for  it.  In  1752  he  began 
lord  chancellor.  Inexperienced  as  he  was,  The  Adventurer,  which  established  his 
he  performed  satisfactorily  the  duties  of  literary  character,  and  induced  Archbishop 
his  high  office.  He  died  in  1591  ;  and,  it  Herring  to  give  him  the  degree  of  doctor 
is  said,  of  a  broken  heart,  in  consequence  of  laws.  He  subsequently  produced  Almo- 
of  Elizabeth  imperiously  demanding  the  ran  and  Hamet ;  some  dramatic  enter- 
payment  of  an  old  debt.  Hatton  was  tole-  tainmcnts;  a  translation  of  Telemachus, 
rant,  and  a  friend  of  learning.  A  Treatise  and  an  edition  of  Swift's  works.  His 
on  Statutes,  and  a  fourth  act  of  Tancred  most  lucrative  engagement,  however,  Avas 
and  Sigismunda,  a  tragedy,  are  attributed  the  compiling,  in  1772,  a  narrative  of  the 
to  him.  Voyages  of  Discovery  accomplished  under 

HAUTEFEtJILLE,  JOHN,  a  French  the  auspices  of  George  III.  By  this  he 
mechanician,  was  born  in  1647,  and  died  gained  six  thousand  pounds;  but  the  se- 
in  1724.  He  invented  the  spiral  spring  verity  with  which  some  parts  of  it  were 
which  moderates  the  vibration  of  the  bal-  censured  is  said  to  have  hastened  his  de- 
ance-wheel  in  watches,  and  which  was  cease,  which  took  place  in  1773. 
afterwards  perfected  by  Huygens.  He!  HAWKINS,  Sir  JOHN,  a  brave  and 
wrote  various  works,  among"  which  are, 'able  naval  officer,  was  born,  in  1520,  at 
A  New  System  of  the  Flux  and  Reflux  of  Plymouth;  distinguished  himself  greatly 
the  Sea;"  The  Art  of  Breathing  under  |  on  various  occasions  against  the  Spaniard?, 
Water;  The  Perpetual  Pendulum;  and  particularly  in  the  action  with  the  Spanish 
Horological  Problems.  j  Armada;  was  knighted  and  much  esteemed 

HAUY,  REN ATUS  JUSTUS,  acelebrated  by  Queen  Elizabeth;  and  died  in  1595 
mineralogist,  was  born,  in  1742,  at  .St.  Just,  Hawkins  bears  on  his  character  the  foul 
in  Picardy;  and  was  originally  professor  stain  of  having  been  the  person  with  whom 
of  the  dead  languages  in  Cardinal  Leino-  originated  the  infamous  slave  trade.  He 
ine's  college.  Botany  and  mineralogy,  how-  made  three  kidnapping  expeditions  to  the 
ever,  became  hia  favourite  studies,  particu- i  coast  of  Africa,  the  first  in  1562;  and  so 
larly  the  latter.  As  early  as  1783  he  was  perverted  was  the  moral  feeling  of  that 
admitted  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sci-  period  that  a  crest,  consisting  of  a  Moor 
ence§;  he  was  one  of  the  first  forty  m»:m-  bound  with  a  cord,  was  granted  to  him  to 
bers  of  the  Institute;  and  was  appointed  commemorate  an  action  which  ought  to 
by  Napol<v.n  prot'osor  of  mineralogy  at  the  have  been  expiated  on  the  scaffold. 
Botanic  Garden,  and  to  the  faculty  of  sci-j  HAWKINS,  Sir  JOHN,  was  born,  in 
encei  at  Paris.  He  died  in  1822.  Science  1719,  in  London,  and  tvas  brought  up  U 


HAY 

J»c  law;  but,  on  coining  into  pos 
of  a  fortune,  he  retired  from  his  practice, 
and  was  appointed  a  Middlesex  magistrate 
Ire  was  chosen  chairman  of  the  quarter 
sessions  in  1765;  was  knighted  in  1772; 
and  died  in  1789.  He  wrote  A  Gen- 
eral History  of  Music;  and  a  Life  of  his 
friend  Dr.  Johnson  ;  and  edited  an  edition 
of  Walton's  Angler,  and  of  Johnson's 
Works.  As  a  writer,  Hawkins  is  utterly 
destitute  of  taste,  and  his  style  is  of  the 
most  awkward  and  slovenly  kind.  " 

HAWLEY,  JOSEPH,  a  patriot  of  the 
American  revolution,  was  born  at  North- 
Hinpton,  Massachusetts,  in  1724,  and  after 
graduating  at  Yale  College  in  1742  pur- 
nued  the  profession  of  the  law  in  his  native 
town.  He  soon  rose  to  distinction  and 
extensive  practice,  but  by  the  efforts  of  the 
frierids  of  the  British  administration,  he 
was  afterwards  for  a  short  time  excluded 
fiom  the  bar.  He  was  one  of  the  first  wh< 

Eroposed  to   resist   British   encroachments 
y  force,  and  he  continued  through  his  life 
to  be  an   active   and  efficient  advocate  of 


HAZ 


SIS 


the  rights  of  his  country. 
HAY,    WILLIAM, 


He  died  in  1788. 
a    miscellaneous 


writer,  was  born,  in  1695,  at  Glynbourn, 
in  Sussex;  was  educated  at  Oxford;  sat 
in  parliament  for  Seaford;  was  a  coramis- 
m'oner  of  the  victualling  ofiice,  and  keeper 
of  the  records  at  the  Tower;  and  died  in 
1755.  He  translated  a  part  of  Martial's 
Epigrams;  and  wrote  various  works  in 
proee  and  verse,  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
of  which  is  An  Essay  on  Deformity.  Hay 
was  himself  deformed,  and  in  this  essay  ne 
descants  upon  the  circumstance  in  a  truly 
philocophical  spirit. 


HAYDN,JosKPH,oneof  the  most  cele- 
brated of  modern  composers,  was  born,  in 
1732,  at  Rohrau,  in  Austria,  and  was  the 
*on  of  a  poor  cartwright,  who,  without  aitj 
Knowledge  of  music,  used  to  accompany, 
on  a  rude  kind  of  harp,  the  songs  of  his 
wife.  The  schoolmaster  of  the  neighbour- 
ing town  of  Haimburg,  seeing  the  delight 
of  young  Haydn,  and  the  correctness  with 
which  he  beat  time  to  his  father's  notes, 


fave   him   some   musical   instruction. 
tb«  age  of  eight;  he  was  admitted 
14 


At 


of  the  chorister*  at  the  cathedral  of  Vienna, 
under  Renter,  where  he  remained  till  hit 
voice  broke,  and  he  was  dismissed.  For 
some  years  he  could  scarcely  obtain  a  bare 
subsistence,  by  teaching  and  by  his  com- 
position; but  at  length  he  obtained  the 
situation  of  director  of  music  in  the  estab 
lishment  of  Count  Marzin.  In  1761  ha 
passed  into  the  service  of  Prince  Anthony 
Esterlia/.y,  and  on  the  establishment  of 
that  prince,  and  of  his  successor  Prince 
Nicholas,  who  loved  and  honoured  him,  he 
remained  till  his  decease  in  1809.  He 
twice  visited  England,  the  first  time  in 
1791,  and  fora  longer  period  in  1794,  and 
received  the  degree  of  doctor  of  music 
from  the  university  of  Oxford.  His  com- 
positions amount  to  twelve  or  thirteen  hun- 
dred, among  which  are  nineteen  operas  and 
five  oratorios.  His  genius  was  equal  to  hia 
fertility,  and  he  blended  elegance  with  sci- 
ence in  a  manner  which  had  never  been 
witnessed  before.  "His  grand  and  sub- 
lime oratorio  of  the  Creation,"  says  a  mod- 
ern musician  of  eminence,  "and  his  pictur- 
esque and  descriptive  Seasons,  if  music 
were  a  language  as  intelligible  and  durable 
as  the  Greek,  would  live  and  be  admired 
as  long  as  the  Illiad  and  Odyssey  of 
Homer." 

HAYLEY,  WILLIAM,  a  poet  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  born  in  1745,  atChi- 
chester;  studied  at  Eton,  and  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  and,  a«  he  was  a  man  of 
fortune,  devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  litera- 
ture. He  died  November  12,  1820.  Hay- 
ley  undoubtedly  possessed  considerable  ta'l- 
ent  and  learning,  and  at  one  period  some 
of  his  productions  were  popular;  but,  as  a 
bolder  and  more  original  race  of  writers 
arose  his  fame  declined.  Among  his  best 
works  are,  in  verse,  A  Poetical  Epistle  to 
an  eminent  Painter;  Essay  op  History, 
Essay  on  Epic  Poetry;  and  the  Triump'hs 
of  Temper:  in  prose,  An  Essay  on  Old 
Maids  ;  The  Lives  of  Milton,  Cowper,  and 
Romney;  and  his  own  Memoirs. 

HAYNE,  ISAAC,  a  patriot  of  the  revo- 
lution, was  born  in  South  Carolina,  and  at 
the  commencement  of  hostilities  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  colonies,  was  living 
as»a  planter  in  the  enjoyment  of  a  consid- 
erable fortune.  In  the  year  1781,  in  viola  • 
tion  of  all  honour  and  justice,  he  was  talwa 
prisoner  and  executed  by  the  royal  force* 
jnder  Lord  Rawdon,  on"  the  pretence  that 
He  had  been  found  inarms  aga'nst  the  Brit- 
'«sh  government  after  he  had  accepted  ;u 
protection  and  become  a  subject  to  it 

HAZLITT  WILLIAM,  the  son  of  a  dis- 
senting minister,  was  brought  upas  an  art 
ist,  and  his  early  works  gave  promise  of  fu- 
ture excellence;  but  dissatisfied,  it  is  slid, 
with  his  own  labours,  he  abandoned  the 
pencil,  and  took  up  the  pen.  As  an  autb< 
he  displayed  great  fertility,  and  acute  pc»- 


II 4  HEB  MEG 

en  of  mind;   and  his   style,  though   some-'  ready  accomplish™!  much    in    as  high  fit- 

times  aiming  too  much  :it  park-  tier,  and  projected    tlic  accomplishment  of 

.ing  and  elegant.      HP  died  September  IS,  more,  when  his  career  was  suddenly  closed 

1830       Aiming  his  works  air,   The  Rouml  hy    apoj  Icxy,    at    TrichinopoJy,    April •!, 

Table  (in   conjunction  with    Leigh  Hunt);  liS2b'.      He  is  the  author  of  Poems,  full  of 

Characters  of  §halupeare*a  I'l  spirit  and  elegance (ooeoftfaebert  of  which, 

of  the    English    Stage;     Lectures    on    tlie  his  1'alest  inc.  gained  the  pri/.e.  at  Oxford) ; 

Engli.-h  nirrs    on    the    English  Hymns;    Hampton    Lectures,  for    18,15;    A 

Comic  Writers;    Political  Essays  on   Pub-  Li'fe  of  Bishop  Taylor;   and    A  Narrative 

lie  Characters;   Tallin  T;ilk;    and  a  Life  of  a  Journey    in   Upper   India.     The  last 

-      ulexi.      He  also  contributed  to  the  was  a  posthumous  work. 


HBBERDEN,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent 
physii-iau,  was  born,  in  1710,  in  London; 
was  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; practised  for  ten  years  at  Cam- 


Supplement  to  the  Encyclopaedia  Brttanni- 
ca ;  The  Edinburgh  Review;  and  a  variety 

of  periodicals. 

HEARNE,  THOM  \s,  an  antiquary,  was  _,    ,    , 

born,  in  1690,  at  White  Waltham,  in  Berk-  bridge,  and  subsequently  in  the  inetiopoli*; 
{(hire;  was  educated  at  Edmund  Hall,  ( >x-  became  a  fellow  of  the  College  and  of  the 
ford  J  obtained  various  college  offices,  which  Royal  Society;  and  died  in  1801.  He 
however  he  resigned,  because  he  would  not  projected  the  Medical  Transactions;  and 
take  the  oaths  to  George  I.;  edited  nearly  j  wrote  Medical  Commentaries  on  the  His- 
forty  works,  some  of  them  classics,  but  tory  and  Cure  of  Diseases. 
principally  relative  to  ancient  English  his- 1  HECKEWELDER,  JOHN,  many  yeam 
tory  and  antiquities;  and  died  in  1735.  ]  employed  by  the  Moravian  brethren  as  a 
Hearne  possessed  a  far  larger  share  of  j  missionary  to  the  Delaware  Indians,  was 
patient  research  than  of  taste  and  judgment.  |  a  native  of  England.  In  1819  he  publish- 

HEARNE,  SAMUEL,  a  traveller,  was!  ed  at  Philadelphia  a  history  of  the  manners 
born  in  London,  1742,  and,  after  having;  and  customs  of  the  Indian  nations  who  once 
Deen  for  a  short  time  a  midshipman,  he  en- j  inhabited  Pennsylvania;  and  in  1820  a 
tered  into  the  service  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  I  narrative  of  the  Moravian  mission  among 


Company.  From  1769  to  1772  he  was  em- 
ployed by  the  company  to  explore  the  north- 
west coast  of  America;  and  he  was  the 
first  European  who  succeeded  in  reaching 
the  Arctic  Ocean.  He  died  in  1792,  but 
the  interesting  mrrative  of  his  *Journey 
was  not  published  till  1795. 

HEATH,  WILLIAM,  an  officer  in  the 
army  of  the  revolution,  was  born  in  Rox- 
bnry  in  1737,  and  was  bred  a  farmer.  He 
was  particularly  attentive  to  the  study  of 
military  tactics",  and  in  1775  he  was  com- 
missioned as  a  brigadier  general  by  the 
provincial  congress.  In  1776  he  was  pro- 
moted  to  the  rank  of  major  general  in  the 


tinental  army,  and  in  the  campaign  of 
division   near   the 


the  Delaware  Indians,  &c.  from  1740  to 
1808.  He  died  at  Bethlehem,  in  1823,  in 
the  79th  year  of  his  age. 

HEDERICH,or  HEDERIC,  BENJA 
MIN,  a  German  lexicographer,  was  hoi ny 
in  1675,  atGeithen,  in  Misnia;  studied  at 
Leipsic  and  Wittemberg;  and  died,  in 
1748,  rector  of  the  school  of  Grossenhayn 
He  compiled  various  lexicons, among  which 
are  a  mythological  and  an  archaeological; 
but  his  best  known  work  is  the  Greek  Lex- 
icon which  bears  his  name,  and  which  has 
been  repeatedly  reprinted. 

HEDVVIG,  JOHN,  a  German   botanist 
and 
stadf, 


id  physician,  was  born,  in  1730,  at  Cron- 
idt,  in  Transylvania,  and  was  of  a  Sax- 

that  year  commanded  a  division  near  the  on  family.  He  pursued  his  studies  at  Pre»- 
enemy's  lines,  at  King's-bridge  and  Morri-jburg,  Zittau,  and  Leipsic;  practised  as  f* 
san i a".  During  the  year  1777,  and  till  No-  physician,  first  at  Chemnitz,  and  next  at 
vember,  1778,  he  was  the  commanding  of-  .  Leipsic;  was  appointed  professor  of  physic 
ficer  of  the  eastern  department,  and  his  j  ind  botany,  and  superintendant  of  the  pub- 
head  quarters  were  at  Boston.  In  1779  he  lie  garden  at  the  latter  place;  and  died  in 


returned  to  the  main  army,  and  was  invest- 
ed with  the  chief  command  of  the  troops 
on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson.  After 
the  close  of  the  war,  }\?.  served  in  several 
public  offices,  till  the  time  of  his  death  in  lished  some  excellent  works,  the  principal 


1799.  The  branch  of  botany  to  which 
Hedwig  especially  directed  h'is  attention 
was  the  mosses ;  and  on  this  subject  \\n 
made  many  important  discoveries,  ami  pim- 


1814.  S  of  which,  in  four  volumes  folio,  is  general- 

HEBER,  REGINALD,  a  poet    and    di-   ly  called  his  Cryptogamia. 
vino,  was  born,    in    1783,   at    Malpas,    in    "  HEGE8IA8,   a  philosopher  of  the  Cy. 
Shropshire;   n-crived  his  education  at  Bra- J  renaic   school,  who  flourished   in   the  third 
f.»rd,  where   lie  distin-   century  n.  c.,    was  the   founder   of  a    new 

pushed  himself  by  his  poeUcal  and  other  sect  called  the  Hegrsiac.  lie  taught  that 
talents;  travelled  in  German <,  Russia,  ami  it  is  better  to  die  than  to  live-  ami  is  :-aiii 
the  Crin.ea;  u;«s  i  rectur  uf  to  have  enforced  this  »loomy  dnr.tr :«e  with 

liodnct,    in     Shropshire;     tvus    appointed   so  much  eloquence,  that  some  of  s.  * 
oivhop  of  Calcutta   in    1S21;    and    had   .d-   committed    suicide;    upon   whx". 


HE1 

ordered  his  school  to  be  closed.  Hegesias, 
however,  does  not  appear  to  have  acted 
upon  hia  own  system. 

HElNECCIUS.orHEINECKE,  JOHN 
THEOPHILUS,  an  eminent  German  jurist, 
was  born,  in  1681,  at  Eisenberg;  and  died, 
in  1741,  professor  of  law  at  Halle.  His 
works  on  civil  law  are  numerous,  and  justly 
esteemed  for  their  erudition  and  their  style. 

HEINECKEN,  CHARLES  HsNRY.was 
born,  in  1706,  at  Lubeck,  and  began  his  po- 
litical career  as  confidential  secretary  to 
count  de  Bruhl,  the  elector  of  Saxony; 
and  his  talents  and  probity  soon  induced 
the  elector  to  ennoble  him,  and  appoint  hin 

S'ivy  counsellor  of  Saxony  and  Poland 
e  died  in  1792.  Heinecken  was  a  lover 
and  patron  of  the  arts.  The  splendid  col 
lection  of  engravings  from  pictures  in  the 
Dresden  Gallery  was  executed  at  his  ex 
pense;  and  he  wrote  various  works,  among 
which  are,  A  General  Idea  of  a  complete 
Collection  of  Prints;  and  A  Dictionary  of 
Artists  of  whom  we  have  Prints. 

HEINECKEN,  CHRISTIAN  HENRY,  a 
brother  of  the  foregoing,  was  born,  in  1721 
at  Lubeck;  and  died,  in  172-5,  at  the  age 
of  four  years  and  four  months.  So  aston- 
ishing is  the  story  told  of  this  mental  phe- 
nomenon that,  were  it  not  supported  by 
powerful  evidence,  it  might  well  be  treated 
as  a  romance.  He  could  talk  at  ten  months 
old,  at  twelve  could  recite  the  leading  facts 
in  the  Pentateuch,  and  at  thirteen  had  ac- 
quired the  rudiments  of  ancient  history, 
geography,  anatomy,  and  the  use  of  maps ; 
and  knew  eight  thousand  Latin  words.  At 
two  years  and  a  half  he  could  answer  any 
question  in  geography  and  history,  and  be- 
fore his  decease  he  had  added  to  his  acqui- 
sitions divinity,  ecclesiastical  history,  and 
many  other  branches  of  knowledge;  and 
spoke  German,  Latin,  French  and  Low 
Dutch.  In  his  fourth  year  he  harrangued 
the  king  of  Denmark,  to  whom  he  was  pre- 
sented. On  his  deathbed  he  displayed  the 
utmost  firmness,  and  endeavoured  to  console 
his  afflicted  parents. 

HEINSIUS,  DANIEL,  a  poet  and  clas- 
sical critic,  was  born,  in  1580,  at  Ghent, 
and  studied  at  Franeker,  whence  he  re- 
moved to  Leyden,  where  Joseph  Scaliger 
was  his  tutor.  At  the  latter  university  he 
was  subsequently  chosen  professor  of  his- 
tory, secretary,  and  librarian.  The  Swedish 
monarch  and  the  Venetian  republic  con- 
ferred on  him  honorary  titles,  and  Urban 
the  Eighth  made  liberal  offers,  but  in  vain, 
to  induce  him  to  settle  at  Rome.  Heinsius 
commented  on  and  edited  various  classical 
authors,  and  wrote  poems  in  Greek,  Latin, 
and  Dutch. 

HEINSIUS,  NICHOLAS,  son  of  the 
foregoing,  and  his  rival  in  every  branch  of 
learning,  was  born,  in  1620,  at  Leyden ; 
in  EnjflaiH,  Fra-irc,  and  Italy; 


I.  EL 


S13 


w.vs  invited  to  Stockholm  by  Christina  of 
Sweden,  and  was  subsequently  twice  ap- 
pointed resident  there  by  the  States  of 
Holland;  was  made  secretary  to  the  city 
of  Amsterdam  in  1656,  but  resigned  in 
1658;  was  sent  as  envoy  extraordinary  to 
Russia  in  1667;  and  died  in  1681.  Hii 
Latin  poetry,  which  is  remarkable  for  its 
elegance  and  purity,  gained  for  him  the  ap- 
pellation of  the  Swan  of  Holland.  He  ed- 
ited editions,  with  notes,  of  Virgil,  Ovid, 
Claudian,  and  Valerius  Flaccus. 

HEINSIUS,  ANTHONY,  an  eminent 
Dutch  statesman,  was  born  about  1641, 
and  died  at  the  Hague  in  1720.  For  forty 
years  he  filled  the  high  station  of  grand 
pensionary  of  Holland,  and  distinguished 
himself  by  his  prudence,  firmness,  probity, 
and  disinterestedness.  He  possessed  the 
entire  confidence  of  William  III.,  Marl- 
borough,  and  Eugene;  and  was  one  of  the 
most  enlightened  and  strenuous  supporters 
of  that  system  by  which  the  pride  of  Lou- 
is XIV.  was  at  length  humbled. 

HEISTER,  LAURENCE,  an  eminent 
anatomist,  surgeon,  and  physician,  was 
born,  in  1683,  at  Frankfort  on  the  Maine; 
studied  anatomy  under  Ruysch;  acquired 
much  experience  as  surgeon  and  physician 
general  to  the  Dutch  forces;  and  died,  in 
1758,  professor  of  medicine,  surgery,  and 
botany,  in  the  university  of  Helmstadt. 
His  Compendium  of  Anatomy,  and  Insti- 
tutes of  Surgery,  were  exceedingly  popu- 
lar. Heister  was  no  contemptible  bota- 
nist, and  was  one  of  the  most  strenuous 
opponents  of  the  Linnaean  system. 

HELIODORUS,  a  native  of  Ernest, 
n  Phoenicia,  who  flourished  in  the  fourth 
century,  is  the  author  of  a  romance  called 
The  ^Ethiopics,  or  the  Loves  of  Thea- 
*enes  and  Chariclea ;  the  first  work  of  the 
and.  He  was  afterwards  bishop  of  Tric- 
ca,  in  Thessaly.  An  apocryphal  story  is 
on  record,  that  a  pynod  having  given  him 
the  alternative  of  burning  his  juvenile 
work,  or  resigning  his  bishopric,  he  pre- 
ferred doing  the  latter. 

HELIOGABALUS,  a  Roman  emperor 
derived  his  name  from  his  having  been 
priest  of  the  sun  at  Emessa.  He  was  the 
son  of  Varius  Marcellus.  The  soldiery 
raised  him  to  the  throne,  in  218,  when  ho 
was  at  most  seventeen  years  of  age,  and 
ic  began  his  reign  with  the  most  hypo- 
critical profession  of  moderation  and'vir- 
ue.  He  soon,  however,  revelled  in  all 
hose  follies  and  vices  which  most  disgrace 
uiman  nature.  After  he  had  reigned  near 
Y  four  years,  he  was  put  to  death  by  thr 
Praetorian  guards,  his  body  was  dragged 
through  the  streets  and  thrown  into  the 
Tyber,  and  his  memuiy  was  declared  in 
kmous. 

HELMONT,  JOHN  BAPTHT  VAN,  a 
celeVtrated  chemitt,  was  born,  in  1577,  a< 


816  HE! 

Brussels,  and  was  of  a   noble  family, 
studied  at   Louvain,  made  an    cxcceii 
rapid  progress,  ami  engaged    in   an  extcn- 
nrse  of  reading.      Having  taken  his 


medical  decree,  he  (ravelled  fir  ten  \e.ns 
i     i     •         i  •  i        t      •       i  ~ 


HEN 

He  |  no  want  of  charity  in  believing  that  his  dis- 
like of  despotism,  and  not  his  defective 
morality,  was  his  inexpiable  crime  in  the 
eyesof  aiaeneinie*.  In  1764  and  1765  he 


and 

kno 


daring     his     travels 
rledge    of    practical 


ibtained 
chemistry. 


In 


1609  he  married  a  woman  of  fortune,  and 
settled  at  Vilvorden,  where  lie  practised 
medicine  gratuitously,  and  for  thirty  years 
carried  on  his  chem'ical  experiments  with 
indefatigable  spirit.  He  died  in  1644. 
In  the  works  of  Van  Helmont  there  is  un- 
doubtedly much  crude  and  visionary  s|>ec- 
tilalion,  but  there  is  also  much  that  is  wor- 
thy of  notice.  He  pointed  out  many  of 
the  absurdities  of  the  Galenical  system, 
and  contributed  largely  to  its  overthrow; 
and  he  made  several  chemical  discoveries. 
The  word  gas  was  first  used  by  Van  Hel- 
mont. 

HELOISE,  whom  hor  unfortunate  pns- 
sion  for  Abelard  has  rendered  famous, 
was  born  about  1101  or  1102,  and  was  the 
niece  of  Fulbert,  canon  of  Paris.  In  her 
earliest  youth  she  manifested  an  ardent 
love  of  learning;  and  she  soon  acquired  a 
knowledge  of  philosophy,  and  of  the  Latin, 
Greek,  and  Hebrew  languages.  After  her 
separation  from  her  husband  (see  A  BE- 
LAUD), she  took  the  veil,  became  prioress 
of  the  convent  of  Argenteuil,  and,  eventu- 
ally, abbess  of  the  Paraclete.  She  died 
in  "1164. 

HELVETIUS,  ADRIAN,  a  physician, 
was  Ixjrn,  about  1661,  in  Holland,  and 
settled  at  Paris.  There  he  discovered  the 
medical  virtues  of  ipecacuanha  in  dysen- 
teric cases,  and  having  cured  the  dauphin 
with  it,  he  received  a  reward  of  a  thou- 
sand louis,  and  various  appointments.  He 
died  in  1727.  His  son,  JOHN  CLAUDE 
ADRIAN,  was  a  physician  of  great  skill 
and  learning. 

HELVETIUS,  CLAUDE  A*,  "IAN,  son 
of  John  Claude  A  Irian,  was  horn,  in 
1715,  at  Paris;  was  educated  at  the  col- 
lege of  Louis  the  Great;  manifested  early 
talents;  and  soon  became  intimate  with 
most  of  the  literary  characters  of  the  age. 
For  some  years  he  was  one  of  the  farmers 
general,  and  he  made  a  noble  use  of  the 
immense  income  which  he  drew  from  this 
source.  He  resigned  this  advantageous 
pursuit,  however,  and  retired  to  his  es- 
*.ate,  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  litera- 
ture. In  1758  he  gave  to  the  world  his 
work  On  the  Mind.  It  was  immediately 
assailed  by  the  clergy,  the  Sorbonne,  and 
the  parliament;  it  was  condemned  to  the 
flames;  and  the  author  was  obliged  to 
recantation,  and  give  up  a  place 
he  held  at  court.  That,  in  a 


itgn   a 
which 


visited  England  and  Prussia,  and  was  flat- 
teringly received.  The  rest  of  his  life  was 
spent  on  his  estate,  in  literary  occupation, 
and  in  the  practice  of  benevolence.  He 
died  1771.  He  left  a  posthumous  work, 
On  Man,  his  Intellectual  Faculties,  and  his 
Education.  He  is  also  the  author  of  Hap- 

a  poem,  in  six  cantos. 
HF.LVICUS,  CHRISTOPHER,  a  chro- 
nologist,  was  born,  in  1581,  near  Frank- 
tort  ;  studied  at  Marpurg;  was  made  pro- 
fess ir  of  theology  at  Giessen;  and  died  in 
1617.  Among  his  works  are,  A  New  Sys«. 
tern  of  Chronology  ;  a  Synopsis  of  Univer- 
al  History;  and  a  Chronological  Disserta- 
tion on  the  Seventy  Weeks  of  Daniel. 

HENAULT,  CHARLES  JOHN  FRAK- 
cis,  generally  known  as  President  Hen- 
auk,  from  his  having  been  president  of  the 
Parliament  of  Paris,  was  born  in  the  French 
capital,  in  1685;  studied  under  the  fathers 
of  the  Oratory ;  and  had  the  advantage  of 
ig  the  lessons  and  the  advice  of  Ma- 
He  was  appointed  superintendent 
of  the  queen's  household,  and,  with  a  noble 
spirit,  he  made  over  one  half  of  the  salary 
to  the  widow  of  his  predecessor.  Henault 
w* '  a  favourite  at  court,  and  was  in  habits 
f  friendship  with  many  of  the  most  cele- 
brated writers  of  that  period.  He  died  in 
1770.  He  wrote  an  excellent  Chronologi- 
cal Abridgement  of  the  History  of  France; 
seven  plays;  and  many  elegant  verses.  A 
Critical  History  of  the  Establishment  of  the 
Franks  in  Gaul  is  attributed  to  him,  but 
on  doubtful  authority. 

HENLEY,  JOHN,  familiarly  known  as 
Orator  Henley,  was  born,  in  1692,  at  Mel- 
on Mowbray,  in  Leicestershire;  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge; 
and,  after  having  been  a  master  of  a  free 
school,  a  curate,  and  a  preacher  at  a  chapel 
ic  opened  an  anomalous  kind  of  place 
which  he  called  an  oratory,  first  in  .\ew 
jort  Market,  and  next  in"  Clare  Market, 
ivhere  he  delivered  theological  and  miscel- 
aneous  lectures,  anil  made  himself  a  mark 
for  the  shafts  of  satire  by  his  eccentric  con- 
duct. He  died  in  1756.  Among  liis  works 
ire,  the  Hyp  Doctor;  and  a  translation  of 
Pliny's  Epistles.  Henley  was  a  man  of 
parts,  but  he  wofullv  misused  hi.<  talents. 

HENRION  I)E  1'ANSEY,  PETFR 
PAUL  NICHOLAS,  an  em.nent  French  ma- 
gistrate and  legal  writer,  w»t  born,  in  1742, 
at  Treveraye,  in  Lorraint,  i.id  died,  first 
)resident  of  the  council  of  c.^ation,  in 
1829. 
sertations 
analysed  and  compared  with 


Among  his  works  aro,  I->iwlal  Dis 
ions;  Dumoulin's   Tiejc*^  oh   Fief* 


moral   point  of    view,   many  of    his   doc- 

n-iii'-s    leari     to    dangerous    consequences,     lists ;  a  treatise  On  the  Judicial  A. 

as  list  uot  be  denied;  Init  there  is,  perhaps, !  in  France;  and  a  treatise  Or,  di*  .%**• 


HEN 

of  France  since  the  Establish- 
ment of  the  monarchy 

II ENRY  IV.,  King  of  France,  snrnamed 
'.he  (ireat,  son  of  Antony  of  Bourbon,  king 
of  Navarre,  was  born,  in  1553,  at  Tan, 
the  capital  of  Beam,  and  was  early  tem- 
pered to  encounter  difficulties,  by  being 
Drought  up  in  a  simple  and  hardy  manner. 
After  having  been  initiated  in  the  profession 
of  arms  under  Conde  and  Coligni,  and 
been  present  at  the  battles  of  Jarnac  and 
Moncontour,  he  went  to  the  court  of 
France,  and,  in  1572,  was  married  to  Mar- 
garet of  Valois,  the  sister  of  Charles  IX. 
From  the  execrable  massacre  of  St.  Bar- 
tholomew he  escaped  only  by  a  temporary 
renunciation  of  the  protesUuit  faith.  Escap- 
ing from  Paris,  he  put  himself  at  the  head 
of  the  Huguenot  party,  and  supported  its 
cause  with  equal  talent  and  bravery.  In 
1589  he  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  France ; 
but  for  fuur  years  he  had  to  contend  for 
his  crown  against  the  furious  efforts  of  the 
League  and  Spain;  nor  did  he  secure  the 
possession  of  it  till,  in  1593,  he  consented 
to  embrace  the  catholic  religion.  In  1595 
he  issued  the  celebrated  edict  of  Nantz. 
After  a  glorious  reign  of  twenty-one  years, 
lie  was  assassinated,  M  ay  14,  1610,  by  a 
fanatic,  named  Ravaillac.  Henry  was 
brave,  frank,  liberal,  and  sincerely  desirous 
to  promote  the  happiness  of  his  people; 
but  his  virtues  were  shaded  by  some  weak- 
nesses, among  which  must  be  numbered 
prodigality,  a  propensity  to  gaming,  and  a 
persevering  indulgence  in  illicit  amours. 

HENRY  THE  MINSTREL,  or  BLIND 
HARRY  (so  called  because  he  was  blind 
from  his  birth),  a  Scottish  poet,  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  was  a  wandering  min- 
strel, and  is  supposed  to  have  belonged  to 
some  monastic  order.  His  Actis  and  Deidis 
of  ye  Illuster  and  Vailzeand  Campion  Syr 
William  Wallace*,  is  believed  to  have  been 
composed  about  1440,  and  possesses  con- 
siderable merit.  He  was  the  first  Scottish 
poet  who  employed  the  heroic  couplet. 

HENRY,  MATTHEW,  an  eminent  non- 
conformist divine,  was  born,  in  1663,  al 
Broad  Oak,  in  Flintshire,  and  was  educated 
by  his  father,  a  highly  estimable  divine. 
In  1686,  he  became  pastor  of  a  congrega- 
tion at  Chester,  with  which  he  remained 
till  1702,  when  he  removed  to  Hackney. 
His  assiduity  in  performing  the  duties  of 
his  function  impaired  his  constitution,  and 


HER 


817 


Jray  Friar*  Church,  in  the  Scotch  c;rital, 
whence  he  exchanged  «to  the  old  church, 
,nd,  in  1774,  was  chosen  moderator  of  the 
general  assembly.  He  died  in  1790.  Dr. 
"ienry  was  thirty  years  employed  on  his 
liftory  of  England,  a  valuable  work, 
which,  though  its  success  was  retarded  by 
he  malignant  efforts  of  his  enemies,  rose 
it  length  into  public  favour,  ad'W  more 
han  £.3000  to  his  fortune,  and  obtained 
or  him,  from  the  crown,  a  pension  of 
jC.100  per  annum. 

HENRY,  PATRICK,  an  American  ora- 
'or  and  statesman,  was  born  in  Virginia  in 
1736,  and  after  receiving  a  common  school 
education,  and  spending  some  time  in  trade 
and  agriculture,  commenced  the  practice 
of  the  law,  after  only  six  weeks  of  prepar- 
atory study.  After  several  years  of  pov- 
erty,  with  the  incumbrance  of  a  family,  he 
firs't  rose  to  distinction  in  managing  the 
popular  cause  in  the  controversy  between 
the  legislature  and  the  clergy,  touching  the 
stipend  which  was  claimed  "by  the  latter. 
In  1765  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
tiouse  of  burgesses,  with  express  reference 
to  an  opposition  to  the  British  stamp  act. 
In  this  assembly  he  obtained  the  honour  of 
being  the  first  to  commence  the  opposition 
to  the  measures  of  the  British  government, 


terminated   in  the  rerolutio 


He 


was  one  of  the  delegates  sent  by  Virginia 
to  the  first  general  congress  of  the  colonies, 
in  1774,  and  in  that  body  distinguished 
himself  by  his  boldness  and  eloquence.  In 
1776  he  was  appointed  the  first  governor 
of  the  commonwealth,  and  to  this  office 
was  repeatedly  reelected.  In  1786  he  was 
appointed  by  the  legislature  one  of  the 
deputies  to  the  convention  held  at  Philadel- 
phia, for  the  purpose  of  revising  the  federal 
constitution.  In  1788  he  was  a  member 
of  the  convention,  which  met  in  Virginia 
to  consider  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States,  and  exerted  himself  strenuously 
against  its  adoption.  In  1794  he  retired 
from  the  bar,  and  died  in  1799.  Without 
extensive  information  upon  legal  or  politi- 
cal topics,  he  was  a  natural  orator  of  the 
highest  order,  possessing  great  powers  of 
imagination,  sarcasm  and  humour,  united 
with  great  force  and  energy  of  manner, 
and  a  deep  knowledge  of  human  nature. 

HERACLITUS,  a  philosopher,  born  at 
Ephesus,  flourished  about  504  B.  c.,  and 
was  taught  the  Pythagorean  system  by 


he  died,  much  regretted,  in  1714.  He  Hippasus  and  Xenophanes.  Refusing  the 
wrote  several  religious  pieces;  but  his  supreme  magistracv,  which  was  offered  to 
£reat  work  is  an  Exj>osition  of  the  Bible,:  him  by  his  fellow  citizens,  he  retired  to  a 
in  five  volumes  folio;  which  retains,  and j mountainous  retreat,  where  he  lived  upon 
deserves,  all  its  pristine  popularity. 


HENRY,   ROHFRT,   an  Im-tor'ian,  was 


the  spontaneous  produce  of  the  earth. 
died   of  dropsy,  at  the  age  of  sixty. 


He 
His 


born,  in  1718,  at  St.  Ninian's,  near  Stir-  |  melancholy  disposition  probably  gave  rise 
ling;  was  educated  at  Edinburgh ;  and,  to  the  tale' that  he  continually  wept  the 
after  having  filled  some  less  important  fillies  cf  mankind,  whence  he  was  called 
preferment*,  became  minuter  of  the  new ,  the  Crying  Philosopher.  He  was  also  de- 


lift 


HER 


nominated  Ate  Dbscure  Philosopher,  from 
his  having  wri  in  on  his  doctrines  a  trea- 
tise in  an  enigmatical  style,  that  it  might 
not  be  read  by  the  vulgar. 

HERBELOT,  BARTHOLOMEW  »»,  a 
learned  orientalist,  was  born,  in  1625,  at 
Paris;  travelled  (wire  into  Italy,  in  search 
of  eastern  manuscripts,  and  to  converse  with 
persons  from  the  East ;  was  appointed 
tegiu?  professor  of  Syriac  in  the  French 
capital;  and  died  in  1695,  as  much  regret- 
led  for  his  virtues  as  admired  for  his  learn- 
ing. His  Oriental  Library  merits  the 
praise  bestowed  on  it  by  Gibbon,  of  being 
"  an  agreeable  miscellany,  which  must 
gratify  every  taste." 

HERBERT,  of  CHER  HURT,  EDWARD, 
lord,  was  born,  in  1581,  at  Montgomery 
Castle;  was  sent  at  the  early  age  of  twelve 
years  to  University  College,  Oxford ;  was 
made  a  knight  of  the  Bath  soon  after  the 
accession  of  James  I.;  travelled  on  the 
continent  in  1608,  and  attracted  much 
attention  by  his  manners  and  accomplish- 
ments; served  in  the  Netherlands  in  1610 
and  1614,  and  displayed  consummate 
bravery;  was  twice  sent  ambassador  to 
France,  where  he  distinguished  himself 
by  resenting  the  insolence  of  the  worthless 
favourite  de  Luynes;  was  made  an  Irish 
peer,  in  1625,  and,  soon  after,  an  English 
baron ;  espoused  the  parliamentary  cause 
during  the  civil  wars;  and  died  in  1648. 
Herbert  was  one  of  the  most  chivalrous 
characters  of  his  time,  with  considerable 
talents,  and  some  vanity.  He  was  a  deist, 
and  waa  one  of  the  first  who  reduced 
deism  into  a  system.  His  principles  are 
expounded  in  his  works  De  Veritate,  and 
De  Religione  Laici.-  Lord  Herbert  also 
wrote  his  own  Memoirs;  a  Life  of  Henry 
VIII.;  and  a  treatise  on  the  Religion  of 
the  Heathens. 

HERBERT,  GEORGE,  a  brother  of  the 
foregoing,  was  born,  in  1593,  at  Mont- 
gomery Castle;  was  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster School,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge; was  for  eight  years  orator  of  the 
university;  and,  in  1630,  became  rector  of 
Bemerton,  in  Wiltshire,  where  he  died  in 
1632.  Herbert  was  a  man  of  such  exem- 
plary piety  and  benevolence  that  his 
brother  ?avs,  "  where  he  lived  beneficed, 
he  was  ittie  less  than  sainted."  He  wrote 
The  Priest  to  the  Temple — a  manual  of 
clerical  duties;  and  a  volume  of  sacred 
poems,  with  the  title  of  The  Temple. 

HERBERT,  Sir  THOMAS,  the  son  of 
an  alderman,  was  born  at  York;  and, 
after  having  lx?en  educated  at  Jesus  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  Trinity  College,  Cam- 
bridge, he  travelled  for  four  years  in  Asia 
and  Africa.  In  1G34,  In;  "published  A 
Relation  i.f  hi.-  Travis.  Dining  the  ci\  il 
war  he  took  the  side  of  the  parliament; 
but,  being  appointed  to  attend 


HER 

Charles  in  his  captivity,  he  became  warm.} 
attached  to  him.  Herbert  was  made  a 
baronet  at  the  Restoration,  and  he  died  i» 
j  1682.  Besides  his  travels  ho  wrote  Thre- 
nodia  Carolina ;  and  assisted  Dugdalr.  in 
the  third  volume  of  the  Monartieon. 

HERDER,  JOHN  GODFREY,  a  German 
philosopher  and  writer,  was  born,  in  1744, 
!  of  poor  parents,  at  Mohrunpen,  in  Prii.«»ia; 
1  was  educated  for  the  rlmrch,  became  court 
preacher,  ecclesiastical  cotinre.lor,  and  vice 
president  of  the  consistory  to  t'.ie  duke  of 
Saxe  Weimar;  and  died,  beloved  and 
venerated  by  all  who  knew  him,  in  1803. 
At  the  moment  when  he  expired  he  was 
writing  a  hymn  to  the  Deity,  and  the  pen 
was  found  on  the  unfinished  line.  "  In 
many  respects,"  says  Degerando,  "  Herder 
is  the  Fenelon  of  Germany,  and  of  the 
reformed  religion."  His  works,  philolog- 
ical, philosophical,  and  poetical,  form 
twenty-eight  volumes  octavo. 

HERMELIN,  SAMUEL  GUSTAVUS, 
baron,  a  Swedish  mineralogist,  was  born, 
in  1744,  at  Stockholm.  After  having  trav- 
elled extensively,  and  paid  particular 
attention  to  the  statistics  and  geology  of 
the  countries  which  he  visited,  he  settled 
in  his  native  land,  and  for  more  than  fifty 
years  held  the  most  eminent  situations  in 
the  management  of  the  Swedish  mines 
He  died  in  1820.  Hermelin  wrote  various 
works  relative  to  the  mineralogy,  metal- 
lurgy, and  resources  of  Sweden;  and  it 
was  he  who  projected  the  Swedish  Atlas, 
and  at  whose  expense  a  considerable  part 
of  it  was  executed. 

HERMOGENES,  a  rhetorician,  born 
at  Tarsus,  in  Cilicia,  flourished  about  the 
year  180,  and  is  celebrated  for  the  meteoric 
brilliancy  and  rapid  extinction  of  his 
talent?.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  was 
famous  for  his  power  of  extempore  speak- 
ing ;  at  seventeen  he  published  his  rhetoi  ic ; 
and,  soon  after,  various  treatises  on  oratory, 
which  ranked  him  high  among  writers 
upon  that  subject;  but  in  his  twenty-fifth 
year  he  wholly  lost  hii  memory,  and  sank 
into  stupidity;  nor,  though  he  lived  to  a 
great  age,  did  he  ever  recover  hi*  intellec- 
tual faculties. 

HERO,  the  ELDER,  acelebrated  mecha- 
nician, was  born,  about  120  B.  c.,  at  Al- 
exandria; was  a  pupil  of  Ctesibius;  and 
possessed  an  extensive  knowledge  of  me- 
chanics and  geometry.  He  invented 
water-clocks,  automatons,  and  other  curi- 
ous machines.  Some  fragments  of  his 
writings  on  mechanics  are  extant. 

HERODIAN,  a  Greek  historian,  be- 
lieved to  have  been  a  native  of  Alexandria, 
held  various  honourable  offices  at  Rome, 
and  flourished  in  the  second  and  third 
centuries  after  Christ.  He  wrote  a  History 
of  Rome,  in  eight  books,  from  the  death 
of  Mai  CUD  Aujcliu*  to  the  accession  of 


HER 

luuac  Cassauhon,  \M  Mot  he 
Vayer,  Gibbon,  and  others  have  born 
testimony  to  its  general  merit. 

HERODOTUS,  the  o.dest  of  the  Greek 
historians  whose  works  ;ire  extant,  am 
whom  Cicero  called  the  Father  of  History 
was  born  484  B.  c.,  at  Halicarnassus,  11 
Caria.  When  his  country  was  tyranizei 
over  by  Lygdauiis,  Herodotus  abandone< 
it,  and  travelled  over  Greece,  Egypt,  anc 
Italy.  Returning  to  Kis  native  place,  he 
assisted  in  overthrowing  the  tyranny 
but,  instead  of  gratifying  the  people  by 
this  conduct,  he  is  said  to  have  incurret 
their  resentment.  In  his  thirty-ninth  yeai 
be  recited  his  History,  with  universa 
npplause,  at  the  Olympic  games.  He  is 
believed  to  have  died  at  Tluiriuin,  in  Italy 
at  an  advanced  age.  A  Life  of  Homer  is 
erroneously  ascribed  to  him. 

HERON,  ROBERT,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  born  in  Scotland,  and  educatec 
ibr  the  church,  was  for  some  time  assistan 
preacher  to  Dr.  Blair,  at  Edinburgh.  Lured 
to  London  by  promises  of  patronage  from 
the  booksellers,  he  was  indefatigable  with 
his  pen.  He  contributed  to  many  peri- 
odicals; was,  for  a  time,  editor  of  the 
British  Press,  the  Globe,  the  British  Nep- 
tune, and  other  papers;  translated  many 
foreign  prodjictions ;  wrote  several  original 
works;  and  closed  his  career  by  dying, 
pennyless,  in  the  Fever  Institution  at 
Pancras,  April  13,  1807.  Among  his 
labours  are,  A  Tour  in  Scotland,  two  vols. ; 
A  History  of  Scotland,  six  vols.;  A  Sys- 
tem of  Chemistry;  and  the  Comforts  of 
Human  Life. 

HEROPHILUS,  a  celebrated  physi- 
cian, a  native  of  Chalcedon,  was  a  disciple 
of  Praxagoras,  and  lived  under  Ptolemy 
Soter.  He  was  one  of  the  first  who  dis- 
sected human  bodies.  Herophilus  also 
marked  the  distinction  between  the  nerves 
and  the  tendons  and  ligaments;  discrimi- 
nated the  variations  in  the  state  of  the 
pulse;  and  pa-tly  discovered  the  lacteal 
absorbents 

HERRF;RA,  FERDINAND,  a  Spanish 
poet,  was  born  at  Seville,  about  1516,  and 
died  about  1595.  He  was  the  first  of  the 
four  poets  of  his  country  to  whom  the 
epithet  divine  wan  applied.  Besides  his 
Poems,  in  one  volume,  consisting  of  son- 
nets, songs,  elegies,  &c.  he  wrote  a  Rela- 
tion of  ths  War  of  Cyprus;  and  a  General 
History  of  if  pain  ;  "the  last  of  which  is 
unfortunately  lost. 

HERREftA,  ANTHONY,  a  celebrated 
Spanish  hfi-torian,  whose  real  name  was 
TORDE?fL,LAS,  but  who  took  that  of 
his  mother.,  wasb.>rn  in  1559;  was  appoint- 
ed chief  historiographer,  and,  subsequently, 
secretary  of  stale,  by  Philip  II.;  and  died 
in.^1625.  He  wrote  several  histories;  but 
Li*  jr«i  work  is.  Tin?  Genrni  IIi.«'ory  of 


HER 


Sit 


the  Deeds  of  the  Castiliuna  In  the  Isle* 
and  on  the  Continent  of  the  Ocean  Sea, 
four  volumes  folio.  Ilerrera  is  prolix,  and 
fond  of  the  BUurveHoofl,  but  is  candid,  im- 
partial, and  full  of  research. 

HERRI CK,  ROBERT,  a  poet,  was  born, 
in  1591,  in  London,  was  educated  at  St 
John's  College  and  Trinity  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge; was  expelled  from  his  living;  rT 
Dean  Prior,  in  Devonshire,  during  thct 
wars,  but  recovered  it  at  the  restoration 
and  died  soon  after  that  event.  His  Hcs- 
perides  (which  were  reprinted  a  few  years 
since),  contain  many  poems  of  exquisite 
beauty.  "  He  has  passages  (as  Campbell 
no  less  elegantly  than  truly  remarks)  where 
the  thoughts  seem  to  dance  into  numbers 
from  his  very  heart,  and  where  he  frolics 
like  a  being  made  up  of  melody  and  pleas- 
ure." 

HERRING,  THOMAS,  an  eminent  pre- 
late, was  born,  in  1693,  at  Walsoken,  in 
Norfolk,  of  which  his  father  was  rector; 
tudied  at  Jesus  and  Bennet  Colleges, 
Cambridge  ;  and,  after  having  possessed 
various  livings,  was  raised,  in  1737,  to  die 
see  of  Bangor,  whence,  in  1743,  he  wns 
translated  to  York.  After  the  defeat  of 
the  king's  troops  at  Preston  Pans,  in  1746, 
the  archbishop  exerted  himself  in  his  dio- 
cese with  so  much  patriotism  au,d  zeal  that 
ic  repressed  the  disaffected,  inspirited  the 
desponding,  and  procured,  at  a  county 
meeting,  a  subscription  of  £.40,000,  to- 
>vards  the  deferfce  of  the  country.  In  1747 
le  was  removed  to  the  see  of  Canterbury ; 
and  he  died  at  Croydon,  in  1756,  Her- 
ring was  a  man  of  learning,  piety,  and 
olerant  principles.  His  Sermons  and 
Betters  were  published  after  his  death. 


HERSCHEL,  Sir  WILLIAM,  one  of 

lie  greatest  astronomers  of  modern  times, 
vas  born  in  1738.  He  was  the  son  of  a 
nusician,  who  brought  him  up  to  his  own 
rofession ;  and  young  Herschel  was  suo 
essively  a  player  in  the  band  of  a  Hano- 
erian  regiment,  and  of  the  Durham  militia 
nd  organist  at  Halifax,  and  at  the  Octa- 
on  chupel  at  Bath  The  study  of  astronomy 
,-as  one  of  the  occupations  of  his  leisure 
our?,  and  finding  the  purchase  of  a  po*- 


B2t 


T1F.S 


erful  teic&coptt  too  expensive,  he  tried  to 
construct  one  for  himself,  and  was  suc- 
cessful. He  subsequently  made  others  ol 
enormous  magnitude.  Relinquishing  the 
profession  of  music,  lie  gave  himself  up  tt 
astronomical  inquiries,  and,  on  the  13th  ol 
March,  17-S1 ,  was  so  fortunate  as  to  discoM-i 
a  new  planet,  which  he  named  the  Georgiun 
Sidus.  Thenceforth,  patronised  by  Georg< 
the  Third,  and  assisted  by  his  sister  Caro 
line,  he  continued  his  lalxmrs  assiduously 
In  1816  he  received  the  Guelphic  order  ol 
knighthood;  and  he  died  August  23, 1822, 
Among  the  discoveries  made  by  Hersche! 
are  the  lunar  volcanos,  the  sixth  am 
seventh  satellites  of  Saturn,  the  six  satel- 
lite* of  the  Georgian  planet,  and  the  nature 
of  the  various  nebulae.  Herschel  wrote 
many  papers  in  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tions; and  drew  up  a  Catalogue  of  Stars, 
taken  from  Flamsteed's  Observations;  and 
a  Catalogue  of  Five  Thousand  new  Ne- 
bulae. 

HERTZBERG,  EWALU  FREDERIC 
count,  a  Prussian  statesman  and  political 
writer,  was  born,  in  1725,  at  Lottin,  in 
Pomerania;  was  gradually  advanced  by 
the  great  Frederic  till  he  became  prime 
minister;  was  for  a  while  in  favour  with 
Frederic  William  II.,  but  lost  that  sove- 
reign's countenance  by  his  honourable 
frankness;  and  died  in  1795.  Hertzberg 
was  an  honest  and  an  enlightened  states- 
man. Besides  his  Political  Works,  which 
form  three  volumes,  he  wrote  several  Dis- 
sertations which  were  read  to  the  Academy 
of  Berlin. 

HERVEY,  JOHN,  lord,  was  born,  in 
1696;  received  his  education  at  Clare  Hall, 
Cambridge  ;  filled  various  state  offices, 
among  which  was  that  of  lord  privy  seal ; 
and  died  in  1743.  Pope  has  unjustly 
satirized  him  under  the  names  of  Lord 
Fanny  and  Sporus;  for  Hervey  was,  in 
fact,  a  man  of  courage  and  talent;  of  the 
latter  quality  his  lordship  gave  sufficient 
proof  by  a  severe  retaliatory  Epistle.  He 
wrote  some  fugitive  poems  and  political 
pieces. 

HERVEY,  JAMES,  a  pious  and  amiable 
divine,  was  born,  in  1713-14,  at  Harding- 
Btone,  near  Northampton ;  was  educated  at 
Northampton  Grammar  School,  and  Lin- 
coln College,  Oxford;  and,  after  having 
officiated  at  Dunrnoor  and  Biddeford,  he 
succeeded  his  father,  as  rector  of  Weston 
Favell  and  Collingtree.  He  died,  in  1758, 
universally  regretted  for  his  virtues  and 
»he  sweetness  of  his  disposition.  Of  his 
works,  which  form  six  volumes  octavo, 
the  most  popular  are  his  Meditations  among 
the  ToiBw,  and  Reflections  in  a  Flower 
Garden.  The  morality  is  exreHent,  sonic 
passage?  are  striking,  but  the  at\le  is 
meretriciously  florid. 

HESlOI>.'n  Greek  rx.et,  of  *  Von  littlu 


IHBf 

that  *•  certain  is  known.  It  it  do  ibtfu, 
whether  he  was  born  at  Cuma,  in  ^tolia. 
or  Ascra,  in  Ba'otia;  and  whether  he  wai 
a  contemporary  or  predecessor  of  Homer 
From  himself  we  learn  that  he  had  kept 
sheep  on  Mount  Helicon,  and  that  he  had 
been  defrauded  by  his  brother.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  drowned  on  a  fa!se 
accusation  of  having  aided  in'a  rape.  He 
is  the  author  of  Works  and  Days;  Thro- 
gony;  and  the  Shield  of  Hercules;  but 
his  title  to  the  last  two  has  been  ques- 
tioned. 

HKSYCHIUS,  a  lexicographer,  ap- 
pears to  have  been  a  native  of  Alexandria; 
but  whether  he  existed  in  the  fourth  or  th« 
sixth  century  is  doubtful.  He  compiled  a 
Lexicon,  which  is  considered  as  one  of 
the  most  valuable  treasures  of  the  Greek 
language. 

HEVELIUS,  JOHN, an  eminent  astron 
omer,  was  born,  in  1611,  at  Dantzic; 
and  died  in  1688.  He  was  a  most  perse- 
vering and  accurate  observer  of  the  starry 
bodies.  The  libration  of  the  moon  was 
first  noticed  by  him;  he  discovered  several 
fixed  stars,  and  formed  some  new  constella- 
tions. Among  his  works  are  Selenogra- 
phia;  Cometographia;  Machina  Coelestis; 
and  Prodromus  Astronomiae. 

HE\VES,  JOSEPH,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  was  born  in 
New-Jersey  in  the  year  1730.  At  the  age 
of  thirty  he  removed  to  North  Carolina, 
and  was  a  delegate  from  this  province  to 
the  Continental  Congress.  He  died  in 
November,  1779.  He  was  a  man  of  integ- 
rity, firmness  and  ardent  patriotism. 

HE\VSON,  WILLIAM,  a  celebrated 
anatomist,  was  born,  in  1739,  at  Hexham, 
n  Northumberland;  was  pupil  and  sub- 
sequently assistant  to  John  and  William 
Hunter ;'  began  a  course  of  lectures.,  on  hit 
own  account,  in  1772;  and  died  in  1774, 
of  a  wound  received  in  dissecting.  Hew- 
son  discovered  the  lymphatic  system  in 
)irds  and  fishes,  for  which  discovery  he 
•eceived  the  Coplevan  medal.  He  wrote 
Experimental  Inquiries  into  the  Properties 
f  the  Blood :  and  a  Treatise  on  the  Ly  m- 
phatic  System. 

HEYLIN,  PETER,  a  divine,  was  born, 
n  1600,  at  Burford,  in  Oxfordshire;  was 
educated  at  Hart  Hall  and  Magdalen  CoU 
Vge,  Oxford;  obtained  various  livings  and 
lerical    offices  through  the   patronage  of 
Lund,  from  which  he  was  expelled  bv  the 
epublicans ;    was   the  editor  of 'die  IVler 
•urius    Aulicus,  the  royalist  paper;   recov 
:red   his    preferments  "at    the  restoration 
ind  died  in  1662.     Among  his  works  are 
,i\cs  (  f  Land,  and  of  Charles  I. ;  Histi  rie* 
f  the  Presbyterians,  and  of  the  Refoi  ma- 
ion    of    the    Cliurch    of   England;   and  A 
I*'!|)  to    Kngli.-h  lli>torv. 

HEY.M;,  CMKUYIAV  GOTTZ.OI,  » 


HID 

teamed  German,  was  born,  in  1729,  at1 
Chemnitz,  of  poor  parents;  and,  in  spite  j 
of  almost  insurmountable  obstacles,  be- 
came, by  dint  of  astonishing  exertions,' 
one  of  the  most  eminent  scholars  of  the ' 
age. 


».     In  1763,  he  was  appointed  prol\»sor  i 
of  rhetoric  at  Gottingen,  in  which  univer- 


sity he  remained  till  his  decease,  in  July, 
1812.  Among  his  works  are  editions  of 
Homer,  Pindar,  Epictetus,  Diodorus  Sicu- 
lus,  Virgil,  and  Tibullus;  and  a  variety  on 
pieces,  which  have  been  collected  in  six 
volumes  octavo,  with  the  title  of  Opuscula 
Acaderaica. 

HEY  WOOD,  JOHN,  an  early  English 
poet,  was  born  at  North  Minis,  in  Hert- 
fordshire; WAS  educated  at  Oxford;  was 
in  great  favour  with  Henry  VIII.  and 
Mary;  and  died,  in  1565,  at  Mechlin,  in 
Brabant.  His  companionable  qualities, 
and  his  musical  skill,  rendered  his  society 
much  in  request.  Among  his  works  are, 
six  plays ;  several  hundred  epigrams ;  and 
The  Spider  and  Fly,  a  parable. 

HEYWOOD,  THOMAS, 'an  actor  and 
writer,  lived  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth, 
James  I.,  and  Chatles  I.,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  been  a  native  of  Lincolnshire.  His 
fertility  was  astonishing;  for  he  tells  us 
that  lie  "  had  either  an  entire  hand,  or  at 
least  a  main  finder,"  in  two  hundred  and 
twenty  plays,  of  which  only  twenty-three 
are  extant.  Writing  so  much,  it  is  won- 
derful that  he  wrote  so  well.  "  He  is," 
says  Charles  Lamb,  "  a  sort  of  prose 
Sliakspeare;  his  scenes  are  to  the  full  as 
natural  and  affecting.*4  Hey  wood  did  not 
confine  himself  to  the  drama;  he  wrote  va- 
rious works,  among  which  are,  The  Hier- 
archy of  Angels;  A  Life  of  Queen  Eliza- 
beth ;  and  a  General  History  of  Women. 

HICKES,  GEORGE,  a  theologian  and 
philologist,  was  b.irn,  in  1642,  at  News- 
Sam,  in  Yorkshire;  was  educated  at  St. 
John's  College',  Oxford  ;  rose  in  the  church 
till  he  obtained,  in  1633,  the  deanery  of 
Worcester;  .was  disappointed  of  the  bish- 
opric of  Bristol  by  the  death  of  Charles  II. ; 
refused  to  take  the  oaths  to  William  III. ; 
and  was  an  active  enemy  of  the  govern- 
ment; and  died  in  1715.  His  theological 
and  controversial  works  are  numerous,  but 
are  forgotten,  and  his  name  is  preserved 
by  the  proofs  which  he  has  given  of  his 
Saxon  scholarship,  in  his  valuable  Antiquae 
Literature  Septentrionalu  Thesaunu,  two 
volumes  folio;  and  his  Institutiones  Gram- 
matical Anglo  Saxonica>.  . 

HIDALGO  Y  COSTILLA,  Don  Mi- 
CHAKL,  one  of  the  first  assertors  of  Mexi- 
can libertv,  was  rector  of  Dolores,  in  the 
province  of  Guanaxuato,  and  was  a  man 
of  education  and  talents,  who  possessed 
great  influence  with  the  natives.  In  con- 
•unction  wit  i  several  others,  he  formed  a 
olan  for  throwing  off  the  Spanuh  yoke.  It 

u; 


HIL  321 

was  betrayed  to  the  viceroy,  and  Hidalgo 
was  driven  to  the  necessity  of  t  iking  the 
field  prematurely.  The  insurrection  began 
on  the  night  of  the  tenth  of  September, 
1810.  At  first  he  obtained  great- success: 
but  at  length,  the  archbishop  of  Mexicft 
having  excommunicated  him  and  his  fol- 
lowers, superstition  thinned  his  ranks,  and 
he  sustained  three  severe  defeats.  He  ul- 
timately fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards, 
and  was  executed  in  July,  1811. 

HIGHMORE,  NATHANIEL,  an  anato- 
mist and  physician,  was  born,  in  1613,  at 
Fordingbridge,  in  Hampshire;  was  edu- 
cated at  Oxford ;  practised  at  Sherborne 
in  Dorsetshire;  and  died  in  1684.  He 
wrote  a  History  of  Generation;  a  Treatise 
on  Hysteria  and  Hypochondriasis;  and 
The  Anatomy  of  the  Human  Body.  The 
cavity  called'the  antrum  Highmorianum,  in 
the  superior  maxilla,  takes  its  name  from 
him. 

HILL,  AARON,  was  born,  in  1685,  in 
Westminster,  and  was  educated  at  the 
school  of  that  city.  In  Ilia  fifteenth  year, 
being  left  fatherless,  he  boldly  travelled  to 
Constantinople  to  visit  Lord  Paget,  the 
British  ambassador,  who  was  a  relation 
By  his  lordship  he  was  sent  to  travel  in  the 
Levant.  His  sebsequent  life  was  an  active 
one.  At  one  period  he  was  manager  of 
Dairy  Lane  Theatre.  Literary  pursuits 
occupied  much  of  his  time.  But  a  consid- 
erable portion  of  his  existence  was  spent  in 
trying  to  carry  into  effect  various  schemes, 
among  which  were  the  extracting  of  oil 
from  beech  mast,  the  formation  of  a  colony 
in  Georgia,  and  procuring  timber  from  the 
Highlands.  He  died  in  1750.  Hill  was  a 
noble  spirited  and  benevolent  man,  and  his 
poetical  talents  were  far  above  contempt. 
His  dramatic  works  form  two  volumes,  and 
his  poems  and  miscellaneous  pieces,  not  in- 
cluding his  epic  of  Gideon,  have  been  col- 
lected in  tour  volumes. 

HILL,  Sir  JOHN,  a  multifarious  writer, 
the  son  of  a  clergyman,  was  born,  about 
1716,  at  Peterborough;  was  brought  upas 
an  apothecary;  tried  the  stage;  then  be- 
came an  author;  next  practised  as  a  phy- 
sician, and  invented  several  quack  medi- 
cines, which  proved  very  lucrative;  and 
died  in  1775.  Hill  was,  undoubtedly,  a 
man  of  talent,  but  was  so  marvellously  rapid 
a  writer,  that  his  productions  were  neces- 
sarily superficial  and  incorrect.  With  the 
wits  of  the  age  he  was  continually  at  war. 
His  numerous  works  have  passed  into  ob- 
livion, with  the  exception  of  those  on  scien- 
tific subjects,  among  which  are  Essays  on 
Natural  History  and  Philosophy;  and  his 
System  of  Botany,  in  twenty-six  folio  vol- 
umes. 

HILLEL,  the  Elder,  surnamed  Hassri- 
ken,  a  descendant  of  the  house  of  David, 
was  horn,  112  B.  c  ,  af  Fabvlor- ;  becaaa* 


323 


HOA 


president  of  the  Sanhedrim,  at  Jerusalem; 
and  died  at  the  ape  of  a  lumdied  and  twenty. 
The  J«*w-Mh  writers  unanimously  consider 
him  as  the  most  le.irned  in  their  laws  and 
tradition?  of  all  the  ancient  dcctors.  He 
;)<•  of  the  compilers  of  the  Talmud. 

IIII'I'AIUSIII.'JS,  the  greatest  of  ancient 
astronomers,  wns  a  native  of  Nictra,  in 
Bithynia,  arm  settled  at  Rhodes.  No  par- 
ticulirs  of  his  life  arc  known,  but  he  ap- 
pears to  have  flou  relied  about  a  century 
and  a  half  before  the  Christian  era.  He 
was  the  first  who  numbered  and  catalogued 
the  stars;  he  discovered  the  precession  of 
the  equinoxes;  determined  the  revolutions 
and  mean  motions  of  the  planets;  invented 
the  stereograph ical  mode  of  projection,  and 
various  new  instruments,  and  conferred 
other  benefits  on  astronomical  science.  His 
Commentary  on  the  Phenomena  of  Aratns 
is  exlHiit. 

HIPPOCRATES,  the  most  eminent  of 
ancient  physicians,  who  is  considered  as 
the  father  of  medical  science,  was  born, 
about  460  B.  c.  in  the  island  of  Cog;  is 
raid  to  Jiave  been  the  eighteenth  lineal  de- 
scendant of  ^Esculapitw;  and  studied  med- 
icine under  Herodicus,  and  philosophy  and 


HOB 

cat«d  at  Bene't  College,  Cambridge;  set- 
tled in  London  as  a  physician;  acquired 
extensive  practice,  and  became  physician 
to  the  king  and  the  prince  of  Wales;  and 
died  in  1757.  Ik-sides  various  medical 
productions,  Dr.  Hoadley  wrote  the  lively 
comedy  of  The  Suspicious  Husband,  which 
still  retains  its  place  on  the  stage.  He  also 
gave  Hogarth  gome  assistance  in  the  Anal- 
ysis of  Beauty. 

HOBART,  JOHN  HKNRT,  was  born  in 
Philadelphia  on  the  fourteenth  of  Septem- 
ber 1775.  He  was  educated  at  the  Col- 
lege in  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  and  was 
noted  in  early  life  for  his  industry  and  pro- 
ficiency in  his  studies.  On  leaving  this  in- 
stitution he  wag  engaged  a  short  time  in 
mercantile  puiysuits,  was  subsequently  a  tu- 
tor at  Nasssau  Hall,  and  after  two  years 
service  in  this  capacity  he  determined  upon 
the  study  of  theology.  In  1798  he  was  ad- 
mitted into  orders,  and  was  first  settled  in 
the  two  churches  at  Perkiomen,  near 
Philadelphia,  but  soon  after  accepted  a  call 
to  Christ  Church,  New  Brunswick.  In 
about  a  year  he  removed  from  this  place  to 
become  an  assistant  minister  of  the  largest 
spiritual  cure  in  the  country,  comprising 


Of  hi?  works  several  are 


advanced  age. 
extant. 

HIPPOCRATES  of  CHIOS, 


celebra- 


ted geometrician,  lived  in  the  fifth  century 
B.  c.  He  is  principally  known  by  his  dis- 
covery of  the  quadrature  of  the  lunula, 
which  bears  his  name,  and  which  led  him 
to  expect  that  he  should  accomplish  the 
squaring  of  the  circle. 

HOADLEY,  BKNJAMIN,  an  eminent 
prelate,  was  born,  in  1676,  at  Westerham, 
in  Kent ;  was  educated  partly  by  his  father, 
and  partly  at  Catherine  Half,  Cambridge; 
was  for  some  years  lecturer  of  St.  Mild- 
red's; and,  in"  1704,  was  mad«  rector  of 
St.  Peter  le  Poor,  Broad  Street.  He  soon 
distinguished  himself  as  a  champion  of 
freedom,  in  his  controversy  with  Calamy 
and  Atterbury;  and  the  commons  addres"- 
•cd  the  queen  to  promote  him,  but,  as  may 
be  supposed,  no  favour  was  dispensed  to 
him  L>v  a  Tory  government.  The  acces- 
sion of  George  I.,  however,  brightened  his 
prospects.  In  1715  he  was  raised  to  the 
»ee  of  Bangor;  whence  he  was  translated 
to  Hereford,  Salisbury,  and  Winchester, 
in  1720, 1723,  and  1734.  He  died  in  1761. 
It  was  in  1717  that  he  preached  the  cele- 
brated sermon  which  drove  the  high  church 
party  almost  to  madness,  and  gave  rise  to 
the  Bangui  ian  controversy.  Hit  works 
frrnr  three  folio  volumes. 

HOADLEY t  BENJA^IW,  eldest  son  of 
UM  breg oi  ij>,  ras  bora  >1706;  WAS  «d»- 


eloquencc  under  Gorgias.  Little  certain  ia  j  three  associated  congregations  in  the  city 
Known  of  his  life,  except  that  he  spent !  of  New  York.  In  1811  he  was  elected  as- 
much  of  it  in  travelling.  He  is  believed  to  j  sistant  Bishop,  and  in  1816  became  dioce- 
have  died  at  Larissa,in  Thessaly,  at  avery  san  of  New  York,  and  in  performing  the 

severe  duties  of  the  oflice,  his  labours  were 
indefatigable.  From  1818  to  1823  he  was 
employed  in  editing  the  American  edition 
of  Mant  and  D'Ogly's  Bible,  with  notes.  In 
September,  1823,  the  state  of  his  health  re- 
quired a  visit  to  Europe,  where  he  remained 
abou<  two  y^ars.  He  died  in  1830.  He  wat 
incessantly  active  in  performing  his  relig- 
ious offices,  and  made. several  valuable 
compilation*  for  the  use  of  the  church. 

HOBBES,  THOMAS,  a  celebrated  phi- 
losopher, was  born,  in  1588,  at  Malmes- 
bury,  in  Wiltshire,  and  was  educated  at 
Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford.  In  160S  he  be- 
came tutor  to  Lord  Hardwick,  who  was 
subsequently  earl  of  Devonshire;  and,  after 
their  return  from  travelling,  he  resided  in 
the  family  tor  many  years,  during  which  pe- 
riod he  tiansluted  Thucydides,  and  made  a 
Latin  version  ofsoine  of  lord  Bacon's  works 
In  1640  he  retired  to  Paris,  to  avoid  being 
involved  in  the  contest  which  was  about 
to  take  place  in  his  country.  It  was 
during  this  voluntary  exile  that  he  pro- 
duced his  celebrated  works,  De  Give; 
Human  Nature;  De  Corpore  Politico; 
and  the  still  more  famous  and  obnoxious 
Leviathan.  About  1652  he  returned  to 
England,  and  m  1654  published  A  Letter 
on  Liberty  and  Necessity,  which  led  to  a 
controversy  with  Bishop  Bramhall.  He 
now  again  resided  in  the  Devonshire  family, 
and  continued  to  do  so  for  the  remaindet 
of  his  days  Cbitrlw  II.  gave  him  a  p«o* 


nor 

•ion  of  £.100  a  year.  Among  his  later 
.works  arc,  Decameron  Physiologicum ;  A 
Dialogue  between  a  Philosopher  and  a 
Btudent  of  the  Common  Law ;  Behemoth, 
or  a  History  of  the  Civil  Wars;  and  trans- 
lations of  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey.  He  died 
in  1679.  The  charge  of  atheism,  which 
has  been  urged  against  him,  is  undoubtedly 
groundless;  but  it  seems  to  require  no 
small  share  of  hardihood  to  maintain,  that 
his  doctrines,  religious  and  political,  do  not 
lead  to  consequences  of  the  most  pernicious 
nature. 

HOCHE,  LAZARUS,  an  eminent  French 
general,  was  born,  in  1768,  at  Montreuil, 
near  Versailles,  and  began  life  in  the  hum- 
ble capacity  of  a  stable  boy.  In  1785  he 
.entered  the  army;  and,  having  passed  with 
applause  through  the  intermediate  grada- 
tions of  rank,  he  was  raised,  in  1793,  to 
the  command  of  the  army  of  the  Moselle, 
and,  shortly  after,  to  that  of  the  Rhine.  In 
1795  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  re- 
publican army  in  Vendee.  In  this  im- 
portant and  difficult  station,  which  required 
civil  as  well  as  military  talents,  he  acquit- 
ted himself  admirably;  and  succeeded  in 
defeating  the  emigrants  at  Quiberon,  and 
in  inducing  the  royalists  to  yield  obedience 
to  the  government.  After  having  been 
eent,  in  the  winter  of  1796,  on  an  abortive 
expedition  to  Ireland,  he  was  appointed  to 
the  command  of  the  army  of  the  Sambre 
and  Meuse,  and  had  already  gained  con- 
siderable advantages  when  his  career  was 
etopped  by  the  armistice  between  Prince 
Charles  and  Bonaparte.  He  died  Sqrtem- 
Iwr  15,  1797. 

HOFER,  ANDREW,  a  Tyrolian,  cele- 
brated for  his  patriotism,  was  born,  in 
1765,  at  Passeyer,  in  the  Tyrol,  and  was 
a  rich  innkeeper  and  corn  merchant  in 
that  town.  In  1809, he  was  placed  at  their 
head  by  the  Tyrolese,  who  had  thrown  off 
the  yoke  of  Bavaria,  and  he  justified  their 
choice.  After  making  a  glorious  struggle, 
however,  and  obtaining  many  splendid  vic- 
tories, tbr  Tyrolese  were  subjugated,  and 
Ilofer  was  tried  and  shot,  at  Mantua,  in 
February,  1810. 

HOFFM  ANN,  MAU RICE,  ananatomis-t, 
Ixitanist;  and  physician,  was  born,  in  1621, 
tit  Furstenwaldo,  in  Brandenburg;  studied 
»t  Cologne,  Altorf,  and  Padua;  settled  at 
Altorf,  and  held  the  anatomical,  botanical, 
sind  physical  pro&seorabinB;  and  died  in 
1698.  "His  (jrincijKil  works  are  botanical. 
The  pancreatic  duct  was  discovered  by 
Hoffman  while  dissecting  a  turkey. 

HOFFMANN,  Fnxi>KRic,aa  eminent 
pnysieki!!,  was  born,  in  10'GO,  at  Halle,  in 
Saxony;  studied  there,  and  at  Jena;  bo. 
c:>.me  "widely  celebrated  for  liis  medical 
•kill,  and  physician  to  several  German 
princes,  among  whom  was  the  king  of 
Prussia;  wa*  n  momler  of  many  n 


HOG  «28 

bodies ;  published  numerous  professional 
works;  and  died  in  1742.  Among  his 
principal  productions  are,  his  Medirina 
Rationales  Systematical  and  Medicinu 
Consultatoria. 

HOFFMANN,  CHRISTOPHER  LEWIS, 
a  physician,  was  born,  in  1721,  at  Rheda, 
in  Westphalia;  was  successively  physician 
to  the  bishop  of  Munster,  and  the  electors 
of  Cologne  and  Ment/;  and  died  in  1807. 
He  endeavoured  to  found  a  new  school  of 
medicine,  by  combining  the  humoral  and 
nervous  pathology ;  assuming  the  sensibility 
and  irritability  of  the  solids  as  the  basis  of 
his  system,  and  the  corruption  of  the  hu- 
mours as  the  principle  of  irritation.  He 
published  A  Treatise  on  the  Small  Pox; 
The  Magnetiser;  and  other  works. 

HOFFMAN,  HENRY,  a  French  dra- 
matic writer  and  critic,  was  born,  in  1760, 
at  Nancy,  and  settled  at  Paris  in  1785,  in 
which  year  lie  published  a  volume  of  poems. 
He  subsequently  wrote  various  operas  and 
dramatic  pieces,  among  which  are,  Eu- 
phrosine  and  Coradin;  the  Castle  of  Mon- 
tenero;  the  Secret;  the  Fruitless  Strata- 
gem ;  and  the  Romance  of  an  Hour.  For 
the.  last  thirty  years  of  his  life  lie  was  dis- 
tinguished as  an  acute  and  impartial  critic. 
He  died  in  April,  1828. 

HOFFMANN,  ERNEST  THEODORE 
WILLIAM,  a  German  author,  was  a  man 
of  varied  talents;  being  at  once  a  poet, 
romance  writer,  artist,  and  musician.  He 
was  bred  to  the  law,  and  at  different  time* 
held  subordinate  employments  in  the  ma- 
gistracy ;  but  was  generally  obliged  to  de- 
pend upon  his  pen  or  his  pencil  for  sub- 
sistence. His  life  was  often  rendered  mis- 
erable by  hypochondriacal  affections,  and 
he  died  of"  tabes  dorsalis,  at  Berlin,  in 
June,  1822.  His  works,  among  which 
are  The  Devil's  Elixir;  The  Entail;  The 
Adversary;  and  Night  Pieces,  after  the 
mariner  of  Callot,  display  a  singularly  wild 
and  powerful  imagination.  Hoffmann  wrote 
hid  own  Memoirs. 


HOGARTH,  WILLIAM,  one  of  fc« 
most  original  of  painters,  was  born,  in 
1697,  in  London,  a.id  from  his  childhood 


fund  of  «!r 


««r>rv»»d    his 


ttft  HOL 

prenticenhip  to  a  silver  plate  engrnTer, 
•nd,  when  out  of  his  time,  began  to  work 
as  a  copper  plate  engraver  for  the  book- 
tellers.  He  soon  aspired  to  become  a 
painter,  and  one  of  his  first  efforts  in  the 
art  appears  to  have  been  a  series  of  pic- 
tures, from  which  he  engraved  plates  fur 
Hudibra*.  It  was  to  portraits,  however, 
that,  at  the  outset,  he  looked  for  the  means 
of  subsistence,  and  he  was  not  unsuccessful. 
In  1730,  he  married,  without  her  father's 
consent,  the  daughter  of  Sir  James  Thorn- 
hill;  and  it  was  not  till  1733,  when  Ho- 
tfarth  produced  The  Harlot's  Progress, 
that  Sir  James  was  reconciled  to  the  match. 
The  artist  at  once  became  popular,  and  he 
sustained  his  popularity  by  a  fertile  suc- 
cession of  admirable  pictures  in  the  same 
spirit,  and  engravings  from  them,  which 
are  so  well  known  as  to  render  it  unneces- 
sary to  enumerate  them.  He  also  tried  his 
powers  in  what  is  considered  as  a  nobler 
brunch  of  art,  but  he  was  not  fortunate. 
His  Paul  before  Felix,  Danae,  The  Pool 
of  Bethesda,  and  Sigismunda  weeping  over 
the  Heart  of  Guiscardo,  are  failures.  In 


1753, 


gome  assistance  from  Dr.  I  load- 


ley,  he  produced  his  ingenious  work  The 
Anal)«ia  of  Beauty;  and,  in  1757,  he  be- 
came serjeant  painter  to  the  king.  His 
last  days  were  embittered  by  a  virulent 
contest  "with  Wilkes  and  Churchill,  in 
which  their  pens  proved  an  overmatch 


even  for  the  pencil  of  Hogarth, 
in  1764. 


He  died 


HOLBACH,  PAUL  THIERRY,  baron 


HOL 

HOLBERG,  Luimio.orLj  <n,h.oo« 
de,  a  Danish  writer,  was  born,  in  1685, 
of  parents  in  humble  life,  at  Bergen,  ir 
Norway;  had  to  struggle  with  great  diffi- 
culties in  acquiring  learning;  travelled  in 
England,  Holland,  France, and  Italv;  and, 
after  his  return  to  his  native  country, 
raised  himself  »o  fame,  fortune,  and  rank, 
by  his  literary  talents.  Holberg  was,  in 
fact,  the  founder  of  the  drama,  and,  in  a 
great  measure,  of  literature  itself,  in  Den- 
mark He  died  in  1754.  Among  \n» 
works  are,  comedies;  Peter  Pors,  an  epi- 
comic  poem ;  Poems ;  The  Subterraneous 
Travels  of  Nicholas  K  imm  ;  A  History  of 
Denmark;  an  Universal  History;  ami 
Parallel  Lives  of  Illustrious  Men;  and  of 
Illustrious  Women.  » 

HOLCROFT,  THOMAS,  &  fertile  wri- 
ter in  various  departments  of  literature, 
was  the  son  of  a  shoemaker,  and  was  born, 
in  1744,  in  Orange  Court,  Leicester  Fields. 
He  was,  successively,  a  jockey,  a  siioe- 
maker,  and  an  actor,  and  finally  directed 
his  talents  to  literary  pursuits.  It  wa*  a.i 
a  dramatist  that  he  first  essayed  his  pow- 
ers; and,  between  1778  and  1806  he  pro- 
duced more  than  thirty  pieces,  several  of 
which  were  successful,  and  some  still  re- 
tain possession  cf  the  stage,  among  which 
is  The  Road  to  Ruin.  Holcroft  was  the 
dramatist  \\ho  introduced  melo  dramas  on 
the  English  stage.  Having  rendered  him- 
self obnoxious  as  a  strenuous  reformer, 
Holcroft  was  accused  of  high  treason  iu 
1794.  He  surrendered  himself,  but  was 


de,  a  German  writer,  was  born,  in  1723,  |  not  brought  to  trial.  He  died  in  1809. 
at  Heidesheim,  in  the  Palatinate,  and  was  Among  his  productions  are  A  Tour  in 
educated  at  Paris,  where  he  spent  the '  Germany  an. I  France;  the  novels  of  Al- 
grcatest  part  of  his  life.  He  was  a  man  of  !  wyn;  Anna  St.  Ives;  Hugh  Trevor;  and 
great  and  varied  Talents,  generous,  and ;  Bryan  Perdue;  and  numerous  translations 
kind  hearted.  With  mineralogy  he  was  from  tiie  German  and  French. 


particularly  conversant.  It  was  at  his 
suppers  that  the  philosophers  of  that  period 
met,  for  the  purpose,  as  some  have  asserted, 
of  concerting  measures  to  undermine  relig- 
ion, and  subvert  all  established  govern- 
ment. He  died  in  1789.  His  works, 
original  and  translated,  but  chiefly  the 
latter,  are  numerous,  and  were  all  pub- 
lished anonymously. 

HOLBEIN,  HANS,  or  JOHN,  a  cele- 
brated painter,  was  born,  in  1498,  at  Basil, 
and  was  instructed  in  painting  by  his  father, 
wnooi  he  soon  surpassed.  At  the  request 
of  Erasmus,  he  visited  London,  where  he 
was  iberally  patronised  by,  and  in  high 
favour  with,  Henry  VIII.  "He  died  of  the 
plague,  at  London,  in  1554.  He  excelled 
both  in  portrait  and  historical  painting. 
He  also  engraved  in  wood.  Among  his 
most  celebrated  works,  are,  The  Dance  of 
Death;  The  Sacrifice  of  Abraham;  The 
Village  Dance;  Riches;  and  Poverty. 
Holbein  is  said  to  have  painted  with  his 
-ft  hand. 


HOLINSHED,  or  HOLINGSHED, 
RALPH,  an  English  chronicler,  de.-n-ended 
from  a  respectable  Cheshire  family,  is  said 
to  have  been  steward  to  Mr.  Burdett,  of 
Bromcoto,  in  Warwickshire,  and 


died  about  1582. 


Chronicle  first  at 


peared  in  1577;  a  second  edition  was  pub- 
lished ten  years  later.  Though  it  bear* 
only  the  name  of  Holinshed,  several  per 
sons  contributed  to  it.  In  the  sec  oat 
and  third  editions  the  privy  council  sup 
pressed  many  passages  which  were  disn 
grceable  to  Elizabeth  and  her  ministers. 

HOLLAND,  PHILKMON,  who  gainet. 
the  appellation  of  Translator  Genera  of 
the  age,  was  born,  about  1561,  at  Chejua* 
ford,  in  Essex;  was  educated  su  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge;  became  head  master 
of  the  Free  School  at  Coventry;  and,  late 
in  life,  practised  physic  at  Cambridge.  He 
died,  in  1C36,  with  "his  sight  and  faculties 
unimpaired,  Among  his  labours  are, 
translations  of  Cmwlen's  Britannia;  Plu- 
la-ch's  Moral*  j  Aimujanu*; 


HOI, 

dia;  PI mj'»  ftauiral  History;  Livy;  and 
Suetonius;  the  last  of  which  gave  occa- 
Bion  to  a  well  known  quibbling  epigram. 

HOLLAR,  WF.NCESLAUS,  an  engraver, 
was  born,  in  1607,  at  Prague,  in  Bohemia. 
He  was  brought  to  England,  in  1636,  by 
the  earl  of  Arundel,  on  his  return  from  the 
embassy  to  Vienna;  and,  in  1640,  he  was 
appointed  drawing  master  to  the  prince 
of  Wales  and  the  duke  of  York  The 
prospects  of  Hollar,  however,  weiw  utter- 
ly destroyed  by  the  civil  war,  and  he  was 
imprisoned ;  but  he  contrived  to  escape  to 
Antwerp.  In  1652,  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land, and  remained  there  till  his  decease, 
in  1677.  Though  he  was  so  much  em- 
p  oyed  that  he  is  said  to  have  executed 
two  thousand  four  hundred  plates,  he  died 
BO  poor  that  an  execution  for  debt  was  in 
his  lum.-"'  at  the  moment  of  his  death. 

HOLLEY,  HORACE,  a  celebrated  pul- 
pit orator,  was  born  in  Connecticut  in 
1781,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale  College 
in  1799.  On  leaving  this  institution  he 
l»e?an  the  study  of  the  law,  which  he  soon 
relinquished  for  divinity,  and  in  1805  was 
ordained  to  the  pastoral  charge  of  Green- 
field Hill,  Conn.  In  1809  he  was  installed 
over  the  society  in  Hol.lis  street,  Boston, 
where  he  remained  for  ten  years,  when  he 
accepted  an  invitation  to  become  president 
of  Transylvania  university  in  Kentucky. 
In  this  situation  he  continued  till  1827, 
when  he  died  on  his  passage  from  New 
Orleans  to  New  York.  His  sermons  were 
generally  extemporaneous,  and  were  dis- 
tinguished for  power  and  eloquence. 

HOLLIS,  THOMAS,  a  munificent  ben- 
ef.ictor  of  Harvard  College,  Massachu- 
setts, was  born  in  England  in  1659,  and 
died  in  1731.  He  founded  the  professor- 
ship of  theology  and  mathematics  in  that 
institution,  and  presented  it  with  many 
books,  and  a  philosophical  apparatus. 

HOLLIS,  THOMAS,  an  English  gen- 
tleman, born  in  London  in  1720,  was  in 
his  principles  a  dissenter  and  a  warm  ad- 
vocate f  >r  the  liberty  of  the  subject.  To 
spread  his  principles  more  widely  he  pub- 
lished at  hia  own  expense  new  editions  of 
Toland  s  Life  of  Milton,  and  of  Algernon 
Sydney's  discourses  on  government.  He 
was  a  man  of  large  fortune,  and  devoted 
above  half  of  it  to  charitable  purposes. 
He  presented  to  the  library  of  Harvard 
College,  works  to  the  value  of  1400  pounds 
sterling.  He  died  in  1774. 

HOLT,  Sir  JOHN,  an  eminent  lawyer 
and  judge,  was  born,  in  1642,  at  Thame, 
in  Oxfordshire,  studied  at  Oriel  College, 
Oxford,  and  Gray's  Inn;  was  dismissed 
from  the  recordership  of  the  city  for  op- 
nosing  the  tyrannical  measures  of  James 
II.;  sat  in  the  convention  parliament,  and 
was  one  of  the  managers  of  the  confer- 
ences fi.i  ths  commons;  was  appointed,  in 


I1OM  32£ 

1689,  lord  chief  justice  of  the  King'* 
Bench;  refused  the  chancellorship  on  the 
decease  of  Lord  Somers;  and  died  in  1709 
Holt  exercised  his  high  judicial  authority 
in  a  manner  which  has  rendered  his  mem- 
ory an  object  of  respect.  His  firmness 
and  integrity  were  immovable,  and  he  was 
vigilant  in  checking  every  attempted  en- 
croachment upon  the  lil>erties  of  the  people. 

HOLTY,  Louis  HENRY  CHRISTO- 
PHER, a  German  poet,  was  born,  in 
1748,  at  Mariensee,  in  the  e/ectorate  of 
Hanover;  and  died,  at  Gottingen,  of  con- 
sumption, in  1776.  Holty  was  of  an  ami- 
able but  pensive  disposition.  His  poems 
possess  great  beauty,  and  many  of  them 
have  become  popular.  He  translated  from 
the  English,  The  Connoisseur,  Hnrd's  Dia- 
logues, and  a  part  of  Lord  Shaftesbury'* 
works. 

HOLYOKE,  EDWARD  AUGUSTUS, 
was  born  in  1728  in  the  County  of  Essex, 
Massachusetts,  and  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard College  in  1746.  He  pursued  the 
study  of  medicine  and  in  1749  began  to 
practice  his  profession  in  Salem.  He  was 
the  first  president  of  the  medical  society 
of  Massachusetts,  and  was  always  consid- 
ered a  learned  physician  and  skilful  sur- 
geon. He  lived  to  be  over  one  hundred 
years  of  age,  and  died  in  1829.  He  pub- 
lished various  scientific  disquisitions. 

HOMBERG,  WILLIAM,  a  physician 
and  chemist,  the  son  of  a  Saxon  gentle- 
man, was  born,  in  1652,  at  Batavia,  in 
Java;  studied  the  law  at  Jena,  Leipsic, 
and  Magdeburg,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  but  ultimately  adopted  the  medical 
profession;  practised  successfully  as  a 
physician  at  Rome  and  Paris ;  and  died  in 
the  latter  city  in  1715.  Homberg  was 
well  versed  in  natural  philosophy,  chemis- 
try, history,  and  languages.  Among  hjs 
inventions  and  discoveries  are  a  new  air 
pump,  the  pyrophorus  which  bears  his 
name,  and  the  method  of  rendering  lumin- 
ous the  Bolognian  stone. 

HOME,  JOHN,  a  Scotch  divine,  drama- 
tist, and  historian,  was  born,  in  1724,  near 
Ancram,  in  Roxburghshire,  and  was  edu- 
cated for  the  church.  In  1745,  however, 
he  served  as  a  volunteer  against  the  in- 
surgents, and  was  taken  prisoner  at  the 
battle  of  Falkirk.  He  afterwards  obtained 
the  living  of  Athelstaneford,  but,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  having  written  the  tragedy 
of  Douglas,  such  a  cry  was  raised  against 
him  by  his  fanatical  brethren,  that,  in 
1757,  he  resigned  the  clerical  character. 
Through  the  interest  of  Lord  Bute,  he  was 
indemnified  by  a  pension,  and  by  employ- 
ments under  government.  He  died  Sep- 
tember 4,  1808.  Besides  Douglas,  he 
wrote  the  tragedies  of  Agis,  The  Siege 
of  Aquileia,  The  Fatal  Discovery,  A  on« 
zo,  and  Alfred,  non«  of  which  wire  suo 


826 


HOC 


Ofweful;  and  a  History  of  the  Rebellion  in 
174,1 


HOMER.  Respecting  the  life  of  this 
greatest  of  poets  we  must  be  content  to 
remain  in  ignorance,  no  memorials  of  it 
having  been  preserved  ;  for  tlie  biography 
of  him,  which  is  ascribed  to  Herodotu*,  in 
undoubtedly  fabulous.  Some,  rather  too 
sceptically,  have  been  disposed  to  deny 
even  his  existence.  The  time  in  which  he 
flourished  has  been  variously  stated,  but  is 
generally  supposed  to  have"  been  between 


ay 
880   anJ    950    B     c 

Colophon,    Salamis, 


Smyrna,    Rhode?, 
Chios,    Argos,    and 


Athens,   contended    for   the   honour   of  his 


birth:  the   probability 
Asiatic  Greek. 


IB,  that  he  was   an 


MOO 

minster  School,  and  Christ  Church,  Oi> 
ford.  Almost  in  his  childhood  he  d'rs played 
an  extraordinary  talent  for  mechanics  and 
for  drawing,  lie  was,  successively,  assist- 
ant to  Boyle,  curator  of  experiments  for 
the  Royal  Society,  professor  of  mechanic! 
to  that'  body,  and  Gresham  professor  of 
geometry.  In  1666,  he  offered  to  the 
mayor  and  aldermen  a  plan  for  rebuilding 
the  city.  It  was  not  adopted,  but  it  caused 
him  to  obtain  the  lucrative  appointment 
of  one  of  the  city  surveyors.  He  died  in 
1702.  He  is  the  author  of  Micrographia; 
A  Theory  of  the  Variation  of  .he  Com- 
pass; A  Description  of  Helioscopes;  and 
many  other  works;  and  his  scientific  and 
mechanical  inventions  and  discoveries  were 
numerous  and  valuable.  Hooke  was  en- 
gaged in  frequent  disputes  with  his  fellow 
philosophers;  and  made  a  fruitless  attempt 
to  snatch  from  Newton  the  honour  of  hav- 
ing been  the  first  to  make  known  the  force 
and  action  of  gravity. 

HOOKE ,  N  A  T  H  A"  m  r.  r, ,  an  h  i star \  an .  of 
whom  little  is  known.  He  was  a  Roman 
Catholic;  attended  Pope  on  his  deathbed; 
and  received  £.5000  from  the  duchess  of 
Mirlborough  for  assisting  her  in  the  Me- 
moirs of  her  Life.  He  died  in  1763.  He 
wrote  a  Roman  History,  in  four  volumes 
quarto;  and  Observations  on  the  Roman 
Senate ;  and  translated  Ramsay's  Travels 
of  Cyrus. 

HOOKER,  RICHARD,  an  eminent 
divine,  was  born,  in  1553,  at  Heavitree, 
near  Exeter ;  and,  under  the  patronage  of 
Bishop  Jewel,  was  educated  at  Corpus 
Christ!  College,  Oxford,  where  he  waa 
distinguished  for  his  piety  and  exemplary 
conduct.  An  unhappy  marriage,  which  he 
contracted  before  he"  was  thirty,  with  a 
scold  who  had  neither  beauty,  money,  nor 
manners,  lost  him  his  college  fellowship, 
and  was  a  fertile  source  of  annoyance  to 
him.  In  1585,  he  was  made  master  of  the 
Temple;  but,  wearv  of  disputes  with  the 
afternoon  lecturer,  a  violent  prevbyterian, 
and  longing  for  rural  retirement,  he  relin- 
quished thin  preferment,  and  obtained  the 
rectory  of  Bishop's  Bourne,  in  Kent,  at 
which"  he  resided  till  his  decease,  in  1600. 
His  great  work  is  the  treatite  on  Ecclesi- 
astical Polity ;  of  which  Pope  Clement 
VIII.  said,  ""there  are  in  it  such  sredi?  of 
eternity  AH  will  continue  till  the  lust  fire 
shall  devour  all  learning.'* 

HOOLE,  JOHN,  a  poet,  the  ton  of  a 
watchmaker,  was  born,  in  1717,  in  Moor 
Field*;  held,  for  forty-four  ycais,  a  situa- 
tion in  the  India  House;  and  died  in  1803. 
He  wrote  the  tragedies  of  Cyrus,  Timan- 
tliiea,  and  Cleonice;  and  translated  Ario*- 
to's  Orlando;  Tasso's  Jerusalem  and 
Rinaldo  ;  and  eighteen  of  Meta.stasio's 

in  the    I*lc   of  Wight,   wa*   born   at    that  J  dramas.     He  also   ventured   to  cut   down 
in  1635,  mid  va.«  t»dn--ati*'  s»«  W>«t.  |  The  Or];»n.-}o  into    twenty-fiur    l-ioka,  and 


HONORIU9,  FLAVIOS,  emperor  of 
the  West,  the  son  of  Theodosius,  was  born, 
a*  Constantinople,  in  384;  succeeded  to 
the  western  empire  in  395;  fixed  his  resi- 
dence at  Ravenna,  and  died  there,  of  a 
dropsy,  in  his  thirty-ninth  year,  after  a 
disturbed  and  inglorious  reign. 

HOOD,  SAMUEL,  viscount,  son  of  the 
vicar  of  Thorncomhe,  in  Devonshire,  was 
born  at  that  place  in  1724,  and  went  into 
the  naval  service  at  the  age  of  sixteen. 
By  his  bravery  in  the  capture  of  a  fifty 
gun  ship,  in  1759,  he  acquired  the  rank  of 
post  captain.  In  1780  he  was  made  rear- 
admiral,  and  foiled  the  French  in  their  at- 
tempt upon  St.  Kitts,  and,  in  1782,  he 
bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  victory  of 
the  twelfth  of  April,  over  de  Grasse.  "  An 
Irish  peerage  was  the  reward  of  his  exer- 
tions, lie  sat  in  parliament  for  West- 
minster, but  vacated  his  seat,  in  17S8,  on 
l>ec!>niing  a  lord  of  the  admiralty-  In 
1793  ne  was  sent  to  the  Mediterranean, 
as  coinmander-in-chicf,  and  remained  there 
till  1796,  during  which  period  he  took  pos- 
session of  Toulon,  and  reduced  Cornea. 
On  his  return  home,  lie  received  the  title 
uf  viscount,  and  the  governorship  of 
(ireenwich  Hospital,  lie  died  January 
27  181G. 

HOOK.E,  ROUKKT,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, "on  of  the  minister  of  Freshwater, 


IfOP 


HOP 


rearrange  the  parts.     Hie  translations  uave  the  district  court  and  died  suddenly  in  tlio 


the  popularity   which   they  once  pos- 


sessed. 

HOOPER,  JOHN, 


a  native  of  Somer- 


setshire, born  in  1495;  was  educated  at 
Merton  College,  Oxford;  and,  having  em- 
braced the  reformed  faith,  was  made  bishop 
of  Gloucester  and  Worcester  by  Edward 
VI.  In  the  relgn.of  the  sanguinary  Mary 
he  was  brought  to  the  stake.  He  firmly 
refused  the  offered  pardon,  and  though,  the 
wood  being  green,  he  suffered  for  nearly  an 
hour  the  severest  torments,  his  lower  parts 
neing  consumed,  and  one  of  his  hands 
dropping  off  before  he  expired,  he  mani- 
fested unshaken  fortitude.  He  died  in 
1555.  Hooper  wrote  some  sermons  and 
controversial  pieces. 

HOOPER,  WILLIAM,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  was  born,  in 
Boston  in  1742,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  College  in  1760.  lie  engaged  in 
the  study  of  the  law,  and  removing  to 
North  Carolina  commenced  the  practice 
of  hi*  profession  in  that  province.  In 
1774  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the 


midst  of  his  usefulness  in  1791.  Mr 
Hopkinson  possessed  talents  of  a  quick 
and  versatile  character,  excelling  in  music 
and  poetry,  and  having  some  knowledge 
of  painting.  In  humorous  poetry  and 
satire  he  was  quite  successful,  and  his  well 
known  ballad  of  the  Battle  of  the  Kegs 
obtained  great  popularity.  A  collection 
of  hit*  miscellaneous  works  in  three  volumes 
8vo.  was  published  in  1792. 

HOPKINS,  LEMUEL,  a  physician  and 
author,  was  born  in  Connecticut,  in  1750, 
and  was  educated  to  the  profession  of 
medicine.  He  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  medical  society  of  his  native  state 
As  a  literary  man,  he  was  associated  with 
Dwight,  Barlow,  Humphreys,  and  Trum- 
bull,  and  was  concerned  in  the  production 
of  The  Echo,  Political  Green  House,  the 
Awirchiad,  and  other  popular  satires  of 
the  day.  Of  the  poetry  exclusively  writ 
ten  by  Dr.  Hopkins,  the  best  pieces  are 
the  Hypocrite's  Hope,  and  an  Elegy  on 
tho  Victim  of  a  Cancer  Quack. 

HOPKINS,    SAMUKL,   a   divine   and 


general  Congress  which  met  at  Philadel-  ffounder  of  the  sect  called  Hopkinsians, 
phia.  In  1776  he  was  a  third  time  del«-  was  born  in  Connecticut  in  1721,  and 
g.ite  to  Congress,  but  in  the  following  year  [educated  at  Yale  College  In  1743  he  was 


was  obliged  to  resign  his  seat  in  conse- 
qaence  of  the  embarrassment  of  his  private 
affairs.  He  died  in  1790. 

HOPE,  THOMAS,  a  man  of  fortune  and 
talent,  was  a  nephew  of  the  rich  Amster- 
dam merchant  of  the  same  name.  His 
first  works,  Household  Furniture  and  In- 
ternal Decorations;  the  Costumes  of  the 
Ancienta;  and  Designs  of  Modern  Cos- 
tumes; though  they  fully  established  his 
character  as  a  man  of  taste,  had  no  claim 
to  be  considered  as  the  offspring  of  genius. 
But,  in  1819,  his  Anastasius,  or  Memoirs  of 
a  Modern  Greek,  at  once  gave  him  a  high 
rank  anung  modern  writers.  It  was  pub- 
lished anonymously,  and  was  generally 
ascribed  to  Lord  Byron.  Hope  was  a 
liberal  promoter  of  the  arts,  and  is  said  to 
have  been  an  early  and  efficient  patron  of 
Thorwaldsen,  the  sculptor.  He  died  in 
January,  1831. 


settled  at  a  place  now  called  Great  Bar- 
rington,  in  Massachusetts,  and  continued 
there  till  1769,  when  he  removed  to  New- 
port, Rhode  Island.  He  died  in  1803. 
He  published  numerous  Sermons,  a  Trea- 
tise on  the  Millenium,  and  a  sketch  of  hit 
own  life.  His  theological  learning  was 
extensive,  and  he  was  a  profound  meta- 
physician. 

HOPKINS,  STEPHEN,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  independence,  was  born  in 
Providence,  in  1707,  and  after  receiving  a 
school  education  turned  his  attention  to 
agriculture.  In  1751  he  was  appointed 
chief  justice  of  the  superior  court  of  Rhode 
Island,  and  in  1756  wag  elected  governor 
of  that  state.  In  1774  he  was  chosen  a 
delegate  to  the  general  congress  at  Phila- 
delphia and  was  reelected  to  that  body  in 
1775  and  1776.  In  1776  he  was  a  delegate 
to  Congress  for  the  last  time,  though  for 


HOPKINSON,  FRANCIS,  an  American 'several  subsequent  years  he  was  a  member 


author,  and  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
independence,  was  born  in  Philadelphia  in 
1737.  He  was  graduated  at  the  college  in 
^is  native  town,  an:l  pursued  the  profession 
»f  the  law.  In  1766  he  visited  England 
« here  he  resided  more  tlr.in  two  years, 


of  the  general  assembly  of  his  native  state. 
He  died  in  1785.  -Although  his  early 
education  was  very  limited,  Mr.  Hop- 
kins acquired  by  his  own  efforts  extensive 
information,  lie  wrote  a  pamphlet  on  the 
Rights  of  the  Colonies,  was  a  member  of 


ind  on  his  return  married  and  Hcttied'  in 'the  American  philosophical  society,  and  foi 
the  state  of  New-Jersey.  He  entered  with  ;  many  years  chancellor  of  the  College  of 
much  zeal  into  the  public  measures  of  the  Rhode  Inland. 

patriotic  party,  and  i:i  1776  w  is  elected!  HOI'PNER,  JOHN,  an  Eng  ish  artist 
a  ddegnte  to  CoDgFeM.  In  1779  he  was  ;  of  German  descent,  was  born  i:i  1759,  anc 
appointed  judge  of  tin?  admiralty  court  of  died  i:i  1810.  He  excelled  as  a  portrait 
Pennsylvania  a-i<l  for  ten  years  continued  painter,  especially  in  females  and  children; 
lo  discharge  with  fidelity  the  duties  of  UmiUit,  though  he  confined  himself  to  the  more 
In  1790  Us  pa***  1  K;  tlx..-  Kvich  uf  i  lucrative  branch  of  his  art,  ha  Ka  1  r.U» 


08  HOR 

considerable  talents  for  landscape. 


Hopp- 


ner  could  wield  the  pen  as  well  as  the 
pencil.  He  published  a  volume  of  Orien- 
tal Talcs,  which  are  versified  with  spirit 
and  elegance. 


HORACE,  or  HORATIUS,  QUINTUS 
FLA  ecus,  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  the 
Roman  poets,  was  born,  65  B.  c.,  at  Venu- 
lium ;  rjeceived  a  good  education ;  fought 
under  Brutus  at  Philippi,  on  which  occa- 
sion he  threw  away  his  shield  and  fled ; 
and  was  reduced  to  indigence  by  the  con- 
fiscation of  his  estate.  Mecaenas,  how- 
ever, to  whom  he  was  introduced  by  Virgil, 
obtained  for  him  the  restoration  of  his 
property,  and  brought  him  into  favour  with 
Augustus.  Horace  died  8  years  E.  c. 


HOR 

Book  of  Psalms,  on  the  compoiiticn  of 
which  he  bestowed  nearly  twenty  years. 

HOK.NKMAN.N,  FREDERIC  CONRAD, 
a  German  traveller,  was  born,  in  17T2,  at 
Hildesheim,  and  was  ori 


HORIVE,  GEORGE,  a  pious  and  learned 
irelate,  was  born,  in  1730,  at  Otliam,  in 
Kent,  and  was  educated  at  Maidstone 
Grammar  School,  and  at  University  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  took  orders  in  1753, 
and  his  graceful  elocution  and  excellent 
•tyle  rendered  him  a  popular  preacher. 
He  was  successively  president  of  Magdalen 
Co  lege,  chaplain  to  the  king,  vice-chancel- 
lor  of  the  university,  and  dean  of  Canter- 
bury. In  1790  he  was  raised  to  the  M •<•  .,f 
Norwich,  which,  however,  he  held  less 
:  he  dying  in  January, 
life  li 


than   two    vc;irs 
1792.      In   Varly 


e  wai   a   strenuous 


Hutchinsonian,  and  attacked  the  system  of 
Newton  with  a  violence  which  he  subse- 
quently regretted.  Of  his  numerous  works 
the  pr  ncipal  is,  A  Commentary  on  UK: 


clergy. 

man  in  Hanover.  In  1797  he  was  employed 
by  the  African  Association,  in  London,  to 
explore  the  interior  of  Africa.  After  hav- 
ing visited  the  Oasis  of  the  temple  of 
Ammon,  he  penetrated  to  Morzouk,  and 
thence  proceeded  to  Tripoli.  In  1800  he 
set  out  with  the  intention  of  penetrating 
into  central  Africa,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  perished  in  that  inhospitable  region. 
The  Journal  of  hid  Travels  has  been  pub- 
lished. 

HORROX,  JEREMIAH,  an  astronomer, 
was  born,  about  1619,  at  Toxteth,  near 
Liverpool;  was  educated  at  Emanuel  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  and  died  prematurely, 
to  the  great  loss  of  science,  in  1640-1. 
Horrox  was  the  first  who  observed  the 
[transit  of  Venus  over  the  solar  di«k;  and 
he  formed  a  theory  of  lunar  motion,  which 
Newton  did  not  disdain  to  adopt.  He  is 
the  author  of  Venus  in  Sole  visu ;  and  of 
astronomical  papers,  which  were  published 
by  Dr.  Wallis,  under  the  title  of  Opera 
Posjhuma. 

HORSLEY,  JOHN,  an  antiquary,  a  na- 
tive of  Northumberland,  took  his  degree 
of  M.  A.  in  Scotland ;  became  a  dissenting 
minister  at  Morpeth;  and  died  in  1731. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  valuable  work,  inti- 
tied  Britannia  Romana. 

HORSLEY,  SAMUEL,  a  celebrated  pre- 
late and  mathematician,  was  born  in  1733; 
was  educated  at  Westminster,  and  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge;  and  became  curate 
to  his  father.  After  having  held  the  livings 
of  Albury,  Newington,  Thorley,  and  South 
Weald,  the  archdeaconry  of  St.  Albany, 
and  prebends  of  St.  Paul's  and  of  Glouces- 
ter, he  was  raised,  in  1788,  to  the  see  of 
St.  David's,  whence,  in  1793,  he  was  re- 
moved to  Rochester,  and,  in  1802,  to 
St.  Asaph.  For  a  part  of  this  preferment 
he  was  indebted  to  his  controversy  \\ith 
Dr.  Priestley,  on  the  subject  of  the  divinity 
of  Christ;  his  tracts  relating  to  v\hich  he 
collected  and  published  in  an  8vo  volume. 
While  he  was  thus  rising  in  the  church, 
he  was  not  neglectful  of  science.  In  17(9 
he  printed  an  edition  of  Apollonius,  and 
in  1775  an  edition  of  Newton's  works,  in 
five  4to  volumes.  From  1773  till  the  *-lec- 
tion»of  Sir  Joseph  Banks,  he  was  secreta- 
ry of  the  Royal  Society;  when,  deeming 
the  dignity  of  the  society  lessened  by  the 
choice  of 'a  man  who  was  ignorant  of  the 
higher  sciences  he  resigned  his  oflice. 
Bishop  Horsley  died  at  Brighton  in  1S06. 
He  was  eloquent,  profoundly  learned,  and 
|icrformrd  all  his  episcopal  duties  in  an 


admirable    manner 
already     mentioned, 


Besides    the    work* 
produced 


HOW 

others,  biblical,  theological,  clauical,  and 
scientific. 

HOUBRAKEN,  JACOB,  an  eminent 
engraver,  .he  son  of  Arnold  Houbraken,  a 
painter  and  engraver,  was  born,  in  1698, 
at  Dort,  in  Hoi  and;  and  died,  in  1790, 
at  Amsterdam.  He  executed  more  than 
six  hundred  portraits;  many  of  which 
were  for  Birch's  Lives  of  Illustrious  Men. 
He  also  engraved  a  few  historical  pieces. 

HOUDON,  an  eminent  French  sculp- 
tor, was  born  at  Versailles  in  1746 ;  studied 
at  Rome,  where  he  produced  excellent 
statues  of  St.  John  and  St.  Bruno ;  became 
celebrated  on  his  return  to  France,  espe- 
cially for  his  female  figures ;  was  chosen  by 
the  American  government  to  execute  the 
statue  of  Franklin,  and  died,  in  1828,  a 
member  of  the  Institute,  and  a  knight  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour. 

HOUEL,  JOHN,  a  French  painter  and 
engraver,  was  born,  at  Rouen,  in  1735; 
studied  painting  under  Descamps  and 
Casanova,  and  engraving  under  Le  More; 
and  died  in  1813.  He  is  the  author,  as 
well  as  artist,  of  Picturesque  Travels  in 
Sicily,  Malta,  and  Lipari,  four  fulio  vol- 
umes, with  264  plates;  and  also  of  a" Nat- 
ural History,  with  18  plates,  of  the  two 
elephants  in  the  Paris  Museum. 

HOUGH,  JOHN,  a  native  of  Middlesex, 
was  born  in  1651;  was  educated  at  Mag- 
dalen College,  Oxford;  and  obtained  a 
prebend  of  Worcester,  and  the  rectory  of 
Ternsford,  in  Bedfordshire.  In  1687  he 
immortalized  himself  by  the  noble  stand 
which,  on  being  elected  president  of  Mag- 
dalen College,  he  made  against  James  II. 
who  wished  to  intrude  upon  the  college  a 
popish  president.  After  the  Revolution 
he  was  made  bishop  of  Oxford,  whence 
be  was  translated  to  Litchfield,  and  thence 
to  Worcester.  The  archbishopric  of  Can- 
terbury he  declined.  He  died  in  1743, 
honoured  for  liis  patriotism,  piety,  munif- 
icence, and  hospitality. 


HOWARD,  JOHN,  was  born,  in  1726, 
tt  Hackney,  and  was  bound  apprentice 
to  a  grocer  by  his  guardians ;  but,  being 
possessed  of  a  fortune,  he  purchased  his 
indenture*,  an  1  made  two  Uxira  on  tin- 


now  S29 

continent;  one  of  them  for  the  purpose  of 
viewing  the  ruins  of  Lisbon.  Having  lost 
his  first  wife,  who  was  much  older  than 
himself,  and  whom  he  married  out  of  grat- 
itude for  her  attention  during  sickness, 
he  made  a  second  choice  in  1758.  For 
several  years  he  resided  on  his  estate  at 
Cardington,  near  Bedford,  occupied  in 
educating  his  son,  and  in  executing  plans 
to  render  comfortable  the  situation  jf  his 
tenants  and  labourers.  He  had  already 
obtained  experimentally  some  knowledge 
of  a  prison,  having  been  captured  on  liia 
return  to  Lisbon,  and  confined  in  France ; 
but  his  appointment,  in  1773,  to  the  office 
of  high  sheriff  of  Bedford,  induced  him  to 
look  more  narrowly  into  the  subject,  with 
the  hope  of  ameliorating  the  condition  of 
the  captive.  Here,  then,  commenced  that 
philanthropical  career  which  closed  but 
with  his  life.  Not  only  were  all  the  pris- 
ons of  his  own  country  repeatedly  visited, 
but,  in  several  journeys,  he  examined  mi- 
nutely those  of  the  continent, "  to  remember 
(as  Mr.  Burke  beautifully  expresses  it)  the 
forgotten,  to  attend  to  the  neglected,  to  visit 
the  forsaken,  and  to  comuare  and  collate 
the  distresses  of  all  men  in  all  countries." 
His  glorious  course  was  terminated,  by 
fever,  at  Cherson,  in  Russia,  January  20, 
1  790.  He  wrote  The  State  of  the  Prisons 
in  England*  and  Wales;  ind  an  Account 
of  the  principal  Lazarettos  in  Europe. 

HOWARD,  JOHN  EAGKR,  an  officer 
of  the  army  of  the  American  revolution, 
was  born  in  Baltimore  in  1752.  After 
serving  in  the  rank  of  captain,  in  1779, 
he  wa»  appointed  lieutenant  colonel,  and 
distinguished  himself  by  his  valour  and 
activity  during  the  war.  At  the  battle  of 
Cowpens,  Col.  Howard,  at  one  time,  had 
in  his  hands  the  swords  of  seven  officers 
who  had  surrendered  to  him  personally. 
He  was  also  present  at  the  battles  of  Ger- 
mantown,  "White  Plains,  Monmouth,  Cam- 
den  and  Hobbickfl  hill.  On  the  disband- 
ing of  the  armv  he  retired  to  his  patrimo- 
nial estates,  near  Baltimore,  and  wa* 
subsequently  governor  of  Maryland,  and 
member  of  the  senate  of  the  United  States. 
He  died  in  1827.  General  Greene  said  of 
him,  that  as  a  patriot  and  soldier,  he  de- 
served a  statue  of  gold  no  less  than  Roman 
and  Grecian  heroes. 

HOWE,  RICHARD,  earl,  a  distinguish- 
ed admiral,  the  second  son  of  Viscount 
Howe,  was  born  in  1725,  and  was  educa- 
ted at  L»on  till  he  was  fourteen,  when  he 
was  plac*  '  in  the  naval  service.  In  1745 
he  was  made  a  post  captain  for  gallantly 
defeating  two  French  ships  bearing  suc- 
cours to  the  Pretender.  During  the  seven 
years'  war,  he  captured  the  Alciue,  de- 
stroyed the  ships  and  magazines  at  ^t. 
Malo,  took  Cherbourg,  and  ruined  the 
bason  there,  and  bad  a  ccngiderabla  p;u;f 


second    voya 
and   in   the 


foil 


in  the  victory  over  Conflans.  Between  the 
close  of  that  war  and  die  beginning  of  the 
contest  u«'h  America,  he  held  the  oflk-cs 
of  a  lord  of  the  admiralty  and  treasurer  of 
*.he  navy,  and  rose  to  br.  vice-admiral  of 
th«  blue.  The  relieving  of  Gibraltar  was 
the  raoet  striking  of  his  »ei  /ices  during  the 
American  war.  In  1788  lie  was  created  an 
English  earl.  In  1793  he  wan  appointed 
to  the  command  of  the  channel  fleet,  and 
on  the  lit  of  June,  1794,  he  crowned  hi* 
•xplocJ  by  a  decisive  victory  over  the 
French  fleet.  His  death  took  place  in 
1199 

HUDSON,  HENRT,  an  adventurous 
navigator,  of  whose  early  history  nothing 
is  known.  In  1607,  8,  9,  and  10,  he 
made  four  voyages  to  find,  by  north -east 
or  north-west,  a  passage  to  China.  In  the 
he  discovered  the  river, 
rth  the  bay,  which  bears 
his  name.  The  last  voyage  was  fatal  to 
him.  His  crew  mutinied,  and  turned  him 
and  eight  others  adrift  in  a  small  boat,  in 
which  thev  are  supposed  to  have  perished. 

HUERTA,  VINCENT  GARCIA  DK  LA, 
a  Spanish  poet,  was  born,  in  1729,  at 
Zafra,  in  Estremadura,  and  died  in  1747. 
Huerta  was  the  head  of  the  Antigallican 
literary  party,  and  contributed  greatly  to 
turn  public  attention  to  ancient  native  wri- 
:ers.  He  published  Poem»;  and  edited 
The  Spanish  Theatre;  the  fifteenth  vol- 
ume of  which  contains  his  own  tragedies. 

HUET,  PETER  DAHIEL,  a  French  pre- 
late, of  profound  erudition,  was  born,  in 
1630,  at  Caen,  and  studied  in  the  Jesuits' 
College  of  that  city.  He  accompanied 
Bochart  to  Sweden,  and  was  vainly  solic- 
ited to  settle  there  by  Queen  Christina. 
In  1670  he  was  appointed  sub-preceptor 
to  the  dauphin ;  and,  soon  after,  became 
a  member  of  the  French  Academy.  In 
1689  he  was  made  bishop  of  Avranche?, 


the  rest  of  his  days  in  retirement  and  study. 
He  died  in  1721.  His  works  are  numer- 
ous: among  them  are,  Demonstratio  Evan- 
gelica;  De  Iiiterpretatione;  History  of  the 
Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the  Ancients  ; 
and  On  the  Origin  of  Romances. 

HUGHES,  JOHN,  a  poet  and  dramatist, 
wusUor-,  in  1677,  at  Marlborough;  was 
private  y  educated  in  London  ;  obtained  a 
p.ace  in*  the  ordnance  office;  and  died,  in 
1719-20,  much  respected  and  beloved  for 
bis  integrity  and  his  amiable  disposition. 
He  wrote  various  poems,  of  much  mrrit, 
and  The  Siege  of  DainasciiH,  a  tragedy; 
contributed  to  the  Taller,  S|>ectator,  and 
Guardian;  and  edited  an  edition  of  Spen- 


ser. —  Hi*   younger  brother,   JABV.Z, 
also  a  man  of  poetical  talent. 


HIM 

reconcile  himself  to  mercantile  labour,  CM 
relinquished   it,  and,  determining  to  gir< 


himself  up  to  literary  pursuits,  he  went  to 
France,  to  study  in  retirement.  In  1787 
he  came  to  London,  and  published,  in  the 
folkrwinjj  year,  without  success,  his  Trea- 
tise on  Human  Nature;  which  he  after- 
wards recast,  with  the  title  of  An  Inquiry 
concerning  Human  Understanding.  In 
1742  and  1752  appeared  his  Essays;  Poli- 
tical Discourses;  and  Inquiry  concerning 
the  Principals  of  Morals.  In  the  interval 
between  the  publication  of  these  works, 
he  accompanied,  in  1747,  General  Sinclair 
on  an  embassy  to  Vienna  and  Turin,  and 
in  1752  was  appointed  librarian  to  the 
Faculty  of  Advocates  in  Edinburgh.  In 
1754  he  brought  out  the  first  volume  of  his 
History  of  England,  which  was  so  coldly 
received  that  all  his  equanimity  was  re- 
quired to  support  his  disappointment.  He 
persisted,  however,  and  his  work 


gained  ground.  It  was  completed  in  1761 
The  gurn  which  he  was  paid  for  the  copy- 
right, together  with  a  pension  from  govern- 
ment, made  him  completely  independent. 
After  having  attended  the  British  ambas- 
sador to  Paris,  and  been  left  charge  d'af- 
faires in  that  capital,  and  after  having, 


but  he  resigned  the  see  in  1699,  and  spent  from  1767  to  1769,  been   under  secretary 


of  state,  Hume  settled  at  Edinburgh,  where 
he  died  in  1776.  His  Correspondence 
with  Madame  de  Boufilers  wa&  published 
a  few  years  ago.  On  the  metaphysics  of 
Hume  it  is  unnecessary  to  enlarge.  Innu- 
merable pens  have  been  drawn  in  the  hope 
of  showing  the  fallaciousness  and  the  dan- 
ger of  them.  His  History,  which  ha*  long 
been  popular,  charms  by  the  ease  and  spirit 
of  its  style,  and  its  philosophical  tone;  but 
it  is  often  exceedingly  unfaithful,  and  be- 
trays somewhat  more  than  a  leaning  towards 
principles  which  are  abhorrent  to  every 
friend  of  freedom. 

HUMPHREYS,  DATID,  raii-Uter   of 
the  United  States  to   the  court  ol   Spain, 


n-as  born  in  Connecticut  in  1753,  and   re- 
ceived his  education  at  Yale  College.    Soon 

HUME,  DAVID,  an  historian  and  phi-  ifter  the  commencement  of  the  revolution- 
losopher,  was  born,  in  1711,  at  Edinburgh. ;  iry  war,  he  entered  the  army,  and  wae 
After  having  oadc  a  brie/*  atteuij.t  t<  suocMiively  an  oid  to  Parsons,  Putnam, 


HUN 

Gieene,  and  Washington.  He  left  the 
mrmy  with  the  rank  of  colonel.  In  1784 
he  was  appointed  secretary  of  legation  to 
Paris,  and  was  subsequently  ambassador 
to  the  court  of  Lisbon,  and  in  1797  minis- 
ter plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of  Madrid. 
While  in  the  military  service,  he  published 
a  |x>ein  addressed  to  the  American  armies, 
and  after  the  war  another  on  the  Happi- 
ness and  Glory  of  America.  In  1789  he 
published  a  life  of  General  Putnam,  and 
while  in  Europe  a  number  of  miscellaneous 
poems.  He  died  in  1818. 

HUNIADES,  JOHN  CORVIXUS,  a  cele- 
brated general,  was  born  in  the  beginning 
of  the  fifteenth  century.  His  father  was 
a  Wallachian,  and  his  mother  a  Greek,  of 
imperial  descent.  After  having  tried  his 
valour  in  the  Italian  wars,  he  distinguished 
himself  in  the  Hungarian  service,  and  was 
made  vaivode  of  Transylvania.  On  the 
fall  of  Ladislas,  at  Varna,  Huniades  was 
appointed  regent;  and  for  sixteen  years 
he  rendered  himself  so  formidable  to  the 
Ottomans,  that  they  surnamed  him  the 
Devil.  His  last  exploit  was  the  successful 


HUH 


881 


After  his    eturn  he  rose  into  high  surgica 
reputation,  and  was  appointed  surgeon  to 


St.  George's  Hospital,  surgeon  extraordi- 
nary to  the  king,  inspector  general  of  hos- 
pitals, and  surgeon  general.  He  died,  of 
angina  pectoris,  in  1793.  He  was  a  mem* 
ber  of  the  Royal  Society,  in  the  Transac- 
tion* of  which  body  many  of  his  valuable 
physiological  and  other  discoveries  are  re- 
corded. He  wrote  a  Treatise  on  the  Nat- 
ural History  of  the  Teeth;  Observations 


defence  of  Belgrade,  in  1456;   shortly  after  on  certain  Parts  of  the  Animal  Economy; 

a  Treatise  on  the  Blood  ;   and  other  works. 


which  he  died. 

HUNTER,  WILMAM,  an  anatomist 
and  physician,  was  born,  in  1718,  in 
Lanarkshire;  studied  at  Glasgow;  and, 
after  having  resided  for  some  time  with 
Dr.  Cullen,  went  to  London  in  1741,  and 
became  dissecting  assistant  to  Dr.  James 
Douglas,  and  tutor  to  his  son.  In  1746 
he  commenced  a  series  of  Iccturea  on  anat- 
omy and  surgery.  He  soon  rose  into  ex- 
tensive practice  in  surgery  and  midwifery; 
but  eventually  he  confined  himself  to  the 
latter  branch  of  his  profession.  In  1764 
he  was  appointed  physician  extraordinary 
to  the  queen.  Dr.  Hunter  wa*  a  fellow  of 
the  Royal  Society,  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians, the  Medical  Society,  and  other 
learned  bodies;  and  contributed  various 

Kipers  to  the  Philosophical  Transactions, 
e  died  in  1783.     The  valuable  museum 
which  he  formed  ia  now  in  the  university 
•f  Glasgow.     His  great  work  is,  The  Anat- 
omy of  the  Gravid  Uterus. 

HUNTER,  JOHN,  younger  brother  of 
the  foregoing,  was  born  at  Loii"  Culder- 
wood,  in  Scotland,  in  1723,  and  was  at 


His  anatomical  museum  was  purchased  for 
the  use  of  the  public,  and  given  to  the  Col- 
lege of  Surgeons. 

HUNTER,  ANNE,  the  wife  of  John 
Hunter,  was  a  sister  of  Sir  Everard  Home. 
She  was  born  in  1742,  and  died  in  1821. 
She  is  the  author  of  Poems;  and  of  Sports 
of  the  Genii.  Many  of  her  lyrical  poem* 
possess  great  beauty,  and  some  of  them 
were  pet  to  mu«ic  by  Haydn.  Her  virtue* 
were  equal  to  her  talents. 


HU 


squal  to 
NTING 


1TON,   SAMUKL,  a   signer 


of  the  declaration  of  independence,  wa* 
born  in  1732,  in  Connecticut,  settled  in 
early  life  at  Norwich  as  a  lawyer,  and  soon 
rose  to  popularity  and  eminence.  In  1775 
he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  congress,  and 
in  1779  was  chosen  president  of  that  ven- 
erable lx>dy.  In  17S4  he  was  appointed 
lieutenant  governor  of  his  native  state  and 
advanced  to  the  seat  of  chief  judge.  He 
was  chosen  chief  magistrate  in  1786,  and 
in  1796  he  died. 

IIURD,  RICHARD,  an  eminent  prelate 
and  writer,  the  son  of  a  farmer,  wa*  born. 


first  placed  with  a  brother-in-law,  who  was  >  in  1720,  at  Congreve,  in  Staffordshire; 
a  carpenter  and  cabinet-maker.  At  the!  was  educated  at  Emanuel  College,  Cam- 
age  of  twenty,  however,  he  joined  his 'bridge;  and,  after  having  been  rector  of 
brother  in  London,  and,  in  a  few  months,  Hurcaston,  preacher  of  Lincoln's  Inn,  and 
attained  such  a  knowledge  of  anatomy  as  archdeacon  of  Gloucester,  was  raised,  in 
to  be  capable  of  demonstrating  to  the  pu-J  1767,  to  the  bishopric  of  Litchfield  and 
pils  in  the  dissecting  room.  In  1755  nil  Coventry,  and,  soon  after,  was  appointed 
brother  admitted  him  to  partnership  in  his  preceptor  to  the  priace  of  Wales  and  duke 
lectures,  and  in  1756  he  was  appointed  of  York.  In  1781  he  was  translated  to 
house  surgeon  to  St.  George's  Hospital.  Worcester,  and  in  1783  he  declined  tne 
His  health  Uiing  impaired  by  intense  study,  see  of  Canterbury.  He  died  in  1SO&. 
be  went  abioad,  in  1760,  as  staff  surgeon, '•  Among  his  works  are,  Sermons;  Com* 
and  served  at  Bellcisle  and  in  Portugal,  raeuloric*  oo  Horace'*  Art  of  Poetry; 


tsa  HUS 

Diaibguea;  and  Letters  on  Chivalry  and 
Romance.  He  was  the  bosom  friend  of 
Wnrbtvrton;  and  his  friendship  for  that 
eminent  man  (which  has  Ix-en  censiuttl  as 
of  somewhat  too  suhserv  iein  a  nature)  .ed 
him  to  attack  Dr.  Jortm  in  a  pamphlet. 
He  aUo  wrote  a  biographical  sketch  of 
Warburton,  edited  an  edition  of  liis  »--ri- 
tinjs,  and  published  a  volume  of  his  Cor- 
respondence. 

Hl'RDIS,  JAM  KS,  a  poet,  was  born,  in 
1763,  at  Bishopstone,  in  Sussex,  of  which 
parish  he  subsequently  became  the  minis- 
ter; was  educated  at  St.  Mary  Hall  and 
Magdalen  College,  Oxford;  was  appointed 
poetry  professor  in  1793;  and  died  in  1801. 
He  wrote  The  Village  Curate;  Adriano; 
The  Favourite  Village;  and  other  poems ; 
Sir  Thomas  More,  a  tragedy;  Disserta- 
tions on  Psalm  and  Prophecy ;  and  some- 
works  of  minor  importance.  Hurdis  is  of 
the  school  of  Cowper,  and  is  no  unworthy 
dinciple  of  his  great  master. 


HUSKISSON,  Right  Hon.  WILLIAM, 
a  statesman,  was  born  about  1769.  His 
mother  was  a  sister  of  the  physician  to  the 
British  embassy  at  Paris,  and  he  is  said  to 
have  been  apprenticed  to  a  surgeon  in  the 
French  capital.  He  was  recommended  by 
Lord  Gower  to  Mr.  Pitt  and  Mr.  Dundas", 
and  became  private  .secretary  to  the  latter. 
He  sat  in  parliament,  successively,  for 
Morpeth,  Liskeard,  Chioester  and  Liver- 
pool. After  having  held  various  subordi- 
nate offices,  he  was  made  secretary  to  the 
treasury,  on  Mr.  Pitt's  return  to 'power. 
He  was  afterwards  president  of  the  board 
of  trade,  and,  under  the  ministry  of  his 
friend,  Mr.  Canning,  was  appointed  secre- 
tary of  state  for  the  colonial  department. 
He  was,  however,  dismissed  by  the  duke 
of  Wellington.  He  died,  September  15, 

1830,  in  consequence  of  one  of  his  le^.- 
oeing  crushed  b\  the  wiu-els  of  a  locomo- 
tive st'-a:ii  engine,  at  the  opening  of  the 
Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railway.  He 
v\as  a  thu.-nt  .-pcaker,  and  a  ma-i  of  great 
financial  and  politic,.!  knowledge.  He 
wrote  The  (iuetlion  roncei  ni.ig  ihe  Depreci- 
ation of  our  Currency  itatedand  examined. 
I1USS.  JOHN,  I  reformer,  •»••*»  lorn/ 


HUT 

about  1876,  at  Hussienitz,  in  Bohemia , 
was  educated  at  the  university  of  Prague, 
of  which  he  became  rector;  adopted  tUe 
principles  of  Wicklifle,  and  propagated 
them  with  great  7.eal  and  eloquence;  and, 
in  violation  of  the  emperor's  safe  conduct, 
ami  in  contempt  of  humanity,  was  burnt 
by  the  council  of  Constance  in  1416.  Hi* 
Bohemian  disciples,  who  bore  the  name  of 
Hussites,  avenged  his  death  by  a  long  and 
bloody  war  against  the  emperor  Sigia- 
mund. 

IIUTCHESOX,  FRANCIS,  a  philoso- 
pher and  writer,  was  born,  in  1694,  in  the 
north  of  Ireland;  studied  at  the  university 
of  Glasgow;  and,  after  having  for  many 
years  kept  an  academy  at  Dublin,  wag 
"invited,  in  1729,  to  Glasgow,  to  fill  the 
chair  of  professor  of  philosophy;  a  situa- 
tion which  he  held  till  his  decease  in  1747. 
Fie  is  the  author  of  An  Inquiry  into  the 
Ideas  of  Beauty  and  Virtue;  A  Treatise 
on  the  Passions;  and  A  System  of  Moral 
Philosophy.  Ilutcheson  is  an  elegant 
writer;  his  metaphysics  are  of  the  school 
of  Shaftesbury. 

HUTCHINS,  THOMAS,  was  bom  in 
\e\v  Jersey,  and  entered  the  army  in  the 
western  states  as  an  ensign.  In  1T79  he 
was  in  England  and  was  imprison'. d  some 
time  on  suspicion  of  holding  a  correspon- 
dence with  Franklin  in  France.  He  was 
nominated  geographer-gene'  J  to  the  Unit- 
ed States,  and  died  at  Pittsburg  in  1789. 
He  published  an  Historical  Sketch  of  the 
Expedition  of  Bouquet  against  the  Indians 
of  Ohio,  in  1764;  a  Topographical  De- 
scription of  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  Mary- 
land and  Carolina,  with  maps  (London, 
1778);  a  Historical  Account  of  Louisiana, 
&c.  1784. 

HUTCHINSON,  JOHN,  was  born,  in 
1674,  at  Spenny thorn,  in  Lincolnshire, 
was  for  many  years  steward  to  the  duke 
of  Somerset,  and  afterwards  his  riding 
purveyor;  and  died  in  1737.  Hutchinson 
was  a  violent  opponent  of  Newton's  theory 
of  gravitation,  and  laboured  to  establish  a 
system  of  philosophy  of  his  own,  which 
he  expounded  in  his  Moses's  Principia 
and  several  other  works,  to  the  extent  of 
twelve  volumes.  His  system  hleads  con- 
siderable ingenuity  and  learning  with  a 
much  larger  portion  of  absurdity. 

IM'TCHLN'SON,  THOMAS,  a  governor 
of  the  colony  of  Massachusettn,  was  born 
in  Boston  in  1711,  and  was  graduated  at 
Harvard  College.  He  was  for  a  while 
occupied  with  commercial  pursuits,  but 
!«OOM  engaged  in  the  study  of  law  and 
politics  and  was  sent  agent  toGrejit  Brit- 
ain. On  his  return  he  was  elected  a 
representative,  an-.l  ;ifter  a  few  years  was 
(  hosen  speaker  of  ihe  liou.-«-,  and  in  1752 
judge  of  probate.  After  being  a  member 
•-•f  the  council,  lieutenant  £<  vernur  and 


HUT 

chief  justice,  in  1771  he  received  his  com- 
Massachusetts. 


HYP  233 

his  eel  vices;  Dr.  Hutton  was  foreign  sec- 
retary to  the  Royal  Society  from  1779  till 
1783,  in  which  latter  year  "he  retired  from 
the  Society  in  disgust,  along  with  several 
other  eminent  men.  He  died  January  23, 
1823.  Among  his  works  are,  A  Mathe- 
matical and  Philosophical  Dictionary,  two 
vols.  quarto ;  Elements  of  Conic  Sections ; 


and  A  Course  of  Mathematk 
joined   with    Drs.    Pearson   and 


He  also 
Shaw    in 


mission  us  governor 
In  1774  he  was  removed  from  his  office 
and  was  succeeded  bv  general  Gage.  He 
then  repaired  to  England,  fell  into  disgrace  v 
and  died  in  retirement  in  1780.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  valuable  History  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, some  occasional  essays,  and  a 
pamphlet  on  Colonial  Claims.  It  is  said 
that  no  man  contributed  more  effectually  to 
bring  about  the  separation  between  the  col- 
onies and  Great  Britain  than  Hutchinson. 
HUTCHINSOX,  ANN,  a  religions 
enthusiast,  who  occasioned  dissensions  in 
the  churches  of  New-England,  came  from 
Lincolnshire  to  Boston  in  1636.  She  was 
banished  from  the  colony,  and  removed  to 
a  Dutch  settlement  in  New-York,  where 
h  1643  she  was  killed  by  the  Indians. 

I1UTTEX,  UI.RIC  OF,  a  German  re- 
former, was  born,  in  1488,  at  Steckenberg, 
in  Franconia;  studied  at  Frankfort  on  the 
Oder;  distinguished  himself  as  a  soldier 
in  Italy  and  Germany;  espoused  the  doc- 
trines of  Luther,  and  published  many  pieces  pensioned  by  the  French  monarch,  here- 
in favour  of  the  Reformation  ;  and  died  in 'sided  at  Paris  from  1666  to  1681;  but,  in 
the  island  of  UiYnau,  in  the  lake  of  Zurich,  I  the  latter  year,  disgusted  at  the  revocation 
in  1523.  Hutten  was  a  brave  and  learned! of  the  edict  of  Nantz,  he  returned  to  Hoi- 


abridging  the  Philosophical  Transactions. 
HLYGENS,  CHRISTIAN,  son  of  the 
lord  of  Znylichen,  was  born,  in  1629,  at 
the  Hague;  received  his  scientific  educa- 
tion from  his  father;  and  studied  the  law 
at  Leyden.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  was 
no  contemptible  mathematician.  In  the 
course  of  a  few  years  he  distinguished 
himself  by  several  learned  works,  and  by 
inventing  a  pendulum,  improving  the  air- 
pump,  ascertaining  the  laws  of  the  collision 
of  elastic  bodies,  and  discovering  the  ring 
and  one  of  the  satellites  of  Saturn.  Hav- 
ing been  invited  to  France  by  Colbert,  and 


gis 

Ed 


man,  but  exceedingly  violent.  He  wrote 
several  Latin  works,  in  verse  and  prose. 
HUTTON,  JAMES,  a  celebrated  geolo- 
ist  and  philosopher,  was  born,  in  1726,  at 
Edinburgh.  Originally  destined  to  be  a 
lawyer,  he  prevailed  on  his  friends  to  ex- 
change his  profession  for  that  of  a  physi- 
cian ;  and  he,  in  consequence,  studied 
medicine  at  Edinburgh,  Paris,  and  Leyden, 
at  the  last  of  which  universities  he  took  his 
decree  in  1749.  Instead,  however,  of  be- 
ginning to  practise,  he  went  into  Norfolk, 
to  make  himself  conversant  with  agricul- 
ture, and,  in  1754,  settled  upon  a  farm  of 
his  own  in  Berwickshire.  In  1768,  he 
Went  to  reside  at  Edinburgh,  and  his  time 
thenceforth,  till  his  decease  in  1797,  was 


land.  He  died  in  1695.  His  works  were 
collected  and  edited  by  S'Gravesande. 

HUYSUM,  JOHN" VAN,  a  celebrated 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Justus,  his  father,  was 
born,  in  1682,  at  Amsterdam;  and  died  in 
1749.  In  flower  arid  fruit  painting  he 
excelled  every  other  artist,  and  so  greatly 
in  request  were  his  pictures  that  he  ob"- 
tained  enormous  prices  for  them:  for  one 
•lower  piece  he  was  paid  one  thousand 
four  hundred  and  fifty  guilders,  and  for  a 
fruit  piece,  one  thousand  and  five.  Van 
Iluysum  also  painted  landscapes  with  great 
spirit. 

HYDE,  THOMAS,  D.  D.,  an  eminent 
orientalist,  was  born,  in  1636,  at  Billings- 
ley,  in  Shropshire,  and  studied  at  King's 


devoted  to  scientific  pursuits.   His  principal  !  College,  Oxford.     Before  he  was  eighteen 


works  are,  A  Theo  _ 
An    Investigation    of 


ry  of  the   Earth;   and 
of    the     Principles    of, 


Knowledge.  Hutton  is  the  founder  of  the 
Plutonian  system  of  geology,  so  called 
because  it  considers  subterraneous  fire  as 
the  agftnt  by  which  the  upper  strata  of 
the  globe  were  arranged  in  their  present 
rtate. 

HUTTON,  CHART, F.*,  an  eminent  ma- 
thematician, was  born,  in  1737,  at  New- 
castle upon  Tyne,  and  began  life  as  a 
teacher  of  mathematics.  His  earliest 
scientific  productions  were  communicated 
to  the  Ladies'  and  Gentlemen's  Diaries, 
and  to  Martin's  Magazine.  In  1773  he 
was  elected  professor  of  mathematics  at  the 

Km 

and 


Military    Academy    at    Woolwich, 


this    appointment   he   held 


1S07, 


he  assisted  Walton  in  the  Polyglott  Bible. 

He  was  successively  Hebrew  reader,  keeper 

of  the    Bodleian 

Salisbury,  archdeacon 

Arabic  and  Hebrew  professor.      He  died 


Library,   prebendary  of 
aeon  of  Gloucester,  and 


Of  his  numerous  learned  works 
is,  A  History  of  the  Religion 


when  ill  health  induced  him  to  resign  it. 

A  pension  of  five  hundred  pounds  rewarded  talent§,  both  military  and  civil 


in  1703. 

the 

of  the  Ancient  Persians. 

HYDE.     See  CLARF.NDON. 

IIYDER  ALT,  a  celebrated  Indian 
sovereign,  was  the  son  of  a  Mysorean  gov- 
ernor of  a  small  fortress.  About  1763  he 
dethroned  the  monarch  of  Mysore,  and 
assumed  the  sceptre  with  the  tit*  of  re- 
gent. He  made  important  conquetls  from 
the  Mahrattas  and  twice  invaded  the  East 
India  Cornpar  r's  territories,  and  shook  the 
British  power  to  its  foundations.  He  died 
in  1782.  Hyder  was  a  maa  of  super iow 


04 


1GN 


IRE 


IBRAHIM  MANSOUR  EFFEN'DI.an 
adventurer,  whose  real  name  was  Cerfbere, 
was  born  at  Strasburgh,  of  a  Jewish  family. 
After  having  served  in  the  republican  hus- 
sars, he  became  so  violent  a  royalist  that 
he  was  imprisoned.  In  1802  he  went  to 
Constantinople,  turned  Mahometan,  and 
was  employ!  to  discipline  the  Turkish 
troops.  lie  subsequently  wandered  through 
Russia,  Sweden,  and  Denmark  ;  he4d, 
under  the  name  of  Medelsheim,  a  govern- 
ment v.ffice  n  Westphalia;  fought  against 
tne  Servians;  was  for  three  years  engineer 
to  Ali  Pacha  ;  recommenced  his  wander- 
ings, and  extended  them  to  various  parts 
of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America;  and  at  last, 
being  in  a  starving  state,  shot  himself  at 
Paris,  in  1826.  He  wrote  a  Memoir  of 
Greece  and  Albania  during  the  Govern- 
ment of  Ali  Pacha. 


At  first  he  was  opposed,  and  eren  iniprn 
oned;  but  at  length  the  pope,  in  15-10, 
gave  his  sanction  to  the  new  order  which 
Loyola  had  established,  and  appointed  him 
its  first  general.  He  died  in  1556,  and  was 
canon  i/ed  in  1622. 

HIRE,  JOHK,  an  erudite  Swede,  wa« 
born,  at  Upsal,  in  1707;  was  educated  at 
th«  university  there;  became  professor  of 
poetry,  rhetoric,  and  politics;  was  enno- 
bled, and  made  a  knight  of  the  Polar  star; 
and  died  in  17SO.  He  is  the  author  of 
Lexicon  Dialertorum  ;  (Jlossariuin  Sueco- 
Gothicum;  A  Dissertation  on  Runic  Anti- 
quities; and  other  works. 

LNCHBALD,  ELIZABKTH,  a  dramatist 
and  novelist,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Simpson,  was  born,  in  1756,  at  Stanning- 
(ield,  near  I  Jury,  in  Suflblk.  At  the  a 


of  sixteen  slie  secretly  quitted  her  family 


ge 
ly, 


IBYCUS,a  Greek  lyric   poet,  a  native    being  prompted  by  an   irrepressible  desire 
of  Rhegium,  was  born  in  the  sixth  century    of  visiting  the  metropolis 


B.  c.  He  wrote  seven  books  of  Odes,  of 
which  only  a  few  fragments  are  extant. 
He  was  killed  in  a  solitary  spot  by  rob- 
bers, whose  crime  is  said  to  have  been 
discovered  in  a  singular  manner.  While 
dying,  he  saw  a  flight  of  cranes  passing, 
and  called  upon  them  to  avenge  him.  As 
the  murderers  were  walking  in  Rhegium, 
one  of  them  saw  some  cranes  overhead, 
and  said  to  his  companions,  "  Here  are 
the  avengers  of  Ibycus."  This  speech  ex- 
cited suspicion,  and  the  truth  was  wrung 
from  the  criminals  by  torture. 

IFFLAND,  AUGUSTUS  WILLIAM,  a 
popular  actor  and  dramatist,  was  born  at 
Hanover  in  1759,  and  from  his  childhood 
had  a  propensity  to  the  stage,  which  his 
father  vainly  endeavoured  to  repress.  In 
1770  he  absconded  from  his  home,  and 
made  his  appearance  at  the  Gotha  theatre. 
He  soon  rose  to  the  first  rank  among  Ger- 
man actors.  As  a  writer  he  was  almost 
equally  successful.  He  died,  in  1814,  at 
Berlin,  where  he  was  the  court  theatrical 
manager.  In  1798  ne  published  an  edition 
of  his  works,  which  contained  forty-seven 
comedies  and  tragedies  ;  and  he  subse- 
quently wrote  nrjnv  others. 

IGNATIUS  Dfi  LOYOLA,  the  founder 
of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  wni  born,  in 
1491,  of  a  noble  family,  in  the  Spanish 


many  dangers  in  her   rasl 


After  escaping 
adventure,   the 


province  of  GoipofOoa.       In   1521    he  was 


married  Mr.  Inchbuld,  of  Drury  Lane 
Theatre,  and  was  for  several  years  upon 
the  stage.  In  1789,  however,  she  quitted 
it,  and  thenceforth  depended  upon  her 
literary  labours.  She  died  in  1821.  She 
wrote  nineteen  dramas,  some  of  which 
were  deservedly  successful ;  and  two  novels, 
The  Simple  Story,  and  Nature  and  Art, 
which  rank  among  the  standard  works  in 
that  classi  of  literature  ;  and  the  edited 
The  British  Theatre,  The  Modern  Theatre, 
and  a  Collection  of  Farces. 

INGENHOUSZ,  JOHK,  a  physician 
and  experimental  philosopher,  wan  born,  in 
17SO,  at  Breda,  in  Holland;  settled  in 
London,  where  he  was  chosen  a  member 
of  the  Royal  Society  ;  w  as  recommended 
by  Sir  John  Priugle  to  inoculate  the  family 
of  the  empress  Maria  Theresa;  resided  for 
many  years  at  Vienna,  in  the  enjoyment  of 
honours  and  fortune ;  and  at  length  returned 
to  England,  where  he  died  in  1799.  He 
is  the  author  of  Experiments  on  Vegeta- 
bles; Ex|>eriments  in  and  Observations  on 
Natural  Philosophy ;  and  other  works  of 
great  merit. 

IRELAND,  JOHN,  was  born  at  Trench 
farm,  nrar  Wc-m,  in  Shropshire  ;  v.as 
brought  up  as  a  watchmaker ;  became  a 
dralrr  in  paintings  and  prints;  and  died, 


,„. , ... near   Birmingham,    in    1789.       He   is  the 

severely  wmmded  at  the  siege  of  Pampe-  j  author  of  Illustrations  r,f  Hognrth  ;  and  the 
luna.     The  result  of  his  meditations  on  a    Life  and  Letters  of  J«.hn  Henderson. 


bed  of  pain  was,  sorrow  for  his  past  de- 
bauched life,  and  a  determination  to  devote 
himself  to  works  c;f  piety,  lie  he^an  by 
t  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem;  after  which  he 
itulied  at  Alrala,  Salamanca,  and  Paris  ; 
•ii  I  began  to  preach  and  to  mnke  disciple*. 


IRELAND,  SAMLF.I.,  \\as  originally  a 

manufacturer  in  Spitallicldx  ;  but  having 
a  taste  for  the  arts,  and  some  knowledge 
of  drawing  and  engraving,  he  became  a 
sj  collator  in  books,  prints,  and  works  of 
art,  and  a  writer  of  embellished  tours.  1» 


JAC 

1796  his  character  sustained  &  deep  injury 
by  his  giving  to  the  world,  in  an  expensive 
volume,  his  son's  impudent  forgery  of  wli;it 
were  called  The  Slvikspeare  Taper*.  He 
died  in  1800.  He  published  .Graphic 
Illustrations  of  Hogarth  ;  A  Pictareaque 
Tour  through  Holland,  Brabant,  and 
France;  Picturesque  Views  on  the  Thames 
— on  the  Medway — and  on  the  Severn  and 
Avon ;  and  A  History  of  the  Inns  of  Court. 

IRETON,  HK.XRV,  was  born,  in  1610, 
nt  Attenton,  in  Nottinghamshire;  studied 
*t  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle 
Temple;  espoused  the  cause  of  the  parlia- 
ment, and  commanded  the  left  wmg  of  its 
army  at  the  battle  of  Na^eby;  married  a 
daughter  of  Cromwell  ;  sat  in  judgment 
upon  Charted. ;  wraa  appointed  Commander- 
in-chief  in  Ireland;  and  died  there  in  1651. 

IS^EUS,  a  Greek  orator,  was  born  about 
413  B.  c.  at  Chalcis,  in  Syria,  and  was  a 
disciple  of  Lysias  and  laocrates.  He  estab- 
ished  a  school  of  eloquence  at  Athens, 
and  Demosthenes  was  one  of  his  pupils. 
Of  his  many  orations  only  eleven  are  now 
extant ;  ten  of  which  have  been  translated 
oy  Sir  William  Jones.  He  is  eaid  to  have 
been  the  first  who  gave  names  to  the  figures 
of  rhetoric. 

ISLA,  JOHN,  a  Spanish  Jesuit,  was 
born,  in  1714,  at  Segovia  After  the  ex- 
pulsion of  his  order  from  Spain,  he  settled 
at  Bologna,  in  Italy,  where  he  died  in 
1783.  His  principal"  work  is  The  Life  of 
Friar  Gerund,  a  pleasant  satire  upon 
monkish  ignorance,  and  upon  the  prevailing 
faults  of  pulpit  eloquence.  He  also  wrote 
A  Compendium  of  Spanish  History,  from 
Duchesne;  Familiar  Letters;  The  Great 
Pay  of  Navarre;  and  Gil  Bias  restored  to 
4  t  Country. 


JAC 


833 


ISOCRATES.  one  of  the  ten  grea 
Attic  orators,  was  born  B.  c.  436  at  Athena, 
and  was  the  son  of  a  musical  instrument 
maker.  Prodicus,  Gorgias,  and  Thera- 
menes  were  his  preceptor*  in  eloquence. 
His  timidity,  and  the  weakness  of  his 
voice,  prevented  him  from  taking  a  part 
in  public  business  ;  but  he  composed 
pleadings  for  others,  and  opened  a  school 
of  oratory,  in  which  he  formed  many  illus- 
trious speakers  and  statesmen  \\  armly 
attached  to  the  liberties  of  his  country,  he 
starved  himself  to  death  in  consequence  of 
the  fatal  issue  of  the  battle  of  Cheronara. 
Twenty-one  of  his  harangues  are  extant. 

ITURBIDE,  AUGUSTIN,  emperor  of 
Mexico,  was  born,  in  1784,  at  Valladolid, 
in  New  Spain,  of  a  distinguished  family, 
and  entered  the  military  service  at  the  age 
of  seventeen.  During  the  first  Mexican 
revolution,  Iturbide  fought  against  the 
insurgents ;  but  in  1820  he  took  up  arms 
on  the  side  of  liberty.  His  splendid  suc- 
cesses were  successively  rewarded  by  the 
rank  of  generalissimo,  president  of  the 
congress,  and  finally,  in  May,  1822,  of 
emperor,  with  the  "title  of  Augustin  the 
First.  In  1823,  however,  he  was  deposed 
and  banished.  He  returned  'n  1824,  but 
was  immediately  arrested  and  was  shot  on 
the  19th  of  July'. 

IVANOF,  FEODOR  FEODOROVITSCH, 
a  Russian  dramatist,  was  born  in  1777; 
served  in  the  army,  from  which  he  was 
removed  to  the  commissariat  department ; 
and  died  at  Moscow  in  1816.  He  wrote 
the  tragedy  of  Martha,  or  the  Conquest  of 
Novogorod  ;  and  the  comedies  of  Virtue 
Rewarded,  The  Old  Family,  The  New- 
married  Couple,  and  All  is  'not  Gold  that 
glistens. 


JACKSON,  JAMKS,  an  officer  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was 
born  in  England  in  1757.  In  1772  he 
emigrated  to  America  and  settled  in  Geor- 
gia He  served  with  distinction  during 
the  war  and  displayed  much  intrepidity. 
On  the  disbanding  of  the  army,  h«  com- 
menced the  practice  of  the  law,  to  which 
He  had  been  •ducated,  in  Georgia,  and 
Boon  obtained  a  lucrative  amount  of  busi- 
ness. After  having  been  a  member  of  the 
state  legislature,  an.l  successively  colonel, 
brigadier  general,  and  major  general  in 
the  militia,  Jic  was  chosen  a  member  of 
Congress,  and  died  in  Washington  in  1S06. 

J\CKSO.\,  WILLIAM,  a  composer  and 
author,  who  liaJ  also  some  talent  for  paint- 
ing, wa«  born,  in  1730,  at  Exeter;  studied 
vtwic  utv.ler  Travers ;  was  tlecte  1  ;:rgnuist 


of  Exeter  Cathedral  in  1777;  and  died  in 

1803,   in  his  native  city.      "JACKSON'S 

peculiar  forte,"  says  an  eminent  musical 

critic,    "  existed   in  giving  an  elegant  and 

plaintive  melody  to    elegiac    poetry.       In 

j  constituting   harmony,    without    rendering 

!  the   middle  part  or  parts  destitute  of  me  • 

I  ody,  Jackson   stands  unrivalled."       As  aa 

author  he  is  above  mediocrity.      He  wrote 

Thirty  Letters   on   various   subjects;  The 

Four  Ages;  and  a  Treatise  on  the  present 

State  of  Music. 

JACOBI,  JOHX  GF.ORCK,  a  German 
poet,  was  lx>rn,  in  1740,  at  Dusseldorf; 
studied  at  Gottingcn;  obtained,  througi 
the  influence  of  his  friend  Gleim,  a  pr»- 
IKMV!  in  the  chapter  of  St.  Boniface  at 
H.ilbcii'tadt  ;  was  professor  of  philoso- 
phy and  el:M{»ip,u-e  at  Hall;1,  and, 


SX  JAM 

quently,  of  the  belles  lettres  at  Friburg, 
in  the  Brissjau;  and  died,  in  the  latter 
city,  in  1^14.  The  st\i«  of  Jacob  i  in 
veisc  was  farmed  on  that  of  the  lighter 
Fren/l)  p-et.-,  ami  pos-o.-t-s  much  gaiety 
and  c.i.-c.  His  Summer  Journey  and 
Winter  Journey  are  a  mixture  of  prose 
and  \erse,  like  the  Journey  by  Rauclia- 
mont  and  La  Chapelle.  Besides  his  poems, 
he  wrote  Comedies,  Romances,  Fables,  and 
Sermons. 


,  NICHOLAS  JOSEPH,  a  cel- 
ebrated botanist,  was  born,  in  1727,  at 
Lcyden,  and  acquired  reputation  i\a  a  phy- 
•  ician.  He  died  in  1817.  His  Ixitanieal 
•works,  wliii-h  are  nninerous,  are  splendidly 
eml>cllislicd.  Among  them  are,  The  Aus- 
trian l*T>ra;  The  Vienna  Botanical  Gar- 
den ;  The  Schoenbrunn  Garden;  Botani- 
cal Fragments;  and  Select  American 
Plants;  all  in  folio.  Of  the  last  of  these 
only  twelve  copies  were  produced,  its  264 
plates  being  all  drawings. 

JAGO,  RICHAKP,  a  poet,  was  born,  in 
1715,  at  Beaudesert,  in  Warwickshire; 
was  educated  at  University  College,  Ox- 
ford; successively  obtained  the  livings  of 
Harburv,  Chesterton,  Smittersfield,  and 
Kimc.otc;  and  died  in  1781.  Jago  was  a 
friend  to  Shenstone.  His  principal  poem 
is  Edge  Hill;  but  it  is  excelled  by  some  of 
his  smaller  pieces. 

JAILN,  JOHN,  an  eminent  oriental  schol- 


JAY 

in  high  favour  at  the  court  of  sultan  Abu* 
said  and  his  successor;  and  died  in  1492 
Among  his  works,  which  are  nearly  forty 
in  number,  are  the  tales  of  Yusep'h  and 
Zulcika,  and  Mejnoun  and  Leila. 

j  A  .\  s  i  :  \  ,  or  j  A  .\  s  i  ;  M  r  s  ,  Co  R  N  E  L- 

ir>,  famous  for  having,  unconsciously,  been 
the  founder  of  a  sect,  and  the  causer  of  a 
schism  in  the  catholic  church,  was  born,  in 
1585,  at  Akay,  near  Leerdum,  in  Holland. 
He  was  educated  at  Louvain;  and,  after 
having  resided  for  twelve  years  in  Fiance, 
and  been  principal  of  the  college  of  St. 
Pulcheria,  at  Lnuvain,he  was  raised  to  the 
see  of  Ypres,  by  the  king  of  Spain,  for 
writing  a  severe  a'ttack  upon  France  and 
the  Dutch.  He  died,  in  1638,  shortly  after 
he  had  taken  possession  of  his  bishopric 


He  left   behind 


a   work,  intitled  Au- 


gustinuB  (published  in  1640),  \\hich  he  was 
led  to  write  by  the  controversy  then  exist- 
ing between  the  Jesuits  and  Dorninicians, 
respecting  the  nature  and  necessity  of  di  vino 
grace.  In  this  work  the  authority  of  St. 
Augustine  was  brought  to  bear  against  the 
Jesuits.  Its  doctrines  were  condemned  by 
a  papal  bull,  but  they  were,  nevertheless, 
espoused  by  great  numbers;  and  almost 
interminable  and  furious  quarrels  ensued 
between  the  Jansenists  and  their  opponents. 
JARCHI,  SOLOMON  BEN  ISAAC,  a 
celebrated  rabbi,  was  born,  in  1104,  at 
Troyes,  in  France;  travelled  over  a  con- 


ar,  who  died  in  1817,  was  canon  of  Saint  isiderable  part  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  in- 
Stephen's  Church  at  Vienna,  and  held  theito  Egypt;    and  died,  at  his  native  place,  in 


ment. 

JAMBLICHUS, 


professorship  of  biblical  archaeology,  the- 
ology, and  the  eastern  languages,  till  1806, 
when  he  was  removed  from  it,  on  the  charge 
of  heterodoxy.  Among  his  works  are,  Ara- 
bic, Chaldean,  Hebrew,  and  Arainic  Gram- 
mars; Biblical  Archeology;  and  an  In- 
troduction to  the  Study  of  the  Old  Testa- 

a    philosopher,    who 

flourished  about  the  beginning  of  the  fourth 
century,  and  is  supposed  to  have  died  about 
333,  was  a  native  of  Chalsis  in  Coelo  Syria. 
He  was  a  pupil  of  Anatolius,  and  after- 
ward? of  Porphyry;  and  himself  establish- 
ed a  school,  to  which,  by  his  knowledge, 
and  still  more  by  his  pretension  to  an  m- 
trrcourse  with  the  invisible  beings,  he  at- 
tricted  numerous  disciples.  Several  of  his 
v  filings  are  extant. 

JAMES,  ROBKRT,  a  physician,  was 
born,  in  1703,  at  Kinxerstone,  in  Stafford- 
shire; was  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford;  and  settled  in  London,  after  hav- 
ing practised  in  several  country  towns.  He 
died  in  1776.  He  is  the  author  of  a  Med- 
ical Dictionary;  the  Practice  of  Physic; 


and  other 
friendship 


oiks.      He    was    in    habits    of 
,'ith  Johnson,  Cumberland,  and 


many  other  eminent  men. 

JAM!,  Ar.v  ALRAHM  *  v,  a  Persian  po- 
tt, wat  born,  in  1414,  in  Khorasan;   li\ed 


1180.  He  wrote  Commentaries  on  various 
parts  of  the  Bible,  and  also  on  the  Talmud  ; 
which  are  so  highly  esteemed  that  he  bus 
been  called  the  Prince  of  Commentators. 

JAUCOURT,  Louis  DE,  was  born,  in 
1704,  at  Paris;  studied  at  Geneva  and 
Cambridge;  was  a  medical  pupil  of  Boer- 
haave ;  returned  to  his  native  city  in  1736; 
and  engaged  in  literary  pursuits;  contri- 
buted an  immense  number  of  articles  to  the 
Encyclopaedia;  and  died  in  1779.  He 
wrote  a  Life  of  Leib.iitz;  Inquiries  into 
the  Origin  of  Fountains  ;  and  other  works ; 
and  bore  a  part  in  the  Musa-Mim  SebaeBMB 

JAUREGUI  Y  AGU1LAK,  JOHN,  a 
Spanish  poet  and  painter,  was  born  at  To- 
ledo, in  1566,  and  died  in  1650.  As  a  poet 
he  was  of  the  school  of  Garcilaso  and  Bos- 
can,  and  laboured  strenuously  to 'reform  the 
taste  of  his  countrymen,  which  had  been 
vitiated  by  Gongora.  He  wrote  Orpheus, 
in  five  cantos;  Miscellaneous  Poems;  and 
an  Apology  for  Painting;  and  translated 
the  Pharsalia,  and  theAminta.  As  a  pain- 
ter he  was  distinguished  by  his  management 
of  light  and  shade,  expression,  colouring, 
and  the  tone  of  the  flesh. 

JAY,  JOHN,  was  born  in  the  city  of  New 
York  in  1745.  He  was  graduated  at  Co- 
lumbia College  in  1764,  and  in  1768  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  He  toon  ros*  to  «mi- 


JEF 

•enee  R«  a  lawyer  and  began  to  take  an  ac- 
tive part  in  politics.  In  1774  lie  was  elect- 
ed a  dclegat^  to  tlio  first  congress.  In  May 
1776  he  was  recalled  from  congress  by  the 
provincial  convention,  to  aid  in  forming  the 
government  for  the  province,  and  to  this  it 
is  owing  that  his  name  does  not  appear 
among  the  signers  of  the  declaration  of  in- 
dependence. Upon  the  organization  of  the 
State  government  in  1777  Air.  Jay  was  ap- 
pointed chief  justice,  and  held  this  office 
till  1779.  In  November  1778,  he  was 
again  chosen  a  delegate  to  the  continental 
congress,  and  three  days  after  taking  his 
seat  was  elected  president  of  that  venera- 
ble body.  In  September  1779,  ha  was  ap- 
pointed minister  plenipotentiary  to  the 
court  of  Spain,  and  he  arrived  at  Cadiz  in 
January  of  the  Pillowing  year.  Having  re- 
signed his  commission  as  minister  in  1783, 
in  17S4  he  returned  to  the  United  States, 
and  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  depart- 
ment for  foreign  a  flairs.  In  this  post  he 
remained  till  the  adoption  of  the  present 
constitution  when  he  was  appointed  chief 
justice  of  the  United  States.  In  1794  he 
was  sent  as  envoy  extraordinary  to  Great 
Britain,  and  before  his  return  in  1795  he 
had  been  elected  governor  of  his  native 
state.  In  17.98  lie  was  re-elected  to  this 
office,  and  in  1801  went  into  voluntary  re- 
tirement. Tlie  remainder  of  his  life  was 
passed  in  the  faithful  discharge  of  the  char- 
itable duties,  and  lia  was  publicly  known 
only  by  the  occasional  appearance  of  his 
name,  or  the  employment  of  his  pen,  in  the 
ffrvice  of  philanthropy  and  piety.  Hedied 
in  1829.  Beside  a  variety  of  state  papers 
and  political  essays,  Mr.  Jay  was  the  au- 
thor of  the  2d,  3d,  4th,  5th  and  64th  num- 
bers of  the  Federalist. 

JEBB,  JOHN,  a  divine  and  physician, 
was  born,  in  1736,  in  London;  studied  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  St.  Peter's 
College,  Cambridge;  obtained  considera- 
ble preferment  in  the  church,  which,  how- 
ever, he  conscientiously  resigned  in  1775, 
because  he  disapproved  of  some  of  the  es- 
tablished doctrines;  studied  physic,  and 
commenced  practice  as  a  physician,  in 
1778 ;  and  died  in  1786.  Jebb  was  a  stren- 
r««us  advocate  of  civil  and  religious  liberty, 
a.id  took  a  conspicuous  part  in  many  meas- 
ures designed  to  promote  it.  His  theolog- 
:ral,  political,  and  medical  works  form  three 
octavo  volumes. 

JEFFERSON,  THOMAS,  was  born  in 
Albermarle  county,  Virginia,  in  1743,  and 
was  entered  a  student  in  the  college  of 
William  and  Mary.  On  leaving  this  semi- 
nary, he  applied  himself  to  the  study  of  the 
law,  under  the  tuition  of  the  celebrated 
George  Wythe,  and  was  called  to  the  bar 
in  1766.  He  soon  occupied  a  hisjli  stand 
in  his  profession,  and  at  the  early  age  of 
twenty-five  entered  the  house  of  burgesses 


El  SSI 

f  his  native  state  In  1774  he  published 
a  Summary  View  of  the  Rights  of  British 
America,  a  bold  but  respectful  pamphlet 
addressed  to  the  king.  In  1775  he  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  continental  con- 
gress, and  in  the  following  year  draughted 
the  declaration  of  independence.  Between 
1777  and  1779  he  was  employed  together 
with  George  Wythe  and  Edmund  Pendle- 
ton  on  a  commission  for  revising  the  laws 
of  Virginia.  In  1779  he  was  elected  gov- 
ernor of  Virginia,  and  continued  in  office 
until  June  1781.  In  the  latter  year  he  com- 
posed his  celebrated  Notes  on  Virginia,  and 
in  1787  published  it  under  his  own  signa- 
ture. In  November  1783  he  again  took  his 
seat  in  the  continental  congress,  and  in 
May  following  was  appointed  minister  plen- 
ipotentiary, to  act  abroad  with  Adams  and 
Franklin  in  the  negociation  of  commercial 
treaties.  In  1785  he  was  appointed  to  suc- 
ceed Dr.  Franklin  as  minister  to  the  court 
of  Versailles,  and  performed  tlie  duties  of 
this  office  till  1789,  when  he  returned  to  his 
native  country  and  was  placed  by  president 
Washington  at  the  head  of  the  department 
of  state.  In  1797  he  became  vice-presi- 
dent, and  in  1801  president  of  the  United 
States.  At  the  expiration  of  eight  years 
he  again  retired  to  private  life,  and  took 
up  his  residence  at  Monticello.  He  still 
continued  anxious  to  promote  the  interest 
of  science  and  literature,  and  devoted  the 
attention  of  several  years  to  the  establish- 
ment of  an  University  in  Virginia.  Hedied 
on  the  fourth  of  July  1826,  the  fiftieth  an- 
niversary of  the  declaration  of  independ- 
ence. In  stature  Mr.  Jefferson  was  six  feet 
and  two  inches  high.  His  person  was  erect 
and  well  formed,  though  spare.  In  bjs  man- 
ners he  was  simple  and  unaffected,  simple 
in  his  habits,  and  incessantly  occupied  with 
the  pursuits  of  business  or  study.  Four  vol- 
umes of  his  Correspondence  have  been  pub- 
lished since  his  decease. 

JEFFREYS,  GKORGE,  Baron  Wein, 
was  born,  about  the  beginning  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  at  Acton,  in  Denbighshire; 
studied  at  Westminster  and  the  Inner  Tem- 
ple; and  rose,  through  the  gradations  of  re- 
corder of  London,  a  Welsh  judge,  and  chief 
justice  of  Chester,  till,  in  1683,  he  attained 
the  dignity  of  chief  justice  of  the  King's 
Bench,  to  which  James  II.  added, the  tit.e  of 
baron.  He  earned  his  court  honours  by  being 
base,  slavish,  sanguinary,  and  brutal,  in  an 
extreme  degree,  whenever  politics  were 
in  question.  On  the  dowufal  of  James  II. 
Jeffreys  attempted  to  escape,  but  was  dc- 
te.eted  and  sent  to  the  Tower,  where  he 
dir-.l  in  1689. 

JEFFRIES,  JOHIT,  ?.n  eminent  physi 
cian,  was  born  in  Boston  in  1744,  was  grad 
uated  at  Harvard  college,  and  immediately 
after  entered  upon  his  medical  studies.  In 
order  to  acquire  a  more  perfect  kno\vl«df« 


888  JEN 

of  hit  profession,  he  visited  Europe  and  at- 
tended to  the  instructions  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished lecturers.  In  1769  he  returned 
ton  and  recommenced  the  practice 
of  physic,  and  was  employed  during  the.  war 


JOA 

the  same  subject,  Ire  vv  bte  Observation* 
on  the  Natural  History  of  thg  Cuckoo. 

JENYN3,  SOAMK,  a  poet  and  miscel 
laneous  writer,  was  born,  in  1704,  i* 
London;  was  educated  at  St.  John'fc  Co. 


as  surgeon   in  the  British   army.      In   17SO   ie^e,    Cambridge;    sat    in    parliament    foi 

Cambridgeshire,  and  subsequently  for  Dun- 
wich;  and  for  his  attachment  to  minister?, 
was  rewarded  bv  being  made  a  commis- 
sioner of  the  board  of  trade,  which  office 
ne  held  during  five  and  twenty  years,  lie 
died  in  1787.  His  prose  works,  besides 
some  papers  in  the  World,  and  some  pain- 


he  went  a^ain  to  London  and  practised  will 
great  success.  In  the  course  of  liis  philo- 
sophical experiments,  he  was  induced  to 
undertake  two  aerial  voyages;  the  second 
of  which  was  from  the  clitVs  of  Dover  across 
the  British  channel  into  the  forest  of  Guinea 
in  France.  In  1789  he  returned  to  Boston, 
and  after  a  successful  practice  of  53  years 
died  in  1819. 

JEHAN    GIIIR,   or   JEHANGUIRE, 

AEUL  MUZAFFKR  NOUREDDIN  MOHAM- 

M  ED,  emperor  of  Hindostan,  the  son  of  Ak- 
bur,  was  originally  named  Selim.  He  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  of  Delhi  in  1605,  and 
died  in  1627.  Jehanguire  was  liberal,  afia- 
ble,  and  accessible  to  his  subjects,  and  a  pa- 
tron of  literature  and  arts.  He  wrote  Me- 
moirs of  the  first  Seventeen  Years  of  his 
Reign ;  and  added  to  the  historical  commen- 
taries of  Sultan  Baber. 

JENKINSON.    See  LIVERPOOL. 


JENNER,  EDWARD,  the  celebrated  in- 
troducer of  vaccine  inoculation,  was  born, 
May  17,  1749,  in  Gloucestershire,  was 
apprenticed  to  a  surgeon ;  and  subsequent- 
ly settled  at  Berkeley,  as  a  <;oneral  medi- 
cal practitioner.  A  .-out  1776  his  attention 
was  turned  to  the  cow  pox,  by  the  circum- 
stance of  his  finding  that  those  who  had 
been  affected  by  it  had  become  incapable 
of  receiving  the  variolous  infection.  Vac- 


cination -was    introduce;! 


the   British 


capital,  in  1796,  by  Mr.  Cline,  and  a 
violent  controversy  was  long,  maintained 
with  respect  to  its  merits.  Its  ultimate 
triumph  was  complete.  It  was  extended 
to  every  part  of  the  globe;  and  plaudits 
and  honours  were  showered  upon  the  dis- 
coverer from  all  quarters.  Oxford  pre>rute<I 
him  with  a  diploma,  the  Royal  Society 
admitted  him  as  a  member,  and  parliament 
voted  him  JL). 20.000.  He  died  January 
26,  1823  Besides  iwo  works  on  th--  ''  m 
Pox,  and  icattered  papers  and  letters  on 


phlets,    consist   of,    An    T 


Nature  and   Origin 


nquiry 
of  Evil — which 


into  the 


roughly  handled  by  Johnson;  View  of  the 
"  iterrral  Evidences  of  the  Christian  Relig- 
ion —  which,  though  popular,  was  unsatis- 
factory to  all  parties  ;  Disquisitions  on 
arious  Subjects  —  which  brought  down  on 
him  the  satirical  Lash  of  Mason. 

JEROME,  or  HIERONYMUS,  ST,, 
one  of  the  fathers  of  the  church,  was  Born, 
between  329  and  343,  at  Stridon.  on  the 
Pannonian  and  Dacian  frontier,  and  Btndi- 
dat  Rome,  under  Donatus  the  grammarian 
and  other  preceptors.  He  was  ordainet! 
presbyter  in  378  ;  became  secretary  to 
Pope"Damasus;  and  died,  in  420,  sii|-*?r- 
intendant  of  a  monastery  at  Bethlehem. 
The  best  edition  of  his  works  is  in  five 
volumes  folio. 

JEROME  of  PRAGUK,  a  native  of  the 
Bohemian  capital,  studied  in  the  universi- 
ties of  Oxford,  Paris,  Prague,  Heidelberg, 
and  CoLogn  ;  joined  zealously  with  Huss 
in  spreading  the  doctrines  of  Wicklifle; 
followed  him  to  Constance;  was  terrified 
into  a  momentary  recantation  of  his  prin- 
ciples; but  resumed  his  courage,  defended 
himself  eloquently,  and  met  his  death  at 
the  stake,  May  30,  1416,  with  heroical 
fortitude. 

JERVIS.     See  ST.  VINCEWT. 

JEUFFROY,  R.  V.,  a  gem  and  medal 
engraver,  was  born,  in  1739,  at  Rouen,  in 
\Vhen  he  was 
assistance,  suc- 

ceeded in  imitating  an  engraved  preciooa 
stone  which  had  come  into  his  hands.  He 
went  to  Italy  to  study,  and  for  some  years 
resided  at  Rome,  and  worked  for  Pichlcr, 
who  sold  his  productions  as  antiques.  On 
his  return  to  France,  he  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  school  of  gem  engraving.  He 
died  in  1786. 

JOAN  OF  ARC,  generally  called  The 
Maid  of  Orleans,  the  greatest  i,f  heroine*, 


a  very  humble  condition, 
young,   he,   without    any 


born,  in  1410,   at   Domremi 


Lor- 


raine. Her  parents  were  poor,  and  her 
occupation^  were  the  tending  of  sheep  and 
taking  care  of  horses  at  a  country  inn. 
But  her  mind  was  far  superior  to  her 
station,  aad  .-he  brooded  o\e<-  the  sulTcring* 
<>f  her  country,  and  the  means  of  relieving 
theui,  till  *he"  believed  that  she  beard  voices 


JOh 

from  heiven  commanding  her  tc  become  the 
deliverer  of  France.     She  wat  presented  to 


king,  and  it  was  resolved  that  her 
services  should  be  accepted.  The  idea 
that  an  agent  endowed  with  supernatural 
powers  had  taken  the  field  produced  its 
natural  effect  in  a  superstitious  age;  it 
inspirited  the  French,  it  depressed  the  Eng- 
lish. The  first  exploit  of  Joan  was  the 
relieving  of  Orleans,  in  May,  1428,  after 
having  defeated  the  besiegers.  The  tide 
of  her  success  was  rapid.  Cky  after  city 
was  reduced,  the  English  were  worsted  at 
Patay,  and,  in  July,  1429,  the  maid  led 
her  sovereign  to  be  crowned  in  the  cathe- 


JOI1        .  8» 

tate,  published  in  1682,  he  was  fined  five 
hundred  marks.  In  1685  lie  was  treated 
till  more  severely;  l>eing  sentenced  to  pay 
five  hundred  marks,  be  thrice  pilloried, 
and  be  whipped  from  Newgate  to  Tyburn, 
for  having  written  an  Address  to  the  Armv 
He  died  in  1703.  Ilia  works  form  a  foil* 
volume 


JOHJVSON,  SAMUEL,  one  of  the  great- 
est literary  characters  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  was  the  son  of  a  bookseller;  was 
born,  in  1709,  at  Litchfield  ;  and  completed 
his  education  at  Pembroke  College,  Oxford. 
After  having  been  usher  at  Market  Bos- 
worth  tvhool,  and  having  married  Mrs. 


dral  of  Rheims.     Her  mission,  she  declar-|  Porter,  the  widow  of  a  mercer,  and  vainly 
ed,  was  now  accomplished,  and  she  wished   endeavoured  to  establish  an    academv    at 


display  her 
of  May,  14 


to  retire  into  obscurity.  But  her  aid  was 
too  valuable  to  be  easily  relinquished,  and 
the  king  at  length  prevailed  on  her  to 
remain  with  the  army.  Joan  continued  to 
1  er  wonted  valour  till,  on  the  25th 
1431,  she  was  taken  prisoner  bv 
the  Burgundians,  while  she  was  heading  a 
sally  from  Compiegne.  Her  captors  sold 
her  to  the  English,  who  lastingly  disgraced 
themselves  by  burning  her  at  Rouen,  May 
31,  1431,  on  a  charge  of  sorcery. 

JODELLE,  STEPHEN,  a  French  poet, 
was  born  at  Paris,  in  1532,  and  died  in 
indigence  in  1573.  Jodelle  formed  one  of 
the  Pleiad,  as  it  was  called,  of  Gallic  poets. 
He  was  the  first  in  France  who  composed 


Edial,  he  settled  in  the  metropolis,  in  1737. 
In  the  following  year  lie  published  hia 
London,  a  satire,  which  established  his 
poetical  reputation,  and  was  praised  by 
Pope.  For  home  years  his  subsistence 
was  chiefly  derived  from  supplying  biogra- 
phical and  miscellaneous  articles,  including 
the  debates  in  parliament,  to  the  Gentle- 


man's    Magazine, 
appeared  in  1744. 


His    Life    of   Savage 
From  1747  to  1755  he 


was  engaged  on  his  English  Dictionary. 
In  the  interval,  however,  he  gave  to  the 
world  The  Vanity  of  Human  Wishes ;  The 
Rambler;  and  the  tragedy  of  Irene.  These 
labours,  however,  were  more  productive 
of  fame  fhan  of  profit.  He  was  still 


tragedies    with   chorusses    on    the    Greek  [obliged  to  toil  to  provide  for  the  passing 
model.  j  day,  and  thus  necessity  called  into  exist- 

JOHNES,  THOMAS,  was  bora,  in  1748,  lence  the  Idler,  Rasselas,  and  various  pro- 
at  Ludlov.*,  in  Shropshire;  studied  at  Eton,  jductions  of  less  consequence.  At  length, 
and  Jesus  College,  Oxford;  sat  in  parlia-  in  1762,  a  pension  of  £,300  was  granted 
ment  for  Cardigan,  and  subsequently  for  to  him  by  the  crown;  and,  in  1765,  a 
Radnorshire;  and  died  in  1816.  He  trans- 1  large  increase  was  made  to  his  comforts 
liitcd  Froissart,  Monstrelet,  Joinville,  Ber-!by  his  becoming  intimate  with  the  family 
trand  de  la  Brocquicre,  and  St.  Palaye's  of  Mr.  Thrale.  In  the  course  of  the  last 
Life  of  Froissart.  twenty  years  of  his  life  he  produced  his 

JOHNSON,  SAMUEL,  a  divine,  emi-  political  pamphlets;  an  edition  of  Shaks- 
nent  for  his  fortitude,  and  for  his  numerous  poare;  a  Journey  to  the  Western  Islands 
writings  in  the  cause  of  liberty,  was  born,  of  Scotland;  and  the  Lives  of  the  Poeta. 
in  1649,  in  Staffordshire;  was  educated  at  He  died  December  13,  1784. 
St.  Paul's  School,  and  at  Trinity  College,  JOHNSON,  Sir  WILLIAM,  a  military 
Cambridge;  and  became  minister  of  Cor-  oflicer,  who  served  with  distinction  in 
ringliam,  in  Essex,  and  chanluin  to  Lord  North  Carolina,  was  born  in  Ireland  about 
William  Russel.  For  his  Julian  the  Apos-  the  year  1714.  Early  in  life  he  came  to 


MO  JON 

America,  and  settled  on  the  Jlohawk  and 
carried  on  an  extensive  traHu.  with  the  In- 
dians. In  17f>5  he  commanded  the  provin- 
cial troops  of  New  York  in  the  expedition 
against  Crown  Point,  and  for  his  services 
received  from  the  House  of  Commons  the 
gift  of  £.5000,  ami  from  t'ne  king  the  title 
of  baronet.  He  died  in  1774.  He  was 
shrewd,  brave  and  successful. 

JOHNSON,  SAMIH,  president  of 
King's  College,  New  York,  was  a  native 
of  Connecticut,  and  was  graduated  at  Yale 
College.  He  studied  divinity,  became  an 

Episcopalian,  and  in  1722  went  to  England    a  strenuous  champion  of 
to    obtain    ordination.      In    1754    he    was    philosophy,  was  born,  i 
chosen  president  of  the  college  just  estab-    in  Northamptonshire;    i 
li.-hei]  at   New   Yoik,  and   filled   the   office 
with  much  credit  until  1763,  when  he  re- 
signed and  returned  to  Stratford  to  resume 
his  pastoral  duties.     He   died   in   1772,  in 
the   76th   year  of  his   age.     He    was    the 
author   of  some   controversial    works,  and 
of  a  Hebrew  and  an  English  Grammar. 

JOHNSON,  or  JOHNSTON, 
CHARLES,  a  novel  writer,  was  born  in 
Ireland,  in  the  first  ha  f  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  and  was  called  to  the  bar,  but  his 
deafness  confined  him  to  chamber  practice. 
In  1782  he  went  to  Calcutta,  where  he 
became  joint  proprietor  of  a  newspaper, 
and  died  about  1800.  His  novels,  the 
principal  of  which  are,  Chrysal,  or  the 
Adventures  of  a  Guinea,  and  its  continua- 
tion, The  Reverie,  are  spirited,  and  full 
of  pungent  satire,  and  the  characters  are 
mostly  copied,  and  often  caricatured,  from 
real  fife. 

JOINVILLE,  JOHN,  Sire  de,  seneschal 
of  Champagne,  was  born  about  1223.  He 
attended  Louis  IX.,  in  1249,  on  the  Egyp- 
tian expedition,  rendered  great  services 
to  that  monarch,  and  was  ever  after  con- 


sidered 
friends. 


bv  him  as  one  of  his  dearest 
n  the  king's  second  crusade, 
however,  he  declined  taking  a  part.  Join- 
ville  died  about  1307.  His  Life  of  Saint 
Louis  is  one  of  the  most  delightful  of  an- 
3  ent  chronicles. 

JO.MELLI,  NICHOLAS,  a  celebrated 
composer,  was  born,  in  1714,  at  A  versa,  in 
the  kingdom  of  Naples,  and  was  a  pupil 

of  Leo  and  Durante.     After  having  resided 
/•  •  •  ° 


for  some  years  in  Germ; 


the  service 


of  the  duke  of  Wirtemberg,  he  returned 
to  his  native  country,  and  died  at  Naples, 
ir.  1774.  He  composed  more  than  forty 
operas;  oratorios;  and  several  excellent 
pieces  of  church  music;  besides  smaller 
workn. 

JONES,  INK, o,  an  eminent  architect, 
'i  of  a  clothworker,  was  born   about 
1572,  at  London.      Christian   IV.  of  Den- 
mark, made  him   his   diief  architect,  and 
brought    him    to    England    when    he  visited 


JON 

made  surveyor  of  the  board  of  works, 
and  was  also  much  employed  by  the  nobil 
itv  and  gentry.  Being  a  catholic,  and 
favourable  to  the  subverted  government, 
Jones  suffered  considerably  during  the  civil 
war.  He  died  in  1652.  Of  his  abilities 
the  finest  specimens  are,  the  Banqueting 
House,  at  Whitehall;  St.  Paul's  Covcnt 
Garden;  and  Wilton  House  in  Wiltshire. 
He  sometimes  sinned  against  good  taste 
by  blending  the  Grecian  and  the  Gothic 
styles. 

"JONES,  WII.T.IAM,  a  divine,  who  was 
a  strenuous  champion  of  the  Hutchinsonian 
in  1726,  at  Lowick, 
was  educated  at  the 

Charter  House,  and  at  University  College, 
Oxford  ;  and  died  in  1800,  perpetual  curate 
of  Nayland,  and  rector  of  Paston  and 
Hollingbourne.  His  theological  and  philo- 
sophical works  form  twelve  octavo  vol- 
umes. Among  them  are,  The  Catholic 
Doctrine  of  the  Trinity;  Physiological 
Disquisitions;  and  Lectures  on  the  Figur- 
ative Language  of  the  Scriptures. 

J ON  ES,Sir  WILLI  AM,  an  eminent  poet, 
scholar,  and  lawyer,  the  son  of  an  excellent 
mathematician,  was  born,  in  1746,  in 
London;  was  educated,  and  greatly  dis- 
tinguished himself,  at  Harrow,  and  at 
University  College,  Oxford;  and,  in  1765, 
became  tutor  to  Lord  Althorpe,  now  Earl 
Spencer,  with  \\hom  he  travelled  on  the 
continent.  In  1770,  he  was  admitted  of 
the  Inner  Temple;  in  1776  he  was  made 
a  commissioner  of  bankrupt;  in  1783  he 
was  knighted,  and  appointed  judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  judicature  in  Bengal. 
One  of  his  early  acts  in  India  was  the 
establishment,  at  Calcutta,  of  an  institution 
on  the  plan  of  the  Royal  Society,  of  which 
he  was  chosen  the  first  president.  Another 
was,  to  take  vigorous  measures  for  pro- 
curing a  digest  of  the  Hindoo  and  Mahom- 
etan laws.  He  died,  at  Calcutta,  in  1794. 
His  poems,  translations,  philological  es- 
says, and  other  works,  form  twelve  vol- 
umes. In  his  command  of  languages  he 
had  few  rivals;  he  being  more  or  less  ac- 
quainted with  no  fewer  than  twenty-eight. 
His.  poems  are  always  elegant,  often  ani- 
mated, and  their  \er.-iticatii.n  .is  melliflu- 
ous. His  learning  was  extensive ;  his  le- 
gal knowledge  was  prcfound;  and  he  was 
an  enlightened  and  zealous  champion  of 
constitutional  principles. 

JONES,  JOHN  l'A  ri..  a  native  of  Scot 
land,  was  born,  in  1747,  at  Scikiik,  and 
settled  in  America  when  young.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  liy  his  bravery  in  the 

American  service,  durn^  the  contest  with 
•  i  .      ...  i 

des- 

wilh    the    Serapis    frigate, 
•  died   in   Paris   in 


the  mother  country,  particularly 

perate 

which  he  captured.     He 


James  I.     Jones  now  transferred  his  fervi-j  1792,  and  was   buried  at  the  expense  of 
•ci   to   lug   natural    sovereign.     He    was ,  the  national  convention.      Jont-e  wa*   not 


JOR 

only  a  man  of  signal  courage,  but  also  of 
great  talent,  and  keen  sagacity,  wrote  poe- 
try, and  in  France  aspired  to  be  a  man  of 
fasliion.  His  memorials  and  correspond- 
ence are  quite  voluminous. 

JONES,  JOHN',  an  American  physi- 
cian, was  born  on  Long  Island  in  1729. 
After  receiving  a  school  education,  he 
commenced  the  study  of  medicine  and  vis- 
ited Europe  to  improve  his  professional 
know  ^dge.  Returning  to  America  he 
settled  in  New  York,  and  in  1775  pub- 
lished his  Plain  Remarks  upon  Wounds 
and  Fractures.  He  was  the  intimate  friend 
of  Franklin,  and  attended  him  in  his  last 
illness;  he  was  also  for  some  time  the 
family  physician  of  president  Washington. 
He  d'ied  fii  1791. 


JOV 


841 


JONSON,  BENJAMIN,  a  celebrated 
poet  ind  dramatist,  the  posthumous  son  of 
a  clergyman,  was  born,  in  1574,  in  West- 
minster. His  mother  having  entered  again 

to  the  marriage  state  with  a  bricklayer, 


she    took    the 


from    Westminster 


School,  to  follow  his  stepfather's  trade; 
but  he  emancipated  himself  by  entering 
the  army,  as  a  private  soldier,  and,  during 
a  campaign  in  Holland,  was  applauded  by 
his  officers  for  his  courage.  On  his  return 
he  studied  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge, but  the  scantiness  of  his  means 
soon  obliged  him  to  quit  the  university. 
Removing  to  London,  he  embraced  the  two- 
fold profession  of  author  and  actor.  As  an 
actor  Jonson  acquired  no  fame;  as  an  au- 


thor 


he    was    mure  fortunate.       His 
Every    Man    in    his    Humour, 


first 


brought  out  in  1598,  and  it  was  followed, 
in  rapid  succession,  by  numerous  others, 
and  by  liis  poems.  In  1C17,  he  was  ap- 
pointed poet  laureate.  He  died  August 
16,  1637.  Of  Jonsou'si  poetry  much  is  be- 
low mediocrity,  but  then:  art-  a  tew  of  his 


House,  and  Jesus  College,  Oxford;  and 
held,  successively,  the  livings  of  Swavtaey, 
St.  Dunstau's  in  the  East,  and  Kensing- 
ton. He  was  also  a  prebendary  .of  St. 
Paul's,  and  archdeacon  of  London.  He 
died,  at  Kensington,  in  1770,  as  much  be- 
loved for  his  private  virtues  as  admired  for 
his  piety,  learning,  abilities,  liberality  of 
mind,  and  contempt  of  subserviency. 
Among  his  works  are,  Lusus  Poetici;  .4. 
Life  of  Erasmus;  Remarks  on  Ecclesiast- 
ical History;  Sermons;  and  Six  Disserta- 
tions on  different  subjects.  As  the  last 
work  happened  to  impugn  one  of  Wai- 
burton's  theories,  an  illiberal  attack  was 
made  upon  it  by  Hurd,  in  a  Seventh  Dis- 
sertation on  the  Delicacy  of  Friendship. 

JOSEPHINE,  Empress  of  the  French. 
The  maiden  name  of  this  celebrated  wo- 
man, who  was  born,  in  1761,  at  Martinico, 
was  Mary  Francis  Josephine  Tascher  de 
la  Pagerie.  She  was  early  taken  to  Paris 
by  her  father,  and  united  to  viscount  de 
Beauharnois.  In  1794,  her  husband  per- 
ished on  the  scaffold,  and  she  herself  was 
imprisoned,  but  was  saved  by  Tallien.  In 
1796,  she  married  General  Bonaparte,  and 
they  lived  together  in  perfect  union,  till 
1809,  when  the  desire  of  having  an  heir 
to  his  throne  induced  him  to  divorce  her, 
and  take  an  Austrian  princess  as  his  wife. 
She  died*  at  Malmaison,  May  29,  1814. 
In  her  youth  Josephine  was  beautiful,  and 
to  the  last  she  continued  to  possess  many 
charms,  uncommon  gracefulness,  and  win- 
ning manners.  For  these  she  was  admired, 
but  for  her  amenity  and  benevolence  she 
was  universally  beloved. 

JOSEPHUS,  FLAVIUS,  a  Jewish  his- 
torian, descended,  by  his  mother's  side, 
from  the  Maccabcan  race,  was  born  at  Je- 
rusalem, A.  D.  37,  and  was  early  instruct- 
ed in  Hebrew  learning.  He  is  supposed 
to  have  died  about  the  year  95.  He  wrote 
the  History  of  the  Jewish  War;  Jewish 
Antiquities;  and  other  works ;  which  have 
been  translated  into  English  by  L'Estrange 
and  by  Whiston. 

JOVELLANOS,  CASPAR  MELCHIOR 
DE,  was  born,  in  1749,  at  Gijon,  in  the 
Astunas,  and  was  early  distinguished  for 
his  learning.  Charles  III.  made  him  a 
counsellor  of  state,  but  he  was  exiled  in 
1794,  for  proposing  to  tax  the  clergy.  In 
1799  he  was  recalled,  to  be  minister  of 
justice;  but  in  eight  months  he  was  again 
banished.  Being  suspected  of  favouring 
the  French,  he  was  put  to  death,  in  18l~ 


pieces    which    are    polished     into     perfect  j  by  the  populace.      He  wrote  Lyric  Poems; 
gems.      Besides  his   poems   and  dramas  lie  .  Pelayo,  a  tragedy;    The    Honourable    De 


wrote  some  prose  work*.  The  story  of 
hia  regard  in  :j  8hakspe<urc"with  aii  envious 
eve  appeal's  to  be  a  calm 


linquent,  a  comedy;  and  several  Memoirs 
on  subjects  connected  \\ith  political  econ  • 
omv.  He  also  translated  Paradise  Lost 


JOR'TIN,  Dr.  JOHN,  W  eminent  the-j- |  JOVIAN,  FI.AVIUS  CLAUDIUS,  a  Ro 
tOgian  arid  «:h  I  .r,  was  b  >rn,  in  1698,  in  '  man  e:nper;»r,  was  born,  :  bout  330,  at 
Loud.)  •  ;  was  r.luculuJ  at  liu  Charter  i  Sind  man,  in  Pannoui'i.  When  Julian 


M3  JUL 

fell,  in  the  exp«di  ion  again?  «he  Persians, 
Jovian,  who  was  then  a.  olliecr,  was 
raised  to  the  tin  me  by  tin  troops.  To 
save  t]ie  remains  of  the  Unman  army,  he 
was  compelled  to  consent  to  a  dishonoura- 
ble peace  with  the  Persians.  His  sway 
-iiort,  for  he  died,  in  364,  in  the 
eighth  month  of  his  reign;  but  whether  by 
annotation  from  the  vapour  of  charcoal.  In 
apoplexy,  or  by  poison,  remains  undecided. 

JOYCE,  J  KRKMI  AH,  a  dissenting  min- 
ister, and  an  industrious  author,  was  born 
in  17U4,  aud  died  in  1816.  In  1794,  he 
was  one  of  the  persons  accused  of  high 
treason,  but  was  not  brought  to  trial.  He 
was  the  principal  compiler  of  Gregory's 
and  Nicholson's  Encyclopaedias;  and  pub- 
lished, among  other  works,  Elements  of 
Arithmetic  ;  Scientific  Dialogues  ;  Dia- 
logues on  Chemistry ;  and  Letters  on  Nat- 
ural Philosophy. 

JUAN  Y  SANTI  CILIA,  DonGKORG  E, 
an  eminent  Spanish  mathematician  and 
naval  officer,  was  born,  in  1712,  at  Ori- 
hucla.  A  considerable  part  of  his  life  was 
spent  in  successful  exertions  to  improve 
and  increase  the  Spanish  naval  force.  He 
died  in  1774.  Among  his  works  are,  Ob- 
servations on  Astronomy  and  Natural  Phi- 
losophy, made  in  Peru;  and  a  Treatise  on 
Mechanics  applied  to  the  construction  of 
Vessels. 

JUDAH  HAKKADOSH,  a  famous 
rabbi,  the  founder  of  the  school  of  Tibe- 
rias, was  born  at  Sephora,  in  120,  and 
died  in  194.  He  is  the  author  of  the 
Mischna,  or  first  part  of  the  Talmud,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  occupied  upon  it  for 
thirty  vears. 

JUDAH  HIUG,  or  CHIUG,  a  learned 
rabbi,  was  a  native  of  Fez,  and  exercised 
the  profession  of  a  physician  at  that  place, 
about  1040.  The  date  of  his  death  is  un- 
known. 

JUEL,  NICHOLAS,  a  celebrated  Danish 
admiral,  was  born  in  1629,  and  learned 
his  profession  under  Tromp  and  Ruyter,  in 
the  Dutch  service;  after  which  he  returned 
to  Denmark,  to  serve  his  country.  In  1659, 
he  distinguished  himself  during  the  siege 
of  Copenhagen;  for  which  he  was  one  of 
the  first  who  received  the  order  of  Dane- 
bro*.  In  1676  and  1677,  he  made  himself 
i»a.-ter  of  Gothland,  and  defeated  the 
Swedes  in  severa  desperate  engagements. 
He  died  in  1^97.  JucI  was  no  less  modest 
than  brave. 

JTLIAN,  FLAVIUS  CLAUDIUS,  sui na- 
med the  Apostate,  a  nephew  of  Constan- 
! ine  the  Great,  was  born  in  331,  and  was 
brought  up  a  Christian,  but  apostatized  to 
pag.ilii"'-.  In  335,  l-e.  was  de  -hired  ( 'a-.-ar, 
and  was  .  -n(  i,,  govern  Gaul,  where  he  ob- 
tained several  victories  oxer  tin:  Germans. 
Ill  3bl.  the  troops  in  Gaul  revolted  from 
Cons  intira,  nnd  placed  Julian  on  the 


JUR 

throne.     He  was  killed,  in  363,  i    Y»  ex 

pod  it  ion  against  the  Persians.  His  work* 
form  two  volumes  folio. 

JULIO  ROMA  NO,  a  celebrated  painter 
and  architect,  whose  real  name  was  PIPPI, 
was  born,  in  1492,  at  Home,  and  studied 
under  Raphael ;  but,  after  the  decease  of 
his  great  master,. he  adopted  a  style  which 
approximated  to  that  of  .Michael  Angelo. 
He  died  in  1546. 

JT.NGE,  or  JUNGIUS,  JOACHIM,  9 
German  philosopher,  whom  Leibnitz  cha- 
racterises as  being  inferior  only  to  Des- 
cartes, and  equal  to  Copernicus,  Galileo, 
and  Kepler,  was  born,  in  1537,  at  Lubeck; 
and  died,  in  1657,  rector  of  St.  John's 
School,  at  Hamburgh.  He  was  a  formid- 
able antagonist  of  the  Aristotelian  philoso. 
phy.  Among  his  works  are,  Geometria 
Empirica;  Doxoscopire  Physicse  Minnies; 
and  Isagoge  Phytoscopia  ;  from  the  last  of 
which  hints  appear  to  have  been  borrowed 
by  Kay  and  Limupus. 

JUNIUS,  ADRIAN,  a  native  of  Hol- 
land, a  physician,  and  one  of  the  most 
.fertile  literary  characters  of  his  age,  was 
born  at  Hoorn,  in  1512;  practised  with 
great  success  in  England  and  his  native 
country;  and  died  in  1575.  His  works, 
including  translations  from  the  ancient  lan- 
guages, and  remarks  on  ancient  authors, 
are  very  numerous. 

JUNIUS,  FRANCIS,  a  philologist,  was 
born,  in  1589,  at  Heidelberg;  settled  in 
England  in  1620;  was  thirty  years  libra- 
rian  to  the  earl  of  Arundel;  and  died,  in 
1678,  at  Windsor.  His  principal  works 
are,  De  Pictura  Veterum;  Glossarium 
Gothicus ;  and  Etymologicnm  Anglicanum ; 
the  last  of  which  was  published  by  Lye. 
His  extensive  Glossary  of  the  Five  North- 
ern Languages  remains  imprinted. 

JUNOT,  AN  DOCK  E,  duke  of  Abrantes, 
a  French  general,  was  born,  in  1771,  at 
Bussy  le  Grand  ;  entered  the  army  in  1791, 
as  a  volunteer ;  .attracted  by  his  coolness 
and  courage  the  attention  of  Bonaparte  at 
the  siege  of  Toulon ;  and  w  as  promoted 
by  that  general,  and  distinguished  himself 
under  him  throughout  the  Italian  and  K<ry|>- 
tian  campaigns.  In  1S07,  he  was  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  army  which  occupied 
Portugal;  but,  being  defeated  at  Vimeira 
by  Sir  Arthur  Wellesley,  lie  was  compelled 
to  capitulate.  He  subsequently  sened  in 
Spain  and  in  Ilussia;  and  was  governor 
of  the  Illyrian  provinces;  and  dJed  in  1813 

JUUIEU,  PKTKR,  a  French  pmtestan. 
divine  and  theologian,  was  born,  in  1637, 
at  Mer,  near  Blois;  was  partly  educated 
in  England;  was  professor  of  Hebrew  at 
Sedan,  and,  wibsequently,  of  divinity  at 
Rotterdam;  .and  died  at  the  latter  place, 
in  1713.  Of  his  works,  the  principal  are, 
The  History  of  Calvinism  and  Popery; 
History  of  the  Opinions  and  Religiom 


Ceremonies  of  the   Jews;    A  Treatise  on] 

the  Unity  of  the  Church ;  and  Sermons. 
Juried  was  a  visionary,  an  1  dabbled,  with 
\vofully  bad  success,  in  prophecy. 

JUSSIEU,  BKRNARI.)  DK,  an  eminent 
botanist,  was  born,  in  1699,  at  Lyons,  and 
died  in  1777,  botanical  demonstrator  at 
the  king's  garden.  In  1758  he  was  em- 
ploved  to  arrange  the  plants  in  the  royal 
garden  of  Trianon,  and  the  arrangement 
which  he  adopted  forms  the  basis  of  what 
is  called  The  Natural  System  of  Plants, 
which  was  first  brought  forward  by  his 
nephew  Anthony  Laurence,  and  has  been 
perfected  by  Vcntenat,  Brown,  Mirbel, 
Richard,  and  L)e  Candolle. — His  brother, 
A  XT  HO  NY,  was  also  a  celebrated  botanist. 

JUSTIN,  M.  JUNIANUS,  a  Latin  histo- 


ran,  is  believed  to  have 
Antoninus    Pius,    in   the 


flourished  under 
second    century 


His  history  is  only  an  epitome  of  a  larger 
work,  written  in  the  reign  of  Augustus,  by 
Trogus  Potnpeius. 

JUSTIN,  surnamed  the  MARTYR,  one 


KAL  841 

JUVENAL,  OKCIUS  TUNIUS,  the  most 
vehement  of  satirists,  is  believed  to  hare 


of  the  fathers  of  the  church, 


born  at 


been  born  about  the  commencement  of  the 
reign  of  Claudius.  He  studied  under 
Fronto  and  (.inintilian;  and  acquired  repu- 
tation and  fortune  at  the  bar.  His  satire 
n  the  actor  Paris,  who  was  the  favourite 
of  Domitian,  is  said  to  have  been  the  cause 
of  Juvenal  being  sent,  nominally  as  com- 
mander of  a  cohort,  but  really  as  an  exile, 
to  Pentapolis,  on  the  Egyptian  frontier. 
He  is  supposed  by  some  to  have  died, 
about  128,  at  Rome;  while  otUers  as*ert 
him  to  have  died  of  grief  in  banishment. 
His  satires  have  been  spiritedly  translated 

his  works  the  principal  are,  Two  Apologies  j  by  Dryden,  Gifford,  Hodgson,  and  Bad- 
for  the  Christians.  ham. 

JUSTINIAN  I.,  emperor  of  the  East,  JUXON,  WILLIAM,  a  learned  prelate, 
was  born,  in  483,  of  an  obscure  family,  at  was  born,  in  1582,  at  Chichester;  wag 
Tauresiura,  in  Dardania,  on  the  Illyrian  '  educated  at  Merchant  Tailors' School,  and 
and  Thracian  frontier;  was  associated  in  .  St.  John's  College,  Oxford;  was  warmly 
the  government  of  the  empire  by  his  uncle'  patronised  by  Laud,  and,  through  his  in- 


Neapolis,  anciently  Sichem,  in  Palestine; 
and  was  a  philosopher  of  the  Platonic 
school.  He  is  believed  to  have  preached 
tlie  gospel  in  Italy,  Asia  Minor,  and  Egypt. 
He  was  beheaded  at  Rome,  in  165.  Of 


Justin;  and,  on  the  death  of  that  monarch, 
succeeded  to  the  sole  authority.  Person- 
ally, Justinian  was  a  bigot,  and  a  man  of 
a  weak  mind;  yet,  in  some  points  of  view, 


his  reign  was  a  glorious  one. 
565. 


Ho  died  in 


fluence,  rose  to  be  Bishop  of  Hereford  in 
1633,  and  of  London  in  the  same  year. 
He  attended  Charles  I.  in  the  Isle  of 
Wight,  and  on  the  scaffold;  was  elevated 
to  the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury,  at  the 
Restoration:  and  died  in  1663. 


KAAB,  a  celebrated  Arabian  poet,  au- 
thor of  one  of  the  seven  poems  which  were 
euspended  in  the  temple  of  Mecca,  was 
originally  a  strenuous  opponent  of  Mahom- 
et, whose  doctrines  and  person  he  satirised. 
Hi:,  however,  recanted,  by  writing  a  poem 
in  honour  of  the  prophet.  As  a  reward,  the 
prophet  gave  him  his  green  mantle,  which 
one  of  the  descendants  of  Kaab  sold  for  ten 
tinnsand  pieces  of  silver^  He  died  in  662. 

K/EMPFER,  ENOLEBKRT,  a  celebra- 
ted phvsician,  naturalist,  and  traveller,  was 
born,  in  1651,  at  Lc;n^  >w,  in  Westphalia; 
Studied  at  P.intzir,  Thorn,  (.'racow,  ami 
Upsalj  accompanied  the  Swedish  embassy 
to  Persia,  whence  he  proceeded  to  Java, 
•nd  thence  to  Japan  ;  returned  to  hi.--  native 


country,  and  entered  upon  the  medical  prac 
tice;  and  died  in  1716.  Besides  Ins  His- 
tory of  Japan,  he  published  Amoenitates 
Exoticae  ;  and  other  valuable  works 

KAESTNER,  ABRAHAM  GOTTHELF, 
an  eminent  mathematician  and  astronomer, 
was  born,  in  1719,  at  Leipsic,  and  died,  in 
1799,  professor  of  mathematics  at  Gottin- 
gen;  an  office  which  he  held  with  high  rep- 
utation for  more  than  forty  yeirs.  He  was 
a  man  of  wit  and  satire,  and  a  poet,  as 
well  as  a  votary  of 'science.  His  works 
are  more  than  two  hundred  in  number.  One 
of  the  most  important  of  them  is  a  History 
of  Mathematics. 

KALKRRENNER,  CHRISTIAN,  was 
l>orn,  i;i  1755,  at  Muaden,  in  Prussia,  wa« 


144  KAR 

a  pupil  of  Emanuel  Bach;  and,  after  haT- 
ing  been  in  the  service  of  Prince  Henry  of 
Prussia,  he  settled  at  Paris,  where  he  died 
in  1806.  He  composed  several  operas, 
among  which  are  the  Widow  of  Malabar, 
Olympia,  Don  Juan,  and  (Enone;  am 
wrote  two  musical  treatises,  on  Acconipa 
niments,  Fugues,  and  Counterpoint;  anc 
Dart  of  a  History  of  Music. 

KALM,  PKTKK,  a  Swedish  natural  phi 
.osopher  and  traveller,  was  born,  in  1715 
in  Ostro  Bothnia;  travelled  from  1748  tc 
1751  in  North  America,  and,  at  a  later  pe 
riod,  in  Russia;  became  professor  of  bota 
By  at  the  university  of  Abo;  and  died  ii 
1779.  Besides  his  American  travels,  whicl 
have  been  translated  into  English,  he  wrott 
more  than  eighty  Dissertations  on  subjects 
connected  with  the  commerce,  agriculture 
and  manufactures  of  Sweden. 

KAMES,  HE HRY  HOME,  lord,  a  Scotch 
judge,  and  fertile  writer,  was  born,  in  1696 
at  Kames,  in  Berwickshire;  and,  aftei 
having  been  successful  at  the  bar,  was  ap- 
pointed, in  1752,  a  judge  of  session,  on 
which  occasion  he  took  the  title  by  which 
he  is  generally  known.  In  1763  be  was 
raised  to  be  one  of  the  lords  of  justiciarv. 
He  died  in  1782.  Many  of  his  works  are 
on  Scotch  law.  Of  those  which  are  whol!\ 
literary  the  principal  are,  Elements  of 
Criticism;  Sketches  of  the  History  of 
Man;  Essays  on  the  Principles  of  Morality 
and  Natural  Religion;  and  Essays  upon 
several  Subjects  connected  with  British  An- 
tiquities. 

KANT,  I M MANUEL,  a  celebrated  meta- 
physician, and  founder  of  a  new  sect,  wa 
born,  in  1724,  at  Krenigsberg,  in  Prussia, 
and  was  the  son  of  a  saddler.  He  was  edu- 
cated at  the  Frederician  College,  on  leav- 
ing which  he  became  a  private  tutor.  At 
a  later  period  he  gave  lectures  on  mathemat- 
ics. He  commenced  as  an  author  in  his 
twenty-third  year;  but  it  was  not  til!  1781 
that  he  began  to  publish  the  works  which 
have  excited  so  much  admiration  and  con- 
troversy, especially  in  Germany.  In  that 
year  he  published  his  Crkique  of  pure  Rea- 
Borij  which  contains  his  system  of  philoso- 
phy, commonly  called  the  Critical  Philos- 
ophy. A  second  part  of  it,  published  in 
1783,  bore  the  title  of  Prolegomena  for  fu- 
ture Metaphysics  The  principles  contain- 
ed in  them  he  had,  however,  long  been  pro- 
mulgating from  the  chair  of  logic  and 
caetapavsics  at  Kcenigaberg,  to  which  he 
was  appointed  in  1770.  In  1786  and  1788, 
no  was  chosen  rector  of  the  university.  He 
died  in  ISO  1,  Inving  for  some  years  been 
in  a  state  of  gradual  decav. 

KARAMSi.N,  \ICHUI".\S  MICH  \rio- 
»''  i  -en,  a  Russian  historian  a-id  mire.  i!a- 
MOOS  writer,  hiatoriogra|  her  of:  fie  ,': 
empire,  was  born,  ia    ITft."),    i'i  tlir  g  >\<-MI- 
•»ciit  (if  Siiu'.irsk;    aai  veil   (•  r  a  wh.li?   in 


KEI 

I  the  imperial  guards;  and,  after  his  .«„,. 
i  from  travelling,  devoted  himself  to  litera- 
ture. He  died,  at  Moscow,  June  3,  1826. 
He  is  the  author  of  ;i  History  of  Russia,  in 
eleven  volumes;  Letters  of  a'ltu.ssian  Trar 
eller ;  Tales ;  and  various  other  works. 


KAUFFMAN,  MARIA  ANNA  ANGEL- 
ICA  CATHKRINK,  an  eminent  artist,  waa 
born,  in  1741,  at  Coire,  in  the  Grisons; 
as  instructed  by  her  father ;  and  was  no 
mean  portrait  painter  at  eleven  years  of  age. 
In  1766  she  came  to  England,  and  resided 
here  for  seventeen  years.  In  1781  she 
married  Zuechi,  a  Venetian  painter.  She 
died  at  Rome,  in  1S07.  Angelica  particu- 
larly excelled  in  poetical  subjects;  her 
dra\ving-\vas  good,  and  her  colouring  at- 
ractive.  Ton  much  sameness  in  the  forms 
if  her  figures  was  her  defect.  She  etched 
with  great  spirit;  and  she  was  also  a  per- 
"ect  mistress  of  music,  which  she  is  said  to 
lave  been  at  one  time  inclined  to  adopt  as 
ler  profession. 

KEATS,  JOHN,  a  poet,  was  born,  in 
Vloorfields,  in  1796;   was  apprenticed  to  a 
urgeon,  but  devoted  himself  to  literature; 
ind  died,  of  consumption,  at  Rome,  De 
ccmber  27,  1820.     He  published  a  volume 
f  poems;    Endymion,  a  poetic  romance; 
ind    Lamia,    Isabella,    and   other   poems. 
There  is  much  negligence  and  bad  taste  in 
is  poetry;   but  theie  is  also  much  that  i* 
>f  a  redeeming  quality;   much  that  indi- 
tes a  genius   which    required  only  time 
and  study  to  ripen  it  into  excellence. 

KEILL,  JOHN,  an  able  mathematician 
.nd  natural  philosopher,  was  born,  in  1671, 
t  Edinburgh  ;  and  studied  at  Edinburgh, 
nd  Haliol  College,  Oxford,  under  Da\id 
Jregory.  At  the  latter  university  he  ac- 
nired  a  great  reputation  by  his  lectures  on 
Vewton's  I'rincipia,  and  on  natural  philo- 
nphy.  He  became  a  fellow  of  the  Roval 
:oeiety,  Savilian  pr;fossor  of  nstroiiomy, 
nd  decipherer  to  the  queen,  and  took  his 
e-jnvasdocim-  in  physic.  He  died  in  1721. 
KEITH,  JAM;  s, "an  eminent  general, 
'in  of  the  cail  irrirshal  of  Sen  laml,  was 
cini  in  l(;'.'?r>;  \\  as  expatriated  in  eonsv- 
tKvire  of  his  having  engaged  in  rl:e  rebel)* 
•  not'  HI").  Mn'.ei  i:i«r  the.  lvu:-M.iii  service. 


KEL 

ne  distinguished  himself  greatly  against  the 
Turks  and  Swedes;  rose  to  be  field  mar- 
shal; and  contributed  to  the  revolution 
which  raised  Elizabeth  to  the  throne.  He 
next  offered  his  sword  to  Frederic  of  Prus- 
sia, who  appointed  him  a  field  marshal  and 
governor  of  Berlin,  and  reposed  unbounded 
confidence  in  him.  Keith  bore  a  conspic- 
uous part  in  the  battles  of  Koln,  Rosbach, 
and  Leu then,  and  the  siege  of  Olmutz;  and 
was  killed  at  Hochkirchen,  in  1758. — His 
elder  brother,  GKORGE,  was  also  eminent 
as  a  warrior  and  statesman,  and  died,  in 
1778,  in  the  Prussian  service. 
KEITH,  Viscount,  GEORGE  KEITH  EL- 
PHINSTONE,  son  of  Lord  Elphinstone, 
was  born  in  1747;  entered  the  naval  ser- 
vice at  an  early  period;  distinguished 
himself,  as  captain,  in  the  American  war, 
at  the  attack  of  31  ud  Island  and  Charles- 
town,  and  by  the  capture  of  L'Aigle 
frigate;  served  at  Toulon,  in  1793;  assisted 
in  reducing  the  Cape  of  Hope,  in  1795,  and 
captured  a  squadron  which  was  sent  to  its 
relief,  for  which  he  was  created  a  baron ; 
commanded  subsequently  the  fleets  in  the 
Mediterranean,  the  Downs,  and  the  Chan- 
nel ;  was  created  an  English  Viscount  in 
1814;  and  died  in  1823. 

KELLERMAN,  FRANCIS  CHRISTO- 
PHER, duke  of  Valmy,  a  French  marshal, 
was  born,  in  1735,  at  Strasburgh;  entered 
the  army  as  a  hussar  when  he  was  only 
seventeen  ;  was  made  an  olh'cer  for  his  con- 
duct in  the  seven  years'  war;  rose  to  the 
rank  of  major  general  in  1788 ;  was  ap- 
pointed commander  in  chief  of  the  army 
of  the  Moselle  in  1792,  and  contributed 
greatly  to  save  France  from  her  invaders 
by  his  gallant  repulse  of  the  Prussians  at 
Valmy ;  was,  nevertheless,  imprisoned  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  terror ;  held,  subsequently, 
the  command  of  the  armies  of  the  Alps  and 
of  Italy,  and  the  posts  of  inspector  general 
of* cavalry,  and  president  of  the  senate; 
was  loaded  with  honours  by  Napoleon, 
vet  voted  for  his  deposition;  and  died  in 
1820. 

KELLY,  HUGH,  a  dramatist  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  born,  in  1739,  near 
the  Lake  of  Killarney;  was  brought  up 
as  a  staymaker;  was  afterwards  in  an 
attorney's  ollice;  and  finally  restored  to 
literature  for  a  subsistance.  His  success 
as  an  author  enabled  him  to  study  in  the 
Temple,  and  he  was  called  to  the  bar  in 
1774  H*  died  in  1777.  He  wrote  the 
comedies  of  False  Delicacy;  A  Word  to 
the  Wise;  The  School  for  Wives,  The 
Romance  of  an  Hour  ;  Clementina,  a 
tragedy ;  Thespis,  and  other  poems ;  Louisa 
Mildmay;  and  The  Babbler. 

KELLY,   MICHAEL,  a   composer  and 

*inger,    was   born,    in    1762,    at   Dublin; 

received  lessons  from  Rauzzini;    and  was 

afterwards  sent  to  Naples,  where  he  stud- 

15J 


KEM  Stt 

ied  under  Finaroli  and  April!.  He  was 
well  received  as  a  singer  in  the  Italian 
theatres;  was  for  some  time  in  the  service 
of  the  emperor  Joseph;  and  at  length 
returned  to  London*  where  he  made  his 
first  appearance,  in  1787,  at  Drury  Lane 
theatre,  in  Lionel  and  Clarissa.  As  a 
composer  he  set  between  sixty  and  seventy 
pieces;  among  which  are,  The  Gentle 
Spectre,  and  Blue  Beard.  He  died  ia 
1826.  He  published  his  Rerain Licence!. 


KEMBLE,  JOHN  PHILIP,  one  of  th« 

most  perfect  of  modern  tragedians,  wai 
born,  in  1757,  at  Prescot,  in  Lancashire; 
and  studied  at  the  Roman  catholic  semi- 
nary of  Sedgeley  Park,  and  at  the  college 
of  Douay.  He  was  destined  fur  one  of 
the  learned  professions,  but,  on  his  return 
to  England,  he  immediately  became  an 
actor.  After  having  undergone  a  proba- 
tion at  various  provincial  theatres,  he  made 
his  appearance,  on  the  30th  of  September, 
1783,  at  Drury  Lane,  in  the  character  of 
Hamlet.  He  soon  rose  to  the  highest 
histrionic  eminence,  and  retained  it  to  the 
last.  For  some  years  he  was  manager  of 
the  Drury  Lane  "establishment.  In  1802, 
he  purchased  a  sixth  part  of  Covent  Gar- 
den theatre,  at  which  house  also  he  had 
the  management.  His  fortune,  however, 
was  seriously  injured  by  the  conflagration 
of  the  house,  and  by  the  ensuing  riots.  In 
1817  he  retired  from  the  stage,  and  he 
died,  at  Lausanne,  February  26, 1823.  In 
characters  which  require  dignity  of  action 
and  of  person  Kemble  was  unrivalled; 
he  was  also  a  man  of  learning,  accom- 
plishments, and  taste.  Early  in  his  career 
he  produced  a  volume  of  poems,  with  the 
title  of  Fugitive  Pieces,  which  he  sup- 
pressed the  day  after  it  was  published. 
He  also  altered  several  plays,  and  wrote 
the  musical  entertainment  of  Lodoiska. 

KEMPELEN,  \VOLFGANG,  baron,  a 
celebrated  mechanician,  was  born,  in  1734. 
at  Presbiirg,  in  Hungary ;  and  died  in  1S04 
Among  his  inventions  were  an  automaton 
chess  player,  the  secret  of  which  was  never 
discovered;  a  speaking  figure,  which  he 
himself  described  in  a  work  called  tha 
Mechanism  of  Speech;  und  a  printing 


KEP 

for  the  Ufe  of  the  blind.  He  wa* 
aiso  an  author,  and  wrote  I'crscus  and 
Andromeda,  a  drama;  The  I  nknown 
Benefactor,  a  comedy;  and  some  poems. 
K?mpelen  held  various  important  posts 
in  the  imperial  court. 

KKMi'lS,  TMOM  AS  A,  whose  real  name 
was  Hammerlein,  \\as  born,  in  1380,  at 
Keiupen,  in  the  diocese  of  Cologn,  and 
died,  in  1471,  sub-prior  of  the  monastery 
of  Mount  Agnes,  at  Zwoll.  Much  of  his 
time  was  spent  in  transcribing  the  Bible, 
and  other  works,  which  he  performed  in 
a  very  beautiful  manner.  The  treatise  on 
the  Imitation  of  Christ  was  found  in  one 
of  his  manuscripts,  and  was  therefore 
attributed  to  him;  but  there  seems  to  be 
little  doubt  that  it  was  written  by  Gerson 

KEN,  THOMAS,  a  prelate,  was  born,  in 
1637,  at  Berkhamstead ;  was  educated  at 
Winchester,  and  at  New  College,  Oxford; 
was  made  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells  by 
Charles  II.;  was  one  of  the  seven  bishops 
who  were  tried  for  petitioning  James  II.; 
declined  taking  the  oaths  to  William  III., 
for  which  he  was  deprived  of  his  see; 
was  pensioned  by  Queen  Anne;  and  died 
in  1711.  His  Sermons,  Poems,  and  other 
works,  were  published  in  four  volumes 
8vo.  Ken  was  a  truly  honest  man,  im- 
movable in  what  he  deemed  to  be  right, 
but  of  a  pacific  temper,  and  generally  be- 
loved. 

KENRICK,  WILLIAM,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  a  native  of  Hertfordshire,  born 
at  Watford,  and  was  brought  up  a  rule 
maker,  but  quitted  his  trade,  obtained  a 
doctor's  degree  at  Leyden,  and  became  a 
multifarious  and  not  contemptible  author. 
He  died  in  1779.  Kenrick  had  talent,  but 
was  acrimonius,  vindictive,  and  some- 
what charlatanic.  He  established  The 
London  Review;  compiled  a  Dictionary 
of  the  English  Language;  and  wrote  va- 
rious works,  among  which  are  the  come- 
dies of  Falstaff's  Wedding,  The  Widowed 
Wife,  and  the  Duellist;  Epistles,  Philo- 
sophical and  Moral ;  and  several  occasion- 
al poems. 

KEPLER,  JOHN,  an  eminent  astrono- 
mer and  mathematician,  was  born,  in  1571, 
at  Wiel,  in  Wirtemberg,  and  was  a  math- 
ematical pupil  of  Mic'fctlins.  The  pulpit, 
after  having  acquired  some  reputation  in 
it.  he  relinquished  to  fill  the  chair  of 
mathematics,  at  Gratz,  in  Styria.  In 
1600  he  was  invited  by  Tvcho  "llrahe  to 
Toin  him  in  Bohemia;  and  when  Tycho 
uied,  the  emperor  retained  Kepler,  to 
complete  the  Rodolphine  Tables.  He 
died,  in  1630,  at  R.itisbon.  Kepler  ranks 
among  the  fkst  class  of  astronomers,  and 
has  justly  been  termed  the  precursor  of 
Newton.  It  was  he  who  discovered  the 
ellipticity  of  the  planets,  and  also  the  laws 
which  regit'ltt)  tho  movement*  of  those 


KIL 

Bodies.  Among  his  works  are,  Cowne 
graphiea.  Mystery  ;  New  Astronomy  ; 
Copcrnican  Astronomy ;  and  Harmony  of 
the  World. 

KKPPKL,  AUGUSTUS,  viscount,  a  Brit- 
ish  admiral,  the  second  «  >n  of  tin-  earl  of 
Allx-marle,  was  horn  in  1725;  sailed  with 
Anson  round  the  globe;  and  received  the 
command  of  the  Channel  fleet  in  1778. 
Tlie  action  which  he  fought  oft"  Ushant,and 
which  was  rendered  undecisive  by  the 
conduct  of  one  of  his  officers,  excited  great 
national  dissatisfaction.  He  was  tried, 
and  honourably  acquitted,  and  his  accuse-' 
was  disgraced.  Keppel  was  twice  ap- 
pointed first  lord  of  the  admiralty.  He 
died  in  1786.  Burke  calls  him  "  one  of 
the  greatest  and  best  men  of  his  age." 

KERGUELEN  TREMAREC,  YVES 
JOSKPH  DE,  a  French  navigator,  was 
born,  in  1745,  at  Brest.  In  1771  he  was 
sent  on  an  exploratory  voyage  to  the  South 
Sea,  where  he  discovered  the  land  which 
now  bears  his  name.  He  sailed  on  a 
similar  expedition  in  1772.  After  his  re- 
turn, he  was  cashiered  and  imprisoned, 
Ion  a  charge  of  having  abandoned  a  boat's 
'  crew  on  n  desert  shore ;  but  he  was  at 
length  liberated.  He  died  in  1797.  He 
wrote  a  Relation  of  a  Voyage  to  the 
North  Sea ;  a  Relation  of  two  Voyages  to 
the  South  Seas ;  and  a  Relation  of  the 
Maritime  Campaign  of  1778. 

KERR,  ROBKRT,  a  surgeon  at  Edin- 
burgh, and  a  member  of  the  Royal  and 
Antiquarian  Societies  of  that  city,  is  the 
author  of  A  History  of  Scotland  during 
the  reign  of  Robert  Bruce;  The  Memoirs 
of  William  Smellie;  and  The  Berwick- 
shire Agricultural  Report;  edited  a  Gene- 
ral Collection  of  Voyages  and  Travels,  in 
eighteen  volumes;  and  translated  Lavoi- 
sier's Elements  of  Chemistry;  Lacepede's 
History  of  Quadrupeds  and  Serpents  ; 
Bertho'llet's  Essay  on  Bleaching;  Cuvior'n 
Theory  of  the  Earth ;  and  Limueus's  Zoo- 
logy. 'He  died  in  1814. 

KETT,  HKSRY,  a  divine  and  scholar, 
was  born,  in  1761,  at  Norwich;  was  edu- 
cated at  Trinity  College,  Oxford;  bcrai le 
perpetual  curate  of  Hykeham,  in  Lincoln- 
shire; and  was  drowned,  in  1825,  while 
bathing.  He  wrote  Juvenile  Poems  ;  His- 
tory the  Interpreter  of  Prophecy ;  A  Tour 
to  the  Lakes;  Emily,  a  moral  tale;  and 
Logic  made  easy;  edited  The  Flowers  of 
Wit,  and  Hradley's  Beauties,;  and  con 
tributed  to  the  Olla  I'odrida. 

KILLIGREW,  THOMAS,  a  wit  and 
dramaist,  was  born  at  Hanworth,  in  1611; 
was  page  to  Charles  L,  and  groom  of  the 
bedchamber  to  Charles  II.;  and  died  in 
1682.  With  the  second  Charles,  whom  he 
liad  attended  in  exile,  he  wits  so  great  a 
favourite  for  bis  facetiousness,  that  he  hai 
acquired  the  not  very  dignified  appellation 


KIN 

of  chat  monarch 'a  jester.  He  wrote  nine 
plays. — His  brothers, WILLIAM  and  HEN- 
Rr,  were  both  dramatic  writers. 

KIM  CHI,  DAVID,  a  learned  rabbi,  was 
born,  at  Narbonne,  about  the  end  of  the 
twelfth  century;  and  died,  in  Provence,  in 
12-10.  His  contemporaries  regarded  him 
with  almost  superstitious  reverence.  He 
is  the  author  of  a  Hebrew  Grammar ;  a 
Treatise  on  Hebrew  Roots;  Dictionarium 
Talmudictiin;  and  Commentaries  on  the 
Psalms  and  several  other  books  of  the 
•Scriptures. 

KING,  WILLIAM, a  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  born,  in  1G63,  in  Lon- 
don ;  was  educated  at  Westminster,  and  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford;  was  admitted  an 
advocate  at  Doctors'  Commons;  obtained 
various  preferments  in  Ireland,  among 
which  was  the  office  of  judge  of  the  ad- 
miralty, but  lost  the  benefits  of  them 
through  indolence;  was  subsequently  gazet- 
teer in  England;  and  died  in  1712\  His 
Original  Works,  in  Prose  and  Verse,  form 
three  volumes,  and  are  seasoned  with  much 
pleasantry  and  wit. 

KL\G,  RUFUS,  an  eminent  American 
statesman,  was  born  in  Scarborough,  in 
ihe  state  of  Maine,  in  the  year  1755.  He 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in 
1777,  immediately  entered  as  a  student  at 
law  in  theolhce  o"f  the  celebrated  Theophi- 
l«s  Parsons,  at  Newburyport,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1780.  In  1784  he 
was  chosen  to  represent  Newburyport  in 
the  state  legislature,  and  in  the  same  year 
was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  old  congress. 
In  1787  he  was 'appointed  a  delegate  to  the 
general  convention  assembled  at  Philadel- 
phia, and  in  1788  removed  from  Massachu- 
setts to  the  city  of  New  York  In  1796 
he  was  appointed  minister  plenipotentiary 
to  the  Court  of  Great  Britain,  and  re- 
mained there  for  seven  years  with  equal 
honour  to  his  country  and  himself.  In 
1813,  he  was  chosen  by  the  legislature  of 
New  York  a  senator  of  the  United  States, 
and  being  re-elected  in  1820  he  continued 
till  the  expiration  of  the  term  in  1825. 
Upon  nis  retirement  from  the  senate,  he 
accepted  from  president  Adams  a'n  invita- 
t'on  again  to  represent  the  United  States 
*t  the  Court  of  Great  Britain.  During 
the  voyage  to  England  his  health  was  se- 
» :"iisly  impaired,  and  his  illness  induced 
IMKI  to  return  in  about  a  twelve  month  to 
hu  native  land.  He  died  in  April,  1827. 

KL\G,  WILLIAM,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
.er,  was  boi-n,  in  16S5,  at  Stepney;  was 
ed  u-ated  at  Balio!  College,  Oxford;  bo- 
c-.nne  principal  of  St.  .Mary  lla!!,  aaJ 
uublic  orator;  and  died  in  17(i3.  Kiu^ 
edited  South's  posthumous  Sermons;  and 
wi»>te  various  Latin  tracts,  mostly  on  tem- 
porary subjects;  but  the  work  by  which  he 
will  lie  roaiemlxjrcd  is,  Political  a^i  Lite-! 


KIR 


•41 


rary  Anecdotes  of  his  owi.  times.  He  WM 
a  high  tory,  and  corresponded  with  the 
expatriated  Stuart  family. 

KIPP1S,  ANDREW,  a  dissenting  di- 
vine, biographer,  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
the  son  of  a  silk  mercer,  was  born,  in 
1725,  at  Nottingham;  was  educated  by 
Dr.  Doddridge;  and,  after  having  been 
minister  at  Boston  and  at  Dorking,  waa 
appointed,  in  1753,  pastor  to  a  congrega- 
tion in  Princes  Street,  Westminster.  In 
1763  he  was  chosen  classical  and  philolog- 
ical tutor  to  the  academy  founded  by  Mr. 
Coward;  and  this  office  he  held  for  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century.  He  was  sub- 
sequently connected  with  the  Hackney  in- 
stitution. Dr.  Kippis  was  a  member  of 
the  Royal  and  Antiquarian  Societies.  He 
died  in  1795.  Kippis  contributed  to  the 
Monthly  Review,  and  other  periodicals; 
projected  and  wrote  in  the  New  Annual 
Register;  and  produced,  besides  various 
occasional  pamphlets,  Lives  of  Cook, 
Pringle,  Doddridge,  and  Lardner;  but  his 
great  work  was  the  new  edition  of  the 
Biographia  Britannica,  of  which  only  five 
volumes  were  published. 

KIRKPATRICK,  WILLIAM,  was  born, 
in  1753,  and  went  early  to  India,  where 
he  spent  the  greatest  part  of  his  life,  held 
high  and  confidential  situations,  and  rose 
to  the  rank  of  major  general.  He  died  in 
1812,  He  gave  to  the  press,  Biography 
of  Persian  Poets,  translated  from  Dowlut 
Shah;  A  Description  of  Nepaul;  and  a 
Selection  of  the  Letters  of  Tippoo  Saib. 
By  his  exertions  an  institution  was  estab- 
lished in  Bengal,  to  provide  for  the  orphan 
half-cast  children  of  officers  and  soldiers. 

KIRWAIY,  RICHARD,  a  celebrated  ge- 
ologist, mineralogist,  and  chemist,  was 
born  in  the  county  of  Galwuy,  in  Ireland, 
about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  centu- 
ry. St.  Omers  is  stated  by  some,  and 
Dublin  by  others,  to  have  been  the  place 
where  he  was  educated.  He  acquired  a 
high  scientific  reputation,  and  became  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  of  many 
other  learned  bodies,  and  president  of  the 
Royal  Irish  Academy.  lie  died  in  1812 
Among  his  works  are,  Elements  of  Mine- 
ralogy ;  Geological  Essays ;  Essay  on  the 
Analysis  of  Mineral  Waters;  Logic;  and 
Metaphysical  Essays. 

KIRWAN,  WALTER  BLAKE, an  Irish 
divine,  born  about  1751,  ;UGalway;  was 
educated  at  St,  Oncer's  and  LjOUToinj  too^ 
orders  as  a  catholic  priest;  and,  in  177&, 
was  appointed  chaplain  to  the  Neapolitan 
ambassador,  In  1787  he  conformed  to  the 
established  church,  and,  after  having  hel4 
the  living  of  St.  Nicholas,  jn  Dublin,  wa$ 
promoted  to  the  deanery  qf  Kjllala.  He 
iiiiul  in  1805,  As  a  fMljpit  orator,  Kir\va« 
hiul  u<»  1'ival  among  his  coDtemporariM, 
an  i  his  powers  \\cre  often  exerted  witr 


348 


RLE 


astonishing  success  in  favour  of  charitable 
nstitutions.  A  volume  of  his  Sermons 
VTA*  published  after  his  decease. 

KITCHENER,  WILLIAM,  a  physician, 

but  inoro  celebrat<  i.inomist  and 

autnur,  was  born,  l>ot\veen  1770  and  17M>, 
in  B?aufort  Buildings,  and  was  the  son  of 
a  coalmerchant,  who  left  him  a  large  for- 
tune. His  education  he  received  at  Eton. 
He  died  February  26,  8127.  Kitchener 
wa?  not  a  little  eccentric,  but  was  amiable 
and  kind-hearted.  Of  his  works  The 
-  Oracle  is  the  most  popular.  Among 
his  other  productions  are,  The  Art  of  In- 
vi<rorating  and  Prolonging  Life;  The  Tra- 
veller's Oracle;  The  Theory  of  the  Eyes; 
Observations  on  Vocal  Music;  and  The 
Loval  and  National  Songs  of  England. 

KLAPROTH,  MARTIN  HENRY,  an 
eminent  chemist  and  mineralogist,  was 
l>orn,  in  1743,  at  Berlin;  was  chemical 
professor  at  that  place,  and  member  of 
many  learned  bodies;  and  died  in  1817. 
He  excelled  in  analysis.  Among  his  dis- 
coveries are,  uranium,  zircon,  and  the  mel- 
litic  acid.  He  wrote  A  Mineralogical 
System;  Chemical  Essays;  and,  in  con- 
junction with  Wolf,  A  Dictionary  of  Che- 
mistry. 

KLEBER,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  of  the  French  generals, 
was  born,  in  1754,  at  Strasburgh,  and  was 
intended  for  an  architect,  but  preferred  the 
military  profession,  and  served  seven  years 
as  a  second  lieutenant  in  an  Austrian  regi- 
ment; at  the  expiration  of  which  period 
he  returned  to  his  country,  and  became 
inspector  of  public  buildings  at  Befort. 
When  the  French  revolutionary  war  broke 
out,  he  entered  as  a  grenadier  into  a  volun- 
teer regiment  of  his  native  department, 
and  rose  rapidly  to  command.  He  sig- 
nalized himself  at  the  siege  of  Mentz,  in 
Vendee,  at  Fleurus,  and  in  the  campaigns 
of  1795  and  1796  on  the  Rhine.  In  1793 
Bonaparte  took  him  to  Egypt  as  one  of  his 
generals  of  division.  Kleber  amply  sus- 
tained his  former  fame,  and  was  left  at  the 
head  of  the  French  army  when  Bonaparte 
sailed  for  France.  He  defeated  the  Otto, 
man  forces  at  the  battle  of  Heliopolis,  re- 
co\ered  Cairo,  and  was  taking  measures 
to  perpetuate  French  dominion  on  the 
banks  of  the  Nile,  when  he  was  assassi- 
nated by  a  Turk,  June  14,  1800. 

KLKIST,  CHRISTIAN  EWALD  Von, 
a  German  poet,  was  born,  in  1715,  atZoeb- 
lin,  in  Pomerania;  rose  to  the  rank  of 
major  in  the  Prussian  service;  and  was 
mortally  wounded,  in  1759,  at  the  battle 
•  Kimiiersdorf,  where  he  displaced  almost 
•i  «*»a:itic  bravery.  Among  his  woiks  are, 
iVpring,  a  poem;  Odes;  Son;,'*;  Id}  Us; 
Epistles;  and  Ci.-:.-idi-s,  a  metric;.!  romaace. 
Hi.-  Spring  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 
i* 'em.-  of  tlie  descriptive 


KNO 

KLOPSTOCK,FREDERicTHEoi»m 
LUS,  one  of  the  most  eminent  poets  •»( 
(ienuany,  was  born,  in  1724,  at  Quedlin- 
burg  and  was  educated  at  the  college  of 
that  place,  at  Jena,  and  at  Leipsie.  The 
first  three  cantos  of  his  .Messiah  were  pub- 
li.-hed,  in  1748,  in  a  Bremen  periodical 
work;  in  1751  the  first  five  appeared, and, 
in  1755,  the  first  ten;  the  concluding  ten 
did  not  appear  till  1769.  In  1750  the  king 
of  Denmark  invited  him  to  Copenhagen, 
and  gave  him  a  pension.  Klopstock  con- 
tinued to  reside  in  the  Danish  capital  till 
1771,  when  he  removed  to  Hamburgh,  to 
fill  the  offices  of  Danish  legate,  and  coun- 
sellor from  the  court  of  B:\den.  He  die<i 
March  14,  1803.  'The  Messiah  is  a  woik 
of  great  sublimity  and  beauty;  but  Klop- 
stock has  certainly  failed  to  accomplish 
that  which  some  of  his  countrymen  sai:- 
guinely  hoped  from  him;  namely,  to  eclipse 
the  Paradise  Lost.  His  Odes  glow  with 
poetic  fire,  and  his  Tragedies,  though  not 
calculated  for  the  stage,  are  worthy  of  their 
author. — His  first  wife,  MARGARKT, 
whom  he  married  in  1754,  and  who  died 
in  1758,  was  a  woman  of  genius.  Among 
her  works  are,  Letters  from  the  Dead  to 
the  Living;  and  The  Death  of  Abel,  a 
tragedy. 

KNELLER,  Sir  GODFREY,  a  painter, 
born  about  1648,  at  Lubeck,  was  intended 
for  the  military  profession,  but  his  inclina- 
tion leading  him  to  painting,  he  \\aa 
allowed  to  study  it  under  Bol  and  Rem- 
brandt. After"  having  visited  Italy,  he 
came,  in  1674,  to  England,  where  he  M>OII 
acquired  "popularity  and  a  large  fortune. 
He  died  in  1723. 

KNIGHT,  RICHARD  PAYNE,  a  man 
of  fortune,  talent,  and  taste,  was  born  in 
1748;  represented  Ludlow  in  parliament 
during  several  sessions;  and  died  in  1S24. 
He  left  his  Collection  of  bronzes,  medalc, 
pictures,  and  drawings,  worth  jC.50,000, 
to  the  British  Museum.  Among  his  works 
are,  An  Account  of  the  Remains  of  the 
Worship  of  Priapus;  Analytical  Essay  on 
the  Greek  Alphabet  ;  Analytical  Inquiry 
into  the  Principles  of  Taste;  The  Land- 
scape, a  didactic  poem;  and  The  Progress 
of  Civil  Society,  a  poem;  the  last  of  which 
was  ridiculed  in  the  Anti-Jacobin. 

KNOX,  Ht-NKY.an  American  general, 
was  born  in  Boston  in  1750,  and,  after 
receiving  a  common  school  education,  com- 

menced  luisiiir.-s  as  a  bookseller  in  his  na- 
tive town.  He  took  an  early  part  in  the 
affairs  of  the  revolution,  and  was  present 
as  a  volunteer  at  the  battle  of  Bunker  hill. 
For  his  sen  ices  in  procuring  some  pieces 
of  ordnance  from  the  Canadian  frontiers, 
he  was  entrusted  by  Congress  with  the 
.ci.mmand  of  ihc  artillery  department,  with 
I  the  rank  of  brigadier  general.  He  wa§ 
and  displayc.'  great  hkill  luui 


KNO 

'courage  at  the  battles  of  Trenton,  Prince- 
ton, Gcrmantown,  and  Momnouth,  and 
contributed  greatly  to  the  capture  of  C  *rn- 
wallis.  Immediately  after  this  even  .u- 
-eceived  from  Congress  the  commission  of 
ni  ijor-generat.  In  1785  he  succeeded 
general  Lincoln  in  the  office  of  secretary 
of  war,  and  having  filled  this  department 
for  eleven  years,  he  obtained  a  reluctant 
permission  to  retire  into  private  life.  In 
1798,  when  our  relations  with  France  were 
ussir.ning  a  cloudy  aspect,  he  was  called 
upon  to  take  -«i  command  in  the  army,  but 
the  peaceful  arrangement  of  affairs  soon 
permitted  him  to  return  into  his  retire- 
ment. He  died  at  Thoma.ston,  Maine,  in 
180G.  In  private  life  he  was  amiable,  in 
his  public  character  persevering  and  of 
unsurpassed  courage. 


iv\O\,  JOHN,  the  great  champion  of 
the  Scottish  reformation,  was  born,  in 
150.1),  at  Gilford,  in  East  Lothian,  and 
was  educated  at  Haddington  and  St.  An- 
di •ew;s.  He  was  converted  from  the  Romish 
faith  by  Wishart,  and  became  a  zealous 
preacher  of  the  new  doctrines.  Having 
been  compelled  to  take  shelter  in  the  castle 
of  St.  Andrew's,  he  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  French  in  July,  1547,  and  was  carried 
with  the  garrison  to  France,  where  he  re- 
mained a  captive  on  board  of  the  galleys 
'i.i  1;"-19.  Subsequent  to  his  liberation  he 
•v;,s  for  a  s.U'-t  time  chaplain  to  Edward 
VL,  after  whicii  he  visited  Geneva  and 
Frank!" n  t,  and,  in  1555,  returned  to  his 
native  country.  After  having  for  twelve 
months  laboured  actively  and  successfully 
to  strengthen  the  protestant  cause  in  Scot- 
la.id,  he  revisited  Geneva,  where  he  re- 
mained till  1559.  During  his  residence  in 
duit'va  he  pub1. shed  his  First  ftiast  of  the 
'I -limpet  ag'AttS;  the  monstrous  Regiment 
of  Women;  a  treatise  which  was  levelled 
agu  nst  Mary  of  England,  but  which  gave 
H"»rious  ofic'.ce  to  Elizabeth.  From  April, 
1559,  when  he  once  more  and  finally  set 
foot  on  Scottish  earth,  till  his  decease, 
which  took  plr.ce  November  24,  1572,  the 
;cfonned  church  was  triumphant,  and  he 
»v  us  one  of  its  most  prominent,  admired, 
M»d  honoured  It? dm*.  Of  hi*  wjrks  the 


KOS  34* 

principal  is  A  History  of  the  Reformation 
in  Scotland:  the  fourth  edition  of  it  in- 
cludes all  his  other  writings. 

KNOX,  Dr.  VICESIMUS,  a  divine  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born  in  1752; 
was  educated  at  Merchant  Tailors  School, 
and  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford,  suc- 
ceeded his  father  as  head  master  of  Tun 
bridge  School  ;  held  that  situation  for 
thirty-three  years;  obtained  the  livings  of 
Runwell  and  Ramsden  Grays,  in-Essex, 
and  the  chapelry  of  Shipbourne,  in  Kent; 
and  died  December  6,  1821.  Among  his 
original  works  are,  Essays,  Moral  and 
Literary  ;  Liberal  Education  ;  Winter 
Evenings  ;  Personal  Nobility  ;  Christian 
Philosophy;  and  The  Spirit  of  Despotism. 
He  was  the  compiler  of  the  Elegant  Ex- 
tracts and  Epistles. 

KOCH,  CHRISTOPHER  WILLIAM,  a 
publicist  and  historian,  was  born,  in  1737, 
at  Bouxweiller,  in  Alsace ;  was  educated  at 
Strasburgh,   under  Schoepflin;   succeeded 
him  as  professor  of  public  law;   and  died, 
in  1813,  rector  of  the  university  of  Stras- 
burgh.    Among  his  numerous  and   learne<' 
works  are,  A  View  of  the   Revolutions  r. 
Europe;   An  Abridged  History  of  Treat'  • 
of  Peace;   and  Genealogical  Tables  oft; 
Sovereign  Families  of  Europe. 

KOERNER,  THEODORE,  a  Germs 
poet,  was  born,  in  1788,  at  Dresden;  wa, 
educated  at  Leipsic;  became  a  dramatist, 
and  secretary  to  the  management  of  the 
court  theatre  at  Vienna;  entered  as  a  vol- 
unteer into  the  Prussian  army,  in  1812; 
signalized  himself  equally  by  his  bravery 
and  his  martial  songs;  obtained  a  lieuten- 
ancy as  his  reward;  and  fell  gloriously  at 
the  "battle  of  Leipsic,  in  1813.  His  works 
were  published,  after  his  death,  with  the 
title  of  The  Lyre  and  the  Sword. 


KOSCIUSZKO,  THADDEUS,a  Polish 
general  and  patriot,  was  born,  in  1746,  in 
Lithuania,  and  was  partly  educated  at  the 
Warsaw  military  school,  where  he  excelled 
in  mathematics  and  drawing.  He  com- 
pleted his  studies  in  France.  When  the 
American  colonies  tkrew  off  the  yoke  of 
the  mother  country,  Kosciuszko  entered 
into  their  service,  and  waa  mad«  a  colonel 


of  engineers  ind  aid-de-camp  to  Washing- 
<ou.  Retur  ling  to  his  own  country,  he 
lived  in  retirement  till  17S9,  \M»rn  the  diet 
appointed  him  a  major-general.  In  the 

briil  stiMimle  of  17!>1?  lie  behaved  with 
distinguished  valour;  b-U  as  soon  ns  the 
t".  le  ,  t  Pu'-.n  1  was  sealo  t  he  retired  into 
voluntary  exile.  He  kej •;  up,  however,  a 
correspondence  with  the  friends  of  liberty 
in  his  native  land;  and  when,  in  1794,  the 
Pole*  resolved  to  make  one  more  effort  to 
break  their  chains,  they  placed  Kosciuszko 
.•u  thrir  head.  He  began  his  career  by 
defeating  the  Russian  generel  Penisoff  at 
Ka.-la\  ice.  But  the  enemy  poured  in  on 
a,,  side.*,  i  ml  at  length,  after  having  for  fix 
months  delayed  the  fall  of  Poland,  he  was 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner,  on  the  4th  of 
October,  at  the  battle  of  Maceiowice.  He 
was  sent  to  St.  Peters-burgh,  and  incarce- 
rated" till  tb°  accession  of  ths  emperor 
Tui!,  who  liberated  him.  The  remaining 
part  of  hip  existence  was  spent  in  America, 
France,  and  Switzerland,  but  chiefly  in 
France.  He  died,  at  Soleure,  October  16, 
1817. 

XOTZEBUE,  AUGUSTUS  FREDERIC 
••'VRIMNAND  VON,  a  German  writer,  was 
born,  in  17(>1,  at  Weimar,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Jena  and  Duisbourg.  In  his 
twentieth  year  he  was  invited  to  St.  Pe- 
ter.-bui  gh  by  the  Prussian  ambassador,  and 
was  patronised  by  Catherine,  who  raised 
him  from  post  to  "post,  till  he  became  pre- 
sident of  tic,  civil  go /eminent  at  Revel;  a 
fc.tttiim  -.vhich  he  held  for  ten  years.  From 
I  *95  till  1SOO  he  resided,  variously  occu- 
j  ied,  it.  Germany.  In  the  latter  year  he 
returned  to  Russia,  but  had  no  sooner  set 
foot  on  its  territory,  than  be  was  seized 
and  banished  to  Sibt'iia.  The  capricious 
tyrant  Paul  ?oon,  however,  recalled  him, 
and  took  him  into  favour.  In  1801  he 
again  quitted  the  lane!  of  the  knout  and  of 
autocracy.  Some  subsequent  years  were 
spent  in  travelling,  and  the  remainder  of 
his  life  in  pouring  forth  his  innumerable 
literary  productions,  and  taking  a  part  in 
|j...itlc.:.  Hi  •«  said  to  have  written  main 
of  the  Russian  state  papers  and  proclama- 
tions. The  emperor  Alexander  subse- 
quently employed  him  in  various  posts, 
and  in  1817  appointed  him  his  literary 
correspondent  in  Germany.  This  invidi- 
ous office  KoUebue  is  said  to  have  filled  in 
a  manner  hostile  to  the  freedom  of  his  na- 
tive c-uiMliy ;  and  for  this  supposed  ciime 
-inated,  on  the  23d  of  March, 
1S19,  by  a  youthful  fanatic  named  S.md. 
K(/t/eU:e  undoubtedly  «'ispl  ivrd  genius  in 
his  writing.-:;  bat  they  aie  vitiated  by 
much  fiivolity,  much  bad  taste,  and,  in 
u;an\  instances,  a  more  than  doubtful  mo- 
rulit'v.  lli.s  dri'.mas  amount  to  nearly  threj 
humfrid.  Among  his  other  wir.  <-> 
Jf;-,u.i-}  of  the  arnuui  Empire]  A  History 


KYR 

of  Ancient  Pri'sria;    and   various  Narr*  , 
lives  and   Recollections  of  his  travels. 

KRAY,  baron,  an  Austrian  genera  , 
embraced  the  military  service  at  an  early 
period.  lie  distinguished  himself  first 
again.-t  the  Turks, and  n>>e  (•>  the  rank  .if 
general.  In  the  campaigns  in  the 
.Netherlands,  and  on  the  Rhine,  from  179.3 
to  1797,  he  was  one  of  the  most  active  of 
the  Imperial  commanders.  In  1799  he 
opened  the  campaign  in  Italy,  as  com-, 
mandcr-in-chief,  by  decisive,  sue  cesses 
against  the  French";  and  in  1800  he  re- 
placed the  archduke  Charles,  as  leader  of 
the  army  of  the  Rhine.  He  died  in  1£01. 

KRUDENER,  baroness  VALERIA,  a 
religious  enthusiast,  daughter  of  Count 
Wittenkoff,  was  born,  in  1766,  at  Riga; 
married  baron  Krudener  when  she  was 
only  fourteen;  and  was  for  a  considerable 
period  one  of  the  gayest  of  fhe  gay  in  the 
Parisian  circles.  At  length  she  became  a 
fanatical  devotee,  announced  herself  as  an 
envoy  from  Heaven,  and  \vandered  from 
state  to  state  preaching,  and  surrounded 
by  thousands  of  people.  In  many  places 
she  was  driven  out  by  the  magistrates. 
She  died,  in  the  Crimea,  in  1824.  Alex- 
ander of  Russia  was  among  those  who 
listened  to  her  doctrines.  She  wrote  Va- 
leria, a  novel,  which  is  believed  to  depict 
some  of  her  early  adventures. 

KUNGKEL,  JOHN,  a  chemist,  was 
born,  in  1632,  at  Huysnm,  in  Sleswick; 
was  employed  by  the  electors  of  Saxony 
and  Brandenburgh,  and  by  the  king  of 
Sweden,  the  latter  of  whom  ennobled  him, 
and  made  him  counsellor  of  mines;  was 
a  member  of  the  Swedish  Academy;  and 
died,  in  1703,  at  Stockholm.  The  extrac- 
tion of  phosphorus  from  urine  is  one  of  his 
discoveries.  He  wrote  Chemical  Obser- 
vations; and  The  Art  of  Glass-making. 

KUTUSOFF-SMOLENSKOI,  Mr- 
CHAEL  LAVRIONOVITI  H  GOI.EKIT- 
CHEFF,  a  Russian  field-marshal,  was 
born  in  1745,  and  was  sent  to  France  to 
complete  his  education  at  Strasburgh.  He 
entered  the  army  at  the  age  of  sixteen. 
Between  1764  and  1790  he  "distinguished 
himself  in  several  campaigns  against  the 
Turks,  particularly  at  Ock/.akolV  and 
Ismailoffj  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-general. In  1805  he  commanded  tFie 
Russian  army  at  Austerlitz,  but  protested 
:i^ra:n-t  the  measures  \\hich  were  adopted. 
In  1810  and  1811  he  obtained  fe-veral  ad- 
vantages over  the  Turks,  and  in  1812  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  army  destined  to 
oppose  Napoleon •  He  was,  however,  de- 
le ited  at  Borodino,  in  spite  of  his  skill 
and  the  bravery  of  his  troops.  He  died  in 
1813. 

KYRLE,  JOHN,  a  man  remnrkaMe  for 
his  active  benevolence,  was  i*,rn,  in  1640 
at  \\  hiteh'iucr,  in  (ilouccKtershiro,  a  MI 


LAC 

Jied  at  Ross,  in  Herefordshire,  in  1824. 
Pope,  in  his  Moral  Essays,  has  commem- 
orated tlie  good  de«(l.s  of  this  estimable 
character.  With  his  email  fortune,  how- 
ever, Kvrle  could  not  solely  have  accom- 


LAF 


351 


n 
his 


all  that  is  attributed  U  him;  but 
example  prompted  some,  and  his  so- 
licitations induced  others,  .o  associate  \\  ith 
him  in  the  work  of  charity  and  public 
utility. 


LABAT,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  a  French  mis- 
sionary and  traveller,  was  born,  in  1663, 
at  Paris  ;  visited  tne  West  Indian  isles  and 
some  parts  of  Europe  in  his  clerical  capac- 
ity ;  and  died  in  1738.  He  wrote  A  New 
Voyage  to  the  American  Islands;  and  A 
Joyrney  in  Spain  and  Italy;  and  assisted 
in  compiling  and  editing  various  works  of 
a  similar  kind. 

LACEPEDE,  BERNARD  GERMAIN 
STEPHEN  DE  LA  VILLE,  count  de,  a  cel- 
ebrated naturalist,  son  of  count  de  la  Ville, 
was  born,  in  1756,  at  Agen,  and  in  his 
youth  studied  nitural  history  and  music 
with  equal  enthusiasm.  Button,  his  friend, 
obtained  for  him  the  post  of  keeper  of  the 
cabinets  in  the  king's  garden,  at  Paris; 
a  post  which  greatly  facilitated  his  scien- 
tific studies.  He  was  returned  to  the  legis- 
lative assembly  as  one  of  the  members  for 
the  capital,  and  was  raised  to  the  office  of 
president.  During  the  reign  of  terror  he 
was  unmolested,  and  in  1796  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Institute.  Under  the  sway 
of  Napoleon  honours  were  heaped  upon 
him.  He  was  successively  made  a  member 
and  president  of  the  conservative  senate, 
grand  chancellor  of  the  legion  of  honour, 
and  senator  of  Paris,  and  decorated  with 
the  grand  eagle  of  the  legion.  He  died 
in  1825.  Lucepede  holds  a  high  station 
among  modern  naturalists.  He  wrote  a 
Natural  History  of  Oviparous  Quadrupeds 
and  Serpents — of  Reptiles — of  Fish — and 
of  Cetaceous  Animal.-;  A  General  Physi- 
cal and  Civil  History  of  Europe  from  the 
last  years  of  the  fifth"  century  to  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth;  two  Romances;  and 
many  other  works. 

LACRETELLE,  PETER  Louis,  the 
slder,  was  born,  in  1751,  at  Met/.;  distin- 
guished himself  greatly  at  the  bar;  sat  in 
the  legislative  assemblies  of  1791  and  1801 ; 
defended  the  principles  of  liberty  against 
the  ministers  of  Louis  XVIIL;  and  died 
in  1824.  Among  his  works  are,  Judicial 
El  tqucnce  and  Legislative  Philosophy; 
Portraits  and  Pictures;  Theatrical  Ro- 
mance; Studies  on  the  Revolution ;  j»d 
My  E\ enin^s  at  Male>herbea 

LACTANTIU8,  Lucius  C.EI.IUS,  a 
father  of  the  church,  the  purity  <•(  whose 
Lutinity  has  gained  for  him  the  title  «.f  the 
Christian  Cicero,  was  born  is:  the  third 
caiitnry,  but  \\hether  in  Africa,  or  at  f-Vi- 


mo,  in  Italy,  is  undecided.  He  studied 
under  Arnonius;  became  celebrated  for 
his  eloquence;  and  was  appointed  tutoe  to 
Crispus,  the  son  of  Constantino.  He  is 
supposed  to  have  died  at  Treves,  about 
325.  His  principal  works  are,  De  Opificio 
Dei;  and  Divinarum  Institutionum. 


LAFONTAINE,  JOHN,  an  inimitable 
French  fabulist,  was  born,  in  1621,  at 
Chateau  Thierry,  where  his  father  was 
overseer  of  woods  and  forests.  He  is  said 
to  have  been  partly  educated  at  Rheims, 
and  to  have  been  for  eighteen  months 
under  the  fathers  of  the  Oratory.  His 
poetical  genius  wis  first  aroused  by  hear- 
ing an  officer  of  the  garrison  read  one  of 
Malherbe's  Odes;  and  his  taste  was  im- 
proved by  the  study  of  the  ancients,  which 
was  recommended  to  him  by  a  relation 
named  Pintrel.  His  father  prevailed  on 
him  to  marry,  and  gave  up  to  him  his 
post;  but  Lafontaine,  who  was  the  very 
personification  of  indolence  and  careless"- 
ness,  was  equally  neglectful  of  his  post  and 
of  his  wife.  He  was  soon,  however,  re- 
lieved from  both  by  the  duchess  of  Bouil- 
lon, who  was  then  in  exile  at  Chateau 
Thierry,  and  who  took  him  with  her  to 
the  French  capital.  In  Paris  Lafontaine 
spent  the  last  thirty-five  years  of  his  liTe, 
residing  successively  with  the  duchesses 
of  Bouillon  and  Orleans,  .Madame  dr.  la 
Sabliere,  and  Madame  d'Hervart,  and  in 
habits  of  intimacy  with  all  the  celebrated 
characters  of  that  age.  It  was  in  the 
house  of  Madame  de  la  Sabliere  that  he 
composed  the  greatest  part  of  his  works 
He  died  in  April,  lb'95.  Lafontaine'f 
Fable*,  TaK-s,  and  other  poetical  produc 
li.m.o,  fonn  four  volumes  folio  A*  u  uu 


852 


LAH 


.er  of  I  ables  lie  seta  all%  competition  at 
defiance. 


LAM 

LAIRESSE,  GEKARD,  a  painter  2f>d 

escrraver,  was   born,    in    1610,   at    Liege • 


F,,  JOSEPH  Louis,  one  of  nnd  died  at  Amsterdam,  in  1711.    So  rapic 


the  most  consummate  mathematicians  of 
modern  time?,  was  honi,  in  1736,  at  Turin, 
and  at  tho  age  of  nineteen  became  teacher 
of  mathematics  at  the  royal  artillery  school 
of  that  city.  He  \\as  the  founder  of  the 
Arad«;my  of  Sciences  in  the  Sardinian 
ra|«.al.  In  1766  he  removed  to  Berlin, 
an!  thenre,  in  17S7,  to  Paris.  In  the 
Fren.'h  metropolis  he  was  received  with 
merited  respect ;  a  pension  was  granted 
to  him;  he  was  at  a  later  period  made 
professor  of  the  normal  and  polytechnic 
schools  ;  and,  lastly,  Napoleon  created  him 
a  n.tmt  and  a  senator,  and  invested  him 
with  other  honours  and  dignities.  He  died 
in  1*13.  Of  his  well  known  works  the 
Meeanique  Analytiinie  is  one  of  the  most 
celebrated. 

LA  HARPE,  JOHN  FRANCIS  DE,  a 
French  dramatist,  poet,  critic,  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  born,  in  1739,  at  Paris, 
and  is  said  to  have  been  the  son  of  a 


Swiss   officer 


died    in   poverty.     He 


was  left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  nine 
years ,  and  was  f  »r  some  time  supported  by 
th<»  Sisters  of  Charity  of  the  parish  to 
which  he  belonged.  They  also  recommen- 
ded him  to  M.  Asselin,  o'f  Harcourt  Col- 
lege, by  whom  he  was  gratuitously  educa- 
ted. He  began  his  literary  career,  in  1763, 
by  the  tragedy  of  Warwick,  which  was 
siiccc>.-fu].  It  was  followed  by  Pharamond, 
Gustavus,  and  several  others,  some  of 
which  were  failures.  In  1776  he  became 
a  member  of  the  French  Academy.  La 
Harpe  was  a  warm  partisan  of  "the  rev  ' 


but  in  1793  he 


incarcerated  bv 


the  Jacobins.      While    lie   was   imprisoned 


was  his  pencil,  that  in  one  dav  he  painter. 
Apollo  and  (he  Muses,  of  the  natural  si/.e, 
and  also  the  portrait  of  the  person  who  had 
watered  against  his  achieving  the  ta<k. 
For  some  years  previous  to  his  decease  no 
was  blind;  in  which  situation  he  dictated 
to  his  sons  The  Principles  of  Design,  and 
Lessons  in  Painting.  His  engravings 
exceed  two  hundred  in  number. 

LAKE,  GERARD,  viscount,  was  born 
in  1744;  entered  the  army  at  the  age  of 
fourteen;  served  in  Germany  during  the 
seven  years'  war  ;  in  America,  under 
Cornwallis;  in  the  Netherlands,  at  the  head 
of  the  first  brigade  of  guards,  in  1793  and 
1794;  and  against  the  Irish  insurgents  in 
1798.  In  1800  he  was  appointed  com- 
mander- in-chief  in  India.  He  defeated 
the  Mahrattas  at  the  battle  of  Delhi,  in 
1803;  and  in  1805  and  1806  he  subjugated 
Scindia  and  Holkar.  Returning  to  Eng- 
land in  1807  he  was  created  a  viscount, 
and  he  died  in  1808. 

LALANDE,  JOSEPH  JEROME  LK 
FRANCAIS  DE,  a  celebrated  French  as- 
tronomer, was  born,  in  1732,  at  Bourg  en 
Bresse;  was  intended  for  the  law,  but 
deserted  the  study  of  it  for  that  of  mathe 
mat ies  under  Lemonnier;  and  made  such 
a  rapid  progress  in  the  science  that,  wnen 


only  eighteen,  he  was 
observations  at  Berlin, 
parallax  of  the  moon. 


chosen  to  make 
to  determine  the 
In  1762  lie  suc- 


ceeded Delisle  as  astronomical  professor  at 
the  college  of  France,  which  post  he  held, 
with  distinguished  success,  during  forty- 
six  years.  He  died  in  1807.  Among  his 
works  are,  A  Treatise  on  Astronomy  ; 


he  was  converted  to  Christianity,  and  he!  Astronomical  Bibliography ;  A  History  of 
was  ever  after  an  ardent  enemy  of  republi-j  Mathematics  ;  and  A  Journey  in  Italy, 
canism,  and  a  friend  of  the  catholic-  faith.  Lalande  edited  thirty-two  volumes  of  the 


Among  his  numerous  works  are,  The  Ly- 
ceum, or  a  Course  of  Literature,  by  which 
he  lias  gained  the  appellation  of  the  French 
Quintilian;  Eulogies;  Private  Correspon- 
dence with  the  Czar  Paul  I.;  Poems;  A 
Commentary  on  Racine;  ami  Translations 


of  Suetoi 


and  Camoens. 


LA  HIRE,  PHILIP  LV,  an  eminent 
French  mathematician,  was  born,  in  1660, 
at  Paris,  and  was  intended  to  bt  a  painter, 
but  was  drawn  from  the  arts  by  his  love  of 
the  sciences.  Louvois  and  Colbert  em- 
ployed him  in  various  public  works.  At 
once  an  astronomer,  mechanician,  geome- 
ter, and  hydrographer,  he  was,  said  Fonte- 
nelle,  "  a  whole  scientific  academy  in  a 
single  individual."  He  died  in  1719, 
or  of  mathematics  and  astronomy  at 
the  college  of  France.  Among  his  numer- 
rr  jnomical  Tables;  The 


ous  works  are 


Surveyor's    Guide  ;     and    a    Treatise 
Mechanics. 


Connoissance  des  Temps. 

LAMB,  Sir  JAMES  BLAND  BCIK;ES, 
better  known  by  his  original  name  of  V?ur- 
ges,  was  born,  in  1752,  at  Gibraltar  ; 
studied  at  Westminster,  University  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  and  Lincoln's  Inn,  and  was 
called  to  the  bar;  held  various  offices  under 
government,  and  was  a  member  of  parlia- 
ment; and  died,  in  1825,  knigjit  marsha 
of  the  royal  household.  Besides  various 
pamphlets,  he  wrote  The  Birth  and  Tri- 
umph of  Love,  a  poem;  Richard  the  First, 
a  poem;  part  of  the  Exodiad  ;  The  Dragon 
Knight,  a  romance;  and  Reasons  for  a 
new  Translation  of  the  Bible  ;  altered 
Massinger's  City  Madam;  and  established 
The  Sun  newspaper. 

LAMB,  Lady  CAROLINE,  the  daughter 
of  the  earl  of  Besborough,  was  born  in 
1785,  and,  before  she  was  twenty,  \\a* 
married  to  the  Hon.  W.  Lamb.  Her  do- 
mestic felicity,  however,  wad  destroyed  l»  * 


LAN  LAN  858 

ft  fital  attachment  to  the  late  Lord  Byron ;  j  Lanfranc  to  the  archbishopric  of  Canter* 
Hnd,  after  his  death,  her  intellects  are  said  bury,  who  held  the  see  till  his  decease  in 
to  have  been  affected.  She  died  January!  1089.  Lanfranc  rebuilt  the  cathedral  of 
25,1828.  She  was  highly  accomplished", ;  Canterbury,  and  founded  the  hospitals  of 
aun  possessed  no  common"  talents.  Lady  St.  John  and  Harbledown.  He  wrote,  in 
Carolina  wrote  three  nove^ — Glenarvon,' good  Latin,  various  theological  works.  Hig 
Graham  Hamilton,  and  Ad«.  F.»is.  I  conduct,  political  and  clerical,  was  highly 

L  \MBEir.'.'    JOHN,  an  eminent  general,  honourable  to  him. 

in  th-j  service  of  the  Parliament,  was!  LANGDON,  JOHN,  a  distinguished 
originally  designed  for  the  law,  which  he  American  patriot,  was  bora  at  Portsmouth, 
was  studying  when  the  civil  war  broke  N.  H.  in  1739.  He  engaged  in  commerce, 
out.  He  distinguished  himself  at  Marston  and  took  an  early  and  efficient  X'.erest  in 
Moor,  IVascby,  and  other  places;  aided ;  the  cause  of  the  colonies.  He  was  suc- 
Cromwell  in  obtaining  the  protectorate,  cessively  a  delegate  to  the  general  congress, 
but  thwarted  him  in  his  project  of  being  navy  agent,  speaker  of  the  assembly  of  his 
king;  joined  in  restoring  the  parliament  native  state,  president  of  his  native  state, 
after  Oliver's  death;  was  arrested  by  a  delegate  to  the  convention  that  framed 
Monk;  and  at  the  Restoration  was  sen-  the  federal  constitution,  and  a  member  of 
truce,!  to  death,  but  was  only  banished  to  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  In  1805 
Guernsey,  where  he  lived  more  than  thirty  he  was  chosen  governor  of  his  state  and 


years. 

LAMBERT,  JOHST  HENRY,  a  mathe- 

mitician   and    astronomer,    was    born,    in 
172x,  ,it  Muhlhausen.  in  Alsace;  and  died, 


again  in  1810.     He  died  in  1819. 

LANGLAND,  or  LONGLAND,  RO- 
BERT, a  poet  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
was  a  secular  priest,  and  a  fellow  of  Oriel 


in  1777,  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  the  !  College,  Oxford,  and  is  believed  to  have 
Berlin  academician*.  Lambert,  who  was  i  been  a  disciple  of  Wicklilf.  To  his  pen  are 
i  of  a  poor  tailor,  was  one  of  the  '  attributed  the  curious  poems  which  bear 
ni.ist  extensively  learned  men  of  his  time,!  the  titles  of  the  Vision  of  Piers  Plou°;h- 
au.l  was  indebted  to  his  own  unaided  ex-  man,  and  Piers  Ploughman's  Creed.  The 
ertions  f>r  his  knowledge.  Among  his  date  of  his  decease  is  unknown, 
works,  besides  innumerable  memoirs  and  I  LANGLES,  Louis  MATTHEW,  one  of 


esertatkm*,    are,    The    System    of 
World;    Photometry;    Pyrometry;   and  A 
New  Key  to  the  Sciences. 

LANCASTER,  JAMES,  a  navigator  of 
the  sixteenth  century.  After  having  voy- 
aged to  America  and  to  the  East  Indies, 
he.  in  1594,  made  himself  master  of  Per- 


the  most  eminent  of  modern  oriental  schol- 
ars, was  born,  in  1763,  at  Peronne,  in  Pi- 
cardy.  He  studied  Arabic  and  Persian 
under  Caussin  de  Perceval,  Ruftin,  and  Sil- 
vestre  de  Lacy  ;  and  made  himself  master 
of  several  other  eastern  languages.  He  died 
January  24,  1824,  after  having  long  been 


nambuco,  in  Brazil,  and  gained  a  rich  professor  of  Persian  and  Malay  at  the  spe- 
booty.  In  1600,  he  again  visited  the  east,  I  r.ia'l  school,  and  keeper  of  the  oriental 
entered  into  a  commercial  treaty  with  the  j  MSS.  in  the  royal  library.  Among  his 
king  of  Adiem,  and  opened  an  intercourse  j  works  are,  A  Mantchu  and  French  Diction- 
with  the  monarch  of  Bantam.  He  died,ary;  Translations  of  Indian  Tales  and 
in  1620.  Baffin  gave  the  name  of  Lancas-  Fables,  and  of  Timur's  Institutes;  many 
ter  to  the  sound  through  which  Captain  lives  in  the  Universal  Biography;  and  nu- 


Parrv  has  since   penetrated   into  the  Polar 
Ocean. 

LAXDON,  C.  P.,  a  French  artist,  who 
died  in  1826,  was  keeper  of  tlie  French 
Museum.  He  painted  several  pictures  of 
merit;  but  he  is  more  extensively  known 
as  the  projector  and  editor  of  several  works 
connected  with  his  profession  ;  among 
winch  are,  The  Annals  of  the  Museum,  and 


merous  articles  in  the  Encyclopedic  Review, 
and  in  other  periodicals. 

LANJUINAIS,  Count  JOHN  DENIS,  a 
French  statesman  and  literary  character, 
was  born,  in  1753,  atRennes,  in  Britannv; 
became  an  advocate  and  professor  of  law 
at  his  native  place;  and  had  a  seat  in  all 
the  various  legislative  bodies  from  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution  down  to  the 


of  the  Modern  School  of  the  Fine  Arts,  I  period  of  his  decease,  January  13,  1827. 
thirty-three  vols.  8vo.;  Lives  and  Works  j  Of  all  the  representatives  of  the  French 
of  the  most  celebrated  Painters,  twenty-  j  people,  Lanjuinais  was  one  of  the  most  en- 
two  vols.  4to. ;  and  Historical  Gallery  of  lightened,  intrenid,  and  honourable.  He 
the  most  celebrated  Characters,  thirteen  i  wrote  several  works,  nearly  all  of  which 
vols.  12mo.  i  relate  to  polities  or  law. 

¥iXTf7M14Vr/~1_* _     .     1      1        .__        1  T»^T  »T -r-i  .~i         V  «-v 


LANFRANC,  a  pious  and  learned  pre-j  LA\.\ES,  JOHN,  Duke  of  Montebello, 
:e,  was  born,  in  1005,  at  Pavia;  became  a  French  yiarshal,  was  born,  in  1769,  at 
ior  of  I>,-c,  in  Normandy,  in  10-14;  and  Li>et<>ure,  in  Guienne,  of  a  poor  family; 
was  in-ule  al>b'>t  of  St.  Stephen,  at  Caen,  was  originally  a  dyer;  and  entered  the  ar 
in  10(>2.  When  William  the  Coirj'.ieror  ray,  as  a  volunteer j  in  1792.  He  signalized 
»6reiid'.;tl  the  English  throne,  he  raised  himself  on  ho  Spanish  frontier,  in  1794; 


ate 
prioi 


554  LAP  LAU 

in  Italy  in  1796  and  1797;  and  in  Egypt, 
in  1799;  rose  to  tin-  rank  of  general  of 

division;  was  one  of  the  officers  vtho  ac- 
companied Bonaparte  to  France ;  and  \\-as 
placed  by  liim  at  the  head  of  the  consular 
guard.  "He  bore  a  conspicuous  part  at  the 


tended  by  his  valuable  protluc  flo.is.  Afte/ 
the  establishment  of  the  consu.ship,  he  waj 
for  a  short  time  minister  of  the  home  de 
partmcnt.  In  1799  he  was  placed  in  the 
senate,  and  in  ISO.'}  became  vice-presi,len( 
of  that  body.  Napoleon  made  him  a  count ; 


battles  of  Marengo,   Montebe.Ho,  and  Aus-   Louis    XVIII.    raised  him   to  the   rank  ot 
terlitz,  and  in   the  campaigns  of  1S06  and    mart]iiis.      He  died   March  (},   1827.     Hi? 


1807;  reduced  Saragnssa  in  1809;  and 
was  mortally  wounded.  May  22,  in  the  same 
year,  411  the  battle  of  Essling. 

LANSDOWN,    GEORGE    GRAN- 
VII..LE,  Viscount,  was  born  in  1667;  wa 


two  greatest  works,  which  alone  would  ?iif 
lice  to  immortali/.e  his  name,  are,  An  Ex- 
position of  the  System  of  the  World,  twc 
vols.  8vo. ;  and  "a  Treatise  on  Celestia 
Mechanism,  five  vols.  4to. 


educated  at  Westminster,  and  at  Trinity!  LARDNER,  NATHAMF.L,  a  learned 
College,  Cambridge;  sat  in  the  Commons,  j  dissenting  divine,  was  born,  in  1684,  al 
as  member  for  Fowey ;  was  appointed  sec-  Nawkhurst,  in  Kent;  studied  at  Utrecht 
retary  of  war  in  1710;  was  raised  to  the  and  Leyden ;  became  a  minister  in  his 
peerage  in  1711;  was  arrested  and  sent  to  twenty-fifth  year;  and,  after  having  been 
the  Tower  in  1715,  on  suspicion  of  being  '•  chaplain  and  tutor  in  the  family  of  Lady 
disaffected  to  the  house  of  Hanover,  and  Treby,  acquired  equal  reputation  as  a 
remained  twelve  months  a  captive:  and  died  preacher  and  awriter.  He  died, at  his  na- 
in  1735.  His  poetical  and  prose  works  tive  place,  in  1768.  The  collected  edition 
form  two  qnarto  volumes.  of  his  works  forms  eleven  vols.  8vo.  Of 

LANSDOWN,  WILLIAM  PETTY,  these  the  chief  is,  The  Credibility  of  the 
marquis  of,  was  born  in  1737;  and  succeed- j  Gospel  History,  a  production  which  is  de- 
ed to  the  title  of  earl  of  Shelburne  in  1761.  perving  of  the  highest  praise. 
After  having  twice  held  a  post  under  gov-  ]  LATIMER,  HUGH,  a  prelate,  one  of  the 
eminent,  in  1763  and  1766,  he  was  dis-  victims  of  the  sanguinary  Mary,  was  the 
placed  in  1768,  and  remained  in  opposition  son  of  a  yeoman,  and  was  born,  about  1470, 
till  1782,  when  he  was  appointed  secretary  at  Thurcaston,  in  Leicestershire.  He  was 
of  state  for  the  foreign  department.  On  educated  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge. 
the  death  of  the  marquis  of  Kockingham,  In  early  life  he  was  a  zealous  papist,  but, 
he  succeeded  him  as  premier,  but  was  soon  being  converted,  he  became  an  equally  zeal- 
ousted  by  the  coalesced  influence  of  Fox  ous  champion  of  the  Reformation.  "After 
and  North.  In  1784  he  was  created  a  having  encountered  many  perils,  he  waa 
marquis.  He  died  in  1805.  The  marquis  made  bishop  of  Worcester,  in  1535,  by 
of  Lansdown  is  one  of  the  many  persons  Henry  VIII.  The  bishopric,  however,  he 
to  whom  the  Letters  of  Junius  have  been  resigned,  on  the  passing  of  the  act  of  the 
ascribed.  six  articles;  and  was  punished  by  being 

risoned  during  the  remainder  of  Henry's 


LANTIER,  E.  F.  DE,  a  poet  and  mis- 


cellaneous writer,  who,  from   his  age,  was  reign.     The  accession  of  Edward  VI.   set 

denominated  the  Nestor  of  literary  France,  I/itimer  at    liberty,   and   he   resumed    his 

was  born,  in  1736,  at  Marseilles;  and  died  preaching,  but  refused  to  resume  the  mitre, 

there  in  1826.     His  chief  works  are,   The  On  Mary  ascending  the    throne,    he  wak 

Travels  of  Antenor  in  Greece  (which  has  again    incarcerated;    and,    in    1555,   was 

been  called  the  Anacharsi*  of  the  boudoirs);  brought  to    the    stake,   where  he  suffered 

A  Journey   in   Spain;   Tales;    Comedies;  with  unshaken    courage.     Ridley    was   his 

Poems;    a'nd  Geoffrey  Rudel,  or  the  Trou-  fellow  martyr, 
badour,  in  eight  cantos.  LAUD,  WILLIAM,  a  prelate,  the  son  of 

L.*>  \ZI,  Louis,  a  learned  Italian  Jesuit,  a  clothier,  was  born,  in  1573,  at  Reading, 

was  born  in  1732,  at    Monte  di  Olmo,  and  in    Berkshire;    was  educated   at  the   free 

jied,  in  1810,  at    Florence,  of  the   gallery  school  of  his  native  place,  and  at  St.  John's 

of  which   city   he   was   sub-director.      He  College,  Oxford ;    was   ordained  in    1601; 

was  considered  as  one  of  the  most  able  of  became  president  of  his  College    in  1611; 

Italian  philologists  and  archaeologists.    Two  and,  after  having  held  various  livings,  was 

of  his  l>est    works   are,    An    Essay   on    the  at  length   patronised    by  James  I.  who  had 

Tuscan  Language;    and  a  History  of  Paint-  long  locked  upon  him  with  coldness.      His 

in»  in   Italy.  first  preferment  from  the  sovereign  was  the 

LAPLACE,  Marquis  PKTI  R  SIMON,  a  deanery  of  Gloucester,  which  he  obtained 

celebrated   French  astronomer  and  geoine-  in  1616.      In  1620  he  was  nominated  to  the 

trician,  was  born,  in  1749,  at  Beaumont  en  see  of  St.  David's,  whence  he  was  PMCCCS- 

Auge         After    having    been    professor    of  sivelv  translated,  in  1626,  1628,  and  1633, 

mathematics  at  lii.s  native  place,  he  went  to  to  Bath  and   Wells,  London,  and    Cinter- 

Parif,  where  he  succeeded   Be/out,  as  ex-  bury.      From  the  moment  of  his   att  tilling 

amincr   of  the   roval   artillc'v  corps.     His  power  he  acted  the  part  of  a  furious  irnw- 

•cieiuific  reputation  was  t*  >n   widely  ex-  cutor  of  those  who  diffused  from  hid  on  re* 


LAU 

ligious  points,  and  an  enemy  to  public  lib- 
erty. His  ingratitude,  too,  was  equal  to 
his  violence.  The  meeting  of  the  long  Par- 
liament was  the  signal  of  his  downfal.  He 
was  impeached,  and  confined  during  three 
years  in  the  Tower.  On  his  being  brought 
to  trial  he  defended  himself  with  great 
courage  and  acutenesi .  A  bill  of  attainder 
was  at  length  passed  against  him  by  the 
Commons,  and  he  was  executed  January  10, 
1644-5.  Laud  was  intolerant,  tyrannical, 
and  superstitious;  but  it  would  be  unjust 
to  conceal  that  he  was  a  patron  of  learning. 
The  most  interesting  of  his  works  is  his 
Diary. 

LAUDOHN,  GIDEON  ERNEST,  a  dis- 
tinguished general,  was  born,  in  1716,  at 
Totzen,  in  Livonia.  After  having  served, 
and  been  neglected,  in  the  Russian  army, 
he  obtained  a  commission  from  Maria 
Theresa,  rose  to  the  highest  rank,  and 
contributed  greatly  to  the  glory  of  the 
Austrian  arms.  In  the  seven  years'  war, 
he  was  the  most  formidable  antagonist  of 
Frederic,  as  that  monarch  found  to  his 
cost  at  Hochkirchen,  Kunnersdorf,  Land- 
shut,  Glatz,  and  Schweidnitz.  In  1789  he 
took  Belgrade  from  the  Turks;  and  he 
died  in  the  following  year. 


LAURENCE,  Sir  THOMAS,  a  celebra- 
ted artist,  was  born,  in  1769,  at  Bristol. 
Before  he  was  five  years  old,  he  was  re- 
markable for  drawing  likenesses  and  reci- 
ting poetry.  Of  education  he  received  very 
ittle,  but  he  acquired  a  large  portion  of 
knowledge  by  reading.  He  was  not  more 
than  ten  years  old  when  his  talents  became 
the  sole  resource  of  his  father  and  the  rest 
cf  the  family.  For  eight  years  he  contin- 
ued to  draw  portraits  at  Oxford  and 
Bath;  but  in  1787  he  took  up  his  residence 
'n  the  metropolis,  and  soon  became  a  pop- 
ular painter.  In  1791  he  was  admitted 
an  associate,  and,  soon  after,  an  acade- 
mician, of  the  Royal  Academy.  Every 
\ear  now  .added  to  his  fume  and  fortune. 
In  1814  the  Prince  Regent  employed  him 
to  take  portraits  of  the  sovereigns  and 
warriors  who  visited  England;  in  181-3  he 
u?a*  knighted;  in  1818  lie  was- sent  to  Aix 
u  Chapelle,  to  paint  the  members  of  the 


LAV  8SA 

congress;  in  1819  he  visii.ec  Ita.y;  and, 
in  the  following  year,  he  was  elected  pres- 
ident of  the  Academy.  He  died  January 
7,  1830. 

LAURENS,  HENRY,  an  American 
patriot  and  statesman,  was  born  at.  Charles 
ton,  S.  C.  in  1724.  After  receiving  a 
good  school  education,  he  engaged  in  com- 
merce, and  soon  amassed  an  ample  fortune. 
At  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution  lue 
was  in  London,  but  he  immediately  return- 
ed to  his  native  country,  and  in  1776  was 
elected  a  delegate  to  the  general  congress. 
He  was  soon  chosen  president  of  this  body, 
and  remained  so  till  the  close  of  the  year 
1778.  In  1779  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  minister  plenipotentiary  to  Hol- 
land, but  on  his  way  thither  was  captured 
by  the  British,  and  committed  to  the 
Tower,  where  he  was  in  confinement  four- 
teen months.  He  was  one  of  the  commis- 
sioners for  negotiating  a  peace  with  Great 
Britain,  and  in  1782  he  signed  with  Juy 
and  Franklin  the  preliminaries  of  the 
treaty.  His  health,  however,  was  much 
impaired,  and  he  soon  returned  home  and 
passed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  agricul- 
tural pursuits.  He  died  in  1792. 

LAURENS,  JOHN,  lieutenant-colonel, 
son  of  the  preceding,  was  liberally  educa- 
ted in  England,  and  having  returned  to  his 
native  country  joined  the  American  army 
in  1777.  He  displayed  prodigies  of  valour 
at  Brandywine,  Germantown,  Monmouth, 
Savannah  and  Charleston,  and  was  killed 
at  the  very  close  of  the  war  by  carelessly 
exposing  himself  in  a  trifling  skirmish.  In 
1780  he  was  sent  as  a  speaial  minister  to 
France,  to  negotiate  a  loan,  and  after  being 
subjected  to  a  vexatious  delay,  he  deter- 
nined  to  present  a  memorial  to  the  king  in 
person  at  the  levee.  This  purpose  he  car- 
ried into  effect,  the  memorial  was  graciously 
received,  and  the  object  of  ncgociation  sat- 
'sfactorily  arranged. 


LAVATER,  JOHN  CASPAR, anative of 
Zurich,  in  Switzei.and,  was-born  in  1741; 
became  pastor  to  the  Orphan's  Church,  in 
lii.s  birthplace,  and  afterwards  to  that  of 
St.  Peter;  and  received  a  wound  from  a 
French  soldier  in  1799,  of  which  he  died 


S56 


LAW 


in  1801.  He  is  the  author  of  Swiss  Lavs ; 
Spiritual  Canticles,  The  Journal  of  a 
Secret  Observer;  and  other  productions; 
but  the  work  which  has  made  him  uni- 
versally known  is  his  Fragments  on  Phys- 
iognomy. These  Fragments  have  been 
translated  into  several  languages ;  but  their 
popularity  has  been  long  on  the  wane. 
Lavater  was  an  enthusiastic  and  credulous, 
but  a  worthy  and  benevolent  man. 

LAVOISIER,  ANTHONY  LAURKNCK, 
a  celebrated  chemist,  was  born,  in  1743,  at 
Paris;  was  educated  at  Mazar in  College; 
and,  after  he  quitted  it,  devoted  himself 
wholly  to  the  sciences,  particularly  botany, 
astronomy,  and  chemistry.  Before  he  was 
twenty  he  obtained  the  prize  which  was 
offered  by  the  Academy  for  a  better  mode 
of  lighting  the  streets.  In  his  twenty-fifth 
year  he  was  admitted  a  inemlx;r  of  the 
Academy.  He  now  began,  and  for  many 
years  assiduously  continued,  that  course  of 
chemical  investigation,  which  effected  a 
complete  change  in  the  science  of  chemis- 
try, and  immortalized  his  name.  His 
system  was  developed  to  the  world  in  an 
Elementary  Treatise  on  Chemistry;  and 
A  Method  of  Chemical  Nomenclature. 
Having  been  one  of  the  farmers  general,  he 
became  one  of  the  victims  of  the  jacobins, 
and  was  guillotined  on  the  8lh  of  May, 
1794. 

LAW,  JOHN,  a  projector,  the  son  of  a 
goldsmith,  was  born,  in  1681,  at  Edin- 
burgh; quitted  his  country  in  consequence 
of  having  killed  his  antagonist  in  a  duel; 
proposed  his  financial  projects  to  various 
governments,  and  at  length  succeeded  in 
having  them  adopted  by  the  French  regent, 
who  made  him  comptroller  general  of  the 
finances;  established  a  bank,  and  the  Mis- 
sissippi company f  which  eventually  spread 
ruin  through  France;  was  obliged  to  save 
himself  by  flight;  and  died,  in  1729,  at 
Venice. 

LAW,  WILLIAM,  a  nonjuring  divine, 
was  born,  in  1686,  at  King's  Cliffe,  in 
Northamptonshire;  was  educated  at  Ema- 
nuel  College,  Cambridge;  and  died  in  1761. 
Law  was  a  man  of  piety,  acuteness,  and 
talent;  but  a  firm  believer  in  the  absurdi- 
ties of  Behmen.  Of  his  works  the  most 
popular  are,  The  Serious  Call  to  a  devout 
and  holy  Life;  and  a  Practical  Treatise 
on  Christian  Perfection- 

LAW,  EDMUND,  a  learned  prelate,  was 
born,  in  1703,  near  Cartmel,  in  Lancashire ; 
was  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; and  after  having  held  some  lesser 
preferments,  among  which  were  the  living 
of  Greystock,  the  archdeaconry  of  Carlisle, 
and  the  mastership  of  Peterlionse,  ( 'mi- 
bridge,  he  was  raised,  in  17(W,  to  the 
bishopric  of  Caili.-le.  He  died  in  1787. 
He  wrote  Considerations  on  the  Theory 
of  Religion'  Inquiry  into  the  Ideas  of 


LEB 

Space,  Time,   &c. ;    and  various  tract*, 

and  published  an  edition  of  Locke's  works 
Bishop  Law  was  the  father  of  the  luttj 
Lord  Ellenborough. 

LAWK  FA  CM,  JAMKS,an  officer  of  the 
American  Navy,  was  born  in  New  Jersey, 
in  17S1,  and  became  a  midshipman  in 
1798.  In  1803  he  was  sent  to  the  Medi- 
terranean, as  first  lieutenant  to  the  sehr.o- 
IUT  Knterprise,  and  while  there  distin- 
guished himself  by  his  activity  and  valour 
He  remained  on  this  station  for  thre« 
years,  and  then  returned  to  the  United 
States,  having  been  transferred  to  the  fri<» 
ate  John  Adams.  In  February,  181.'?,  lit 
was  in  command  of  the  Hornet,  and  took 
the  fine  British  brig  Peacock,  after  an  ac- 
tion of  fifteen  minutes.  On  his  return  to 
the  United  States  he  was  transferred  to 
the  frigate  Chesapeake,  and  in  June  of  the 
same  year,  while  engaged  in  battle  with 
the  frigate  Shannon,  he  received  a  i/ortal 
wound.  His  last  exclamation,  as  they 
were  carrying  him  below,  was — DouMgive 
up  the  ship.  He  lingered  in  J>TO;,'.  pain 
for  four  days,  when  he  died.  His  i-:  'lains 
were  buried  at  Halifax. 

LEARE,Sir  JOHN,  a  naval  offi.'f;r,  was 
born,  In  1656,  at  Rotherbithe ;  f,r.«\M  at 
the  battle  of  La  Hogue ;  was  km/.'itod  in 
1723;  assisted  in  defend  ing  Gibraltar,  and 
reducing  Barcelona;  took  CartK-igena  and 
Minorca;  was  appointed  to  coir.mand  the 
Mediterranean  fleet  in  1707,  in  -f  hich  situ- 
ation he,  among  other  important  services, 
contributed  to  the  conquest  of  fsirdinia  an. I 
Minorca;  was  superseded  on  th^'acceesion 
of  George  L;  and  died  in  17;.:0. 

LEARCHUS,  of  RHKGIUI/,  who  is  be- 
lieved to  have  lived  before  the  fortieth 
Olympiad,  was  one  of  the  most  ancient 
sculptors  of  Greece.  He  rride  the  bronze 
statue  of  Jupiter  at  Spart*,  which  is  con- 
sidered to  have  been  the  oldest  work  of 
that  kind.  It  was,  however,  "not  cast  en- 
tire, but  in  separate  parts 

LEB  RUN,  CHAR  Lie  3,  a  celebrated 
painter,  was  born,  in  1619,  at  Paris; 
studied  under  Vouet  av.-d  Poussin;  and, 
after  his  return  from  Ro  ne,  was  liberally 
patronised  by  Fouqnet.  He  was  next  in- 
troduced to  Louis  XIV.  \\ho  appointed 
him  his  principal  painter,  ennobled  .him, 
and  consulted  him  on  r.11  subjects  conncc- 
ted  with  the  arts.  LcKrun  availed  himself 
of  his  influence  to  obtain  from  the  monarch 
the  founding  of  a  school  at  Rome,  for  stu- 
dents  of  painting.  He  died  in  1690.  He 
wrote  a  Treatise  on  the  Passions;  and 
another  on  Physiogromy. 

LKBRUN,  "pn.Nvu -S'DKNIS  ECOUCH- 
AKD,  a  French  pott,  who;  e  lyrical  compo- 
sitions obtained  for  him  the  appellation  of 
th:-  French  i'indar,  was  born,  in  17'2!),  at 
1'aris,  in  which  oily  he  died  in  ]H)7.  He 
was.  brought  up  lv  I  ho  j  mire  of  Conti, 


LEE.  LEE  857 

to  whom  he  became  secretary.  It  was'  Americanus,  were  numerous,  and  procured 
even  suspected  that  they  were  very  nearly  j  for  him  the:  acquaintance  of  the  leaders  .< 
related.  Before  ho  was  twenty-six  he  had  the  popular  party.  In  1776  he  was  :p 
established  his  fame  as  a  lyric  poet.  Of  pointed  minister  to  France,  in  conjunction 
the  revolution  he  \vas  a  violent  panegyrist ;  with  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr.  Deane,  and 
in  his  latter  days  he  was  a  pensioner  of  assisted  in  negotiating  the  treaty  with  that 
Napoleon.  Lebrun  was  not  an  amiable '  nation.  In  1779,  in  consequence  rf  the 
man;  he  delighted  in  scattering  about  his  false  accusations  of  Mr.  Deaue,  coin- 
satires  and  epigrams,  without  paying  much  plaints  of  his  political  conduct  we;e 
regard  to  truth  or  decency.  i  freely  circulated  at  home,  and  in  t'le  fol- 

LEBRUN, CHARLES  FRANCIS, dukeof  lowing  year  he  resigned  his  ttppoir.'.iueut] 
Pliicentia,  was  born,  in  1739,  near  Cou-jand  returned.  In  17S1  he  was  elected  to 
lances,  in  Normandy;  studied  the  law ;  the  assembly  of  Virginia,  and  by  tin*  body 
was  secretary  to  the  chancellor  Maupcon,  returned  to  Confess,  where  he  continued 
and  shared  the  odium  which  that  minister  to  represent  the  state  till  1785.  In  1784 
incurred;  sat  in  the  states  general  and  the  he  was  employed  to  arrange  a  treaty  vt  ith 
council  of  five  hundred;  was  chosen  by  the  six  Indian  nations.  lie  was  ue.vt 
Bonaparte  as  third  consul;  and  was  sue-  called  to  the  board  of  treasury,  where  he 
cessively  governor  of  Liguria  and  admin-  continued  till  1789,  when  he  went  into 
istrator  general  of  Holland.  He  died  in !  retirement.  He  died  in  1792. 
1824.  Lebrun  translated  the  Hi. id  and  j  LEE,  CHAKLKS,  a  maj  >r-general  in 
Odyssey,  and  Ta.«so's  Jerusalem.  I  the  army  of  the  American  (evolution,  waa 

LECLERC,  JOHN,  an  eminent  critic,  'born  in  ".North  Wales,  and  became  an  olti- 
was  born,  in  1657,  at  Geneva;  and  died,  cer  at  the  age  of  11  years,  lie  served  at 
in  1736,  in  a  state  of  childishness,  at  Am-  an  early  age  in  America,  and  afterwards 
Fterdam,  where  he  was  a  clergyman,  and  distinguished  himself  under  general  Bur- 
professsor  of  philosophy,  belles  jetties,  and  g  >vne,  in  Portugal.  He  subsequently  cu- 
Hebrew.  Leclerc  was  impatient  of  con-  tered  the  Tolish  service,  wandered  ;•.!!  over 
tradiction, acrimonious  and  satirical  in  de-  Europe,  killed  an  Italian  ofiiccr  in  a  duel, 
bate,  irascible,  and  fond  of  singularity,  j  and  in  1773  sailed  for  Mew  Voik.  Es- 
Ile  has  been  called  the  self  constituted  pousing  the  cause  of  the  c.donies,  he  re- 
inquisitor  of  the  republic  of  literature,  ceived  a  commission  from  Congress  in 
Among  his  works  are,  Ars  Critica;  Har-j  1775,  with  the  rank  of  major  geneial.  In 
m.,nia  Evangelica;  and  the  three  Biblio- j  1776  lie  was  invested  With  the  command 
theques, or  Libraries  in  twenty-five, twenty-  at  New  York,  and  afterwards  with  the 
eight,  and  twenty-nine  volumes.  chief  command  in  the  southern  dcpart- 

LEDYARD,  JOHK,  an  adventurous jnient.  In  December,  1776,  lie  was  made 
traveller,  was  born  at  Groton,  in  Connecti-  |  prisoner  by  the  English,  as  he  lay  carelessly 
cut,  and  was  educated  at  Dartmouth  Col-  guarded  at  a  considerable  distance  from  the 
lege,  in  New  Hampshire.  After  having  main  body  of  the  army  in  New  Jersey, 
lived  for  some  time  among  the  Indians,  In-  He  was  kept  prisoner  till  the  surrender  of 
came  to  England,  and  sailed  with  Cook,  j  Burgoyne,  in  1777,  and  treated  in  a  man- 
on  his  second  voyage,  as  a  marine.  On  n<T  unworthy  of  a  generons  enemy.  In 
his  return,  he  resolved  to  penetrate  on  foot  1778,  he  was  arraigned  before  a  court 
across  Northern  Asia,  and  proceed  to  the  ''martial,  in  consequence  of  his  misconduct 
opposite  coast  of  America.  He  was,  how-  at  the  battle  of  Monmouth,  and  wns  sus- 
cver,  seixed  at  Yakut/,,  and  sent  out  oflpended  from  any  commission  in  the  army 
the  Russian  dominions.  He  was  next  I  of  the  United  "States  fur  one  year.  He 
employed  bv  the  African  association  toj  retired  to  a  hovel  in  Virginia,  living  in 
explore  the  interior  of  Africa  j  but  he  died  _  entire  seclusion,  surrounded  by  his  books 
J»i  Cairo,  in  1788.  !  and  his  do«s.  In  1782,  he  went  to  reside 

LEE,  ARTHUR,  an  eminent  American  at  Philadelphia,  where  he  died  in  obscurity 
patriot,  was  born,  in  Virginia,  in  1740,!  ;-i  October  of  the  same  year.  He  was  a 
and  received  his  education  in  England,  m^n  of  much  energy  and  courage,  with 
taking  his  degree  of  M.  P.  at  the  univer-  considerable  literary  attainments,  but  mo- 
eity  of  Edinburgh.  He  then  returned  to  rose  and  avaricious.  He  published  essays 
his  native  state,  and  for  some  years  prac-  on  military,  literary  ami  political  subjects, 
ti^fd  physic  at  Williamsburg,  but  political  which  with  his  extensive  correspondence 
affairs  were  then  assuming  so  interesting  were  collected  in  a  volume  in  1792.  The 
in  aspect,  that  he  again  went  to  England  authorship  of  the  Letters  of  Junius  has 
i»nd  entered  on  the  study  of  law  in  the  been  ascribed  to  him. 


Temple.  In  1770  he  visited  London, 
and  became  a  member  of  the  famous 
society  of  the  supporters  of  the  bill  of 
rights.  His  political  publications  at  this 
per.'od,  under  the  signature  of  Junius 


LEE,  HENRY,  a  distinguished  oflicet 
in  the  American  revolutionary  army,  was 
born  in  Virginia  in  1756,  and  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  college  in  Princeton.  Jn  1776 
he  was  a  captain  of  one  of  the  six  compa- 


858  LEE 

nies  of  cavalry,  raised  by  Virginia,  and 
afterwards  incorporated  into  on*?  regiment, 
nnd  in  1777  added  to  the  main  body  of  tlie 
provincials.  At  the  battle  of  (lernmntown, 
Lot*  was  selected  \\iili  his  company  to  at- 
lend  Washington  as  his  body«g*tard.  In 
17£0,  Ix'ing  raised  to  the  rank  of  lieuten- 
ant-colonel, he  was  sent  with  his  legion  to 
the  army  of  tin-  pou'lh,  under  general 
(ireene,  and  conthuied  will)  it  till  tlie  end 
of  the  war.  He  distinguished  himself 'at 
the  battle  of  Eutaw  spring*,  and  in  the  en- 
suing October  was  sent  on  a  special  commis- 
sion to  the  commander  in  chief,  then  em- 
ployed in  the  siege  of  Yorktown;  in  17S6 
he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  Congress, 
from  the  state  of  Virginia,  and  remained 
in  that  body  till  the  adoption  of  the  present 
constitution.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
state  convention  which  ratified  that  instru- 
ment, and  in  1792  he  was  raised  to  the 
chair  of  governor  of  Virginia.  In  1799 
be.  was  again  a  member  of  Congress,  and 
while  there  selected  to  pronounce  a  funeral 
oration  on  the  death  of  Washington.  The 
latter  years  of  his  life  were  embarrassed 
by  want,  and  it  was  while  confined  for 
debt  in  the  limits  of  Spottaylvania  county, 
that  he  prepared  for  publication  his  excel- 
lent Memoirs  of  the  Southern  Campaign. 
He  was  severely  wounded  during  the  riot 
in  Baltimore,  in  1814,  and  his  health  rap- 
idly declined.  He  died  on  Cumberland 
island,  Georgia,  in  1818. 

LEE,  FRANCIS  LIGHTFOOT,  a  signer 
of  the  declaration  of  independence,  was 
born  in  Virginia  in  1734.  He  inherited  a 
large  fortune,  and  in  1765,  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  house  of  burgesses  of  his  native 
state,  and  continued  in  that  body  till  1775, 
when  he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  con- 
tinental congress.  He  remained  in  this 
assembly  till  1779,  when  he  entered  the 
legislature  of  his  native  state.  He  died  in 
1797. 

LEE,  RICHARD  HENRY,  an  eminent 
American  patriot,  and  signer  of  the  dec- 
laration of  independence,  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1732,  and  received  his  educa- 
tion in  England.  He  returned  to  his  na- 
tive country  when  in  his  nineteenth  year, 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  general  study 
of  history,  politics,  law,  and  polite  litera- 
ture, without  engaging  in  any  particular 
profession.  In  his  twenty-fifth  year,  he 
was  chosen  a  delesate  to  the  house  of  bur- 
gesses, wl»»re  he  soon  distinguished  him- 
self by  his  powers  in  debate.  In  1764,  he 
v--a«  appointed  to  draught  an  address  to  the 
king,  and  a  memorial  to  the  house  of  lords, 
which  are  among  the  best  state  papers  of 
tlie  period.  His  efforts  in  resisting  the 
various  encroachments  of  the  British  gov- 
ernment were  indefatigable,  and  in  1774 
he  attended  the  first  wm. nil  congress  at 
philadelphia,  as  a  delegate  from  \  irginia. 


LEF 

lie  was  a  member  of  most  of  the  important 

committees  of  this  b-ody,  and  laboured  with 

I  unceasing  vigilance  and  energy.  The  me- 
nvirial  of  Congress  to  the  people  of  Britisn 
]  America,  and  the  second  address  of  Con- 
gress to  the  people  <'f  Great  Britain,  wore 
!  both  from  his  pen.  In  June,  1776,  lie  in- 
troduced the  measure  that  declared  the 
CO  Ion  let  free  and  independent  states,  and 
supported  it  by  a  speech  of  the  most  bril- 
liant eloquence,  lie  continued  to  hold  a 
seat  in  congress  till  June,  1777,  \\lien  ho 
solicited  leave  of  absence,  on  account  of 
the  delicate  state  of  his  health.  In  August 
of  the  next  year,  he  was  again  elected  to 
con.rrc.-s,  and  continued  in  that  body  till 
17W0,  when  he  declined  a  reelection  till 
1784  In  that  year  he  was  chosen  presi- 
dent o.'  congress,  but  retired  at  the  close 
of  it,  and  in  1786  was  again  chosen  a 
member  of  the  Virginia  assembly.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
adopted  the  present  constitution  of  the 
United  States,  and  one  of  the  first  senatorr 
under  it.  In  1792  he  again  retired  from 
public  life,  and  died  in  1794. 

LEE,  NATHA5IBL,  a  dramatist,  was 
born  at  Hatfield,  in  Hertfordshire;  was 
educated  at  Westminster  School,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  tried  his  f>r- 
tune  as  -in  actor  and  a  writer  for  the  stage  ; 
became  insane,  and  was  confined  in  Bedlam 
for  two  years;  and  died,  in  pcm-rty,  in 
1692,  of  injuries  received  during  a  drunken 
frolic.  He.  wrote  eleven  tragedies,  of  which 
The  Rival  Queens,  and  The.odosius,  arc 
the  best;  and  he  assisted  Dryden  in  writ- 
ing CEdipns  and  The  DuKe  of  Guise. 
Lee  possessed  genius,  but  was  deficient  in 
judgment  ;  and  his  style  is  often  bom- 
bastic. 

LEE,  SOPHIA,  the  daughter  of  an  able 
actor,  was  born  in  London,  in  1750.  Her 
first  l.terary  attempt,  which,  however,  was 
not  published  till  many  years  after  it 
was  written,  was  The  Life  of  a  Lover. 
In  1780  her  comedy  of  the  Chapter  of  Ac- 
cidents was  so  successful  that  the  profits 
of  it  enabled  her  to  establish,  at  Bath,  an 
academy  for  young  ladies,  which  was  con- 
ducted by  herself  and  her  sisters.  Her 
novel  of  The  Recess  established  her  fame. 
In  1803  she?  'retired  from  her  toils  of  tui- 
tion ;  and  she  died  March  13,  1824  She 
wrote,  besides  the  above  works,  A.ruoyda, 
a  tragedy;  The  Assignation,  a  comedy; 
A  Hermit's  Tale,  a  poem;  and  two  of  the 
stories  in  her  sister's  Canterbury  Tale*. 

LKFKBVRK,  JOSEPH  FRANCIS,  duke 
of  I);int/.ic,  a  French  marshal,  was  born, 
in  1755,  at  Rufack,  in  Alsace;  and  died 
in  1820.  He  entered  early  into  the  army. 
In  1791  IK;  attained  the  rank  of  general. 
From  that  year  till  1799,  In;  distinguished 
himself  greatly  in  all  the  campaigns  i» 
Flanders  and  on  the  Rhine.  When  Bona 


LEI 

partc  •ubverted  tlie  directorial  government, 
Lefebvre  seconded  him  efficaciously,  and 
his  services  were  rewarded  with  multiplied 
honours.  Between  1803  and  1815,  he  bore 
a  conspicuous  part  at  Jena,  Eylau,  Wa- 
gram,  and  many  other  battles;  and  his 
conquest  of  Dantlie  won  for  him  the  ducal 
title.  Lefelivro  was  modest,  disinterested, 
and  of  unaffected  manners. 

LEGOUVE,  GAKRIKI,    MAKY  JOHN 


LEM 


869 


him  the  tommand  of  the  English  army 
He  died  in  September,  1588.  Of  three 
wives,  Dudley  is  believed  to  have  mur- 
dered the  first;  the  second,  to  whom  h« 
was  privately  wedded,  lio  basely  disowned. 
LJSIGHTOiN,  ROBKRT,  a  Scotch  pro- 
Lite,  waa  born,  in  1613.  in  London;  wag 
educated  at  Edinburgh;  quitted  the  pies- 
byterian  church  for  tiie  episcopal;  was 
successively  principal  of  Edinburgh  un"> 


aid    died 


BAPTIST,  a  French  dramatist  and  poet,  I  versity,  bishop  of  Duiublane,  zn 
\vas  born,  in  1764,  at  Paris;  was  admitted  j  bishop 
a  member  of  the  Institute  in  1798;  held, 
as  substitute -for  Delille,  the  professorship 
of  Latin  poetry  at  the  college  of  France; 
and  died  insane  in  1813.  Legouve  was  an 
exceedingly  elegant  writer,  but  was  defi- 
cient in  imagination  and  poetical  h're.  He 
wrote  six  tragedies,  and  several  poems. 
Among  the  latter  are,  The  Recollections; 
Melancholy;  and  The  Merit  of  Women. 

LEIBNITZ,  GODFREY  WILLIAM, 
baron,  a  man  of  almost  universal  genius, 
was  born,  in  1646,  at  Leipsic;  and  studied 
at  the  universities  of  that  place  and  of 
Jena.  He  was  first  in  the  service  of  the 
elector  of  Mentz,  as  counsellor  of  revision 
in  the  chancery;  and,  after  the  death  of 
that  prince,  was  patronised  by  the  house  of 
Hanover.  He  also  received  pensions  and 
flattering  distinctions  from  Peter  the  Great, 
the  king  of  Prussia,  and  the  emperor  of 
Germany;  and  was  a  member  of  various 
learned  "bodies.  France  he  visited  once, 
and  England  twice,  and  was  received  with 
the  respect  which  was  due  to  his  merits. 
He  died  at  Hanover  in  1716.  The  major 
part  of  the  numerous  works  of  Leibnitz 
has  been  collected  in  six  quarto  volumes 
by  Dutens.  Some  of  the  rest  were  pub- 
lished by  Raspe,  with  the  title  of  Philo- 
sophic Works.  "  Leibnitz,  who  was  thus 
occupied  with  the  most  abstruse  metaphys- 
ical inquiries  (says  a  modern  writer),  was 
also  in  his  day  the  rival  of  Newton  himself 
in  physical  science;  possessed  unequalled 
erudition,  classical  and  Bchoiautir;  was 
distinguished  by  his  knowL-dge  of  Roman 
:urisprudence  and  German  antiquities;  and 
was  a  profound  and  masterly  controversial 
theologian."  Gibbon  also  has  drawn  his 


arch- 
1684. 


His  works,  which  are  still  deservedly  in 
repute,  form  six  octaxo  volume?.  Ltighton 
was  a  man  of  great  eloquence,  mildness, 
disinterestedness,  and  piety. 

LELAND,  JOHN,  an  antiquarv,  war 
born,  in  London,  about  the  end  of"  Ilenr- 
the  Seventh's  reign;  was  educated  at  Si 
Paul's  School,  and  at  Christ**  College, 
Cambridge,  and  All  Souls,  Oxford;  be- 
came chaplain  and  librarian  to  Henry  the 
Eighth;  and  obtained  church  preferment; 
spent  six  years  i:i  travelling  to  examine 
English  antiquitiet;  and  died  insane  ip 
1552.  His  Itinerary,  and  some  of  his  oth- 
er works,  were  published  by  H.^arne  and 
Hall. 

LELAND,  THOMAS,  a  divine  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  born,  in  1772,  at 
Dublin,  and  was  educated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, where,  in  1763,  he  became  professor 
of  oratory.  In  1768  the  lord  lieutenant 
appointed  him  his  chap-lain,  and  subse- 
quently gave  him  the  \icarage  of  Bray, 
and  a  prebend  in  St.  Patrick's  cathedral. 
Dr.  Leland  died  in  1785.  He  wrote  Ser- 
mons; The  History  of  Ireland;  The  Life 
of  Philip  of  Macedon ;  and  a  Dissertation 


on  the  Principles    of    Hi 


(which 


Eloquence 


anonymously    attacked    b 


character    at    full  length,  and  in 
colours. 


•ing 


LEICESTER,  ROBERT  DUDLEY, 
earl  of,  born  in  1532,  was  the  son  of  the 
duK.e  of  Northumberland,  who  was  exe- 
cuted in  the  reign  of  Mary.  He  was  taken 
into  the  favour  of  Elizabeth  soon  after  her 
accession,  and  continued  to  enjoy  it  to  the 
last  Honours  and  grants  of  immense  es- 
tates were  lavished  on  him  by  the  virgin 
queen.  In  1561,  she  created  bio  b.iron 
of  Denbigh  and  earl  of  Leicester;  in  15S5, 
»he  procured  his  appointment  as  g:>\ernor 
of  the  Netherlands;  and  in  158S,  at  the 
•omei'.t  of  impending  invasion,  she  give 


period  he  gradually  rose  in  reputation,  for 
his    portraits,    till    his    dec 


Hurd)  ;   and    translated    the    Orations 
Demosthenes  and  ^F,schines. 

LELY,  Sir  PETER,  an  eminent  painter, 
whose   real   name  was  Vander   Faes,  was 
born,  in  1618,  at  Soest,  in  Westphalia,  and 
was  a   pupil   of  Grebber  of  Haerlem.     In 
1641  he  came  to   England,   and  from  that 
in  reputation,  for 
decease,  in  1680. 

Charles  II.  knighted  him,  and  appo-nted 
him  his  principal  painter.  Lely  waj  so 
much  employed  in  taking  likene'sses  iliat 
he  producea  few  historical  pictures.  Hit 
style  is  elegant,  and  his  colouring  beauti- 
ful, but  there  is  little  variety  in  his  ex- 
pression. 

LEMIERRE,  ANTHONY  MORIN,  a 
French  poet  and  dramatist,  was  born,  in 
1733,  or,  according  to  some,  in  1721,  at 
Paris.  He  was  successively  a  writer  of 
MS.  sermons,  under  master  of  rhetoric  at 
IlarC'Hirt  College,  and  secretary  to  l)upin; 
one  of  the  farmers  general,  who  had  th» 
' 


liberalit 


him  a  pension,  to  cnabU 


him  to  give   himself  ip   to  literature,     la 


LES 

governor.     She  was  sent  to  England  to  be 
educated;    married,  ami  was    left; 


WC  LEX 

1781  I  e  l)ecanie  a  member   of  the  French 

Academy.   He  died  in  1793.    Hi    pmduci-d 

seveial  poems,  and  nine   t  f  the  uith  one  child;  ami  resorted  to  her  pen  foi 

latter,    William   Tell,    Ihpeimnestra,  and  subsistence.      Her    latter  da\s  were  clci-d- 

the  V>  <N!  by  poverty  and    sick'irs-'.       She  died  in 

LEMONNIER,  PETER  CHARLES,  an  isoi.    Among  her  works  an-,  th. 

eminent  astronomer,  was  bom,  in  1715,  at  of  The   Female  Quixote,  Henri. 

Paris;  began  his  astronomical  observations  >hia,   and   Euphemi.i;   Shaksj  • 


.mi  before  he  was  sixteen;  was  ad- 
mitted a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Si  i- 
ii  !?:>(),  and  was  sent,  in  the  same 
\\  ith  Maupertuis  and  Clairault,  to 
measure  a  degree  of  the  meridian  under  the 
polar  circle;  was  for  many  years  pi 
at  the  college  of  France  ;  and  died  in  1799. 
Lalandc  was  one  of  his  pupils.  Among  his 
works  are,  Celestial  History;  a  Theory  of 
Comets;  Xantical  Astronomy;  and  The 
Laws  of  Magnetism. 

LEMPRIERE,  JOHN,  a  native  of  Jer- 
sey, was  educated  at  Winchester,  and  at 
Pembroke  College,  Oxford ;  was  head 
master  of  Abingdon  grammar  school,  and 
afterwards  of  the  school  at  Exeter;  and, 
on  resigning  the  latter,  was  presented  to 
the  livings  of  Mecth  and  Newton  Petrock, 
in  Devonshire,  which  he  held  till  his  de- 
cease, in  1S24.  He  compiled  the  Biblio- 
theea  Classica;  and  Universal  Biography  ; 
and  printed  ihe  first  volume  of  a  transla- 
tion of  Herodotus. 

LEXCLOS,  ANNE,  or  familiarly  Xi- 
NON  de,  a  celebrated  female  voluptuary, 
was  born,  in  1616,  at  Paris,  and  died  in 
1706.  She  was  beautiful;  and  so  highly 
accomplished,  and  of  such  elegant  man- 
ners, that  her  society  was  courted  by  all 
the  distinguished  characters  of  that  age; 
but  she  held  chastity  in  utter  contempt, 
and  for  constancy  she  had  as  little  respect. 
Her  charms  she  is  generally  said  to  have 
retained  in  extreme  old  age;  but  this  is 
denied  bv  Voltaire. 

LEXGLET  DUFRESNOY,  NICHO- 
LAS, a  French  literary  character,  was 
born,  in  1674,  at  Beauvais,  and  was 
brought  up  as  an  ecclesiastic,  but  became 
Latin  and  French  secretary  to  the  elector 
of  Cologne;  and,  subsequently  to  the  peace 
of  Utrecht,  he  settled  at  Paris  as  an  au- 
thor. He  was,  on  some  occasions,  em- 
ployed as  a  spy  by  the  ministry;  and,  on 
others,  was  imprisoned  by  them  for  his 
writings.  He  was  five  times  a  captive  in 
the  Bastile,  once  at  Vincemies,  and  once 
•at  Strasburgh.  He  was  burnt  to  deatl  in 
1~!jj.  11  is  works  are  numerous,  but  aH 
of  them  are  full  of  errors.  The  \test 
known  of  them  are,  The  Method  of  study- 
'  i-tory  ;  and  Chronological  Tablets  of 

:  sal   I  li-tory. 
LE.NXOX.  CHARLOTTE,  a  literary  fe- 
male of   ruii-;d.Tab!<:  ta!":il.-.  who    was  tin 
friend    of   Johnson    and    Richardson,  wu 
corn,  in  1720,  at  New  York,  of  which  hei 
father,    Colonel    Ramsay,  was   lieutenant- 


rated;    two    plays;    and   various    transla- 

is. 

.EXOTUI  \v,    an     architect 

in d  designer  of  gardens,  was  b.irn,  in 
1613,  at  Paris,  and  studied  painting  under 
Vouet.  For  Louis  XIV.  he  laid  out  tltr 
gardens  of  Versailles,  the  Tuillrries,  Clag- 
iv,  Chantilly,  St.  Cloud,  .Men, Ion,  Sc<v.n\, 
SI.  Germain,  and  Fontainebloan;  and  tUat 
laughty  monarch  treated  him  rather  as  a 
familiar  friend  than  as  a  Mibject  and  n-r 
vant.  He  died  in  1700. 

LEO  X.,  Pope,  Jnii.v  IT.  MEDICI, 
the  son  of  the  illustrious  Loren/o,  .va* 
born,  in  1475,  at  Florence,  and  was  nomi 
Dated  a  cardinal  in  his  thirteenth  year 
In  1505  he  was  made  governor  of  Perugia; 
was  intrusted  with  the  command  of  the 
papal  army  in  1511  ;  and  was  made  (iris- 
oner,  in  the  following  year,  at  th"  1  at tie 
of  Ravenna.  He  attained  the  papal  crown 
in  1513,  on  the  death  of  Julius  II.  He 
died  in  1521.  Leo  was  one  of  the  most 
munificent  patrons  of  learning  and  (  f  the 
arts;  but  he  was  prodigal,  and  on  pome 
occasions  grossly  violated  the  principles  of 
justice.  To  his  shameless  sale  of  in- 
dulgences the  world  is  indebted  for  the 
reformation  of  the  church. 

LEONIDAS  I.,  king  of  Sparta,  famous 
for  his  heroic  patriotism,  succeeded  his 
half  brother  Cleomenes,  B.  c.  491.  When 
Xerxes  invaded  Greece,  Leon i das,  at  the 
head  of  four  thousand  men,  defended  the 
pass  of  Thermopylae.  Threats  and  prom- 
ises  were  tried  in  vain,  to  induce  the  val- 
iant Spartan  to  retire  from  his  post.  In 
an  attack,  which  lasted  two  days,  the 
Persians  were  not  more  sueccessful;  thev 
were  defeated  with  the  slaughter  of  twin 
ty  thousand  men.  Xerxes  was  on  the 
point  of  abandoning  his  enterpi  i.-e,  \\hen 
Ephialtes, a  traitorous  Grce.k,  made  known 
to  him  a  path  by  which  the  Pei>ians  TM T^ 
enabled  to  penetrate  to  the  Grecian  rear. 
Leonidas  was  now  surrounded,  and,  after 
a  severe  contest,  he  perished  with  his  brave 
companions.  , 

LESAGE,  ALAIN   RF.NK,  eminent  as 
a   novelist   and   a  dramatist,  was   horn,  in 
1668,  at  Sarzeau,    in    Hritann\  ;    and  stud- 
ied at  the  Jesuits'  College  at  Vannes.    Af- 
ter hiving,  it    is    believed,    f>i 
held  a  situation  under    the  fan; 
in  his  native  province,  he  went  to  Paris  in 
1692,  tried   the   bar    lor   a  short  tin 
then  adopted  the    profession    of  an  author. 
His  scanty   means    were   cnlargecj  by  tUr 


LES 

generosity  of  the  abbe  de  Lyonne,  his 
friend,  who  allowed  him  a  pension  of  six 
hundred  livres,  and  made  him  many  valua- 
ble presents.  De  Lyonne  did  him'another 
essential  service,  by  directing  his  attention 
to  Spanish  literature,  and  teaching  him  the 
language.  For  some  years  he  continued 
to  be  Tittle  known  as  a  writer;  but,  in 
1707,  he  rose  at  once  into  popularity  by  his 
comedy  of  Crispin  the  Rival  of  his  Mas- 
ter, and  hia  romance  of  Le  Diable  Boiteux. 
The  comedy  of  Turcaret,  in  1709,  added  to 
his  fame,  and  that  fame  was,  in  the  course 
of  a  few  years,  rendered  imperishable  by 
his  admirable  Gil  Bias,  which  placed  him 
in  the  first  rank  of  novelists.  Lesage 
was  endowed  with  great  literary  fertility. 
Among  hi?  novels  are,  The  Adventures  of 
Gusman  d'Alfaraohe;  The  Adventures  of 
the  Chevalier  Beauchesne;  The  History 
of  EstevanilleGonzales;  and  The  Bachelor 
of  Salamanca.  Of  dramatic  pieces  he 
composed  twenty-four,  and  had  a  share  in 
the  composition  of  seventy-six  others. 
Several  miscellaneous  works  and  transla- 
tions also  dropped  from  his  pen.  He  died, 
in  retirement,  at  Boulogne,  November  17, 
1747. 

LESAGE,  GEORGE  LEWIS, a  philoso- 
pher, was  born,  in  1724,  at  Geneva;  and 
died  there  in  1803.  He  was  educated  tor 
the  mediiKil  profession, but  never  practised 
it.  Lesage  is  principally  known  by  his 
inquiries  into  the  phenomena  of  gravita- 
tion. Most  of  his  works  remain  unpub- 
lished. Among  those  which  have  been 
printed  are,  Fragments  on  final  Causes; 
iin  I  a  Treatise  on  Mechanical  Physics. 

LESLEY',  JOHN,  a  Scotch  prelate,  was 
born  in  1527,  and  was  educated  at  Aber- 
deen and  Pari*.  The  unfortunate  Mary 
of  Scotland  gave  him  the  bishopric  of  Ross, 
and  he  accompanied  her  from  France  to 
her  native  country.  After  her  dethrone- 
ment, he  served  her  with  an  honourable 
fidelit)  ind  zeal,  defending  her  warmly  in 
the  conferences  at  York  ajid  Westminster. 
Elizabeth  imprisoned  him,  and  afterwards 
%rnt  him  out  of  the  kingdom.  On  the  con- 
tinent, he  renewed  his  fruitless  exertions 
on  behalf  of  his  captive  sovereign.  In 
1593  he  was  made  bisnop  of  Constance. 
Ho  die:!  in  1596.  Among  his  works  are-, 
A  Defence  of  Queen  Mary;  and  A  De- 
scription of  Scotland. 

LESSING,  GOTTHOLD  EPHRAIM,  a 
celebrated  German  writer,  ~-as  born,  in 
1729,  at  Kamenz,  in  Pomerania;  and  was 
~  nrated  at  Meissen  and  Leipsic.  A  part 
en  nis  youth  was  spent  in  a  desultory  man- 
ner; but  the  rest  of  his  life  was  given  to 
literary  toil,  and  to  performing  the  duties 
ol  various  employments.  His  first  attempts 
^vere  dramatic,  and,  though  imperfect,  they 
vrere  well  received.  They  were  followed 
by  hit  Fables,  and  several  other  produc- 
M 


LEU 


861 


tions,  which  widely  extended  his  repute* 
tion.  In  1770  the  hereditary  prince  of 
Brunswick  appointed  him  librarian  at 
Wolfenbuttel,  and  when  the  sovereignty 
devolved  upon  that  prince,  Lessing  was 
still  more  efficiently  patronised  by  him. 
He  died  in  1781.  Lessing  is  regarded  as 
one  of  those  authors  who  contributed  to 
refine  German  literature.  Among  his  dra- 
mas are,  Miss  Sarah  Samson;  Emilia 
Galotti;  Philotas;  Nathan  the  Wise; 
Minna  de  Barnhelm;  the  Jews;  the  Mis- 
ogynist; and  The  Free  Thinker.  Of  big 
other  works  the  principal  are,  Laocoon; 
The  Hamburgh  Dramaturgy;  and  Thi 
Fragments  of  an  Unknown. 

L?ESTRANGE,  Sir  Roc  ER,  a  political 
writer,  was  born,  in  1616,  in  Norfolk; 
espoused  the  cause  of  Charles  I.  and  was 
four  years  imprisoned  by  the  Parliament 
for  attempting  to  surprise  Lynn ;  was  made 
licenser  of  the  press,  and  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  after  the  Restoration;  established 
the  Public  Intelligencer,  and  subsequently 
the  Intelligencer,  two  furious  tory  papers; 
and  died  in  1703.  He  published  many 
abusive  political  tracts,  and  translated  Jo- 
sephus;  ^Esop's  Fables;  Seneca's  Mor- 
als ;  and  other  works. 

LESUEUR,  EUSTACE,  an  eminent 
painter,  who  is  called  the  French  Raphael, 
was  born,  in  1617,  at  Paris,  and  was  a 
pupil  of  Vouet,  but  derived  his  excellence 
from  the  study  of  the  antique.  In  many 
important  points  he  was  far  superior  to  his 
rival  Lebrun.  Lesueur  was  of  a  modest 
and  retired  disposition.  He  died  in  1655. 
Landon  has  engraved  a  hundred  and  ten 
of  his  works,  among  which  are,  St.  Paul 
healing  the  Sick;  St.  Paul  preaching  at 
Ephesus ;  the  Life  of  St.  Bruno,  in  twenty- 
two  paintings;  and  the  Martyrdom  of  St. 
Laurence. 

LETI,  GREGORY, an  Italian  historian, 
was  born,  in  1630,  at  Milan;  studied  at 
Cosenza  and  Rome ;  abjured  the  catholic 
religion  at  Geneva;  visited  England  in 
1680,  and  was  pensioned  by  Charles  II., 
but  soon  displeased  the  court  by  the  free- 
dom of  his  pen,  in  the  Britannic  Theatre, 
and  was  ordered  to  quit  the  kingdom ;  and 
died,  in  1701,  at  Amsterdam,  nistoriogra 
pher  of  that  city.  Among  his  works  are, 
Lives  of  Sixtus  V. ;  Charles  V.;  Philip 
II.;  Queen  Elizabeth;  and  Oliver  Crom 
well.  Leti  is  so  incorrect  a  writer  as  to 
have  acquired  the  appellation  of  the  Italian 
Varillas. 

LEUWENHOECK,  or  LEEUWEN- 
HOECK,  ANTHONY  VAN,  an  eminent 
Dutch  experimental  philosopher,  was  born, 
in  1632,  at  Delft.  Having  brought  to  great 
perfection  the  art  of  making  lenses,  he 
engaged  in  microscopical  observations 
principally  anatomical,  which  lie  continued 
throughout  his  life  with  equal  perseverance 


362  LEW 

and  success.  His  discoveries  were  com- 
municated to  the  world  through  the  medium 
ol  the  Philosophical  Transactions  He 
died  in  172:!. 

LEVAILLAXT,  FRANCIS,  a  traveller 
was  born  at  Paramaribo,  in  Gtumna,  and 
died,  in  1824,  at  Se/.anne,  in  France. 
Resides  his  two  narratives  of  his  Travels 
into  the  interior  of  Southern  Africa,  he 
published  a  Natural  History  of  African 
Birds — of  a  part  of  the  new  and  rare 
Birds  of  America  and  the  West  Indies — 
of  Parrots — and  of  Birds  of  Paradise.  The 
travels  of  Levaillant  are  amusing,  and 
afford  considerable  information;  but  the 
veracity  of  some  parts  of  them  has  been 
doubter/. 

LEVIZAC,  JOHN  PONS  VICTOR  LE- 
COUTZ  DE,  a  grammarian,  was  born  at 
Alby,  in  LaanttuOC  ;  emigrated  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution  ;  and  died,  in 
1813,  in  London.  His  chief  works  are,  A 
Philosophical  and  Literary  French  Gram- 
mar; an  Abridgment  of  it;  a  French 
and  English  Dictionary;  a  Dictionary  of 
Svnonymes;  and  A  Portable  Library  of 
French  Writers.  In  his  youth  he  gained 
some  applause  as  a  poet. 

LEWIS,  FRANCIS,  a  signer  of  the  de- 
claration of  American  independence,  was 
born  in  1715,  in  South  Wales,  and  after 
receiving  a  good  school  education,  engaged 
in  commerce.  In  1736  he  came  to  Amer- 
ica, and  after  a  short  residence  at  Phila- 
delphia, he  removed  to  New  York  city. 
In  1775  he  was  elected  to  the  continental 
congress,  and  was  an  efticient'and  useful 
member  of  that  body.  He  was  taken  pris- 
oner by  the  British  during  the  war,  and 
si'ifered  much  both  in  person  and  in  prop- 
erty. He  died  in  1803. 

LEWIS,  MERI  WETHER,  a  celebrated 
explorer,  was  born  in  Virginia,  in  1774, 
and,  after  receiving  a  good  school  educa- 
tion, engaged  in  agriculture.  When  Gen- 
eral Washington  called  out  a  body  of 
militia  in  consequence  of  the  discontent 
produced  by  the  excise  taxes,  young  Lewis 
entered  as  a  volunteer,  and  from  that  situ- 
ation was  removed  to  the  regular  service. 
In  1803  he  was  sent  by  President  Jefferson 
on  an  exploring  expedition  to  the  north- 
western part  of  our  continent;  and  of  this 
expedition,  which  was  completed  in  about 
three  years,  and  in  which  he  was  accom- 

terest- 
blithed. 


L'HO 

anc  ead  a  course  of  chemical  lectures  to 
Gecrge  III.  when  he  was  prince  of  W ales. 
Me  wrote  An  Experimental  History  of  the 
Materia  Medica;  The  Philosophical  Com. 
merce  of  the  Arts;  and  A  Course  of  Prac- 
tical Chemistry;  and  abridged  Frederic 
Hoffman's  medical  works. 

LEWIS,  MATTHEW  GREGORY, a  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  born,  in  1773,  in 
London;  was  a  son  of  the  under  secretary 
at  war;  and  was  educated  at  Westmin- 
ster. His  first  production  was  The  Monk, 
a  novel,  which  was  equally  admired  for 
the  talent  it  displayed,  and  censured  for 
its  licentiousness.  He  had  a  seat  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  but  never  came  fur- 
ward  as  an  orator.  He  died  in  1818,  at 
sea,  on  his  return  from  his  West  Indian 
estate.  He  is  the  author  of  fifteen  dramas, 
of  which  the  most  popular  is  The  Castle 
Spectre;  Poems;  Feudal  Tyrants,  a  ro- 
mance ;  Romantic  Tales ;  and  some  leseer 
productions  in  prose  and  verse. 

LEYDEN,  LUCAS  DAMMESZ,  called 
LUCAS  of,  a  celebrated  painter  and  engra- 
ver, was  born  in  that  city,  in  1494;  was  a 
pupil  of  his  father,  and  of  Cornelius  Enge- 
hrechtsen  ;  practised  every  kind  of  painting 
at  the  age  of  nine  years;  was  at  the  head 
of  the  Flemish  artists  when  he  was  eigh- 
teen ;  and  died  in  1533.  He  excelled  even 
more  as  an  engraver  than  as  a  painter. 
He  executed  a  hundred  and  seventy- two 
among  which  were,  The  Magi 
an  Ecce  Homo;  and  Tlie 
Prodigal  Son.  The  proof 


panied  by  Mr.  Clarke,  an   highly   int< 
ins   account    was    afterwards    publi 


ing 


plates, 


orshipping; 
eturn  of  the 


jtrints   from  his  graver  are  in  high  esti 
lation. 

LEYDEN,  JOHN,  a  poet*  orientalist, 
and  physician,  was  born,  in  1775,  at  Den- 
lirjm,  in  Roxburghshire,  and  was  the  son 
of  a  shepherd.  After  having  picked  up  a 
little  learning  at  his  native  place,  he  studied 
at  Edinburgh.  The  church  was  his  desti- 
nation, but  he  relinquished  it  for  surgery, 
obtained  a  doctor's  degree,  and  was  up- 
pointed  assistant  surgeon  on  the  Madias 
establishment.  In  India,  his  profound 
knowledge  of  the  native  dialects  occasion- 
ed his  being  made  professor  of  them  in  the 
Bengal  College;  from  which  situation, 
however,  he  was  soon  removed,  to  be 
judge  of  the  twenty-four  Pergunnuhs  of 
Calcutta.  In  1811  he  accompanied  Loid 
Minto  to  Batavia,  where  he  fell  a  victim 
to  the  climate,  on  the  27th  of  August. 
Leyden  had  a  wonderful  power  of  acqtiir- 


Lewis  was  subsequently  appointed  irovcrnor  insj  lan?n:ig«-s.  As  a  linguist  he  exceeded 
i/  the  Louisiana  territory.  He  put  an  end;  even  Sir  William  Jones.  His  poems,  in- 
to his  own  life  in  1809.  Hr>  was  a  man  chiding  the  Scent's  of  Infmcy,  have  been 
of  energy,  perseverance,  and  of  a  sound  collected  in  two  •'..!..<-.>.  Hi-  wrote  A 
undemanding.  Hwrtory  of  P*Muv*ri«f  ri  Africa;  and  edi- 
LEWIS,  Wn.MA.M,  a  |,hy:-ician,  who  te<l  Tlie  Ccj.ipiayut  of  Scotland,  and  Scot- 
practi.-fd  at  King-ton,  in  Surrey,  where  lish  IV-crip!  i\c  [joem? 
he  died  hi  1781,  WM  ;•  fallow  of  the  Royal  L'HOpJTAL,  MunAr.i.  I.E. one  of  the 
,  and  of  Stockholm  Royal  Academy ,  ni"»t  illuftrious  <•(  French  ?tutestuoi,  w;u 


LIG 

born,  in  1505,  at  Aigueperse,  in  Auvergne; 
studied  the  law  at  Toulouse  and  Padua ; 


LIL 


863 


the  Austrian  army  at  the  age  of  seventeen ; 
and  acquired  reputation  in  the  seven  years* 


practised  at  the  French  bar;  was  sent  as  war,  and  the  short  war  of  1778.  eno 
ambassador  to  the  council  of  Trent;  and,  sent  on  a  mission  into  Russia,  his  wit  and 
after  his  return,  was  made  superintendent  talent,  and  his  personal  accomplishments 
of  finances.  His  upright  and  able  conduct  j  rendered  him  a  favourite  of  Catherine, 
in  that  post  caused  him  to  be  raised  to  Who  made  him  a  field  marshal,  and  gave 
the  dignity  of  chancellor.  All  his  efforts,  him  an  estate  in  the  Crimea.  He  assisted 
=»s  chancellor,  were  directed  to  make  the  Potemkin  in  the  reduction  of  Ockzakoff, 
laws  revered,  restore  prosperity  to  France,  [and  Laudohn  in  that  of  Belgrade.  Subse- 
and  avert  a  civil  war  by  extending  tolera-  quently  he  was  not  employed  in  the  Aus- 
tion  to  the  protestants.  He  was  baffled,  trian  army.  He  died  in  1814.  His  works, 
however,  by  the  baseness  and  violence  of :  military  and  miscellaneous,  form  nearly 
the  court;  "and,  in  1568,  he  retired  from  forty  volumes.  The  pretended  Autobiogra- 


public  affairs.     He  died  in  1573. 

L'HOPITAL,  WILLIAM  FRANCIS  AN- 
THONY, marquis  of  St.  Mesme,  one  of  the 
most  eminent  of  the  French  mathemati- 
cians, was  born,  in  1661,  at  Paris.  So 


phy  of  Prince  Eugene  was  written  by  the 
prince  de  Ligne. 

L1LBURNE,  JOHN,  a  republican  of 
an  unconquerable  spirit,  was  born,  in  1618, 
in  the  county  of  Durham.  In  1638  the 


precocious  was  his  scientific  knowledge,  |  infamous  star-chamber  sentenced  him  to 
that  when  he  was  only  fifteen  he  solved  a  be  pilloried,  and  to  receive  five  hundred 
problem  relative  to  the  cycloid,  which  lashes.  Even  while  this  punishment  was 
had  been  proposed  by  Pascal.  At  a  later  ;  being  severely  executed,  lie  braved  his  per- 
period  he  gave  solutions  of  several  of  the  secutors.  The  Long  Parliament  voted 
most  difficult  geometrical  problems.  He  him  reparation;  and  he  fought  against 
died  in  1704.  L'Hopital  is  the  author  of  |  Charles  at  Edgehill,  Marston  Moor,  and 
two  valuable  works:  The  Analysis  of  In- !  other  places;  and  attained  the  rank  of 
finitesimals;  and  an  Analytical  Treatise  lieutenant-colonel.  Disapproving,  howev- 


on  Conic  Sections. 

LICHTENBERG, GEORGE  CHRISTO- 


er,  of  the  conduct  of  Cromwell,  Lilburne 
opposed  him  with  great  boldness,  and  was 


PHER,  a  German  philosopher  and  writer,!  in  consequence  imprisoned,  fined  by  the 
was  born,  in  1742,  at  Ober  Ramstaedt,  j  parliament,  and  twice  tried  by  a  "jury, 
near  Darmstadt,  and  was  educated  at  before  which  he  made  so  able  a  defence 


Darmstadt  and  Gottingen;  at  which  latter 
place  he  became  professor  of  mathematics, 
and,  subsequently,  of  experimental  philos- 
ophy. He  died  in  1799.  His  scientific 
and  miscellaneous  works  have  been  pub- 
lished in  nine  volumes.  Among  the  con- 
tents of  the  second  class  are,  An  Expla- 
nation of  Hogarth's  Prints;  some  severe 
Satires  on  Lavater's  System  of  Physiog- 
nomy; and  an  Autobiographical  Journal. 
Lichtenberg,  says  Stapfer,  "  is  sportive, 
and  never  grotesque ;  novel,  without  effort ; 
gay,  without  the  slightest  levity;  various 
and  profound,  without  ceasing  to  be  solid 
and  clear.'* 

LICINIUS,  FLAVIUS  VALERIUS  Li- 
CINIANUS,  a  Roman  emperor,  was  born, 
about  263,  in  a  Dacian  village.  His  mili- 
tary talents,  especially  in  the  war  against 

N arses,  the  Persian  monarch,  induced  J  which  are  not  without  merit.  He  is' most 
G.ilerins  in  307  to  make  him  an  associate  I  remarkable,  however,  for  two  works,  inti- 
in  the  government,  and  place  Pannoniaj  tied  Euphues  and  his  England,  and  En- 
and  Rhretia  under  his  authority.  After  the  phues,  the  Anatomy  of  Wit,  written  with 

j „  u     _r  /-i_i^    •          ¥  •    •  "i  i  .     •        i  •  /•  .\        -w~*       ••   i      i 


tha*  he  was  acquitted.  Not  long  previous 
to  his  decease,  which  took  place  in  1657, 
he  adopted  the  tenets  of  the  quakers. 

LILLO,  GEORGE,  a  dramatist,  was 
born,  in  1693,  in  London;  was  a  jeweller 
by  trade,  and  a  dissenter  in  religion;  and 
died  in  1739.  Fielding,  who  was  his 
friend,  speaks  of  him  as  being  a  truly  es- 
timable character.  He  wrote  eight  piays, 
of  which  the  principal  are,  the  tragedies 
of  George  Barnwell;  The  Fatal  Curiosity; 
Elmerick;  and  Arden  of  Feversham. 

LILLY,  or  LYLIE,  JOHN,  a  dramatist 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born,  about 
1533,  in  the  weald  of  Kent;  was  educated 
at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford;  was  long 
an  unsuccessful  suitor  for  court  favour; 
and  died,  in  poverty,  towards  the  close  of 
Elizabeth's  reign.  He  wrote  nine  plays, 


death  of  Galerius,  Licinius  also  obtained 


a  view   to   reform  the  English  language; 


the  province  of  Illyricum.  He  joined  "  the  strange  and  barbarous  jargon"  of 
Constantino  against  Maxentius,  and  mar-  |  which,  as  Ellis  justly  calls  it,  was  actually 
ried  his  sister  Constantia ;  but  in  the  course  j  popular  among  the  courtiers.  Sir  Walter 
of  a  few  years  the  two  emperors  became!  Scott  has  put  this  Babylonish  dialect  into 
enemies,  and  Licinius  was  dethroned,  and  the  month  of  Sir  Piercie  Shafton  in  The 
ultimately  put  to  death,  in  324,  by  Con-  Monastery. 

•tantine.  LILLY,  WILLIAM,  an  astrologer,  was 

LIGNE,  CHARLES  JOSEPH,  prince  de,  born,  in  1602,  at  Diseworth,  in  Leicester- 
was  born,  in  1735,  at  Brussels;  entered 'shire;  and>  after  having  been  servant  it 


LIN 


LIN 


a  manttia-maker,  and  hook-keeper  to  a!  lishment  of  peace,  he  returned  to  his  nat  vt 
tradesman,  he  became  a  professor  of  astrol-  state,  and  in  1787  was  appointed  to  com* 
O<TV.  Lillv,  who  had  a  tolerable  spice  of  i  mand  the  troops,  employed  in  the  suppres- 
the  knate  in  his  composition,  soon  acquired  sion  of  the  insurgents  in  Massachusetts 
both  fame  and  money  in  his  new  vocation.  In  1788  he  was  chosen  lieutenant  governor. 
During  the  civil  wars  he  w;is  consulted  by  and  in  the  following  year  he  was  a  member 
both  parties  as  to  events ;  but  it  was  the  i  of  the  convention  which  ratified  the  con- 
cause  of  the  parliament  that  he  finally  stitution  of  the  United  States.  He  died  in 
espoused.  He  died  in  1681.  Among  his  1810.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
works  are,  Observations  on  the  IM'c  and  published  letters  and  essays;  a  member  of 


Death  of  Charles  I.;    and  his  own  Life. 

LILY,  or  LILYE,  WILLIAM,  a  gram- 
m  irian,  was  born,  about  1468,  at  Odiham, 
in  Hamphiie;  took  us  bachelor's  decree 
nt  Masdalen  College ,  Oxford ;  visited  Je- 


the  American  Academy  of  the  Arts  and 
Sciences;  and  president  of  the  Society  of 
Cincinnati  of  Massachusetts. 

LINDSAY,  or  LYNDSAY,  Sir  DAVID, 
a  Scotch  poet,  was  born,  in  1490,  at  Gar- 


rusalem,  and  studied   the   Greek   language  i  mylton,  in  Haddingtonshire;  was  educated 
at    Rhodes    for   five   years;    and    died,    in 'at   St.    Andrew's;    and  was,  successively, 
1523,  head   master   o'f  St.    Paul' 
He    wrote    some    Latin    poems, 


some    J^atin    poems,    and     the 
Latin  Grammar  which  l>earshis  name. 


School. '  page  of  honour  to  James  V.,  and,  in  1530, 


LINACRE,  THOMAS,  a  physician  and 
philologist,  was  born,  about  1460,  at  Can- 
terbury; and  was  educated  at  All  Souls 


College,    Oxford.     After 
Iralv,    he    read    lectures 


Lyon  king  at  arms;  and  is  supposed  by 
some  to  have  died  about  1557,  but  it  seems 
more  probable  that  he  lived  till  1567. 

LI.NDSEY,  THEOPHILUS,  a  Unitarian 
tlivine,  was  born,  in  1723,  at  Middlewich, 


physic  at  Oxford.  Henr 
him  his  physician,  and 
Arthur.  From  Henrv  V 


having     \i.-itcd   in  Cheshire,  and  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
Greek    and  |  College,    Cambridge.        He    resigned    the 


Henry  VII.  appointed  I  living  of  Catterick  in  1773,  in  consequence 
tutor    to    Prince  of  his  having  embraced   the   principles  of 
VIII.  he  obtained,  I  unitarianism.     From  1774  till  1793  he  was 

in    1518,  letters   patent   for   the  establish-)  minister  of  a  congregation  in  Essex  Street, 
'    '  '   in  the   Strand.      He  died    in   1803.     He 


nient  of  the  royal  college  of  physicians,  of 
which  body  he  Was  the  first  president.  In 
the  decline  of  life  he  entered  into  orders. 
He  died  in  1  524.  Besides  translating  Pro- 
clus  on  the  Sphere,  and  some  of  Galen's 
treatises,  he  drew  up  The  Rudiments  of 
Latin  Grammar,  and  wrote  De  Emendata 
Structura  Latini  Sermonis. 

LINCOLN,  BENJAMIN,  a  major  gen- 
eral in  the  American  army,  was  born  in 
Hingham,  Massachusetts,  in  1733,  and  until 
the  age  of  forty  years  was  engaged  in  the 
pursuits  of  agriculture.  At  the  commence- 
ment of  the  revolution  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  provincial  Congress,  in 
1776  received  the  commission  of  major- 
general,  and  employed  himself  vigorously 
to  improve  the  discipline  of  the  militia. 
He  was  second  in  command  in  the  army 
which  compelled  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne. 
On  the  day  after  the  battle  of  Still  water, 
he  received  a  dangerous  wound  in  his  leg, 
and  was  confined  for  severa  months  by  its 
effects.  In  the  following  '?ar,  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  southern 
department,  and  while  in  this  post  he  at- 
vempted  the  defence  of  Charleston,  but 
was  compelled  to  capitulate  in  May,  1780. 
He  was  exchanged  in  November,  and  in 
I  lie  spring  following  joined  the  army  on 


tlie  North   river.      At  the 


f  York- 


town  he  commanded  a  central  division,  and 
shared  largely  in  the  dangers  and  honours 
of  the  day.  In  1781  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  the  war  lepartrnent,  and  after- 
wzrds  on  several  occasions  commissioner 
to  treat  with  the  Indians.  On  the  estab- 


wrote,  among  other  works,  An  Apology  for 
himself;  A  Sequel  to  the  Apology;  Con- 
siderations on  the  Divine  Government;  An 
Historical  View  of  the  Unitarian  Doctrine 
and  Worship;  and  Sermons. 

LLNGUET,  SIMON  NICHOLAS  HEIC- 
RY,  a  political  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born,  in  1736,  at  Rheiras;  was  brought 
up  as  a  barrister,  but  was  expelled  from 
the  bar;  took  a  violent  part  in  the  politics 
of  the  day,  and  was  confined  for  two  years 
in  the  Bastile;  was  favourably  received  at 
Vienna  by  Joseph  II.;  but  was  at  length 
sent  out  of  the  Austrian  states ;  and  closed 
his  career  by  the  guillotine,  at  Paris,  in 
1794.  Besides  his  Political  Annals,  and 
various  other  works,  he  wrote  Histories  of 
the  Age  of  Alexander — of  the  Revolutions 
of  the  Roman  Empire — and  of  the  Jesuits  ; 
Memoirs  of  the  Bastile;  and  a  Theory  of 
Civil  Laws. 

LIN.N,  JOHN  BLAIR,  an  American 
divine  and  poet,  was  born  in  Prnns\  l\ania, 
in  1777,  and  after  graduating  at  Columbia 
College,  entered  on  tlie  study  of  law,  in  the 
oflice  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  in  New- 
York.  Finding  but  little  agreeable  to  hirr. 
in  this  pursuit,  he  determined  to  embrace 


the  ministry,  and 
of  theological  st 


ifter completing  a  course 
dy,    lie  was  selilr  d    as   a 


preacher    in    Philadelphia    in    17.99.     He 


died  of  consumption 


author  of  Valer 


in   1805. 

poem  ol 


He  is  the 
iconiider- 


able  merit,  published  since  his  decease; 
and  of  the  Powers  of  Genius,  a  poem  pos- 
sessing much  beauty,  a- id  which  has  gone 


LIP 

(krough  several  editions  both  in  England 
and  the  United  States. 


LIV 


665 


L1NNE,   or   LINNAEUS,    CHAKLES 

VON,  the  most  celebrated  of  modern  natu- 


Commentary  on  Tacitus;  Varise  Lectio 
nes;  De  Militia  Romana;  and  Treatises 
on  Amphitheatres  and  Libraries. 

LISTER,  MARTIN,  a  physician,  wait 
born,  about  1658,  at  Radcliffe,  in  Buck- 
inghamshire; was  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge,  but  took  his  degree 
at  Oxford ;  became  a  fellow  of  the  college, 
and  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  physician 
in  ordinary  to  Queen  Anne;  and  died  in 
1718.  He  wrote  several  medical  works; 
A  Journey  to  Paris  (which  was  burlesqued 
by  Dr.  King);  A  History  of  English  Ani- 
mals; and  other  works  on  natural  history; 
and  contributed  many  papers  to  the  Philo- 
sophical Transactions. 

LITTLETON,  THOMAS,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  was  born,  about  the  beginning  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  at  Frankley,  in  Wor- 


ralisfs,  was  born,   in  1707,  at  Raslmlt,  in  Icestershire;    studied  at  the  Temple;   was 
Sweden.     Even  from  his  infancy  he  mani-  appointed   king's  sergeant    and   judge    of 
Tested  his  fondness  for  the  study   of  plants, 
and  he  almost  lived  in  his  father's  garden. 


studied  at  the  universities  of  Lund 
ind  of  Upsal,  but  laboured  under  great 
disadvantages  from  his  exceedingly  indigent 
state.  The  patronage  of  CeUius,  the 
theological  professor,  who  was  also  a  natu- 
ralist, at  length  bettered  his  condition.  It 
was  at  this  period  that  he  first  formed  the 
idea  of  that  botanical  system  which  has 


immortalized    him. 
1738,    he   explored 


Between 
Lapland, 


assize  in  1455;  became  one  of  the  justices 
of  the  common  pleas  in  1466;  and  died  in 
1481.  His  celebrated  treatise  on  Tenures, 
which  may  be  considered  as  a  law  classic, 
has  passed  through  numerous  editions;  and 
has  been  commented  upon  by  Coke,  Sir 
M.  Hale,  and  other  distinguished  legal 
characters. 

LIVERPOOL,    CHARLES   JENKIN- 
SON,  earl  of,   the  eldest  son  of  Colonel 


obtained  the  materials  for  his  Flora  Lap- 
ponica;  resided  for  three  years  in  Holland, 
as  superintendent  of  Clifford's  celebrated 


1731    and) Jenkinson,   was   born    in  1727,  and    *.vas 
where    he  educated   at   the    Charter   House,    and    at 


University  College,  Oxford.     In   1761   he 
became  a  member  of  parliament,  and  under 

as  superintendent  ot  ^imoru  s  ceieuratea  j  secretary  of  state ;  in  1766,  a  lord  of  the 
garden;  took  hi.s  medical  degree  at  Harder- 1  admiralty ;  in  1772,  vice-trea?urer  of  Irc- 
wyck  ;  and  visited  England  and  France,  land ;  in  1778,  secretary  at  war;  in  1784, 
After  his  return  to  Sweden,  in  1738,  he  j  president  of  the  board  of  trade;  in  1786, 
settled  as  a  physician  at  Stcckholm.  The!  he  was  created  Baron  Hawkesbury;  in 
subsequent  career  of  Li nn e  was  uniformly  1796,  earl  of  Liverpool;  and  he  died  in 
prosperous.  His  fame  spread  through 
every  part  of  the  civilized  world,  scientific 
bodies  eagerly  enrolled  him  among  their 


members,  he  was  ennobled  by  his  sovereign, 
and  acquired  sufficient  wealth  to  purchase 
an  estate,  on  which  he  resided  for  the  last 
fifteen  years  of  his  life.  He  died  January 
11,  1778.  Among  his  works  are,  Systernae 
Naturae;  Fundamenta  Botanica;  Hortus 
Cliffortianus;  Flora  Suecica;  Fauna  Sue- 
cica;  and  Species  Plantarum. 

LIPSIUS,  JUSTUS,  an  eminent  scholar 
and  critic,  was  born,  in  1547,  at  Isch,  in 
Brabant,  and  studied  at  Aeth,  Cologne, 
and  Louvain.  After  having  resided  for 
some  time  in  Italy,  he  was  appointed  pro- 
fessor of  eloquence  at  Jena.  He  soon, 
however,  relinquished  his  post  ;  and,  in 
1577,  he  removed  to  Leyden,  where  he 
remnine'l  for  thirteen  years.  At  the  expi- 
ration of  that  period  he  settled  at  Louvain, 


1808.  The  earl  of  Liverpool  was  often 
accused  of  being  one  of  the  secret  and 
irresponsible,  and  therefore  unconstitution- 
al, advisers  of  George  III.  He  wrote  a 
Treatise  on  the  Coins  of  the  Realm;  and 
some  other  works ;  and  made  a  Collection 
of  Treaties. 

LIVERPOOL,  ROBERT  BANKS  JEN- 
KINSON, earl  of,  the  son  of  the  forego- 
ing, was  born  in  1770,  and  was  educated 
at  the  same  seminaries  as  his  father.  In 
1791  he  took  his  seat  as  member  for  Rye 
A  speech  against  abolishing  the  slave  trade 
was  one  of  his  earliest  efforts  in  parlia- 
ment. In  1793  he  was  appointed  one  of 
the  commissioners  of  the  India  Board;  in 
1801,  he  was  introduced  into  the  cabinet, 
as  secretary  of  state  for  the  foreign  depart- 
ment; he  was  placed  in  the  home  de- 
partment, on  the  return  of  Mr.  Pitt  t« 
power;  he  returned  t^  that  office  after  the 


where  he  died  in  1608.  Though  he  changed  dismission  of  the  whig  administration  ;  ana 
his  religion  no  less  than  four  times,  Lipsiusj  was  removed  to  the  war  department  under 
Iras  the  advocate  jf  intolerance  !  Among  Mr.  Perceval.  By  the  death  of  Mr.  Por- 
t  4  works,  which  form  six  folios,  i  e,  Alceval,  in  1812,  Lord  Liverpool  was  raiu«d 


866  LLO 

to  the  premiership,  and  he  held  tha  ele- 
vated station  till  February,  1827,  when  un 
apoplectic  and  paralytic  stroke  rendered 
him  incapable  of  taking  any  further  part 
in  public  afiairs.  He  died  "December  4, 
1828. 

LIVINGSTON,  PHILIP,  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  norn  at  Albany,  N.  Y.  in  1716,  was 
graduated  at  Yale  "College,  and  became  a 
merchant  in  New-York.  In  1774  he  was 
returned  to  the  general  Congress,  and 
remained  in  that  body  till  1777.  He 
died  in  1778. 

LIVINGSTON,  ROBERT  R.  a  cele- 
brated American  statesman  and  lawyer, 
was  born  in  New- York,  and  was  educated  at 
King's  College.  He  engaged  in  the  pro- 
fession of  the  law,  and  was  elected  to  the 
first  general  Congress  of  the  colonies, 
where  he  was  one  of  the  committee  ap- 
pointed to  prepare  the  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence. In  1780  he  was  appointed 
secretary  of  foreign  affairs,  and  at  the 
adoption  of  the  constitution  of  New-York, 
chancellor  of  that  state.  This  last  office 
he  held  till  1801,  when  he  was  sent  minis- 
ter plenipotentiary  to  France.  It  was  in 
Paris  that  he  formed  a  personal  friendship 
with  Robert  Fulton,  whom  he  materially 
assisted.  In  1805  he  returned  to  the 
United  States,  and  devoted  the  remainder 
of  his  life  to  the  promotion  of  agriculture 
and  the  arts.  He  died  in  1813. 

LIVIUS,  or  LIVY, TITUS, a  celebrated 
Roman  historian,  was  born  either  in  the 
city  or  the  territory  of  Patavium,  now 
Padua.  In  the  reign  of  Augustus  he  went 
to  Rome,  and  was  held  in  great  esteem  by 
the  emperor,  and  many  illustrious  charac- 
ters. He  returned  to  Padua  after  the 
death  of  Augustus,  and  died  A.  D.  17,  at 
the  age  of  seventy-six.  His  History  is  one 
of  the  valuable"  relics  of  antiquity.  It 
originally  consisted  of  a  hundred  and  thirty- 
two  books;  of  which,  unfortunately,  only 
thirty-five  have  been  preserved. 

LLORENTE,  JOHN  ANTHONY,  a 
Spanish  ecclesiastic,  was  born,  in  1756,  at 
Rincnn  del  Soto,  and  obtained  various 
preferments,  among  which  was  that  of 
secretary  general  to  the  Inquisition.  Hav- 
ing accepted  a  considerable  post  under 
Joseph  Bonaparte,  and  written  in  his  fa- 
vour, he  was  compelled  to  quit  Spain  on 
the  return  of  Feidinand.  He  died  in  1823. 
He  is  the  author  of  a  History  of  the  In- 
quisition ;  Memoirs  relative  to  the  History 
of  the  Spanish  Revolution;  Political  Por- 
traits of  the  Popes;  and  other  works. 

LLOYD,  DAVID,  a  biographer,  was 
born,  in  1625,  in  Merionethshire  ;  was 
educated  at  Oriel  College,  Oxford;  and 
died,  in  16.91,  a  piubend  of  St.  Asaph, 
and  vicar  of  Northop,  in  Flintshire.  His 
r)  icf  works  are,  Memoirs  of  t  le  Sute«r.u:n 


LOG 

and  Favourites  of  England;  Memoirs  of 
Persons  who  sufl'ered  for  their  Loyalty; 
A  Life  of  General  Monk ;  and  A  Ilistort 
of  Plots  and  Conspiracies 

LLOYD,  HKNRY,  an  eminent  military 
officer  and  writer  on  tactics,  was  born  in 
Wales,  in  1729.  He  served  with  great 
reputation  in  the  French,  Austrian,  Prus- 
sian, and  Russian  armies,  and  rose  to  the 
rank  of  general.  He  died,  in  the  Nether- 
lands, in  1783.  Lloyd  wrote  A  Political 
and  Military  Rhapsody  on  the  Invasion 
and  Defence  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland; 
A  History  of  the  War  in  Germany;  and 
a  work  on  the  composition  of  various  an- 
cient and  modern  armies. 

LLOYD,  ROBERT,  a  poet,  was  born,  in 
1733,  and  was  the  son  of  the  second  mas- 
ter of  Westminster  School.  After  having 
been  educated  by  his  father,  and  at  Trinity 
College,  Cambridge,  he  became  an  usher 
at  Westminster  School.  Disliking  the  re- 
straint, and  becoming  acquainted  with 
Wilkes,  Churchill,  Bonnel  Thornton,  and 
other  wits,  he  resigned  the  ushership,  and 
became  an  author  by  profession.  His  gen- 
ius, however,  could  not  shield  him  from 
poverty,  and  he  died  a  prisoner  in  the 
Fleet,  in  1764. 

LLOYD,  JAMES,  was  born  in  Boston 
in  1769,  and,  after  graduating  at  Harvard 
College,  entered  into  commercial  pursuits, 
and  spent  some  time  in  Europe.  In  1808 
he  was  elected  by  the  legislature  of  Mas- 
sachusetts a  senator  in  congress,  and  for 
five  years  conducted  himself  with  great 
prudence  and  firmness  during  a  period  of 
great  political  excitement.  In  1822  he 
was  again  appointed  to  the  national  sen- 
ate, and  was  distinguished  for  his  applica- 
tion to  business.  In  1826  he  published  at 
Boston  a  pamphlet  on  the  Report  of  the 
Committee  of  Commerce  of  the  Senate  of 
the  U.  S  on  the  British  Colonial  Inter- 
course. He  died  at  New  York  in  1831. 

LOBEIRA,  VASCO,  the  author  of  the 
far  famed  romance  of  Amadis  de  Gaul, 
was  a  Portuguese,  born  at  Porto,  in  the 
fifteenth  century.  Joar.i  I.  knighted  him 
on  the  field  of  battle  at  Aljubarotta.  He 
died,  at  Elvas,  in  1403.  Southey  h:«b 
translated  Lobeira's  work,  and  has  satis- 
factorily proved  him,  and  not  a  native  of 
France,  to  be  the  real  author  of  it. 

LOBO,  JEROME,  a  Portuguese  mis- 
sionary, was  born,  in  1593,  at  Lisbon,  and 
went  to  India  in  1621.  He  spent  tnree 
years  in  Abyssinia,  of  which  country  he 
afterwards  published  an  interesting  »c- 
count,  with  the  title  of  a  History  of  Ethio- 
pia. An  abridgment  of  a  French  version 
of  this  work  was  Dr.  Johnson's  first  lite- 
rary effort.  He  died  in  1678. 

LOCKE,  JOHN,  one  of  the  greatest  of 
British  philosophers  and  metaphysician* 
wui  I  Man,  in  1632,  nt  Wrington,  in  Sum- 


LOG 

was  educated  at  Westmtnstei 
School,  and  at   Christ  Church,   Oxford; 


went  to  the  continent,  in  1664,  as  secre- 
tary to  the  envoy  sent  to  Berlin  ;  resumed 
his  medical  studies  after  his  return;  and 
graduated  as  a  bachelor  of  physic,  in  1674, 
though  he  never  entered  upon  general  prac 
tice.  Locke  was  introduced,  in  1666,  to 
Lord  Ashley,  afterwards  earl  of  Shaftes- 
buty,  who  esteemed  him  highly,  confided 
to  him  the  superintendence  of  his  son's 
education,  and  the  forming  of  a  constitu- 
tion for  the  colony  of  Carolina,  and,  when 
he  himself  became  chancellor,  appointed 
him  secretary  of  presentations,  and,  at  a 
Liter  period,"  secretary  to  the  board  of 
trade.  When  Shaftesbury  withdrew  to 
Holland,  Locke  accompanied  him,  and  he 
remained  on  the  continent  for  some  years. 
So  obnoxious  was  he  to  James's  govern- 
ment, that  the  British  envoy  demanded 
that  he  should  be  delivered  up.  It  was 
while  he  resided  in  Holland  that  he  com- 
pleted his  Essay  on  the  Human  Under- 
standing, and  wrote  his  first  Letter  on 
Toleration.  Having  returned  to  England 
at  the  Revolution,  he  published  his  Essay 
in  1690.  It  was  virulently  but  vainly  as- 
sailed, and  rapidly  spread  his  fame  in  all 
quarters.  That  fame  he  enhanced  by  his 
additiona  Letters  on  Toleration  ;  his  two 
Treatises  on  Government,  which  annihi- 
lated Filmer  and  the  whole  tribe  of  nonre- 
gistance  teachers;  his  Thoughts  on  Educa- 
tion ;  and  other  pieces.  His  merit  was 
rewarded  by  his  being  made  a  commis- 
sioner of  appeals,  and,  subsequently,  of 
trade  and  plantations.  He  died  in  1704. 
His  collected  works  form  four  quarto  vol- 
umes. Great  as  are  his  merits  in  other 
respects,  it  is  principally  as  the  champion 
of  civil  and  religious  liberty  that  Locke 
is  entitled  to  the  reverence  and  gratitude 
of  mankind. 

LOGAN,  JOHN,  a  divine  and  poet,  was 
Iwrri,  in  1748,  at  Fala,  in  Scotland;  was 
educated  at  Edinburgh  ;  and,  after  having 
been  minister  at  South  Leith,  ha  removed 
to  London,  in  1786,  and  became  a  writer 
in  the  English  Review.  He  died  in  1788. 
Lngau  wrote  a  volume  of  poems  ;  the  trag- 


LON  867 

edy  of  Runnamedc;  Sermons;  a  Disserta- 
tion on  the  Manners  and  Spirit  of  Asia; 
«md  A  Review  of  the  Charges  against  Mr. 
Hastings.  Fur  the  last,  which  appeared 
anonymously,  Stockdale,  the  publisher, 
was  prosecuted ;  but  was  successfully  de- 
fended by  Erskine. 

LOGAN,  JAMES,  was  born  in  Ireland 
in  1674,  and  was  put  apprentice  to  a  Knen 
draper;  but  was  able  by  self-instruction  to 
obtain  a  competent  knowledge  of  Latin, 
Greek,  Hebrew,  Italian  and  Spanish,  and 
of  the  mathematics.  In  1699  he  accompa- 
nied William  Penn  to  Philadelphia,  as  his 
secretary,  and  subsequently  filled  the  offices 
of  provincial  secretary,  commissioner  of 
property,  and  governor  of  the  province. 
He  was  the  author  of  several  learned 
works,  and  his  Experimenta  Meletemata 
de  Plantarum  Generatione,  is  a  treatise  of 
much  reputation.  He  died  at  Steaton, 
near  Philadelphia,  in  1751. 

LOMBARD,  PETER,  was  born,  in  th« 
twelfth  century,  at  a  village  near  Novara, 
in  Lombardy ;  was  educated  at  Bologna 
and  Rheims";  and  died,  in  1164,  bishop  of 
Paris. 

LOMONOSOFF,  MICHAEL  VASSIL- 
IEVITCH,  a  Russian  writer,  was  born,  in 
1711,  at  Dennisofka,  on  the  White  Sea, 
and  was  the  son  of  a  dealer  in  fish  at 
Kholmogori.  After  having  studied  a" 
VIoscow  and  St.  Petersburgh,  he  was  sem 
nto  Germany,  at  the  expense  of  the  gov 
eminent,  and  acquired  a  knowledge  of 
chemistry,  metallurgy,  and  mineralogy 
After  his  return,  he  was  made  director  of 
he  university,  and,  in  1764,  a  counsellor 
of  state.  He  died  in  1765.  Lomonosoft' 
was  the  creator  of  Russian  lyric  poetry, 
rle  wrote  Poems ;  two  tragedies ;  A  His- 
.ory  of  Russia;  and  some  productions  of 
ess  importance. 


LONDONDERRY,  ROBERT  STFW- 
ART,  marquis  of,  long  known  as  Lord 
Jastlereagh,  was  burn,  in  Ireland,  in 
1769,  and  completed  his  education  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge.  In  his  twen- 
ty-first year  liu  was  returned  to  the  Irisb 
parliament  as  member  for  the  county  of 
n«)wn.  He  commenced  his  political  <•* 


868  LON 

reer  at  a  parliamentary  reformer,  but  no 
ions  period  elapsed  before  he  joined  the 
ranks  of  the  opposite  party.  In  1797  he 
was  appointed  chief  secretary  to  the  vice- 
roy of  Ireland,  and  he  took  a  very  active 
part  in  accomplishing  the  Union.  In  180E 
he  waa  appointed  minister  of  war;  and 
this  office  he  resumed  in  1807,  after  the 
dismissal  of  the  whigs;  but  his  disagree- 
ment with  Mr.  Canning,  which  produced 
a  duel  between  them,  led  to  his  resignation 
in  1809.  In  1811  he  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  the  foreign  department,  and  he 
continued  in  it  till  his  decease.  In  1814 
he  was  plenipotentiary  extraordinary  to 
the  allied  powers,  and,  towards  the  close 
of  the  same  year,  to  the  congress  of  Vi- 
enna. He  succeeded  to  the  title  of  Lon- 
donderry on  the  decease  of  his  father,  in 
1821,  but  he  did  not  long  enjoy  it,  for  in 
fit  of  insanity,  brought  on  by  excessive 
mental  and  personal  exertion,  he  put  an 
end  to  liia  existence  on  the  12th  of  August, 
1822. 

LONG,  EDWARD,  was  born,  in  1734, 
at  St.  Blaize,  in  Cornwall ;  was  brought 
up  to  the  law,  and  became  judge  of  the 
vice-admiralty  court  in  Jamaica;  and  died 
in  1813.  He  wrote  a  History  of  Jamaica, 
in  three  quarto  volumes;  The  Prater,  a 
collection  of  Essays;  The  Antigallican,  a 
novel;  Letters  on  the  Colonies;  and  seve- 
ral smaller  miscellaneous  pieces. 

LONGINUS,  PIONYSIUS  CASsius,an 
eminent  Greek  critic  and  philosopher,  who 
was  "  blessed  with  a  poet's  fire,'*  was  born 
in  the  third  century;  but  whether  at  Athens 
or  in  Syria  is  undecided.  He  was  a  dis- 
ciple of  Ammonias  Saccas,  and  a  friend 
of  Plotinus.  ,  After  having  travelled,  he 
settled  at  Athens,  taught  philosophy  there, 
and  published  his  noble  Treatise  on  the 
Sublime.  His,  knowledge  was  so  exten- 
sive that  he  was  called  the  living  library. 
Zenobia  invited  him  to  her  court,  intrusted 
to  him  the  education  of  her  eons,  and  made 
him  her  principal  minister  after  the  death 
of  Odenatus.  Aurelian  basely  put  him  to 
death,  after  the  surrender  of  Palmyra,  in 
revenge  for  Longinus  having  dictated  the 
dignified  letter  which  was  addressed  by  Ze- 
nobia to  the  Roman  monarch. 

LONGOMONTANUS,  CHRISTIAN, an 
astronomer,  was  born,  in  1562,  at  Langs- 
berg,  in  Jutland,  and  was  left  an  orphan  in 
his  eighth  year.  In  1577  he  went  to  Wv- 
borg,  where  he  remained  eleven  years.  By 
dint  of  attending  lectures  in  the  day,  and 
working  for  his  subsistence  during  a  part 
of  the  night,  he  acquired  a  perfect  knowl- 
edge of  the  mathematics.  For  nearly  ten 
vears  he  assisted  Tycho  Brahe  in  his  la- 
bour?. He  died,  in  1647,  professor  of 
mathematics  of  Copenhagen ;  an  office 
which  he  had  heM  for  forty  years.  His 
unncipal  w»rk  is  hi*  Af»ronoinic;i  Danica. 


UMf 

LOPE  DE  VEGA  CARPIO,  FELII,. 

celebrated  Spanish  poet  and  dramatist,  was 
born,  in  1562,  at  Madrid,  and  began  to 
compos*  plays  when  he  was  only  fourteen 
His  first  successful  poem,  the  Arcadia,  was 
composed  while  he  was  in  the  service  of 
the  duke  of  Alba.  From  Madrid,  howev. 
er,  he  was  obliged  to  fly,  in  consequence  of 
a  duel,  and  he  resided  for  some  years  at 
Valencia.  After  having  served  in  the  Ar 
mada,  during  which  period  he  wrote  hi 
Hermosura  de  Angelica,  he  returned  t 
Madrid,  and  became  the  most  popular  01 
the  Spanish  writers.  He  entered  into  tin 
order  of  St.  Francis,  but  still  continued  t< 
pour  forth  his  unpremeditated  verse,  and  u« 
write  for  the  stage.  Almost  idolatrous  hon- 
ours were  paid  to  his  genius,  and  he  ac- 
quired weahh,  yet  he  incessantly  complain- 
ed of  the  malice  of  fortune  and  of  his  ene- 
mies. He  died  in  1635.  His  fertility  wa» 
wonderful.  Besides  innumerable  poems, 
he  is  said  to  have  composed  eighteen  hun- 
dred theatrical  pieces  in  verse.  Only  a 
fourth  of  his  productions  has  been  printed; 
but  that  portion  occupies  forty-six  quarto 
volumes. 

LORRIS,  WILLIAM  DE,  a  French  po- 
et, was  born  at  Lorris  on  the  Loire,  near 
Montargis,  and  is  believed  to  have  died 
young,  about  1240.  He  wrote  the  Romance 
of  the  Rose,  which  is  known  to  English 
readers  by  the  version  of  Chaucer. 

LOUTHERBOURG,  PHILIP  JAMES, 
a  painter,  was  born,  in  1740,  at  Strasburgh, 
and  was  a  pupil  of  Tischbein,  Casa  Nova, 
and  Carlo  Vanloo.  He  came  to  England 
in  1771,  and  was  first  employed  by  Garrick 
as  a  scene  painter.  In  1782  he  produced  a 
pictorial  exhibition,  called  the  Eidopluisi- 
kon,  or  representation  of  nature.  He  sub- 
sequently acquired  great  reputation,  espe 
cially  in  landscape,  and  became  one  of  tha 
council  of  the  Royal  Academy.  He  died 
in  1812. 

LOUVOIS,  FRANCIS  MICHAEL  LE 
TELLIER,  marquis  of,  a  French  states- 
man, was  born,  in  1641,  at  Paris,  and  in 
1666  became  war  minister  to  Louis  X  V.; 
the  reversion  of  which  office  had  been  grant- 
ed to  him  several  years  before.  He  died  in 
1691.  Louvois  was  a  great  minister,  but 
not  a  good  man.  He  was  indefatigable  iu 
performing  the  duties  of  his  office,  and  his 
plans  were  characterized  by  genius;  but  he 
was  imperious  and  envious,  and  his  cruel- 
ties to  the  protestants,  and  the  atrocious  de- 
vastation of  the  Palatinate  twice  executed 
under  his  positive  orders,  have  branded  liis 
name  with  infamy. 

LOVELACE,  RICHARD,  a  son  of  Sir 
William  Lovelace,  was  born,  in  1618,  at 
Woolwich,  in  Kent;  was  educated  at  the 
Charter  House,  ami  at  Gloucester  Hall, 
Oxford;  expended  his  whole  property  fur 

;ii  W  I.;   \\SIF  UMC>rMoneU  by  Ute  l'uil;.»*- 


LOW 

itent;  and  died  in  indigence  in  1658.  He 
is  the  author  of  poems,  with  the  title  of 
Lucasta,  many  of  which  are  exceedingly 
elegant;  The  Soldier,  a  tragedy;  and 
The  Scholar,  a  comedy. 

LOWELL,  JOHN,  an  eminent  American 
'awyer  was  born  at  Newbury  in  1744,  and 
was  educated  at  Harvard  College.  He 
studied  law,  and  rising  to  reputation,  in 
1761,  he  removed  to  laston,  and  soon  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  _iis  political  knowl- 
edge and  eloquence.  Li  1781  he  was  elect- 
ed a  member  of  Congress,  and  on  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  federal  government  was 
appointed  a  judge  of  the  circuit  court  of 
the  United  States.  In  these  situations  he 
was  much  respected  for  his  legal  knowledge 
and  dignity.  He  died  in  1802. 

LOWRY,  WILSON,  a  celebrated  engra- 
ver, was  born,  in  1762,  at  Whitehaven,  and 
died  June  23,  1824,  a  member  of  the  Roy- 
al Society.  He  was  employed  on  many  sci- 
entific works,  particularly  Rees's  Cyclopae- 
dia, and  the  Encyclopaedia  Metropolitana. 
He  invented  two  machines  for  drawing 
lines,  introduced  the  use  of  diamond  points 
in  etching,  and  was  the  first  who  succeeded 
in  "bitin"  in"  well  upon  steel.  With  anat- 
omy, geology,  and  other  sciences  he  was 
well  acquainted. 


LOWTH,  ROBERT,  the  eminent  son  of 
a  livine  of  talent,  was  born,  in  1710,  at 
Buriton,  in  Hampshire;  was  educated  at 
Winchester  School,  and  at  New  College, 
Oxford  ;  and  was  elected  professor  of  po- 
etry at  Oxford,  in  1743.  He  accompanied 
Mr  Legge  on  an  embassy  to  Berlin,  and 
was  Rriweqoeattv  travelling  tutor  to  the  sons 
of  the  duke  of  Devonshire.  In  1753  he 
published  his  Lectures  on  Hebrew  poetry; 
in  1758  the  Life  of  William  of  Wykeham  ; 
and,  in  1765,  he  chastised  the  arrogance  of 
Warburton,  in  an  admirable  and  unanswer- 
able Letter.  After  having  enjoyed  several 
valuable  preferments,  he  was  raised  to  the 
see  of  St.  David's,  in  1766;  was  transla- 
ted to  Oxford,  in  the  same  year;  and,  in 
1777,  was  removed  to  London.  The  arch- 
bishopric of  Canterbury  he  declined.  In 
1778  he  gave  to  the  world  his  translation 
16+ 


LUC  S69 

of  Isaiah.  He  died  in  1787.  Besides  his 
great  works,  he  wrote  some  sermons  and 
poems. 

LOYOLA.     See  IGNATIUS. 

LUCAN,  MARCOS  ANN JEUS,  acelebra- 
ted  Latin  poet,  was  born,  A.  D  37,  at  Cor- 
duba,  in  Spain,  and  was  a  nephew  of  Sen- 
eca. He  was  early  taken  to  Rome,  and 
studied  there  under  the  beat  masters.  Be- 
fore he  was  of  the  legal  age,  he  was  made 
questor ;  and  he  was  also  admitted  into  the 
college  of  Augurs.  He  was  put  to  death 
by  Nero,  A.  D.  65,  for  having  taken  a 
part  in  the  conspiracy  of  Piso.  He  wrote 
several  poems,  but  the  Pharsalia  alone  ii 
extant. 

LUCIAN,  a  celebrated  Greek  writer,  a 
native  of  Samosata,  the  capital  of  Coma- 
gene,  is  believed  to  have  been  born  between 
the  years  118  and  124.  He  abandoned  the 
profession  of  a  sculptor  to  become  a  plead- 
er, and  then  quitted  the  bar  to  profess  phi- 
losophy and  rhetoric.  After  having  travel- 
led in  Ionia,  Greece,  Gaul,  and  Italy,  he 
settled  at  Athens.  Marcus  Aurelius  ap- 
pointed him  procurator  of  Egypt.  Lucian 
is  supposed  to  have  lived  to  the  age  of 
ninety.  In  humour  and  the  power  of  ridi- 
cule, he  stands  unrivalled  among  the  an- 
cients, and  his  style  is  excellent.  His  works 
have  been  translated  into  English,  by  Carr, 
Franklin,  and  Tooke. 

LUCILIUS,  CAIUS,  the  oldest  Roman 
satirist  of  whom  we  have  any  remains,  was 
born,  B.  c.  148,  at  Suessa;  served  in  the 
Numantine  war;  was  a  friend  of  Scipio 
and  Laelius;  and  died,  at  Naples,  B.  c. 
191.  Of  the  thirty  books  of  his  works  time 
has  spared  only  a  "few  fragments. 

LUCRETIUS  CARUS,  TITUS,  one  of 
the  greatest  of  the  Latin  poets,  was  born, 
B.  c.  95,  at  Rome;  studied  at  Athens, 
under  Zeno ;  and  is  said  to  have  put  an 
end  to  hjs  own  existence,  at  the  age  of 
forty-four.  He  was  the  friend  of  Atticus, 
Catullus,  and  Cicero.  The  story  that  he 
was  rendered  insane  by  an  amatory  philtre 
being  administered  to  him,  and  that  he 
wrote  his  magnificent  work,  On  the  Nature 
of  Things,  in  his  lucid  intervals,  is  proba- 
bly a  fable.  In  energy  and  sublimity  Lu- 
cretius is  hardly  equalled  even  by  Virgil 
himself.  Creech,  Good,  and  Busby  have 
translated  his  poem  into  English. 

LUCULLUS,  Lucius  LICINIUS,  a  Ro- 
man, celebrated  at  once  for  his  military 
talents  and  his  magnificence,  was  born  I,  c 
115.  As  a  warrior,  he  distinguished  t  im- 
self  first  in  the  social  war.  He  next  dc 
feated  Amilcar,  in  two  naval  battles.  But 
these  successes  were  eclipsed  by  those 
which,  when  consul,  he  obtained  over 
Mithridates  and  Tigranes.  The  satisfac- 
tion of  consummating  his  triumph  in  Asi* 
was  snatched  from  him  by  the  appointment 
of  Porapey  to  the  command ;  and  LucuUuft 


•p«nt  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  luxunou 
retirement.     He  died  B.  c.  49. 

Ll'Dl.OW,  Ei»iL'M),  an  eminent  re- 
|)ublican  leader,  the  son  of  Sir  Henry  Lud- 
low,  was  born,  in  1620,  at  Maiden  Bradley 
in  Wilts;  studied  at  Trinity  College,  Ox- 
ford, and  the  Temple;  entered  the  parlia- 
mentary service;  fought  at  Kdgehill,  Mew- 
bury,  and  other  places;  sat  in  judgmcu' 
upon  Charles  I.;  opposed  Cromwell': 
plans,  and  was  sent  by  him  to  Ireland,  a; 
general  of  horse;  assisted  in  restoring  the 
long  parliament;  and,  after  the  restora- 
tion, withdrew  to  Switzerland,  where  he 
died,  in  1693,  at  Vevay.  He  wrote  hi 
own  Memoirs.  Ludlow  was  a  sincere, 
disinterested  republican,  of  unimpeachable 
moral  character. 

LULLI,  or  LULLY,  JOHN  BAPTIST 
a  musical  composer,  was  born,  in  1633,  at 
Florence,  and  was  sent  to  Paris  in  his 
twelfth  or  thirteenth  year,  to  be  page  to  a 
ladv.  She,  however,  was  so  dissatisfied 
with  his  appearance,  that  she  made  hin 
an  under  scullion.  His  musical  talent  was 
at  length  discovered,  and  was  cultivated, 
and  he  rose  to  be  superintendent  of  the 
king's  music,  and  joint  director  of  th 
opera.  He  died  in  1687.  Lulli  composed 
nineteen  operas,  and  WHS  much  admired 
by  his  contemporaries,  but  his  fame  is  now 
nearly  extinct. 

LULLY,  RAYMOND,  a  philosopher  of 
the  thirteenth  century,  was  born,  about 
1235,  at  Palma,  in  the  island  of  Majorca. 
His  philosophy,  which  was  known  under 
the  name  of  the  Lullyan  doctrine,  was 
popular  in  that  ag-;.  Lully  twice  visited 
Tunis,  with  the  \ievr  of  converting  the 
Mahometans.  The  first  time  he  received 
no  injury:  but  in  his  second  expedition  he 
was  so  rougl.iy  treated  that  he  died,  in 
1285,  as  he  was  returning  home.  He  wrote 
Ars  Generalis ;  Arbor  Scientiae ;  Ars  Bre- 
vis;  and  many  other  now  forgotten  works ; 
v.'liich  fill  ten  folio  volumes. 


LUTHER,  MARTIN,  the  parent  of  the 
jwotegtant  reformation,  was  lorn,  in  1484, 
at  Eisleben,  in  Saxony;  an  A  was  the  son 
of  a  miner.  Ho  studied  at  1'isenach  and 
Erfurt,  and  wag  intended  for  the  law  but 


LYC 

the  circumstance  of  a  friend  being  killed 
at  his  side  by  lightning  induced  him  tc 
become  a  monk.  He  entered  the  Augus- 
tine order,  and,  in  1507,  was  ordained  a 
priest.  In  the  early  part  of  his  career  he 
was  one  of  the  most  intolerant  champions 
of  the  papal  authority.  The  abuses  which 
he  witnessed  while  he  was  on  a  mission  at 
Rome,  and  the  perusal  of  the  works  of 
Hnss,  are  said  to  have  been  the  causes 
which  produced  a  change  in  his  opinions 
on  this  subject;  and,  in  his  capacity  of 
professor  of  divinity  at  Wittenberg  j  he 
began  to  disseminate  his  newly  adopted 
principles.  His  opposition,  however,  might 
have  died  away,  had  it  not,  in  1527,  been 
roused  into  violent  action  by  an  insult  of- 
fered to  his  orler.  The  sale  of  the  papal 
indulgences,  waich  had  hitherto  been  in- 
trusted to  the  Augustine  friars,  was  now 
given  to  the  Dominicans;  a  circumstance 
which  induced  Luther  to  publish  a  denial 
of  the  papal  right  to  grant  those  indul- 
gences. This  gave  rise  to  a  vehement 
controversy,  the  result  of  which  was  the 
excommunication  of  Luther  by  the  pope, 
while  Luther  on  his  part  assailed  other 
Uomixh  tenets,  and  at  length  quitted  the 
monastic  habit,  and  married  a  nun.  His 
reforming  principles  spread  rapidly  through 
Germany;  he  was  protected  by  the  elector 
of  Saxony  and  other  princes;  and  lon<* 
before  his  decease,  which  took  place  in 
1546,  he  had  the  satisfaction  to  see  that 
his  doctrines  had  taken  such  deep  root  that 
no  earthly  power  could  eradicate  them. 
His  works  form  seven  folio  volumes. 

LUXEMBOURG,  FRANCIS  HENRY 
DE  MONTMORENCI-BOUTEVJLLE, 
duke  of,  a  celebrated  French  general,  wai 
born  in  1628,  and  died  in  1695.  He  dis- 
tinguished himself  on  numerous  occasions, 
particularly  at  the  battles  of  Senef,  Saint 
Denis,  Fleams,  Steinkirk,and  Neerwinde. 

LYCOPHRON,  a  Greek  poet,  wa?bor* 
at  Colchis,  in  Eubosa,  and  was  patronised 
by  Ptolemy  Philadelphia,  king  of  Egypt 
He  was  one  of  the  seven  poeis  who  re- 
ceived the  appellation  of  the  Pleiads.  Ha 
wrote  forty-six  tragedies,  a  satirical  drama, 
and  other  works. 

LYCURGUS,  the  Spartan  legislator, 
the  son  of  Eunomus,  king  of  Sparta,  wai 
of  the  royal  race  of  the  Heraclides,  and 
is  supposed  to  have  been  born  about  B.  c. 

J.  His  brother's  widow  being  left 
sregnant,  Lycurgus  refused  to  assume  the 
sovereignty,  and  the  issue  proving  to  he  a 
boy,  he  faithfully  fulfilled  the  office  of 
guardian  to  it.  After  having  travelled, 
and  minutely  investigated  the  institutions 
of  other  lands,  he  returned  to  his  own 
country,  and  established  those  laws  by 
which  Sparta  was  so  long  governed.  Hav- 
ng  bound  the  people  by  a  solemn  oath  tc 
observe  them  till  he  came  back,  he  d*. 


MAB 

parted  from  Sparta,  and  saw  it  no  more. 
The  manner  and  time  of  his  death  are  va- 
riously st-ited. 

LYMAN,  PHINEHAS,  major  general, 
was  born  at  Durham  in  1716,  and  afler 
receiving  his  education  at  Yale  College, 
coinn.enced  the  study  of  the  law,  and  be- 
came eminent  in  its  practice.  In  1755  he 
was  appointed  commander  in  chief  of  the 
Connecticut  forces,  and  held  this  post  with 
much  distinction  till  the  conclusion  of  the 
Canadian  war.  In  1762  he  commanded 
the  American  forces  in  the  expedition  to 
Havana,  and  afterwards  went  to  England 
as  agent  to  obtain  from  government  a  tract 
of  land  on  the  Mississippi  and  Yazoo,  where 
he  proposed  to  establish  a  colony.  Failing 
in  this  enterprise,  he  was  ashamed  to  return 
to  his  native  country,  and  passed  eleven 
-ears  in  England  almost  in  a  state  of  im- 
becility. He  was  then  induced  to  return, 
and  embarked  with  his  family  for  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  died  in  West  Florida  in  1778, 
At  one  period  of  his  life  he  enjoyed  a  very 
high  and  extensive  reputation. 

LYNCH,  THOMAS,  a  signer  of  the  de- 
claration of  independence,  was  born  in 
South  Carolina  in  1749,  was  educated  in 
1'n^land,  and  commenced  the  study  of  law 
at  the  Temple.  In  1772  he  returned  to 
his  native  state,  and  when  but  twenty-seven 
years  of  age  took  his  se  it  in  the  continental 
congress  of  1776.  The  decline  of  his 
health  soon  rendered  a  change  of  climate, 
necessary,  sind  he  embarked  about  the  close 
of  the  year  1779  for  St.  Eustatia.  The 
ship  in  which  he  sailed  was  never  after- 
wards heard  from. 

LYONS,  ISRAEL,  a  mathematician  and 
botanist,  was  born,  in  1739,  and  was  the 
son  of  a  Polish  Jew  of  the  same  name,  at 
Cambridge,  who  taught  Hebrew,  and  pub- 
lished a  Grammar  of  that  language,  and 
Observations  on  various  Parts  of  Scripture 
History.  He  was  Sir  Joseph  Bankes's 
instructor  in  botany,  and  accompanied 
Captain  Phipps,  as  astronomer,  in  his 


MAC 


87? 


polar  voyage.  He  died  in  1775.  Miss 
Edgeworth  has  paid  a  tribute  to  his  talents, 
in  her  novel  of  Harrington.  He  wrote  a 
Treatise  on  Fluxion?;  a  work  on  the 
plants  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Cambridge; 
and  was  one  of  the  calculators  of  The  Nau- 
tical Almanack. 

LYSANDER,  a  famous  Lacedemonitn 
general,  who  put  an  end  to  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war,  and  destroyed  the  ascendency 
of  Athens,  by  defeating  the  Athenians, 
B.  c.  405,  in  the  decisive  naval  action  of 
^Egospotamos.  He  intrigued  to  obtain  the 
sovereign  authority  at  Sparta;  but  he 
failed  in  the  attempt,  and  narrowly  es- 
caped being  brought  to  trial.  He  was  slain 
in  the  war  against  the  Thebans,  B.  c.  375. 
The  political  morality  of  Lysander  was  of 
that  accommodating  kind  which  never 
stands  in  the  way  of  a  gainful  act  of  in- 
justice. 

LYSIAS,  a  Greek  orator,  was  oorn  at 
Athens,  or,  as  some  say,  at  Syracuse, 
about  B.  c.  459,  and  acquired  fame  as  a 
teacher  of  rhetoric.  He  died  at  the  age 
of  eighty-one.  Out  of  between  three  and 
four  hundred  of  his  orations  only  thirty- 
four  are  extant.  Quintillian  characterizes 
the  eloquence  of  Lysias  as  resembling 
rather  a  pure  and  clear  stream  than  a  ma- 
jestic river. 

LYTTELTON,  GEORGE,  lord,  a  poet 
and  historian,  was  born,  in  1709,  at  Hag- 
ley,  in  Worcestershire;  was  educated  at 
Eton,  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford;  took  a 
vigorous  part  in  the  parliamentary  oppo- 
sition to  Sir  Robert  Walpole;  and,  after 
the  fall  of  that  minister,  was  appointed 
one  of  the  lords  of  the  treasury.  He  was 
subsequently  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
but  resigned  in  1757,  and  was  raised  to 
the  peerage,  after  which  he  withdrew  from 
public  affairs.  He  died  in  1773.  Lord 
Lyttelton  is  the  author  of  Poems ;  Dia- 
logues of  the  Dead;  A  Dissertation  on 
St.  Paul's  Conversion ;  and  a  History  of 
Henry  II. 


MABLY,  GABRIEL  BONNOT  DK,abbe, 
a  French  historical  and  political  writer, 
the  brother  of  Condillac,  was  born,  in 
1709,  at  Grenoble;  and,  being  patronised 
bj  his  relation,  Cardinal  Tencin,  might, 
if  he  please;!,  have  risen  to  eminence  in 
tlu  'jtnte.  iNothing,  however,  could  pre- 
vail on  him  to  sacrifice  his  independence, 
and  he  lived  contented  on  a  small  income. 
A  pension  was  given  to  him,  but  he  applied 
it  wholly  to  the  relief  of  indigent  persons. 
He  died  in  1785.  His  works  form  fifteen 
volumes  Among  them  are,  DtMotaftm 


on  History;  The  Conversations  of  Phe- 
cion;  The  Public  Law  of  Europe;  and 
Observations  on  the  History  of  France. 

MACAULAY,  and,  by  a  second  mar- 
riage, GRAHAM,  CATHERINE,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Mr.  Sawbridge,  was  born,  in  1733, 
at  Ollantigh,  in  Kent;  and  died  in  1791 
Her  principal  work  is  a  History  of  Eng- 
land, in  eight  volumes.  It  has  considera- 
ble merit  both  in  matter  and  style;  but 
the  narrative  is  tinged  by  her  republican 
principles.  Of  her  other  productions, 
among  which  are  various  political  oaiu- 


371  M'KK 

rhlets,  the  rnoat  prominent  are,  Remarks  on 
Hohbes;  a  Treatise  on  the  Immutability 
of  Moral  Truth;  and  Letters  on  Education. 

M  ATI)!  A  KM  ID,  JOHX,  a  writer  of 
promising  talents,  was  born,  in  1779.  at 
Werm,  in  Perthshire;  studied  at  Edin- 
burgh and  St.  Andrew's;  Fettled  in  Lon- 
don, and  became  editor  of  the  St.  James's 
Chronicle;  and  died  in  1807.  He  wrote 
an  Inquiry  into  the  System  of  Military 
Defence  o'f  Great  Britain;  an  Inquiry 
into  the  Nature  of  Civil  and  Military 
Subordination;  and  lastly,  and  best,  The 
Lhes  of  British  Statesmen. 

MACHIAVEL,  NICHOLAS,  a  celebra- 
ted Italian  writer,  was  born,  in  1469,  at 
Florence,  of  a  patrician  family.  At  the 
age  of  twenty-nine  he  was  appointed  chan- 
cellor of  the  second  chancery,  and,  shortly 
after,  secretary  of  the  Florentine  republic. 
This  latter  office  he  held  nearly  fifteen 
years,  during  which  period  he  was  also 
employed  on  twenty-three  diplomatic  mis- 
sions, some  of  them  highly  important.  On 
the  return  of  the  Medici  to  Florence,  he 
was  deprived  of  his  post;  and,  being  sus- 
pected of  having  participated  in  the  bon- 
spiracy  of  Capponi  and  Boscoli  against 
Cardinal  de  Medicis,  be  was  imprisoned 
and  put  to  the  torture.  Subsequently,  how- 
ever, Leo  the  Tenth  availed  himself  of  his 
talents.  Machiavel  died  poor  in  1527. 
His  chief  works  are,  The  History  of  Flo- 
rence; Discourses  on  Living;  A  Treatise 
on  the  Art  Military;  and  the  Prince. 
The  last  of  these  works  has  stamped  op- 
probrium upon  his  name;  yet  there  is 
reason  to  doubt  whether  it  is  not  rather  a 
covert  satire  upon  tyranny,  than  a  roanuel 
for  a  tyrant. 

M'KEAN,  THOMAS,  an  eminent  Amer- 
ican judge,  and  a  signer  of  the  declaration 
of  independence,  was  born  in  Pennsylva- 
nia, in  1734,  and,  after  a  course  of  acad- 
emic and  professional  studies,  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  at  the  age  of  21  years.  His 
politic;^  career  commenced  in  1762,  when 
ne  was  returned  a  member  of  the  assembly 
from  '.he  county  of  Newcastle.  He  was  a 
member  of  the"  congress  which  assembled 
in  New  York,  in  1765,  to  obtain  relief  of 
I  he  British  government  for  the  grievances 
under  which  the  colonies  were  suffering. 
I'n  this  body  he  behaved  with  much  decis- 
ion and  energy.  In  1774  he  was  appoint- 
ed to  the  general  congress,  a  delegate 
from  the  lower  counties  in  Delaware,  and 
wa?  the  only  man  who,  without  intermis- 
sion, was  a  member  during  the  whole 
period.  Of  this  body  he  was  president  in 
1781.  In  1777  he  was  appointed  chief- 
justice  of  Pennsylvania,  and  discharged 
the  duties  of  this  office  with  impartiality 
and  dignity  for  22  years.  In  1799  he  was 
elected  a  governor  of  tlie  state  of  Penn-yl- 
t,  and  hit  aHminigtration  continued  for 


MAC 

retired  from  p*»* 
lie  life,  and  died,  much  respected  and  hon- 
oured, in  1817. 

MACKENZIE,  HENRY,  an  elegant 
miscellaneous  writer,  who  has  been  called 
the  Addison  of  the  North,  was  born,  in 
1745  or  1746,  in  Scotland;  received  a 
lil>eral  education;  and,  in  1766,  became 
an  attorney  in  the  Scottish  Court  of  Ex- 
chequer. He  was,  subsequently,  made 
comptroller  general  of  taxes  for  Scotland. 
Mackenzie's  first  production  was  The  Man 
of  Feeling,  which  was  published  in  1771, 
and  soon  acquired  unbounded  popularity. 
It  was  succeeded  by  The  Man  of  the  World, 
and  Julia  de  Roubigne.  In  dramatic  wri- 
ting he  was  less  happy.  His  tragedies  of 
The  Prince  of  Tunis,  and  The  Shipwreck, 
and  hi?  comedies  of  The  Force  of  Fashion, 
and  Tne  White  Hypocrite,  though  contain- 
ing many  beauties,  were  only  brought  upo» 
the  stage  to  die.  To  the  Mirror,  the  Loun- 
ger, and  the  Transactions  of  the  Edinburgh 
Royal  Society,  he  contributrd  several  valu- 
able papers.  He  died,  at  Edinburgh,  Jan- 
uary 14,  1831..  The  style  of  Mackenzie 
is  polished  and  melodious,  and  his  power  of 
exciting  the  feelings,  by  scenes  of  pathop, 
is  of  the  very  highest  order. 

MACKLlN,  CHARLES,  an  eminent 
actor  and  dramatist,  whose  real  name  wai 
M'Laughlin,  was  born,  in  1690.  in  Ireland; 
joined  a  company  of  strolling  players  i* 
his  twenty-first  year;  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance  in  London  in  1716;  acquired 
reputation,  particularly  in  the  diaractet 
of  Shylock;  and  died  In  1797.  He  wrote 
eight  dramatic  pieces,  of  which  the  come- 
dies of  The  Man  of  the  World,  and  Love 
A-la-Mode,  retain  possession  of  the  stage-, 
and  attest  the  talent  of  the  author. 

MACKNIGHT,  JAMF.S,  a  Scotch  di- 
vine, was  born,  in  1721,  at  Irvine,  in  Ar- 
gyleshire;  studied  at  Glasgow  and  Leyden  ; 
and,  after  having  held  the  livings  of  May- 
bole  and  Jedburgh,  was,  for  thirty  yearn, 
one  of  the  ministers  of  Edinburgh,  lit 
died  in  1800.  He  published  A  Harmony 
of  the  Four  Gospels  ;  The  Truth  of  the 
Gospel  History  (for  which  he  received  th« 
degree  of  D.  D.);  and  a  Translation,  with 
Commentaries  and  Notes,  of  all  the  Apotj. 
Iv-jlical  Epistles. 

MACLAURIN,  COLIN,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  was  born,  in  1698,  at  Kil. 
modai),  near  Inverary,  in  Scotland,  and 
studied  at  Glasgow.  After  having  been 
pn.lWsor  of  mathematics  at  Marischal 
College,  and  travelling  tutor  to  the  son  of 
Lord  Polworth,  he  was  chosen,  in  1725,  to 
fill  the  mathematical  chair  in  the  univern'ty 
of  Edinburgh.  He  died,  in  1746,  of 
dropsy,  brought  on  by  intense  application, 
and  by  his  exertions  against  the  rebels  in 
the  preceding  year.  He  wrote  a  Trea 
ti.Mt  on  Fluxions  (which  waa  called  forth 


MAH 


87S 


by  Berkeley's  Analyst);  A  Treatise  or.  [minister  and  favourite  of  Augustus,  waa 
A  pohrn;  An  Account  of  Sir  Isauc  New  descended  from  the  ancient  kings  of  F.tru 
ton'?  Discoveries;  Geometries  Organicn*  ria.  He  fought  for  that  monarch  at  Phi- 
and  various  papers  in  the  Philosophic j  (lippi,  Actium,  and  other  battles;  anJ 
rran*acttonn.  (suppressed  at  Home  the  conspiracy  of  tlie 

MACPHERSOIV,  JAMES,  a  Scotch  I  younger  Lepidus.  To  Horace  and 'Virgil 
wiiter.  was  born,  in  1738,  at  Kingussie.  I  lie  was  a  warm  friend,  and  to  men  of  genius 
,n  Invrrni'Sf-hire,  a:id  studied  at  Aberdeen  j  in  general  was  so  liberal  that  his  name  has 


and    Edinburgh. 


1760   he   published 


Fragments  of  Ancient  Poetry,  collected  in 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  Public  curi- 
osity was  excited  by  them;  a  subscription 
was  entered  into  to  enable  him  to  collect 
more;  and  the  result  was,  that  he  gave  to 
the  woild  Fingal,  Temora,  and  the  other 
are  attributed  to  Ossian. 


poems 

Much  ink  lias  been  spilt  on  the  question 
of  their  authenticity;  nor  is  the  point  yet 
decided.  In  1764  he  accompanied  Governor 
Johnstoue  to  Florida,  as  secretary.  After 
his  return  he  translated  the  Iliad 'into  Ossi- 
auic  prose;  wrote  an  Introduction  to  the 
History  of  Greut  Britain,  and  A  History 
of  Great  Britain  from  the  Restoration  to 
the  Accession  of  the  House  of  Hanover; 
and  employed  his  pen  in  vindication  of  the 
measures  of  the  government  against  the 
Americans.  His  zeal  was  rewarded  by 
the  appointment  of  agent  to  the  nabob  of 
Arcot,  and  by  a  seat  in  parliament.  He 
died  in  1796. 

MACCiUER,  PETER  JOSEPH,  a  chem- 
ist and  physician,  was  born,  in  1718,  at 
Paris ;  was  professor  of  pharmacy  there ; 
and  died  in  1784.  He  wrote  A  Dictionary 
of  Chemistry ;  The  Elements  of  Theoretical 
Chemistry  ;  The  Elements  of  Practical 
Chemistry;  and  various  dissertations.  Mac- 
quer  made  some  important  discoveries,  and 
has  been  asserted  to  be  the  first  who  wit- 
nessed the  combustibility  of  the  diamond. 

MADAN,  MARTIN,  a  divine,  was  born 
in  1726,  and  was  educated  for  the  bar,  but 
took  orders,  and  became  a  popular  preacher 
at  the  Lock  Chapel.  In  1781  he  drew 
upon  himself  a  host  of  assailants  by  pub- 
lishing his  Thelyphthora,  in  which  he 
maintained  the  lawfulness,  and  even  neces- 
sity, of  polygamy  in  certain  cases.  He 
died  in  1790.  Besides  Thelyphthora,  he 
wrote  A  Treatise  on  the  Christian  Faith ; 
and  some  sermons  and  short  works:  and 
published  an  edition  of  Juvenal  and  Per 
sins,  with  a  literal  translation. 

MADOX,  THOMAS,  an  antiquary,  was 
historiographer  to  the  king,  and  died  in 
January,  1727.  Of  his  life  no  farther 
particulars  are  known.  He  is  the  author 
of  A  History  of  the  Exchequer;  A  Col- 
lection of  Charters  ;  and  An  Historical 
Essay  concerning  the  Cities,  Towns,  and 
Boroughs  of  England;  works  valuable  for 
their  research.  His  extensive  collection 
of  MSS.  was  presented  to  the  British 
Museum  by  his  widow. 
.  MAECENAS,  CAIU*  OILNIUI,  the 


become  the  synonyme  of  a  generous  patron, 
lie  died  E.  c.  9. " 

MAFFEI,  FRANCIS  SCIPIO,  marquiw, 
an  eminent  Italian  writer,  was  born,  iu 
1675,  at  Verona;  was  educated  at  the 
college  of  nobles  at  Parma;  served  as  a 
volunteer  in  the  Bavarian  service,  in  1704, 
nid  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of 
Donawert;  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life 
in  the  cultivation  of  literature;  an.  lied, 
at  his  native  place,  in  1755.  Among  his 

orks  are,  the  tragedy  of  Merope  ;  Latin 
Poems;  A  Treatise  against  Duelling;  A 
History  of  Diplomacy ;  Verona  Illustrated ; 
and  The  Veronese  Museum. 

MAGALHAEISS,  or  MAGELLAN, 
FERDINAND,  a  celebrated  Portuguese  nav- 
igator, the  place  and  time  of  whose  birth 
are  unknown.  He  fought  under  Albuquer 


]uer- 
ilf  at 


que  in  India,  and  distinguished  himse 
the  siege  of  Malacca;  but,  his  services 
not  being  rewarded  by  his  own  country,  he 
offered  his  talents  to  "Charles  V.  In  "1519 
the  Spanish  monarch  intrusted  him  with  a 
fleet  destined  to  attempt  a  westward  pas- 
sage to  the  Moluccas.  In  this  voyage 
Magellan  was  so  fortunate  as  to  discover 
the  straits  which  now  bear  his  name.  He 
passed  through  them  into  the  Pacific,  and 
reached  the  Philippines;  but  was  unfortu- 
nately slain,  in  1521,  in  a  skirmish  with 
the  natives  of  one  of  those  islands. 

MAGLIABECCHI,  ANTHONY,  a  man 
of  extraordinary  memory  and  learning, 
was  born,  in  1633,  at  Florence,  of  poor 
parents;  became  librarian  to  the  grand 
duke ;  and  died  in  1714.  So  strong  was 
his  memory,  that  having  only  for  a  single 
time  perused  a  manuscript  of  considerable 
length,  he  could  repeat  it  without  the 
slightest  omission. 


MAHOMET,  or   MOHAMMED,   t)» 
founder   of  the   religion  which   bean  h« 


fU  MAI  MAL 

name,  wild  born,   in    569,   at    Mecca,   and;»-h«    was    saved    from    ii    by   Madame   d« 

was  left  an  orphan  at  two  years  of  age.  It  Monti-span,  the  king's  mistress,  intrusting 
was  not  till  lie  was  in  his  fortieth  year,  her  with  tho  care  of  her  children.  At 
ami  had  acquired  a  considerable  property,  first,  sin-  \vas  disliked  by  Louis  XIV'.,  bin 
partly  by  his  marriage  with  Khadijah,  a  she  ^rndnally  gained  his  atlcction,  and  h«- 
rieh  widow,  and  partly  as  a  merchant,  concluded  by  privatclv  marrying  her.  She 
that  lie  began  to  assiui.e  the  chaiacter  of  died,  in  1719,  at  the  establishment  of  St. 
a  delegate  of  llea\en.  For  several  \e:irs,  <'\r,  of  which  she  was  the  foundress.  By 
however,  his  prci.-elytes  were  few  in  mini-  meddling  in  state  affairs,  and  by  encoura- 
»er.  In  t'ne  twelfth  y?ar  of  his  assumed  ging  the  bigotry  of  Louis  XIV.,  Madame 
mission,  his  life  bein^  in  danger  at  Mecca,  de  Maintenon  inflicted  much  serious  injury 
he  was  compelled  to  fly  to  Medina,  the  upon  France. 

'nliabitants  of  which    pface  had  embraced        IfAlTTAlRE,    MICHAEL,    a    bililio* 
his  doctrines       It  is  from  this  event,  called   grapher   and    classical   editor,   was    born, 
,,  or  flight,  that  the  Mussulmans    in  1668,  in   London,  and  was   educated  at 
Westminster   School,  and   Christ   Church 
College,  Oxford;    of  the  former  of  which 


-'omputc  their  tune.      From  this  period  the 
career  of   Mahomet  was   a   series   of  tri- 


umphs, and,  before  his  decease,  the  whole  he  became  for  some  time  second  master. 
of  Arabia  had  submitted  to  his  authority.  He  died  in  1747.  His  editions  of  Greek 
He  died  in  632.  His  Koran,  the  bible  of  and  Latin  classics  are  numerous,  and  valu 
the  Mahometans,  was  originally  produced  I  able  for  their  accuracy  ;  but  his  chief  work 
by  him  in  separate  chapters,  according  as  is,  Annals  of  Typography,  in  five  quarto 


circumstances  required. 


volumes. 


MAHOMET  II.,  the  seventh  Turkish  MALCOLM,  JAMES  PELLKR,  an  artist 
sultan,  was  born  at  Adrianople,  in  1430;  'and  antiquary,  was  a  native  of  America; 
took  Constantinople  by  storm,  and  put  an  settled  in  England  to  study  painting,  but 
end  to  the  eastern  empire,  in  ljJ53  ;  made  became  an  engraver;  and  died  in  1815. 

He  wrote  Londinium  Redivivum;  Anec- 
dotes of  the  Manners  and  Customs  of 
London;  First  Impressions;  and  other 
works. 

M  A  LEBR  AN  CHE,  NICHOLAS,  a 
French  philosopher,  was  born,  in  1638,  at 
Paris ;  became  a  member  of  the  congrega- 
tion of  the  Oratory;  and  died  in  1715. 
He  was  no  less  beloved  for  his  manners 
than  admired  for  his  talents.  To  meta- 
physics his  attention  was  first  directed  by 
perusing  Descartes'  Treatise  on  Man,  and 
he  immediately  became  a  devoted  partisan 
of  the  Cartesian  philosophy.  His  celebra- 
ted treatise,  The  Search  after  Truth,  was 
the  result  of  ten  years'  meditation  upon  that 
philosophy.  Besides  that  work  he  pub- 
lished several  others,  among  wln^h  are, 
A  Treatise  on  Nature  and  Grace;  Christian 
Conversations;  and  Dialogues  on  Meta- 
physics and  Religion. 

MALESHERBES,  CHRISTIAN  WIL- 
LIAM LAMOTGNON  DE,  a  French  states 
man,  of  a  family  distinguished  in  the 
magistracy,  was  born,  in  1721,  at  Paris; 
succeeded  his  father  as  president  of  the 
court  of  aids;  was  appointed  superinten- 
dent of  the  press ;  was  twice  minister  of 
state,  in  1775  and  1786,  to  Louis  XVI. ; 
volunteered  to  perform  the  dangerous 
office  of  counsel  for  that  monarch  on  his 
trial;  and  fell,  with  nearly  all  his  family, 
a  victim  to  the  jacobins,  in  1794.  Males- 
herbes  was  a  man  of  high  honour  and  of 
an  enlightened  mind.  Among  his  world 
are,  Observations  on  Bufibn's  Natural 


numerous  other  conquests  in  Europe  and 
Asia  ;  and  died  in  1481,  when  he  was 
meditating  the  invasion  of  Persia. 

MA1MBOURG,  Louis,  an  historian, 
was  born,  in  1610,  at  Nanci;  entered  the 
society  of  the  Jesuits,  but  was  expelled 
from  it  for  defending  the  liberties  of  the 
(iallican  church  ;  was  consoled  by  a  pen- 
sion from  Louis  XIV.;  and  died  in  1686. 
He  wrote  Histories  of  Arianism — the 
Iconoclasts — the  Crusades — the  Greek 
Schism — the  Great  Schism  of  the  West — 
the  Decline  of  the  Empire — Calvinism — 
Lutheran  ism — and  the  League.  Wnere 
his  catholic  prejudices  do  not  warp  his 
judgment,  Maimbourg  is  a  meritorious 
writer. 

MAIMOMDES,  or  BEN  MAIMON, 
MOSKS,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the 
Jewish  rabbis,  who  is  called  the  eagle  of 
the  doctors,  and  the  lamp  of  Israel,  was 
born,  in  1131,  at  Cordova;  was  profoundly 
versed  in  languages,  and  in  all  the  learning 
of  the  age;  became  chief  physician  to  the 
sultan  of  Egypt ;  and  died  in  1204.  Among 
his  works  are,  A  Commentary  on  the 
Mischna;  An  Abridgment  of  the  Talmud; 


and  The  Book  of  Precepts. 
MAINTENON,  FRANCES 


AU. 


BHiNE,  marchioness  of,  who  rose  to  share 
'Jic  throne  of  France,  was  born,  in  1635, 
in  a  prison  at  Niort,  in  which  her  father 
was  confined  for  some  political  cause. 
Being  left  an  orphan,  and  in  poverty,  she 
married  the  celebrated  Scarron.  "After 
the  decease  of  her  husband,  she  for  some 
lime  enjoyed  a  pension,  but  she  lost  it  on 
the  death  of  the  queen  dowager,  and  was 
to  link  again  into  itidigc  ce,  when 


History;  and  some  pamphlets  on  agricul 
ture  and  land. 

MALHERBE,  FKANCIS  DC,  on  eon 


MAL 

nent  Frencn  poet,  was  born,  about  1555, 
at  Caen;  bore  arms  in  the  troops  of  the 
League;  was  pensioned  by  Henry  IV'.; 


MAN 


376 


MALPIGH1,  MARCELLUS,  an  Italian 
naturalist  and  anatomist,  was  born,  ir 
1628,  at  Crevalcuore,  near  Bologna;  was 


and  died  in  1628.  Malheibe  was  one  of  j  appointed  physician  to  Pope  Innocent 
the  first  who  gave  polish  and  regularity  XII.  after  having  been  professor  of  medi- 
to  French  poetry.  He  was  a  man  of  in-  cine  at  Bologna,  Pisa,  and  Messina;  and 
finite  wit,  but  of  a  quarrelsome  and  misan-  died  in  1694.  His  physiological,  botani- 


thropical  disposition.  While  he  wis  talking 
once  against  mankind,  he  referred  to  the 
murder  of  Abel,  "  Was  not  this  a  pretty 
beginning  1"  said  he.  "  There  were  but 
thr*e  or  four  of  them  in  the  world,  and  one 
of  them  kills  his  brother  !" 

MALLET,  DAVID,  whose  real  name 
was  Malljch,  a  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born,  about  1700,  at  Crief,  in 
Perthshire;  was  travelling  tutor  to  the 
eons  of  the  duke  of  Montrose;  settled  in 
London,  where  he  acquired  literary  repu- 
tation; was  made  under  secretary  to  the 
prince  of  Wales;  gained  a  dishonourable 
pension  from  government  for  contributing 
to  write  down  the  unfortunate  Byng;  and 
died  in  1765.  Bolingbroke,  in  whose  scep- 
ticism Mallet  participated,  left  him  his 
works  as  a  legacy.  Besides  his  poems, 
which  have  considerable  merit,  he  wrote 
the  tragedies  of  Mustapha,  Eurydice,  and 


cal,  and  anatomical  works  form  two 
umes  folio. 

MALTE-BRUN,  CONRAD,  a  poet,  po- 
litical and  philosophical   writer,  and  geo- 
grapher, was  born,  in  1775,   at  Tliye,   i 
Jutland,  and  was  obliged   to   quit  his   na 
live  country  in    1796,    in   consequence  of- 
the    persecution    he    sustained   for   having 
written    in    favour    of  the  liberty    of  the 


El 


a  Life  of  Bacon ;   and  some  minor 


productions. 

MALLET,  PAUL  HENRY,  an  historian 
and  antiquary,  was  born,  in  1750,  at  Ge- 
neva; was  successively  professor  of  belles 
lettres  at  Coj>enhagen  and  at  his  native 
place,  and  resident  from  Hesse  Cassel  at 
Geneva  and  Berne;  and  died  in  1807. 
Mallet  was  a  man  of  learning  and  talent. 
Among  his  works  are,  Histories  of  Hesse 


— Denmark- 
League — and 


the 
the 


Swiss — the     Hanseatic 
House    of   Brunswick; 


and  an  Introduction  to  the  History  of 
Denmark,  which  Dr.  Percy  translated, 
with  the  title  of  Northern  Antiquities. 

MALME3BURY,  WILLIAM  OF,  an 
English  historian,  was  a  native  of  Somer- 
setshire; flourished  in  the  twelfth  century; 
was  educated  at  Oxford;  became  a  monk 
and  librarian  of  Malmesbury  Abbey;  and 
died  in  1143.  Besides  his  History  of 
England,  from  the  landing  of  the  Saxons 
to  1126,  he  wrote  a  History  of  his  own 
Times;  a  Church  History;  The  Antiqui- 
ties of  Glastonbury ;  and  a  Life  of  St. 
Aldhelm. 

MALONE,  EDMUND,  a  dramatic  com- 
inentat  >r  and  miscellaneous  writer,  the 
eon  of  an  Irish  judge,  was  born,  in  1741, 
at  Dublin;  studied  at  Trinity  College, 
Dublin,  and  the  Inner  Temple;  spent  his 
life  in  literary  pursuits;  and  died  in  1812. 
Among  his  works  are,  in  edition  of  Shaks- 
peare;  A  Life  of  Dryden,  and  edition  of 
his  Prose  Works;  A  Life  of  Sir  Joshua 
Reynolds,  prefixed  to  his  writings;  and 


an   Inquiry   into 
Shakspeara. 


the  Papers  attributed  to 


press,  and  the  enfranchisement  of  the  peas- 
ants. After  having  resided  for  some  time 
at  Stockholm,  he  settled  at  Paris,  and, 
from  1806  till  his  decease,  December  16, 
1826,  edited  the  foreign  political  depart- 
ment of  the  Journal  of  Debates.  He  also, 
in  conjunction  with  M.  Eyries,  edited  the 
Annals  of  Voyages.  Among  his  works 
are,  his  excellent  System  of  Geography; 
A  Picture  of  Poland;  Poems;  and  Miscel- 
lanies. 

MALUS,  STEPHEN  Louis,  a  mathe- 
matician and  experimental  philosopher, 
was  born,  in  1775,  at  Paris;  served  as  an 
officer  of  engineers,  on  the  Rhine,  in  1797, 
and  in  Egypt;  entered  on  a  course  of  ex- 
periments on  the  phenomena  of  optics; 
and  immortalized  his  name  by  the  discov- 
ery of  the  polarisation  of  light.  At  the 
time  of  his  decease,  in  1812,  he  was  direc- 
tor of  the  polytechnic  school,  and  superin- 
tendent of  fortifications. 

MANCO  CAPAC,  the  founder  of  the 
Peruvian  empire,  and  the  first  of  its  In- 
cas,  is  said  to  have  lived  about  four  hun- 
dred years  before  the  invasion  of  the  coun- 
try by  the  Spaniards;  to  have  first  appear- 
ed, with  his  sister  and  wife  Mama  Oella, 
in  an  island  of  the  lake  Titicaca;  to  have 
declared  that  he  and  his  partner  were  chil- 
dren of  the  sun,  sent  to  civilize  the  natives; 
to  have  founded  Cusco  ;  and  to  have  reign- 
ed long  and  prosperously  over  a  grateful 
people. 

MANDEVILLE,  Sir  JOHN,  a  celebra- 
ted abuser  of  the  traveller's  privilege  of 
exaggerating,  was  born  at  St.  Albans;  left 
his  native  country  in  1332,  to  proceed  on 
his  peregrinations;  and  was  absent  upon 
them  for  thirty-four  years,  during  which 
period  he  pretends  that  he  visited  all  the 
countries  of  the  east,  and  served  in  the  ar 
mies  of  the  sultan  of  Egypt  and  the  khai 
of  Cathay.  He  died  at*  Liege,  in  1372 
His  Travels  contain  such  enormous  fables 
rendered  his  name  a  syno- 


that  they  have 
nyme  for  a  liar. 
'MANDEVILLE,   BERNARD,   a 


phy 


sician  and  writer,  was   born,  about  1670, 
at  l)s-rt,  in  Holland;  settled  in  England  <* 


876 


MAN 


At  All 


the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century;  :both  houses  of  par] lament, -and  by  a 
and  died  in  1733.      He  is   the  author  of  of  writer*,  forenort  of  whom  in  talent 


nost 
and 


several  productions,  among  which  are,  An 
Inquiry  into  the  Origin  of  Honour;  Free 
Thoughts  on  Religion;  and  The  Virgin 
Unmasked;  but  his  principal  work  is  The 
Fable  of  the  Bees,  or  Private  Vices  made 
Public  Benefits.  This  last  was  attacked 
by  Berkeley,  to  whom  Mandeville  replied, 
and  was  presented,  as  flagrantly  immoral, 
bv  the  grand  jury  of  Middlesex. 

"MV.SKS,  .MAM,  or  MAiMCH^EUS, 
the  founder  of  the  Manichiran  sect,  a  na- 
tive of  Persia,  was  born  about  239,  and  If 
said  to  have  been  the  first  slave,  and  after- 
wards the  adopted  son,  of  a  i  ich  w'idow, 
who  left  him  her  possessions.  He  began 
to  promulgate  his  doctrines  in  267.  After 
having  been  patronised  by  some  of  the 
Persian  monarchs,  and  persecuted  by  oth- 
ers, he  was  put  to  death,  in  274,  by  Beh- 
ram  I.  He  rejected  the  Old  Testament ; 
and  taught  that  there  are  two  creative 
principles,  Ormudz,  the  author  of  good, 
and  Ahriman,  the  author  of  evil;  that 
Christ  had  come  to  save  mankind;  and 
that  he  himself  was  the  paraclete  an- 
nounced in  the  New  Testament. 

MANSART,  JULIUS  HARDOUIK,  an 
eminent  architect,  a  nephew  of  Francis 
Mansart,  who  was  also  a  man  of  great 
architectural  talent,  was  born,  in  1645,  at 
Pari.-;;  and  was  employed  by  Louis  XIV. 
for  whom  he  built  the  palaces  of  Ver- 
sailles, Marly,  and  the  Great  Trianon; 
the  Hospital  of  the  Invalids;  and  many- 
other  magnificent  public  edifices.  He  died 
in  1703. 


^f  ANSFIELD,  WILLIAM  MURRAY, 


vehemence  was  the  terrific  Juniu*.  The 
rank  of  earl  was  conferred  on  him  in 
1776.  In  the  disgraceful  no-popery  riots 
of  1780,  his  town  mansion  and  all  his 
valuable  books  and  manuscripts  were  burnt 
by  the  mob.  He  resigned  his  office  of 
chief  justice  in  1788,  and  died  March  20, 
1793.  Lord  Mansfield  was  a  man  of  fine 
taste,  fluent  eloquence,  strong  argumenta- 
tive powers,  and  great  legal  knowledge;  a 
partisan  of  high  principles  of  government, 
but  an  enemy  of  religion?  persecution. 

MANUZIO,  or  MANUTIUS,  AL- 
DUS, a  celebrated  printer  and  author,  was 
born,  in  1447,  at  Bassiano,  in  the  papal 
states  ;  established  a  printing  office  at 
Venice  in  1488;  and  died  in  1515.  He 
printed  numerous  valuable  editions  of 
Greek  and  Latin  classics;  compiled  a 
Greek  and  Latin  Dictionary,  and  a  Latin 
Grammar;  and  wrote  a  Treatise  on  the 
Horatian  Metres.  He  was  rivalled  in 
learning  and  typographical  fame  by  his 
son  PAUL,  and  his  grandson  ALDUS;  the 
former  of  whom  was  born  in  1512,  and 
died  in  1574;  the  latter  was  born  in  1547, 
and  died  in  1597. 

MARAT,  JOHN  PAUL,  the  most  infa- 
mous and  sanguinary  of  demagogues,  was 
born,  in  1744,  at  Boudry,  in  the  princi- 
pality of  Neuchatel,  and  was  physician  to 
the  lx>dy  guards  of  the  count  d'Artois  when 
the  French  revolution  commenced.  He  im- 
mediately became  the  most  violent  of  Che 
violent  revolutionists,  and  established  a 
journal  called  The  Friend  of  the  People, 
in  which  he  never  ceased  to  preach  pillage, 
proscription,  and  murder,  on  tire  largest 
scale.  In  the  Convention  he  maintained 
the  same  doctrines;  and  he  triumphed  ovet 
his  antagonists,  the  Girondists,  who  had 
succeeded  in  sending  him  to  trial.  He 
was  assassinated,  in  1793,  by  Charlotte 
Corday.  Marat  was  a  man  of  considera- 
ble scientific  knowledge,  and  published 
various  works  on  fire,  light,  electricity 
and  other  subjects. 

MARATTI,  CARLO,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, was  born,  in  1625,  at  Camerino,  in 
the  papal  territory;  was  a  pupil  of  Andrew 
Sacchi;  was  painter  to  several  popes,  and 
was  knighted;  sustained  the  reputation  of 


eput 

carl  of,  fourth  son  of  Lord  Stormont,  was  the  Roman  school  while  that  of  others  was 
born,  in  1705,  at  Perth;  studied  at  West-  [declining;  and  died  in  1713.  Maratti  also 
minster  School,  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  displayed  talent  as  an  architect  and  en- 
and  Lincoln's  Inn;  became  solicitor  gen-  i  graver.  —  His  daughter,  MARIA,  who  mar- 
eral  in  1742,  attorney  general  in  1754,  and  ;ried  J.  B.  Zappi,  was  an  artist  and  a 
chief  justice  of  the  king's  bench,  in  1756;  [poetess. 

shortly  after  which  he  was  created  Lord"  MARCEAU,  FRANCIS  SEVERIN  DES- 
Mansfield.  In  1757  he  held,  for  a  few  ]  GRAVIERS,  an  eminent  French  general, 
months,  the  office  of  chancellor  of  the  ex-  i  was  born,  in  1769,  at  Chartres;  distin- 
chequer,  during  which  period  he  accom-  guished  himself  in  Vendee,  at  Fleurus, 
plished  a  coalition  of  parties.  In  1770  his  and  on  the  Rhine,  in  1795  and  1796;  and 
judicial  conduct  was  severely  arraigned  in  wag  killed  at  Hochateinbacn,  in  the  latter 


MAR 

jrw  1  o  great  military  talents  Marceau 
nnitc-3  gieut  virtues.  So  much  was  he  re- 
spected, that  when  he  was  buried  in  the 
intrenched  camp  of  Coblentz,  the  Austrian 
and  French  armies  joined  in  honouring 
tJie  ceremony  by  volleys  of  artillery.  Lord 
Byron  has  paid  a  lasting  tribute  to  his 
worth  'n  the  third  canto  of  Childe  Har- 
old. 

MARCIIETTI,  ALEXANDER,  a  poet 
nnd  mathematician,  was  born,  in  1633,  at 
Pontormo,  in  Tuscany;  studied  at  Pisa  un- 
der Borelli,  whom  he  succeeded  as  profes- 
eor  of  mathematics;  and  died  in  1714.  He 
translated  Lucretius,  Anacreon,  and  part  of 
the  Eneid;  and  wrote  a  volume  of  Poems, 
and  various  mathematical  works,  of  which 
latter  the  principal  is  a  Treatise  de  Resis- 
tentia  Solidorum.  His  Lucretius  is  in  blank 
verse,  and  is  executed  in  a  masterly  manner. 

MARIANA,  JOHN,  a  celebrated  Span- 
ish historian,  was  born,  in  1537,  at  Tala- 
vera;  was  educated  at  Alcala;  entered 
into  the  order  of  the  Jesuits,  and  was  suc- 
cessively professor  of  theology  in  their  col- 
leges at  Rome  and  at  Paris;  and  died  at 
Tolado  in  1624.  His  principal  work  is  the 
History  of  Spain,  which  entitles  him  to  an 
honourable  place  among  historical  writers. 
His  treatise  De  Rege,  in  which  he  main- 
tains the  justice  of  killing  a  tyrant,  excited 
great  clamour,  and  was  burned  by  order  of 
the  parliament  of  Paris. 

MARINI,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  an  Italian 
poet,  was  born,  in  1659,  at  Naples,  and 
was  intended  for  the  law,  but  devoted  him- 
self to  literature,  in  consequence  of  which 
he  was  turned  out  of  doors  by  his  father. 
He  found  protectors,  however,  in  Italy,  and 
afterwards  in  France,  where  Mary  of  Me- 
dicis  gave  him  a  pension.  He  returned  to 
his  own  country  in  1622,  and  died  in  1625. 
His  principal  poem  is  The  Adonis,  in  twen- 
ty cantos. 

MARINO,  St.  a  native  of  Dalmatia, 
was  one  of  the  workmen  employed  in  re- 
building the  bridge  of  Rimini.  The  bishop 
of  Brescia,  who  had  noticed  him  for  his  pi- 
ety, ordained  him  a  deacon,  and  he  retired 
to  a  hermitage  on  Mount  Titano,  where  he* 
died  towards  the  end  of  the  fourth  century. 
The  miracles  said  to  be  wrought  at  his 
tomb  brought  a  crowd  of  pilgrims  to  the 
»pot;  houses  were  built  to  receive  them; 
and  thus  rose  into  existence  the  miniature 
republic  of  San  Marino. 

MARION,  FRANCIS,  a  distinguished 
officer  in  the  American  army,  was  born  in 
South  Carolina  in  1732,  and  first  served  in 
1761  as  a  lieutenant  against  the  Cherokees. 
Soon  after  the  commencement  of  the  revo- 
lution, he  received  a  major's  commission, 
and  in  1780  he  obtained  that  of  brigadier 
general.  He  continually  surprised  and  cap- 
tured parties  of  the  British  and  the  royal- 
•ts  by  *.he  secrecj  and  rapidity  of  his 


MAR  BTf 

movements.  On  the  evacuation  of  Charles- 
ton he  retired  to  his  plantation,  where  he 
died  in  1795.  He  was  bold,  generous, and 
severe  in  his  discipline. 

MARIOTTE,  EDMUND, a Frenca  math, 
ematician  and  experimental  riiilosopher, 
was  born  at  Dijon ;  was  prior  of  St.  Mar- 
tin,  and  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sci- 
ence; and  died  in  1684.  Mariotte  was 
one  of  the  first  of  the  French  philosopher! 
who  applied  to  experimental  researches 
Among  his  works  are,  An  Essay  on  Phys- 
ics; and  Treatises  on  the  Collision  of 
Bodies ;  the  Pressure  and  Motion  of  Fluids  { 
and  the  Motion  of  Pendul'ims. 

MARIUS,  CAIUS,  a  famous  Rormn 
general  and  demagogue,  was  born  about 
B.  c.  153,  at  Cerratinum,  of  an  obscure 
family.  It  was  at  the  siege  of  Numantia 
that  lie  laid  the  groundwork  of  his  reputa- 
tion. After  having  been  tribune  of  the 
people,  and  praetor,  he  was  chosen  consul. 
He  subdued  Jugurtha,  and  defeated  with 
tremendous  slaughter  the  Cimbri,  Teutones, 
and  Ambrones,  who  had  poured  their  myr- 
iads into  Italy.  His  rivalry  with  Svlla 
produced  a  sanguinary  domestic  contest, 
in  which  the  best  blood  of  the  republic  was 
spilt,  and  he  was  more  than  once  on  the 
verge  of  ruin.  He  died  at  Rome  B.  c.  86, 
in  his  seventh  consulship. 

MARIVAUX,  PETER  CARLET  DE 
CHAMBLAIN  DE,  a  French  dramalist  and 
novelist,  was  born,  in  1688,  at  Paris.  His 
father  was  director  of  the  mint  at  Riom, 
and  gave  him  an  excellent  education,  but 
left  him  no  fortune.  The  talents  and  social 
nerits  of  Marivaux,  however,  gained  him 
nany  ardent  friends.  He  died  in  1763. 
"Marivaux,"  says  one  of  his  biographers, 
"was  good,  charitable,  indulgent  in  his  phi- 
losophy, full  of  respect  for  religion,  but 
exceedingly  hostile  to  fanaticism  and  hy- 
pocrisy." His  principal  novels  are,  Mari- 
anne, and  The  Paysan  Parvenu.  Of  his 
comedies,  which  form  five  volumes,  some 
are  still  acted.  Of  his  miscellaneous  works 
The  French  Spectator  is  one  of  the  best. 


MARLBOROUGH,  JOHN  CHURCH- 
ILL,  duke  of,  was  born,  in  1650,  at  Ashe, 
'n  Devonshire,  and,  at  the  age  of  twelve 


«78 


MAR 


rears,  was  tak?n  from  school  to  be  a  page 
5f  the  duke  of  Yor.\,  who  gave  him  a  pair 
of  colours  in  1666-  It  was  at  the  siege  of 
Tangier  that  he  was  first  engaged  in  actixe 
•ervice.  In  1672  he  distinguished  himself 
in  the  Netherlands,  under  the  duke  of  Mon- 
mouth.  For  several  years  he  was  the  fa- 
vourite of  the  duke  of  York,  who  obtained 
for  him  the  barony  of  Eyemouth ;  and,  on 
ascending  the  throne,  sent  him  ambassa- 
dor to  France,  and  created  him  Lord 
Churchill.  The  attachment  of  his  lordship 
to  the  protestant  cause  induced  him,  how- 
ever, to  join  the  prince  of  Orange.  For 
this  he  received  from  William  the  earldom 
of  Marlboi  -v 'gh,  and  the  command  of  the 
English  ariTA  in  the  Netherlands.  In  1G90 
he  commanded  in  Ireland,  and  reduced 
Cork,  Kinsale,  and  other  places.  But  in 
1692  he  was  dismissed  from  all  his  offices, 
and  committed  to  the  Tower,  on  suspicion, 
not  wholly  groundless,  of  plotting  to  restore 
the  exiled  monarch;  nor,  though  he  w:is 
soon  liberated,  was  he  ag.iin  employed  till 
after  the  death  of  Queen  Mary.  His  splen- 
did course  of  glory  began  with  the  acces- 
sion of  Queen  Anne,  when  he  was  created 
captain  general  of  the  forces,  and  wis  sent 
as  plenipotentiary  to  the  Hague.  The 
campaign  of  1702  earned  for  him  the  title 
of  Duke.  From  that  period  till  1711  he 
ran  a  career  of  victory  which  has  placed 
his  name  among  those  of  the  most  illustrious 
generals.  He  rescued  the  Low  Countries 
and  Germany,  broke  through  the  iron  fron- 
tier of  France,  humiliated  her  haughty 
monarch,  and  placed  her  on  the  verge  of 
ruin.  His  principal  victories  were  those 
of  Blenheim,  in  1704;  Ramillies,  in  1706; 
Oudenarde,  in  1708;  and  Malplaquet,  in 
1709.  Party  intrigues  at  home  at  length 
deprived  him  of  the  command,  and  even 
compelled  him  to  retire  to  the  continent. 
On  the  accession  of  George  I.  however, 
Marlborough  resumed  his  employments;  but 
age  and  toil  had  impaired  his  faculties,  and 
he  subsequently  took  very  little  part  in  pub- 
lic affairs.  He  died  June  16,  1722.  His 
imperious  duchess,  whom  Pope  has  satiris- 
ed under  the  name  of  Alossa,  survived  him 
more  than  twenty  years. 

MARLOE,  or'MARLOW,  CHRISTO- 
FH  r.  R,  a  dramatist  and  poet,  was  born  about 
1562;  was  educated  at  Bene't  College, 
Cambridge;  became  an  author  and  actor; 
and  was  killed  by  a  servant,  about  1593. 
He  wrote  six  iiagedies;  some  poems;  and 
translated  The  Rape  of  Helen  by  Coluthus, 
and  parts  of  Ovid  and  Lucan.  His  pow- 
ers as  a  tragic  writer  were  of  a  high  order, 
and  some  parts  of  his  poems  display  great 
excellence. 

MARMONTEL,  JOHN  FRANCIS,  a 
celebrated  French  writer,  was  born,  in 
1723,  at  Bort,  in  the  Limousin,  and  was 
educated  in  tlia  Jeauiu'  College  at  Mauri- 


MAR 

ac.     oeing  persuaded  by    Voltaire  to  tri 
his  fortune  at  Paris,  he  settled  there  in  1745 


and  by  his"  tragedies  of  Dionysius,  and 
Aristoinenes,  and  other  successful  works, 
he  soon  gained  reputation,  fortune,  and 
court  favour.  Madame  de  Pompadour 
obtained  for  him  the  appointment  of  sec- 
retary to  the  royal  buildings,  and,  subse- 
quently, the  management  of  the  French 
Mercury.  At  a  later  period  he  became 
historiographer  of  France,  and  secretary 
of  the  Royal  Academy.  For  some  yearc 
he  led  a  licentious  ife;  but  at  length  he 
married,  and  graced  his  talents  by  the 
domestic  virtues.  He  survived  the  horrors 
of  the  revolution,  and  was  elected  to  the 
Council  of  Ancients;  but  his  election  was 
annulled,  and  he  again  withdrew  into  re- 
tirement. He  died  December  31,  1799. 
Of  his  works  the  principal  are,  Moral 
Tales;  his  own  Memoirs;  the  Incas;  Be- 
lisarius;  and  Elements  of  Literature. 
"Though  not  superior  in  any  kind  of  com- 
position," says  one  of  his  countrymen,  "  he 
was  an  agreeable,  pure,  and  elegant  writer." 
Perhaps  this  faint  praise  hardly  does  justice 
to  the  merit  of  Marmontel. 

MAROT,  CLEMENT,  an  eminent  French 
poet,  was  born,  in  1495,  at  Cahors;  wa« 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle 
of  Pavia;  was  persecuted  for  his  attach- 
ment to  the  protestant  religion;  and  died 

n  1544,  at  Turin.  As  a  poet  he  far  out- 
shone not  only  all  his  predecessors  and 

ontemporaries,  but  all  who  succeeded  him 
till  the  time  of  Malherbe. 

MARSTON,  JOHN,  a  dramatist,  who 
flourished  in  the  reigns  of  Elizabeth  and 
James  the  First,  studied  at  Corpus  Christ! 
College,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle  Temple; 
was  at  one  time  the  friend  of  Ben  Jonson, 
and  died  subsequently  to  1633.  Ha  wrote 
three  books  of  Satires,  called  The  Scourge 
of  Villany ;  and  eight  plays,  which  contain 
many  fine  scenes  and  passages. 

MARTENS,  WILMAM  FRKDF.RIC, 
an  eminent  German  diplomatic  writer,  waa 
professor  of  public  law  at  Gottingen,  and 
was  employed  at  the  congress  of  \  ienna  to 
draw  up  the  reports  of  the  conferences. 
He  died,  in  1821,  at  Frankfor*,  where  h« 


MAS 

was  meting  as  deputy  from  Hanover  to  the 
diet.  Among  his  works  are,  A  Treatise 
on  the  Law  of  Nations;  and  A  Collection 
*f  Treaties  of  Peace. 

MARTIALIS,  or  MARTIAL,  MARCUS 
VALERIUS,  a  celebrated  Latin  epigram- 
matist, was  born  at  Bilbilis,  in  Spain 
about  A.  D.  40;  studied  the  law  in  the 
Roman  capital;  was  patronised  by  Domi- 
tian,  after  whose  death  he  returned  to  his 
native  country;  and  is  believed  to  have 
died  about  A.  D.  100. 

MARTYN,  JOHN,  abotanist  and  learned 
writer,  was  born,  in  1699,  at  London;  was 
a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  and  nearly 
thirty  years  professor  of  botany  at  Cam- 
bridge; and  died  in  1768.  He  wrote 
various  botanical  works;  The  Grub  Street 
Journal ;  and  A  Dissertation  on  the  ^Eneid  ; 
assisted  in  the  abridgment  of  the  Philo- 
sophical Transactions;  published  Virgil's 
Georgics,  with  aversion  and  notes;  and 
translated  Tournefort's  History  of  Plants. 

MARTYR,  PETER,  a  celebrated  re- 
former and  theologian,  whose  real  name 
was  Vermigli,  was  born,  in  1500,  at  Flo- 
rence. He  was  originally  an  Augtistin 
monk,  and  became  an  eminent  preacher, 
and  prior  of  St.  Fridian's  at  Lucca.  Hav- 
ing, however,  embraced  the  protestant 
doctrines,  he  found  it  necessary  to  quit  his 
native  country.  After  having  been  for 
some  time  professor  of  divinity  at  Stras- 
bourgh,  he  was  invited  to  England,  and 
appointed  professor  of  theology  at  Oxford. 
He  left  England  on  the  accession  of  Mary, 
and  died  in  1561,  theological  professor  at 
Zurich.  He  wrote  several  works,  among 
which  are  Commentaries  upon  Parts  of 
the  Scriptures. 

MARVELL,  ANDREW,  eminent  as  a 
writer  and  a  patriot,  was  born,  in  1620,  at 
Kingston  upon  Hull;  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  and,  after 
having  been  secretary  to  the  English  lega- 
tion at  Constantinople,  and  assistant  to 
Milton,  as  Latin  secretary,  he  was  chosen, 
in  1660,  member  of  parliament  for  his  na- 
tive place,  which  he  continued  to  represent 
till  the  end  of  his  life.  He  is  said  to  have 
been  the  last  member  who  received  pay 
Irom  his  constituents.  In  parliament,  and 
with  his  pen,  he  was  active  in  the  cause 
of  liberty,  and  no  consideration  could  turn 
f'in  aside  from  the  path  of  duty.  He  re- 
fused a  present  of  a  thousand  pounds  from 
Charles  II.,  u'.ough  at  that  very  moment 
he  was  obliged  to  borrow  a  guinea  from  a 
friend.  Marvell  died  in  1678.  His  works, 
in  prose  and  verse,  form  three  quarto 
volumes. 

MASCAGiro,  PAUL, a  celebrated  Italian 
anatomist,  was  born,  in  1752,  in  Tuscany; 
and  died,  in  1815,  professor  cf  anatomy, 
uhysiology,  and  chemistry,  at  Florence. 
He  was  the  first  who  demonstrated  tlia  real 


MAS 


979 


structure  of  the  corpus  spongiosum  of  the 
urethra.  Among  his  works  are  A  Treatise 
on  the  Lymphatic  Vessels ;  and  Anatomy 
for  the  Use  of  Students  in  Sculpture  and 
Painting. 

MASCARON,  JULIUS,  a  distinguished 
French  prelate  and  pulpit  orator,  was  born 
in  1634;  entered  among  the  priests  of  the 
Oratory;  and  soon  became  so  popular  a 
preacher  that  multitudes  thronged  from  all 
quarters  to  hear  him.  In  1666  he  was 
called  to  the  court,  to  preach  before  Louis 
XIV.;  and  in  1671,  he  was  raised  to  the 
see  of  Tulle,  whence,  in  1679,  he  was 
translated  to  that  of  Agen.  He  died  in 
1703.  Of  his  Funeral  Orations  the  most 
admired  are  those  on  Henrietta  of  England, 
the  Duke  of  Beaufort,  and  Marshal  Tu- 
renne. 

MASERES,  FRANCIS,  a  lawyer  and 
mathematician,  was  born  in  1731;  studied 
at  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  and  the  Temple; 
was  appointed  attorney  general  of  Quebec; 
was  made  cursitor  baron  of  the  exchequer 
on  his  return  from  Canada;  and  died  in 
May,  1824.  He  published  a  collection  of 
the  Scriptores  Logarithmici,  in  six  quarto 
volumes;  A  Treatise  on  Life  Annuities; 
The  Canadian  Freeholder;  Elements  of 
Plane  Trigonometry;  Tracts  on  Algebraic 
Equations ;  and  other  works. 

MASON,  JOHN,  a  dissenting  theologian, 
was  born,  in  1706,  at  Dunmow;  was  pastor 
of  a  congregation  at  Dorking,  and  subse- 
quently at  Cheshunt;  and  died  in  1763 
He  wrote  several  able  works,  one  of  which, 
A  Treatise  on  Self-Knowledge,  has  been 
very  often  reprinted. 

MASON,  JOHN  MITCHELL,  a  divine 
and  pulpit  orator,  was  born  in  the  city  of 
New-York  in  1770,  and  after  graduating 
at  Columbia  College,  prepared  himself  for 
the  sacred  ministry.  His  theological 
studies  were  completed  in  Europe.  In 
1792  he  returned  to  New-York  and  was 
established  in  the  ministry  at  that  place  till 
1811,  when  he  accepted  the  appointnrvent 
of  provost  in  Columbia  College.  This 
situation  his  ill  health  obliged  him  to 
resign,  and  he  visited  Europe  to  repair  his 
constitution.  On  his  return  in  1817  he 
again  resumed  his  labours  in  preaching, 
md  in  1821  undertook  the  charge  of  Dick- 
nson  College  in  Pennsylvania.  In  1824 
le  returned  to  New-York,  and  died  in 
1829.  He  was  the  author  of  Letters  on 
Frequent  Communion ;  A  Plea  for  Sacra- 
nental  Communion  on  Catholic  Principles; 
and  a  number  of  essay,  reviews,  orations, 
and  sermons  published  at  different  times. 

MASON,  WILLIAM,  a  divine  and  poet, 
,vas  born,  in  1725,  at  Trinity  Hall,  in 
Yorkshire,  and  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge.  It  was  while  he  was 
t  the  university  that  he  began  his  poetica 
career,  by  the  poetn  of  Isis  an  attack 


880 


MAS 


upon  Oxford,  to  which  Thomas  Warton 
••eplied  by  the  Triumph  of  Isis.  His  next 
work  was  the  tragedy  of  EllYida,  on  the 
Greek  model.  It  was  succeeded,  at  long 
intervals,  by  his  Odes,  and  the  drama  of 
Caractacus.  His  first  church  preferment! 
were  the  living  of  Aston,  in  Yorkshire, 
and  a  royal  chaphiinship;  the  last  of  these 
he  lost  by  his  zeal  in  behalf  of  liberty.  In 
1762  he  was  made  precentor  and  canon  of 
York.  He  died  in  1797.  Besides  his 
poems,  Mason  published  the  works  of  Gray 
and  Whitehead,  with  Lives,  and  an  Essay 
on  Church  Music.  It  seems  to  be  certain 
that  he  was  also  the  author  of  the  witty 
satires  given  to  the  world  under  the  signa- 
ture of  Malcolm  Macgregor. 

MASSENA,  ANDREW,  prince  of  Ess- 
lir.£,  and  duke  of  Rivoli,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  of  Napoleon's  marshals,  Mas 
born,  in  1758,  at  Nice;  entered  the  army 
in  1775;  and  retired  from  it  after  having 
served  for  fourteen  years.  The  revolution, 
however,  again  roused  his  military  ardour. 
His  rise  was  rapid,  for  he  attained  the 
rank  of  general  of  division  in  1794.  In 
the  Italian  campaigns  from  1794  to  1798 
he  on  every  occasion  so  distinguished  him- 
self that  he  was  called  the  darling  child  of 
victory,  and  in  1799  he  saved  France  from 
invasion  by  routing  the  Austrians  and 
Russians  in  Switzerland.  His  memorable 
defence  of  Genoa  in  1800  gave  time  to 
Bonaparte  to  cross  the  Alp?,  and  crush  the 
Austrian  army  at  Marengo.  In  the  cam- 
paigns of  1805,  1807,  and  1809,  in  Italy, 
Poland,  and  Germany,  he  was  among  the 
most  conspicuouslv  successful  of  the  French 
leaders.  His  conduct  in  the  last  of  these 
campaigns  was  rewarded  with  the  title  of 
prince  of  Essling.  In  1810  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  command  the  army  which  invad- 
ed Portugal,  but  he  was  foiled  by  the 
genius  of  Wellington,  and  was  compelled 
to  abandon  the  Portuguese  territory.  Af- 
ter this  period  Massena  did  not'  again 
appear  in  the  field;  and  he  died  April  4, 
1817. 

MASSILLON,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  one  of 
the  most  eloquent  of  French  pulpit  orators, 
was  born,  in  1663,  at  Hieres;  entered  at 
the  age  of  eighteen  into  the  congregation 
of  the  Oratory  ;  and  became  so  celebrated 
as  a  preacher  that  he  was  summoned  to 
court  to  display  hi*  powers.  His  success 
there  was  complete.  Louis  XIV  however 
complimented  him  in  the  strongest  terms, 
but  neglected  to  promote  him.  It  was  left 
to  the  regent,  duke  of  Orleans,  to  reward 
his  merit;  and,  in  1717,  he  gave  him  the 
bishopric  of  C'lermont.  Massillon  held 
this  i-ce  til!  his  decease  in  1742,  and  his 
many  virtues  rendered  him  universally  be- 
loved. I  lib  So  i  iiions  and  theological  woiks 
form  fifteen  volumes. 

MASSINGER.   PHILIP,    one   of  our 


son 
ruary 


>IAT 

elder  dramatic  writers,  was  born, in  1534) 
at  Salisbury;  was  educated  at  Alban  Hall, 
Oxford;  became  a  writer  for  the  stage; 
suffered  frequently  from  poverty;  and  died 
in  1()39.  Of  thirty-two  plays  which  he 
wrote,  fourteen  are  unfortunately  lost.  AH 
a  dramatist,  Massinger  claims  an  honoura- 
ble place  among  those  who  are  second 
only  to  Shakspeare.  His  works  were 
excellently  edited  by  the  late  William 
Gi  fiord. 

MATHER,  INCREASE,  a  learned 
American  divine,  was  born  at  Dorchester 
in  1639,  was  educated  to  the  ministry,  and 
was  settled  in  the  North  Church,  Boston, 
in  1664.  He  continued  there  for  sixty-two 
years,  discharging  the  duties  of  his  f acred 
office  with  zeal  and  ability.  In  1685  he 
was  appointed  to  the  presidency  of  Harvard 
College,  which  he  resigned  in  1701.  He 
died  in  1723.  He  was  an  indefatigable 
student,  and  published  a  variety  of  works 
on  religion,  politics,  history,  and  philoso- 
phy. 

MATHER,  CoTTON,a  celebrated  divine, 
n  of  the  preceeding,  \vas  born,  in  Feb- 
ary  1663,  and  was  educated  for  the 
profession  of  theology.  In  1684  he  was 
ordained  minister  of  the  North  Church  in 
Boston,  as  colleague  with  his  fat'ner.  He 
dietl  in  1728.  His  learning  was  marvel- 
lous, but  his  taste  was  eccentric,  and  he 
was  very  pedantic  and  credulous.  His 
publications  are  382  in  number:  the  most 
celebrated  of  which  is  Magnalia  Christi 
American!. 

MATSYS,  QUINTIN,  an  eminent  paint- 
er, was  born,  in  1460,  at  Antwerp,  and 
died  in  1529.  He  was  originally  a  black- 
smith, aftid  his  love  for  the  daughter  of  an 
artist  is  said  to  have  been  his  inducement 
to  study  painting.  Some  of  his  heads  in  a 
Descent  from  the  Cross,  at  Antwerp,  are 
declared  by  Sir  Joshua  RevnoHs  to  be 
equal  to  any  of  Raphael's.  His  Two  Mi- 
sers, in  the  Windsor  Gallery,  is  also  much 
admired. 

M  ATTHIOLI,  or  MATTIOLI,  PETER 
ANDREW,  a  botanist  and  physician,  was 
born,  in  1500,  at  Sienna ;  studied  at  Pndua  ; 
and,  after  having  practised  at  Rome,Gratz, 
and  other  places,  was  appointed  physician 
to  Maximilian  II.  He  died  in  1577.  The 
work  by  which  he  is  best  known  is  his 
Commentaries  on  Dioscorides,  which  con- 
tains nearly  all  the  botanico-medic-U  knowl- 
edge of  the"  age  in  which  he  lived. 

MATURIN,  CHARLES  ROBERT,  a 
divine,  dramatist,  and  poet,  was  born,  in 
1782,  in  Ireland,  ana  was  educated  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Though  he  was 
popular  for  his  eloquence  as  a  preacher, 
his  only  church  preferment  \v;is  the  curacj 
of  St.  1'elei's,  in  tin-  ]ii*h  metropolis. 
His  pen  was  fertile,  but  the  remuneration 
which  he  received  could  not  rave  him  from 


MAX  MAZ  881 

Ifrequent  embarrassments.  His  fi.-st  tin eo  j  Alexander  Sc-verus.  After  a  short  and 
novels — The  Fatal  Revenge,  The  Wild  cruel  reign,  lie  was  assassinated  by  his 
Irish  Boy,  and  The  Milesian  •  Chief— were  !  troops,  near  Aquileia,  in  238.  He  was  of 
published  under  the  assumed  nam.-  of  Den-!  giant  strength  and  stature;  and  is  said  to 
nis  Jasper  Murphy.  He  died  in  1825.  j  have  eaten  and  drank  forty  pounds  of  meat 
Besides  the  works  already  mentioned,  he '  and  eighteen  bottles  of  wine  daily. 


i-rota  Sermons;  The  Universe,  a  poem; 
)he  novels  of  Melmoth,  and  Woman;  and 
the  tragedies  of  Bt'rtram,  Manuel,  and 
Fredolpno.  The  genius  of  Matnrin  was 
great,  but  it  was  not  always  under  the 
control  of  a  pure  taste. 

MAUPERTUIS,  PETER  Louis  Mo- 
n  E  AU  i>  E,  an  eminent  French  geometrician 
and  astronomer,  was  barn,  in  1698,  at  St. 
Malo ;  studied  at  the  college  of  La  Marche, 
at  Paris;  and,  after  having  served  for  four 
years  in  the  army,  he  devoted  himself  to 
Hcience  and  literature.  Maupertuis  has 
,he  merit  of  having  been  one  of  the  first  in 
France  to  prefer  Newton  to  Descartes. 
He  was  one  of  the  persons  \yho  were  sent, 
m  1736,  to  measure  a  degree  of  the  me- 
ridian at  the  polar  circle.  In  1745,  invited 
by  Frederic  the  Great,  he  settled  at  Berlin, 
and  was  made  president  of  the  Royal 
The  latter  part  of  his 


M AXIMUS,  MARCUS    CLOplVf  Pu- 

PIENUS,  a  Roman  emperor,  was  of  humble 
birth,  but  rose  by  his  merits  to  the  most 
eminent  posts  in  the  state,  and  was  at 
length,  in  conjunction  with  Balbinus,  raised 
to  the  imperial  dignity  by  the  senate,  on 
the  death  of  the  Gordians.  He  was  mur- 
dered by  the  soldiery,  after  a  reign  of 
fifteen  months,  during  which  he  had  made 
good  laws,  and  laboured  to  reform  abuses 
MAY,  THOMAS,  an  historian  and  poet, 
was  born,  in  1594,  at  Mayfield,  in  Sussex; 
studied  at  Sidney  Sussex  College,  an  1 
Gray's  Inn;  was  in  some  favour  at  court, 
but  espoused  the  cause  of  the  people;  was 
appointed  secretary  and  historiographer  to 
the  parliament;  and  died  in  1650.  He 
wrote  A  History  of  the  Parliament  of 
England;  several  dramas  and  poems;  and 
translated  and  continued  Lucan's  Phar- 
Acadeaiy  there.  The  latter  part  of  hisjsalia. 

life  was  imbittered  by  his  quarrel  with)  MAYER,  TOBIAS,  an  eminent  astrono- 
Voltaire,  who  showered  down  sarcasm  and  mer,  was  born,  in  1723,  at  Mai  bach,  in 
satire  upon  him.  He  died  in  1759.  His!  the  duchy  of  Wirtemberg;  became  pro- 
works  form  four  volumes. 

MAURY,  JOHN   SIFFREIN,  a  French 
cardinal  and  statesman,  was  born,  in  1746, 


fessor  of  mathematics  at  the  university  of 
Gottingen;  and  died,  exhausted  by  intense 
labour,  in  1763.  He  made  several  import- 

at  Vaureas,  in  the  comtat  Venaissin,  and!  ant  astronomical  discoveries,  and  invented 
acquired  great  reputation  by  his  eloquence  j  various  instruments.  For  his  Tables  of  the 
as  a  preacher.  He  was  one  of  the  deputies  |  Moon's  Motion,  his  widow  received  three 
of  the  clergy  to  the  states  general,  and  was  !  thousand  pounds  from  the  Board  of  Lon- 
conspicuous  for  his  opposition  to  revolu-  !  gitude.  Among  his  works  are,  A  Treatise 
tionary  measures.  In  1791  he  quitted  ion  Curves;  and  A  Mathematical  Atlas. 
France,  and  the  pope  made  him  a  cardinal.  MAYHEW,  JONATHAN,  a  divine,  and 
Napoleon,  in  1810,  gave  him  the  arch-  missionary  among  the  Indians,  was  born  in 
bishopric  of  Paris.  Maury  died  in  1817.  !  Martha's  "Vineyard,  in  1720,  and  educated 
He  wrote  on  Essay  on  Eloquence;  and  |  at  Harvard  College.  In  1747  he  was  or- 
other  works.  lie  was  a  man  of  wit  and,dained  pastor  of  the  West  C..jrch,  in 
presence  of  mind  as  well  as  of  great  ora-  Boston,  and  continued  in  this  station  the 
torical  powers.  On  one  occasion,  when  a  remainder  of  his  life.  He  possessed  a 
furious  mob  was  following  him  with  cries  I  mind  of  great  acuteness  and  energy,  and  in 
of  "  Hang  him  on  a  lamp  post  !"  he  turned  his  principles  was  a  determined  republican, 
round,  and  coolly  said,  "  Do  you  think  you! His  sermons  and  controversial  tracts  ob- 
should  see  cleareV  if  I  were  there  1"  The  tained  for  him  a  high  reputation,  and  many 
ready  joke  saved  his  life.  I  of  them  were  republished  several  times  in 

MAXIMIANUS,  MARCUS  AURELIUS  England.  He  died  in  1766. 
VALERIUS  HERCULIUS,  a  Roman  empe-  MAYOW,  JOHN,  a  physician  ind  phi- 
ror,  the  son  of  a  poor  labourer  in  the  jlosopher,  was  born,  in  1645,  in  Cornwall; 
environs  of  Sirmium,  was  chosen  as  his  studied  at  Wadham  College,  and  at  All 
associate  in  the  government  by  Diocletian,  Soul's  College,  Oxford;  and  died  in  1679. 
in  286;  abdicated  with  that  monarch  inlToMayow  belong  some  chemical  discov- 
305;  resumed  the  purple;  and  was  put  to  | cries  w'hich  have  been  attributed  to  later 
death,  in  310,  by  order  of  Constantine.  writers:  oxygen  is  among  the  number. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  violent  persecutors  j  They  are  to  "be  found  in  his  Five  Medico- 
Philosophical  Treatises,  printed  in  1674. 


of  the  Christians. 

MAXIMINUS,CAius  JULIUS  VERUS, 


MAZARIN,  Cardinal  JULIUS,  a  cele- 


a  Roman  emperor,  the  son  of  a  Thracian  brated  statesman,  was  born,  in  1602,  at 
peasant,  was  born  in  173;  gained  great  jPiscin'i,  in  the  Neapolitan  territory,  and 
reputation  in  the  Roimn  armies ;  and  was  at  the  age  of  seventeen  went  to  Srain, 
raised  to  the  throne  M  the  murder  of  where  he  studied  jurisprudence  for  tare* 


»8  »1EA 

yeara  at  the  universities  of  Alenla  and 
Salamanca.  After  his  return  to  Italy,  he 
was  employed  by  the  papal  minis 
various  diplomatic  mission?,  in  one  of 
which  Cardinal  de  Richelieu  conceiu-.J  so 
high  an  opinion  of  the  negotiator's  talents, 
that  l:r  procured  him  to  It-  .sent  as  nuncio 
extraordinary  to  I'ans,  and  on  his  death- 
bed he  recommended  him  warmly  to  the 
kitir.  Mazarin  succeeded  him  as  minister; 
and  though,  during  the  civil  wars  of  the 
minority,  he  was  twice  compelled  to  fly, 
and  a  price  was  set  upon  his  hrad,  he  re- 
turned in  triumph,  and  held  the  reins  of 
power  til!  his  decease,  in  1661.  As  a  poli- 
tician he  displayed  great  talents;  as  a  man 
he  possessed  few  virtues.  His  most  praise- 
worthy act,  and  that  was  done  on  his  death- 
bed, was  the  endowing  of  the  college  \\hich 
hears  his  name,  and  is  also  called  the  Col- 
lege of  the  Four  Nations. 

MAZEPPA,  JOHN,  hetman  or  prince  of 
the  Cossacks,  was  born,  about  the  middle 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  in  the  palati- 
nate of  Podolia,  and  in  his  youth  was  page 
to  John  Casimir,  king  of  Poland.  Being 
detected  in  an  intrigue  with  a  married 
lady,  the  husband  ordered  him  to  be  tied 
naked  to  the  back  of  a  wild  horse,  which 
was  then  let  loose.  The  animal  had  been 
bred  in  the  Ukraine,  and  thither  it  carried 
him.  Nearly  expiring  with  fatigue,  Ma- 
zeppa  was  found  by  some  peasants,  who 
took  care  of  him  till  his  recovery.  He 
remained  in  the  Ukraine,  and  finally  rose 
to  be  hetman.  But,  though  a  prince,  he 
was  a  vassal  of  Russia;  and  the  hope  of 
becoming  independent,  induced  him  to  form 
an  alliance  with  Charles  XII.  After  the 
fatal  battle  of  Pultowa,  which  was  fought 
by  his  advice,  he  sought  refuge  at  Bender, 
and  he  died  there  in  1709. 

MAZZUOLI,    FRANCIS,  a  celebrated 


MEII 

The  presidency  of  the  college  his  numeroni 
avocations  compelled  him  to  decline  ac. 
crptin^.  The  riches  uhich  he  g»;ned  by 
his  skill  he  used  nobly,  in  forming  a  mL«g. 
nificent  library  and  museum,  and  in  assist- 
ing men  of  talent.  He  died  in  1754.  His 
woiks  form  .i  quarto  volume. 

.Mi:cH\l.\,  PKTKR  FRANCIS  A* 
DRK.W,  a  French  astronomer  and  geometri- 
cian, was  born,  in  1744,  at  Laon.  Lalunde 
procured  for  him  an  appointment  in  tho 
national  depository  of  marine  charts.  M;>- 
chain  particularly  applied  himself  to  dis- 
cover comets,  and  to  calculate  *l>cir  ele- 
ments, and  he  observed  eleven  in  the  course 
of  eighteen  years.  He  was  also  employed, 
with  Delambre,  in  measuring  a  degree  of 
the  meridian  between  Perpignan  and  Bar- 
celona ;  and  he  edited  the  ConrxNsance 
des  Temps  from  1786  to  1794.  He  died 
in  1805. 


MEDICI,  LORENZO  DI,  surnamed  the 
Magnificent,  was  born  in  1448;  was  edu- 
cated with  the  utmost  care;  and,  in  1469, 
succeeded  his  father,  Peter,  in  the  govern- 
ment of  Florence.  In  1478  he  was  near 
becoming  the  victim  of  a  conspiracy  formea 
by  the  Pazzi,  between  whom 


,  , 

painter,   known  by  the  name   of  PARME-  family   there    existed    an    hereditary 
GIANO,  was  born,  in  1503,  at  Parma,  and  deadly    enmity.      His    brother    Julio 


and     his 
and 


was  instructed  in  painting  by  his  uncles, 
but  owed  his  eminence  to  his  studying  the 
reputation  was 


His 

and 


killed,  but  Lorenzo  saved  himself  by  his 
courage  and  presence  of  mind.  With 
equal  good  fortune  he  succeeded  in  break- 


works   of   Raphael. 

soon   widely  spread,    and    he   might  have 

acquired  a  princely    fortune    had    he   not  against  him  by  his  inveterate  enemy,  Pope 

wasted  his  time,  and  exhausted  his  resour-  Sixtus  IV.     His  latter  years  were  spent  in 


ing  up  a  confederacy  which   was    formed 


ces,  in  the  delusive  labours  of  alchemy. 
Hie  disappointment  threw  him  into  a  deep 
melancholy,  and  undermined  his  health 
and  he  died  in  1540.  Mazzuoli  is  gener 
ally  supposed  to  be  the  inventor  of  etching 
MEAD,  RICHARD,  an  eminent  physi 
cian,  w  *.<  born,  in  1673,  at  Stepney 
studied  at  Utrecht  and  Leyden  ;  took  his 


tranquillity,  and  in  the  munificent  encour- 
agement of  learning  and  the  arts.  He 
died  in  1492.  Many  editions  of  hia  poems 
have  been  published. 

MEHUL,  STEPHEN  HENRY,  an  emi- 
nent French  composer,  was  born,  in  1763, 
at  Civet  ;  was  an  admirable  organist  when 
only  ten  years  old;  settled  at  Paris  in 


df-gire  at  Padua;  and  began  to  practise  in  1 1779,  and  was  so  fortunate  as  to  obtain 
1696.  In  a  few  years  he  acquired  the,  the  friendship  and  advice  ofGluck;  be- 
highest  degree  of  professional  reputation, 'came  inspector  at  the  Conservatory  of 
and,  as  a  necessary  consequence,  a  splendid,  Music,  professor  of  Composition  at  tin 
fortune.  He  became  vice-president  of  the  Royal  School,  a  member  of  the  Institute. 
Royal  Society,  censor  of  the  college  of  |  and  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  and  a  knigh 
physicians,  and  physician  to  George  II.  of  the  legion  of  honour ;  and  died  in  181? 


MEL 


MEN 


Of  his  operas  the  principal   are,  Euphro- 1  triumph   of  the   coalition    displaced  him; 

syne  and  Coradin  ;  Stratoniep;  and  Josepn.  but  he  returned  to  oflice  with  Mr.  Pitt, 
MEISSNER,  AUGUSTUS  TH  K  OP  HI-  I  and  was  ever  after  a  firm  and  useful  coad- 
jutor of  that  minister.  When  the  board 
of  control  was  established,  he  was  appoint- 
ed its  president.  In  1791  he  was  made 
secretary  for  the  home  department,  and,  in 
17!) 4,  secretary  of  war.  The  latter  post  he 
held  till  he  retired  with  Mr.  Pitt,  when  he 
was  created  a  viscount.  When  Mr.  Pitt 
again  became  premier,  Dundas  was  made 
first  lord  of  the  admiralty.  But  in  1S05 
he  w;is  impeached  i>y  the  Commons,  and 
though  he  was  acquitted  of  the  aJleged 
malversations,  and  only  proved  to  have 
been  negligent  of  his  duty  with  respect 
to  his  agents,  he  ceased  to  take  a  part 
in  public  affairs.  He  died  May  the  27th, 
1811. 

MENANQER,    a    Greek    comic    poet, 
was  born    B.  c.   342,  at  Athens;    studied 


LUS,  a  German  romance  writer  and  dram- 
atist, was  born,  in  1757,  at  Bautzen,  in 
Lusatia ;  studied  at  Leipsir.  and  Wittem- 
oerg;  and  was,  successively,  keeper  of 
the  archives  at  Dresden,  professor  of  belles 
lettres  at  Prague,  and  director  of  the  supe- 
rior schools  at  Ful  la.  He  died  in  1F07. 
His  principal  works  are,  Sketches;  Alci- 
biades;  Bianco  Capcllo;  The  History  of 
the  Frink  Family  ;  and  Fragments  towards 
the  Life  of  Chapel-Master  Naumann. 

MELA,  POMPOISMUS,  a  Latin  geogra- 
pher, was  born  in  Spain,  in  the  first  centu- 
ry, and  is  supposed  by  some  to  have  been 
related  to  Seneci  and  lyiican.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  work,  in  throe  b;>oks,  on  the 
Geography  of  the  World  as  far  as  it  was 
then  known. 

MELANCTHON,  PHILIP,  a  celebrated 
protest.tnt  reformer,  was  born,  >n  1497,  at 


Bretten,  in  the  Palatinate.     His  real  in 
was    Schwartzerde,    or   Black   Earth 


which  Melancthon  is  a  translation.  He 
studied  at  Wittemberg  and  Tubingen  ; 
and,  in  1518,  was  appointed  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  Wittemberg.  where  he  became 
the  friend  of  Luther,  ami  a  convert  to  his 
doctrines.  He  died  at  Wittemberg  in  1560. 
His  works  form  four  folio  volumes. 

MELENDEZ  VALDEZ,  JOHN  AN- 
THONY, an  eminent  Spanish  poet,  was 
born,  in  1754,  at  Ribera;  and,  after  hav- 
ing fdled  various  important  offices  in  the 
law  department,  was  obliged  to  quit  his 
country  in  consequence  of  his  having  ac- 
cepted a  place  under  Joseph  Bonaparte.  He 
died  in  1807.  His  poems,  which  form 
three  volumes,  possess  merit  of  a  superior 
order,  especially  his  epistles. 

MELMOTH,  WILLIAM,  a  barrister, 
was  born  in  1666,  and  died  in  1743.  He 
wrote  a  popular  and  excellent  work,  The 
Great  Importance  of  a  Religious  Life; 
and,  in  conjunction  with  Peere  Williams, 
published  Vrernon's  Reports. 

MELMOTH,  WILLIAM,  son  of  the  fore- 
going, was  born  in  1710;  w;»s  brought  up 
to  the  law,  and  became  a  commissioner  of 
bankrupts;  and  died  in  1799.  He  wrote 
Memoirs  of  his  father;  and  Fitzosborne's 
Letters;  translated  the  Letters  of  Pliny 
and  of  Cicero;  and  Cicero's  Treatises  de 
Amicitia  et  de  Senectute. 

MELVILLE,  HENRY  DUNDAS,  vis- 
count, the  son  of  Lord  Arnistone,  a  Scotch 
judge,  was  born  in  1740;  was  educated  at 
the  university  of  Edinburgh;  was  called 
to  the  bar;  and,  in  1773,  1775,  and  1777, 
became  solicitor  general,  lord  advocate, 
and  joint  keeper  of  the  signet  for  Scot- 
'and.  His  political  existence  commenced 
»n  1782,  when  he  was  made  a  privy  coun- 


philosophy  under  Theophrastus;  composed 
one  hundred  and  eight  comedies;  and  was 
drowned,  B.  c.  290,  in  the  harbour  of  the 
Pinrus.  Of  the  numerous  works  of  this 
principal  author  of  the  new  school  of  com- 
edy nothing  remains  but  a  few  fragments. 
Terence  is  believed  to  have  copied  the 
whole  of  his  pieces  from  Menander,  ex- 
cept the  Phormio  and  Hecyra. 

MENDELSSOHN,  MOSES,  a  learned 
Jewish  writer,  was  born,  in  1729,  at  Des- 
sau, in  the  principality  of  Anhalt.  Though 
in  his  youth  he  was  extremely  indigent, 
yet,  by  incessant  study,  he  acquired  an  ex- 
tensive knowledge  of  philosophy  and  lan- 
guages, and  became  a  celebrated  author. 
He  died  at  Berlin  in  1786.  Among  his 
productions  are,  Phaedon,  a  Dialogue  on 
the  Immortality  of  the  Soul,  which  gained 
him  the  title  of  the  Jewish  Socrates;  Phi- 
losophical Works ;  Morning  Hours ;  and  a 
Letter  to  Lavater. 

MENGS,  ANTHONY  RAPHAEL,  an  em- 
inent painter,  who  has  been  called  the 
Raphael  of  Germany,  was  born,  in  1729, 
at  Aussig,  in  Bohemia;  studied  at  Rome; 
and  died  there  in  1779,  after  having  spent 
a  considerable  part  of  his  life  at  the  Saxon 
winter  to  the  sover- 
5pain.  His  works 
are  held  in  high  estimation. 

MENINSKI,  FRANCIS  MESGNIEN,  m 
learned  orientalist,  was  born,  in  1623,  in 
Lorraine;  studied  at  Rome;  accompanied 
the  Polish  ambassador  to  Constantinople, 
in  1652,  and  acquired  the  Turkish  lan- 
guage; and  died  in  1698, 
preter  to  the  emperor  of 
chief  work  is  A  Persian,  Arabic,  and 
Turkish  Dictionary,  in  four  folio  vols. 

MENZINI,  BENEDICT,  an  eminent 
Italian  poet,  was  born,  in  1646,  at  Flo- 
rence. He  was  patronised,  at  Rome,  by 
Christina  of  Sweden,  after  whose  death  ha 


and  Spanish  courts,  as 
eigns  of  Saxony  and 


principal 
Germany. 


inter- 
His 


•ell  ir    and    treasurer   of   the    navy.     The  '  wag  in  indigent  circumstances  till  he  fonrxi 


3S4 


MET 


another  protector  in  Cardinal  Album,  who 


raised  him   above  the   fear  of  want, 
died  in  1704. 


II,- 


MID 

real  name  w:i*  TRAPASSI,  was  born,  n 
1698,  at  Rome.  When  he  was  only  ten 
years  of  age,  his  talent  of  extemporizing 


MERCATOR,  GERARD,  a  geographer,   inverse  attracted  the  notice  of   Gravma, 


was  born,  in  1512,  at  Rnpelniomle,  in  the 
Netherlands;  and  died  in  1594.  So  as- 
siduous a  student  was  he  that  he  scarcely 
allowed  himself  time  to  eat  or  sleep.  He 
was  oiwinognpher  to  the  duke  of  Juliera, 
and  was  much  esteemed  by  Charles  V. 
AI creator  published  many  maps,  and  some 
works  on  chronology,  geography,  and  di- 
vinity. The  mode  of  projection'in  marine 
charts,  to  which  his  name  is  attached,  is 


who  took  him  under  his  patronage,  and 
fostered  his  poetical  powers,  while,  at  the 
same  time,  he  initiated  him  in  the  profes- 


sion  of  the  la 


The  youthful    Mctasta- 


eaid    to    belong 
Englishman. 


to    Edward    Wright,    an 


MERIAN,  MARIA  SYBiLLA,a  painter 
and  naturalist,  was  born,  in  1647,  at 
Frankfort;  studied  painting  under  Mig- 
non;  married  Graff,  a  painter  and  archi- 
tect; went  to  Surinam,  in  1698,  to  draw 
the  reptiles  and  insects  of  that  country; 
and  died  in  1717.  Her  pictures  in  needle- 
work almost  equalled  the  labours  of  her 
pencil.  Her  principal  work  is  A  History 


sio  also  entered  into  the  minor  order  of 
priesthood.  His  tragedy  of  Giustino  was 
produced  when  he  was  only  fourteen.  In 
1718  his  patron  died,  and  left  him  the 
whole  of  his  property.  Metastasio  ulti- 
mately devoted  himself  to  dramatic  com- 
position. In  1730  he  was  invited  to  tho 
court  of  Vienna,  where  he  became  imperi- 
al laureat;  a  post  which  he  continued  to 
hold  for  more  than  half  a  century.  He 
died  in  17S2.  Metastasio  wrote"  sixty- 
three  lyrical  tragedies  and  operas,  beside* 
innumerable  poems. 

MICHAELIS,  JOHN  DAVID,  a  learned 
orientalist  and  biblical  critic,  was  born,  in 
1717,  at  Halle,  in  Saxony,  at  the  univer- 
sity of  which  place  he  was  educated.  After 


of  the  Insects  of  Surinam,  in  folio,  with  i  having  visited  England,  and  been  preacher 
sixty  plates.  Her  daughters,  JANK  HF.L-  at  the  German  Chapel,  St.  James's  Pal- 
ENAand  DOROTHEA  MARIA  HENRIET-  ace,  he  became  librarian  and  professor  of 
TA,  inherited  her  pictorial  talent,  and  the  theology  and  eastern  literature  at  Gottin- 


lattcr  was  an  excellent  Hebrew  scholar. 

MERRICK,  JAMES,  a  poet  and  divine, 
was  born,  in  1720,  at  Reading;  was  edu- 
cated at  the  school  of  that  place,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Oxford;  and  died  in 
1769.  Bishop  Lowth  speaks  of  him  as 
being  one  of  the  best  of  men  and  most 
emineiit  of  scholars.  Among  his  works 
are,  Poems  on  Sacred  Subjects ;  Annota- 
tions on  the  Psalms,  and  on  the  Gospel  of 
St.  John;  a  translation  of  Tryphiodorus; 
and  a  »netrical  version  of  the  Psalms. 

MESMER,  FREDERIC  ANTHONY,  a 
German  physician,  the  founder  of  animal 
magnetism,  which  is  also  called  Mesmer- 
ism, was  born,  in  1734,  at  Menseburg,  in 
Swabia,and  first  made  his  doctrines  known 
to  the  world,  in  1766,  by  a  thesis  on  Plan- 
etary influence,  in  which  he  contended 
that  *iie  heavenly  bodies  diffuse  through 
the  universe  a  subtle  fluid,  which  acts  on 
die  no«vous  system  of  animated  beings. 
He  died  in  1815.  Of  late  years  his  theo- 
ry has  again  excited  great  attention  on  the 
Continent. 

MESSIER,  CHARLKS,  a  French  as- 
tronomer, was  born,  in  1730,  at  Badon- 
viller,  in  Lorraine;  was  for  a  considerable 
period  an  assistant  to  Delisle;  became  as- 
tronomer to  the  navy,  and  a  member  of 
many  learned  bodies;  and  died  in  1817. 
Messier  particularly  directed  his  attention 
to  the  discovering  of  comets,  and  his  dis- 
coveries were  numerous.  Louis  XV.  called 
him  the  fern-t  of  comets. 

METASTASIO,  PKTF.R  BONAVKN- 
ITRE  9  celebrated  Italian  poet,  whose 


gen.  He  died  in  1791.  Of  the  numerous 
works  of  Michaelis  the  Introductions  to 
the  New  and  to  the  Old  Testament,  and 
the  Interpretation  of  the  Laws  of  3Ioses, 
are  the  principal. 

MICHAUX,  ANDREW,  a  French  trav- 
eller and  botanist,  was  born,  in  1746,  at 
Satory,  near  Versailles ;  spent  many  year* 
in  journeying  through  the  United  States; 
and  died,  in  1802,  at  Madagascar.  He 
published  a  History  of  North  American 
Oaks;  and  a  North  American  Flora. 

MICKLE,  WILLIAM  JULIUS,  a  poet, 
was  born,  in  1734,  at  Langholm,  in  Dum- 
friesshire. After  having  failed  as  a  brewer 
in  his  native  country,  he  went  to  London, 
with  the  view  of  turning  to  account  his 
literary  talents;  and,  in  1765,  he  became 
corrector  of  the  Clarendon  Press,  at  Ox- 
ford. In  1778  he  accompanied  his  friend 
Commodore  Johnstone  on  a  mission  to 
Lisbon,  as  secretary.  He  died  in  1788 
The  poems  of  Mickle,  the  principal  of 
which  is  Sir  Martyn,  originally  called  The 
Concubine,  are  elegant  and  animated.  His 
version  of  the  Lusiad  docs  honour  to  his 
genius,  but  it  is  unfaithful  to  Camoens; 
not,  however,  by  suppressing  beauties,  but 
by  adding  them.  Mickle  edited  the  col- 
lection of  poems  called  Pearch's;  and 
wrote  many  of  the  finest  pieces  in  Evans'* 
Old  Ballad's. 

MIDDLETON,  CONYERS.  a  learned 
divine  and  elegant  writer,  was  born,  in 
1683,  at  York,  and  was  educated  at  Trin- 
ity College,  Cambridge,  of  which  he  be- 
came a  fellow.  In  the  contest  between.  th« 


MIL  MIL  88f 

OMiaoen  of  'that  college  and  Dr.  Bentleyllhe  following  year  at  the  age  of  twenty, 
he  took  a  prominent  part  In  172-*  hn  j  seven.  A  volume  of  his  Poems  and 
visited  Italy.  He  was,  subsequently,  Wood-  j  Sketches  was  collected  and  published  at 
wardian  professor  of  mineralogy,  and  li-  I  Boston  in  1830. 

bra.-ian,  at  Cambridge.  His  ori4y  church  !  MILLER,  EDWARD,  an  eminent  phy- 
preferment  was  the  living  of  Hascomb,  [  sician,  was  born  in  Delaware,  in  1760, 
in  Surrey,  for  his  free  spirit  of  inquiry  land  in  1796  removed  to  New-York  for  the 
was  not  calculated  to  conciliate  clerical  I  practice  of  his  profession.  He  became 
patronage.  He  had,  however,  a  suffi-  known  by  an  able  treatise  on  the  Origin  of 
cient  fortune  to  render  him  indifferent  to  the  Yellow  Fever,  and  in  conjunction  with 


the  emoluments  of  his  profession.  He 
died  in  1750.  His  chief  works  are,  A 
Life  of  Cicero,  which  ranks  among  the 
classical  productions  of  our  literature; 
and  a  Free  Inquiry  into  the  Miraculous 
Powers  of  the  Church,  which  excited 
against  him  a  host  of  vehement  opponents. 
His  Miscellaneous  Pieces  form  five  octavo 
vo.umes. 

MI DDLETON,  ARTHUR,  a  signer  of 
the  declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  born  in  South  Carolina  in  1743,  and 
received  his  education  in  Europe.  Soon 
after  his  return  home,  he  began  to  take  an 
active  part  in  the  revolutionary  movements, 
and  in  1776  was  chosen  one  of  the  dele- 
gates from  his  native  state  to  the  American 
Congress.  At  the  close  of  the  year  1777 
he  resigned  his  seat,  leaving  behind  a 
character  for  the  purest  patriotism  and 
unwavering  resolution.  In  the  year  1779 
many  of  the  southern  plantations  were 
ravaged*  and  that  of  Mr.  Middleton  did 
not  escape.  On  the  surrender  of  Charles- 
ton he  was  taken  prisoner  and  kept  in 
confinement  for  nearly  a  year.  In  1781  he 
was  appointed  a  representative  to  Con- 
gress, and  again  in  1782.  In  the  latter 
vear  he  went  into  retirement,  and  died,  in 
1787. 

MILLER,  PHILIP,  an  eminent  gardener 
and  botanist,  was  born,  in  1691,  in  Scot- 
land, and  is  said  to  have  succeeded  his 
father,  in  1722,  as  gardener  to  the  Apoth- 
ecaries' Company.  It  is,  however,  doubt- 
ful whether  his  father  ever  held  the  situation. 
Miller  was  a  correspondent  of  Linnaeus, 
and  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society. 
Foreigners  denominated  him  the  Prince  of 
Gardening.  He  died  in  1771.  Besides 
hi?  great  production,  The  Gardener's  Dic- 
tionary, he  wrote  The  Gardener's  Calen- 
dar ;  The  G&  dener's  a  id  Florist's  Dic- 
tionary ;  and  some  other  works. 

MILLER,  JAMES  WILLIAM,  an  Amer- 
ican poet,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  passed 
his  early  life  in  a  variety  of  different 
pursuits,  without  being  able  to  fix  himself 
permanently  in  any  occupation.  He  pur- 
•ued  for  a  while  the  study  of  law,  and 
subsequently  engaged  in  literary  pursuits 
'n  Boston,  where  he  met  with  disappoint- 
ments and  was  worn  by  disquietude.  He 
left  his  native  country  for  the  West  Indies 
in  1828,  where  he  obtained  a  grant  of  land 
from  the  Spanish  government,  and  died  in 
17 


Dr.  Mitchill  and  Dr.  Smith  established  the 
Medical  Repository.  In  1807  he  wa* 
elected  professor  of  the  practice  of  physic 
in  the  university  of  New-York,  and  in 
1809  clinical  lecturer  in  the  New-York 
hospital.  He  died  in  1812.  His  medical 
treatises  have  been  collected  and  published 
in  one  volume. 

MILLEVOYE,  CHARLES  HUBERT,  a 
French  poet,  was  born,  in  1782,  at  Abbe- 
ville; studied  at  Mazarin  College,  Paris; 
displayed  poetical  talents  at  the  age  of 


thirteen;   and  died  in  1816. 
form    four    octavo    volumes. 


His  works 
Millevoye 


excels   in  elegiac  composition.     Many  of 
his  pieces  are  characterized  by  great  feel 


an    eminent 


ing,  elegance,  and  animation. 

MILLIN,  AUBIN  Louis, 
archaeologist  and  naturalist,  was  born,  in 
1759,  at  Paris,  and  entered  the  ecclesiasti- 
cal profession,  but  soon  abandoned  it  for 
literature;  and,  being  a  man  of  fortune,  he 
was  not  compelled  to  endure  the  misery  of 
writing  for  bread.  In  1794  he  succeeded 
Barthelemi  as  keeper  of  the  cabinet  of 
medal.?.  Part  of  his  time  was  spent  in 
travelling  in  Italy  and  the  south  of  France, 
and  he  published  accounts  of  his  tours. 
Millin  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Linnaean  Society  at  Paris.  Among  his 
numerous  works  may  be  mentioned,  Ele- 
ments of  Natural  History;  National  Anti- 
quities ;  Ancient  inedited  Monuments  ; 
Dictionary  of  the  Fine  Arts  ;  Etruscan 
Vases  and  Paintings;  and  Introduction  to 
Archaeology.  Millin  also  conducted  the 
Encyclopedic  Magazine  from  1792  to  1816. 

MtLLOT,  CLAUDE  FRANCIS  XAVIER, 
a  French  historian,  was  born,  in  1726,  at 
Ornans,  in  Franche  Comte;  studied  at  the 
Jesuits'  College,  and  entered  into  the 
order,  but  quitted  it  in  consequence  of 
being  illiberally  treated;  was  successively 
professor  of  history  at  Parma,  and  tutor 


to  the  duke  of  En 


>ry  at  r  ar 
ghein;  an 


d  died  in  1785 


Among  his  works  are,  Elements  of  the 
History  of  England — of  France — and  ~,f 
Ancient  and  Modern  History;  and  a  Lite- 
rary History  of  the  Troubadours. 

MILLS,  CHARLES,  an  historian,  wa* 
born,  in  1788,  at  Croom's  Hill,  Green- 
wich, and  was  educated  at  a  private  school. 
On  the  foundation  which  he  had  thus  laid, 
he,  by  solitary  and  persevering  study,  raised 
the  fabric  of  extensive  knowledge.  He 
served  his  time  at  clerk  to  a  tolicitor,  ant 


886  Mil. 

Became  thoroughly  \ersed  in  the  jaw;  but 
he  at  length  relinquished  his  legal  pursuits 
for  others  winch  were  more OOBgenial.  In 
1817  he  published  his  Hi.-tory  of  Muham- 
medemsm.  It  was  succeeded  by  the  His- 
tory of  the  Crusades  ;  the  Travels  of  Theo- 
dore Ducas ;  and  the  History  of  Chivalry: 
and  he  was  fast  rising  into  nine,  when  his 
career  was  rut  short  by  a  tedious  and 
painful  disorder,  which  terminated  his 
existence  on  the  9th  of  October,  1826. 

MILIS'ER,  JOHN,  an  eminent  catholic 
thjologian  and  antiquary,  whose  real  name 
was  Miller,  was  born,  in  1752,  in  London; 
was  educated  at  the  schools  of  Sedgely 
Park  and  Edgbaston,  and  at  Douay;  and, 
after  having  been  a  priest  at  Winchester, 
was  appointed,  in  1S03,  vicar  apostolic  in 
the  midland  district,  with  the  title  of  bishop 
of  Catalba.  In  1814  he  visited  Rome. 
He  remained  there  for  twelve  months,  and 
had  frequent  audiences  with  Pope  Pius 
VII.  He  died  April  19,  1826.  Of  all 
the  advocates  of  the  catholic  church,  no 
one  has  displayed  more  learning  and  acute- 
ness  than  Milner.  Proofs  of  this  will  be 
seen  in  his  Letters  to  a  Prebendary ;  The 
F.3d  of  Religious  Controversy  ;  and  his 
otiier  controversial  treatises.  As  an  anti- 
quary he  fully  established  his  character  by 
the  History  of  Winchester;  Dissertation 
on  the  modern  Stvle  of  altering  Cathedrals; 
and  Treatise  on"  the  Ecclesiastical  Archi- 
tecture of  England  during  the  Middle 
Ages.  He  was  a  fellow  of  the  Antiqua- 
rian Society,  and  contributed  many  learned 
papers  to  the  Archacologia. 

MILTIADES,  an  illustrious  Athenian 
general,  nephew  of  the  king  of  Thrace, 
flourished  in  the  fifth  century  B.  c.  Among 
his  first  exploits  were  the  reduction  of  the 
Chersonesus,  and  of  Lemnos,  and  the  Cy- 
ciades.  When  the  Persians  invaded  Greece, 
Miltiades  was  at  the  head  of  the  army 
which  gained,  B.  c.  490,  the  glorious  vic- 
tory of  Marathon.  But,  shortly  after, 
having  failed  in  an  attempt  upon  Paros, 
his  grateful  countrymen  accused  him  of 
treason ;  a  heavy  fine  was  imposed  upon 
him;  and  the  hero  died  in  prison,  B.  c. 
489,  of  the  wounds  which  he  had  received 
iu  fighting  for  Grecian  independence. 

MILTON,  JOHN,  the  Homer  of  Britain, 
was  born,  Dec.  9,  1608,  in  Bread  Street, 
in  London,  and  was  educated  at  St.  Paul's 
Schoo.,  and  Christ's  College,  Cambridge. 
After  he  quitted  the  university  he  passed 
five  jears  of  studious  retirement  at  his 
father's  house  at  Horton,  in  Buckingham- 
shire; during  which  period  he  produced 
Comu?,  Lyeidas,  and  some  of  his  other 
poems.  In  1638  he  went  to  France, 
wtence  ha  proceeded  to  Italy.  On  his 
return,  after  an  absence  of  fifteen  months, 
M opened  an  academv  at  Aldersgate  Street, 
ftod  began  also  to  take  a  part  in  the  cou- 


BIIN 

troversies  of  the    time.      He   married    i» 
1643,  but  so  scanty  was  his  nuptial  felicity, 


his  wife  leaving  him  to  return  to  her  pir» 
cuts  in  the  course  of  a  month,  that  be 
was  stimulated  to  write  his  treatise  on 
Divorce,  and  to  take  measures  for  pro- 
curing another  helpmate.  On  her  becoming 
penitent,  however,  he  not  only  received 
her  again,  but  gave  her  royalist'father  and 
brothers  an  asylum  in  his  house.  He  en- 
tered twice  more  into  the  marriage  state. 
The  zeal  with  which,  in  his  Tenure  of 
Kings  and  Magistrates,  he  vindicated  the 
execution  of  Charles  I.  induced  the  Council 
of  State  to  appoint  him  Latin  secretary, 
and  he  thus  became,  in  a  manner,  the 
literary  champion  of  the  popular  cause. 
Ifl  behalf  of  that  cause  he  published  his 
Iconoclastes,  in  answer  to  the  Icon  Basi- 
like,  and  his  two  Defences  of  the  People 
of  England  against  the  libels  of  Salmasius 
and  Du  Moulin.  Tn  the  execution  of  this 
"  noble  task,"  as  he  calls  it,  he  lost  his 
sight;  his  previous  weakness  of  the  eyes 
terminating  in  gutta  serena.  At  the  Re- 
storation he  remained  concealed  for  a  while, 
but  the  interest  of  his  friends,  particularly 
of  Marvell  and  Davenant,  soon  enabled  him 
to  reappear  in  safety.  The  rest  of  his  life 
was  spent  in  retirement,  employed  partly 
in  the  composition  of  that  noble  work 
which  he  had  long  meditated,  and  by  which 
he  at  once  immortalized  his  name,  a'nd  shed 
a  lustre  over  his  country.  The.  Paradise 
Lost  appeared  in  1667.  The  Maecenas  of 
a  bookseller  paid  him  five  pounds  for  the 
first  edition  of  thirteen  hundred  copies,  and 
liberally  agreed  to  pay  ten  more,  upon  the 
sale  of  two  subsequent  «H' uions  of  equal 
magnitude!  Tl'*"  *\>.radise  Regained, 
Samson  4^n«<et,,  and  The  History  of 
Britain,  w?re  among  h»«  hucst  productions 
He  died  November  o,  1674. 

MIND, -'TO^KREY,  a  painter,  the  pupi' 
of  Freudenberger,  was  ls"vn,  in  1768,  at 
Berne;  where,  also,  ii*  jied  in  1814.  His 
fondness  for  }«i»  teline  race  was  unbounded 
From  the  vwcuracy  and  spirit  with  whicl 
he  delineated  every  altitude  and  peculiarity 
of  thi  •  .ace  of  animal.-,  ~ti  wan  called  tbii 
Raphael  of  cats. 


MIR 

MINOT,  GEORGK  RICHARDS,  an 
American  historian,  was  born  in  1758,  was 
educated  at  Harvard  College,  and  pursued 
the  profession  of  the  law.  His  chief  pro- 
durtion  is  a  Continuation  of  Hutchison's 
History  of  Massachusetts  in  two  volumes. 
He  died  in  1802. 

MIRABEAU,  VICTOR  RIQUETTI, 
marquis  de,  a  prolific  French  writer  of  the 
tect  of  the  political  economists,  was  born, 
in  1719,  at  i'erthuis,  and  died  in  1790. 
As  a  private  character  he  was  deserving 
of  reprobation  for  his  vices;  as  an  author 
he  was  equally  so,  for  his  obscurity,  affecta- 
tion, and  vanity.  Of  his  works  the  prin- 
cipal are,  The  Friend  of  Men  ;  The  Theory 
of  Taxation;  and  Rural  Philosophy. 

MIRABEAU,  HONORIUS  GABRIEL 
RIQUETTI,  count  de,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  characters  of  the  French  revolu- 
tion, was  the  son  of  the  foregoing,  and  was 
born,  in  1749,  at  Bignon,  near  Nemours. 
Of  his  early  life  much  was  spent  in  ex- 
cesses, in  prison,  or  in  obscure,  and  some- 
times licentious,  labours  of  the  pen.  Seven- 
teen lettres  de  cachet  were  obtained  against 
him  by  his  father,  who  seems  to  have  de- 
lighted in  persecuting  him.  In  1784  he 
visited  London,  and  he  was  afterwards 
sent  to  Berlin,  by  Calonne,  on  a  secret 
mission.  The  revolution  opened  for  him 
the  path  to  fame,  and,  as  he  had  reason  to 
hope,  to  fortune  and  power  also.  Rejected 
by  the  nobles,  he  was  chosen  as  a  deputy 
to  the  states-general  by  the  commons  of 
Aix.  In  this  new  capacity,  his  extraor- 
dinary eloquence,  his  talent,  and  his  bold- 
ness, soon  gave  him  irresistible  weight  in 
the  assembly,  and  rendered  him  the  idol 
of  the  people.  At  length,  apprehensive 
that  the  existence  of  monarchy  itself  was 
becoming  endangered,  he  entered  into  a 
treaty  with  the  court,  to  use  his  influence 
in  stopping  the  progress  of  the  republican 
designs.  Before,  however,  he  could  carry 
his  intentions  into  effect,  a  sudden  illness 
terminated  his  existence,  April  2,  179.1. 
His  remains  were  honoured  with  a  public 
funeral,  and  deposited  in  the  Pantheon; 
whence,  only  two  years  later,  they  were 
by  the  mob,  and  scattered"  to  the 


winds!  Among  his  works  are,  a  Treatise 
on  Lettres  de  Cachet;  On  the  Prussian 
Monarchy  under  Frederic  the  Great;  Secret 
History  of  the  Court  of  Berlin;  and  Let- 
ters to  his  Constituents. 

MIRANDA,  PRAXIS,  a  general,  was 
born,  about  1750,  in  Peru;  quitted  his 
country  on  the  discovery  of  a  plan  which 
he  had  concerted  to  liberate  it  from  the 
Spanish  voke;  fought  under  the  banners 
of  republican  France,  in  1792  and  1793; 
succeeded  in  bringing  about  a  revolution 
in  Venezuela,  in  1811,  but  finally  fell  into 
the  handf  of  the  Spaniards;  and  died  a 
prisoner  at  CadJ/,  in  1816.  Miranda  was 


MOL 


SSI 


a  persevering,  brave,  and  well  Informed 
man. 

MITCHILL,  SAMU  EL  L.,  a  celebrated 
physician,  was  born  in  the  year  1763,  and 
was  for  a  great  number  of  years  professor 
of  various  branches  in  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians and  Surgeons  of  New  York.  He 
was  elected  to  the  assembly  of  New  York 
soon  after  the  revolution,  and  was  after- 
wards a  senator  in  Congress  and  colleague 
of  De  Witt  Clinton.  He  was  a  man  of 
immense  acquisitions,  and  his  labours  are 
dispersed  through  many  volumes.  He  was 
a  member  of  most  of  the  philosophical  so- 
cieties of  any  note  in  Europe  and  his  native 
country.  He  died  in  1831. 

MITFORD,  WILLIAM,  an  historian 
and  philologist,  was  born,  in  1734,  in  Lon- 
don; studied  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
and  the  Middle  Temple;  became  colonel 
of  the  Hampshire  militia,  and  M.  P.  for 
Newport,  in  Cornwall,  Beeralston,  and 
New  Romney;  and  died  in  1827.  His 
principal  works  are,The  History  of  Greece ; 
and  An  Essay  on  the  Harmony  of  Lan- 
guage. 

MITHRIDATES,  king  of  Pontus,  sur- 
named  the  Great,  succeeded  to  the  throne, 
B.  c.  123,  in  his  eleventh  year.  His  life 
was  one  long  struggle  against  the  tyranni- 
cal ascendancy  of  Rome.  He  inflicted 
frequent  defeats  on  the  Romans,  but  was 
at  length  expelled  from  his  kingdom  by 
Pompey,  and  put  an  end  to  his  own  exist- 
ence, B.  c.  64. 

MOESER,  JUSTUS,  an  eminent  German 
author,  was  born,  in  1720,  at  Osnaburgh; 
was  educated  at  Jena  and  Gottingen;  be- 
came a  popular  advocate,  and  counsellor 
of  justice;  and  died  in  1794.  Moeser  was 
called  the  German  Franklin.  Among  his 
numerous  works  are,  Patriotic  Ideas,  in 
four  volumes;  Arminius,  a  tragedy;  a 
History  of  Osnaburgh;  and  Miscellanies. 

MOHAMMED  BEN  ABD  AL  WA- 
HAB,  SHEIK,  the  founder  of  the  sect  of 
the  Wahabites,  was  born  in  Arabia,  about 
the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century,  in 
the  tribe  of  Temim,  and  claimed  descent 
from  Mahomet.  Having  studied  the  mus- 
sulman  theology  and  jurisprudence  at  Me- 
dina, and  being  a  man  of  talent  and  elo- 
quence, he  set  up  for  a  reformer  of  islamiam. 
His  progress  at  first  was  slow,  but  hi 
ultimately  succeeded  in  spreading  his  doc- 
trines widely,  and  establishing  his  power. 
He  died  at  an  advanced  age 

MOLE',  MATTHEW,  a  French  magis- 
trate, remarkable  for  his  probity  and  cour- 
age, was  born,  in  1584,  in  the  capital  of 
France;  became  president  of  the  parlia- 
ment of  Paris,  and  keeper  of  the  stals; 
displayed  great  strength  o'  mind  and  per- 
sonal bravery  amidst  the  oerils  to  which 
he  was  exposed  in  a  civi.  war;  and  died 
in  1656,  "  If  it  were  not  a  iort  of  bU»- 


£88  MON 

pheiny  (sa>  i  Cardinal  de  Retz)  to  affirm 
thjU  there  lias  l)een  in  our  limp  ;\  man  more 
intrepid  than  the  great  Gustavus  or  the 
prince  of  Cond -,  I  Mould  declare  that  man 
to  be  M.  M..1  ." 

MOLIERE,  JOHN  P,  \PTIST,  a  relc- 
brated  French  comic  writer,  whose  real 
name  was  POUULLl.N,  was  born,  in  1622, 


at  Paris  ;  was  the  son  of  an  upholsterer  and    M  on  jje  was  the  creator  of  descriptive  ge- 


de  CMmbre  to  the    king;     was    edu- 


cattd  at  Clement  College  In 


Jesuits; 


studied  the  law  at  Orleans,  and  was  in- 
tended for  a  barrister,  but  was  diverted 
from  the  bar  bv  hi*  fondness  for  the  stugr. 
That  fondness  he  first  indulged  in  private 
theatres;  then,  changing1  his  name,  he  be- 
came a  provincial  actor,  and  began  also  to 
display  his  dramatic  powers  as  an  author. 
In  1658  he  established  hi?  theatrical  com- 
pany at  Paris,  and  in  1665  he  was  taken 
into  the  service  of  Louis  XIV.  aid  pen- 
sioned. He  now  brought  forward  all  his 
best  pieces,  and  his  fame  as  a  writer  of 
comedy  was  spread  throughout  Europe. 
But  though  he  was  in  possession  of  afflu- 
ence and  reputation,  though  he  was  patron- 
ised and  esteemed  by  his  sovereign,  and 
lived  in  habits  of  friendship  with  men  of 
genius  and  rank,  Moliere  was  far  from 
being  happy;  his  health  was  in  a  languish- 
ing state,  and  his  domestic  circumstances 
were  fraught  with  discomfort.  He  died  in 
1673.  His  works  form  eight  volumes. 

MONBODDO,  JAMES  BURNETT, 
lord,  a  learned  but  eccentric  writer,  was 
born,  in  1714,  at  Monboddo,  in  Scotland, 
and  was  educated  at  Aberdeen  and  Gron- 
ingen.  In  1738  he  was  admitted  an  advo- 
cate, and,  in  1767,  was  raised  to  the  bench. 
He  died  May  26,  1799.  Lord  Monboddo 
was  an  excellent  Greek  scholar  and  meta- 
physician, but  his  whimsies  threw  a  shade 
over  his  merits.  He  held  modern  learning 
in  utter  contempt,  and  believed  in  satyrs, 
mermaids,  and  the  relationship  of  the  hu- 
man and  monkey  races.  He  wrote  Ancient 
Metaphysics;  and  An  Essay  on  the  Origin 
and  Progress  of  Language. 

MONGE,  CASPAR,  an  eminent  French 
geometrician, was  born,  in  1746,  at  Berume ; 
displayed  profound  mathematical  talents 
a.  an  early  age;  taught  physics  and  mathe- 
matics at  the  military  school  of  Mezleres; 
and,  in  1780,  became  a  member  of  the 
Academy  of  Sciences.  In  1793  he  was 


mm 

all  his  employments,  and,  in  1618,  WM 
excluded  from  the  Institute.  Grief  aod 
age  combined  to  weaken  his  faculties,  and 
he  died,  almost  in  a  state  of  imbecility,  in 
1818.  Of  his  works  the  principal  "are, 
Descriptive  Geometry;  the  Application  of 
Analysis  to  the  Geometry  of  Surfaces, 
and  an  Elementary  Treatise  on  Statics. 


ometry. 

MONK,  GEORGE,  duke  of  Albemarle, 
the  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Monk,  was  born, 
in  1608,  at  Potheridge,  in  Devonshire;  en- 
tered the  army  early,  and,  after  having 
served  in  various  quarters,  espoused  the 
cause  of  Charles  I.  and  was  made  governor 
of  Dublin.  He  was  taken  by  the  Parlia- 
ment troops  at  Nantwich,  and  committed 
to  the  Tower,  where  he  wrote  his  Obser- 
vations on  Military  and  Political  Affairs. 
After  having  been  confined  for  three  years, 
he  accepted  a  commission  from  the  parlia- 
ment, and  was  employed  in  Ireland  and  in 
Scotland.  In  1653  he  was  transferred  to 
the  naval  service,  and,  in  conjunction  with 
Blake  and  Dean,  he  twice  defeated  the 
Dutch  fleet.  On  peace  being  restored,  he 
returned  to  the  chief  command  in  Scotland. 
By  means  of  the  army  which  was  under 
Sis  orders  he  succeeded  in  restoring  Charles 
II.;  for  which  he  was  rewarded  with  the 
order  of  the  garter,  and  the  dukedom  of 
Albemarle.  His  last  exploit  was  his  three 
days  desperate  engagement  with  the  Dutch 
fleet  in  1666.  He  died  in  1670. 

MONROE,  JAMES,  president  of  the 
United  States,  was  born,  in  Virginia,  in 
1759,  and  was  educated  in  William  and 
Mary  college.  He  entered  the  revolution- 
ary war  in  1776  as  a  cadet,  was  at  thr 
battles  of  Haerlem  Heights  and  White 
Plains,  and  in  the  attack  on  Trenton,  and 
rose  througn  the  rank  of  lieutenant  to  that 
of  captain.  He  was  present  at  the  battles 
of  Brandywi.ie,  Germanto*vn,  and  Mon- 
mouth,  as  aid  f.o  Lord  Sterling.  Resuming 
the  study  of  the  law,  he  entered  the  office 
of  Mr.  Jefierson,and  after  being  a  member 
of  the  assembly  of  Virginia  and  the  coun- 
cil, he  wa«  elected  in  1783,  a  member  of 
the  old  Congress.  In  1790  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  senate  of  the  United 
States,  in  1794  went  as  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary to  France,  and  in  1799  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  Virginia.  In  1803 


for  a  short   time  minister  of  the   marine,  he   was  appointed   minister  extraordinary 

to   France,  in   the  same  year  minister    to 


ind  acted  as  substitute  for  the  war  minis- 
ter. In  1796  he  was  employed  in  Italy; 
and,  in  1798,  accompanied  Bonaparte  to 
Egypt,  where  he  was  chosen  president  of 
Jie'lnstitute  of  Cairo.  Under  the  imperial 
government,  he  was  made  a  senator  and 
count  of  Pelusium.  Napoleon  also  gave 
him  an  estate  in  Westphalia,  and  a  present 
of  two  hundred  thousand  francs.  On  the 
••turn  of  the  Bourbons  he  was  deprived  of 


London,  and  in  the  next  ninisterto  Spain. 


In  1806   he   was 


again 

.  Willi 


appointed   in  con- 


junction with  Mr.  William  Pinkney,  min 
ister  to  London.  He  wa?  subsequent.}- 
governor  of  Virginia;  in  1811  was  ap- 
pointed secretary  of  state,  and  continued 
to  exercise  the  duties  of  this  department, 
and  for  some  time  those  of  the  department 
of  war,  till  1817.  In  that  year  ne  WM 


MON 

dloaen  presi  lent  of  the  Union,  and  ir.  182 
was  re-elected  by  a  vote,  unanimous,  with 
the   single  exception  of  one   vote  in  New 
Hampshire.     He  died   in   New  York,  on 
the  fmirtn  of  July.  1831. 

MONRO,  ALEXANDER,  professor  of 
anatomy,  was  born  in  1732,  and  died  i 
1817.  Among  his  works  are,  Observations 
on  (he  Nervous  Svstem;  Outlines  of  the 
Anatomy  of  the  Human  Body;  The 
Structure  of  Physiology  of  Fishes;  and  t 
Description  of  the  Burs-.e  Mucosse. — His 
brother,  DONALD,  a  physician,  wrote  a 
Treatise  on  Medical  and  Pharmaceutica 
Chemistry;  Memoirs  of  l»is  Father;  anc 
Observations  on  the  Means  of  preserving 
the  Health  of  Soldiers. 


MONTAGU,  Lady  MARY  WORTLEY, 
a  beauty,  a  wit,  and  an  elegant  writer,  was 
born,  about  1690,  at  Thoresby,  in  Notting- 
hamshire, and  was  the  eldest  daughter  of 
the  duke  of  Kingston.  She  was  carefully 
educated,  and  manifested  precocious  tal- 
ents. In  1712  she  married  Mr.  Wortley 
Montagu,  and  in  1716  she  accompaniejd  him 
on  his  embassy  to  Constantinople.  To  this 
journey  we  are  indebted  for  her  admirable 
Letters,  and  for  the  introduction  of  inocu- 
lation into  England,  the  efficacy  and  safety 
of  which  she  first  tried  upon  her  own  son. 
After  her  return,  in  1718,  she  shone  con- 
spicuously in  the  circles  of  talent  and 
fashion.  Pope  was  among  her  friends,  or 
rather  lie  was  her  lover,  but  he  at  length 
quarrelled  wuh  and  libelled  her.  In  1739, 
her  declining  health  induced  her  to  settle 
on  the  continent;  whence,  however,  she 
returned  in  1761.  She  died  in  the  follow- 
ing year.  Her  collected  works  have  been 
published  in  six  volumes.  Her  poems  are 
light  and  spirited,  but  often  incorrect;  her 
Letters  place  her  at  the  head  of  female 
epistolary  writers  in  Great  Britain,  and 
leave  her  few  rivals  in  other  countries. 

MONTAGU,  EDWARD  WORTLEY,  the 
ion  of  the  foregoing,  was  born,  in  1713; 
was  elected  a  member  of  parliament  in 
1747;  and  died  in  1776.  Hi.s  character 
vr,\s  full  of  eccentricity.  He  ran  away 
fron;  Westminster  School,  and  be- 


MO.N  3*1 

came  a  chimney  sweep ,  a  fishmonger'* 
boy,  a  cabin  boy,  and  a  nule  driver;  aod 
in  his  latter  days  he  nr.arried  a  washer- 
woman, wandered  through  the  East,  and, 
after  hav  ing  been  a  Roman  catholic,  ended 
by  apostatizing  to  Mahometanism.  He 
wrote  Reflections  on  the  Rise  and  Fall  of 
the  Ancient  Republics;  and  some  papers 
in  the  Philosophical  Transactions. 

MONTAGU.     See    HALIFAX    am* 
SANDWICH. 


MONTAIGNE,  MICHAEL  DE,  a  cele- 
brated French  essayist,  was  born,  in  1533, 
at  the  castle  of  Montaigne,  in  Perigord. 
The  utmost  care  was  taken  in  his  education. 
Latin  and  Greek  he  acquired  by  their 
being  constantly  spoken  to  him  in  his 
childhood.  He  finished  his  studies  at 
Guienne  College  in  Bordeaux.  About  1554 
lie  became  one  of  the  counsellors  of  the 
parliament  of  Bordeaux.  He  was  twice 
mayor  of  Bordeaux;  took  a  part  in  the 
assembly  of  the  States  of  Blois;  and  re- 
ceived the  order  of  Saint  Michael  from 
Charles  IX.  In  1580  and  1581,  he  visited 
jrermany,  Switzerland,  and  Italy.  His 
Essays  were  begun  about  1572,  and  the 
irs»t  edition  was  published  in  1580.  He 
died  in  1592.  Hid  Essays,  of  which  in- 
numerable editions  have  appeared,  and 
which  must  always  retain  their  popularity, 
lave  been  twice  translated  into  English. 

MONTALEMBERT,  MARK  RENF, 
marquis  de,a  French  general,  was  born,  in 
L714,  at  Angouleme;  entered  the  army 
early  in  life,  and  made  several  campaigns"; 
vas  attached  to  the  Russian  and  Swedish 
taff,  during  the  seven  years'  war,  as  the 
military  agent  of  the  French  government; 
assisted  Carnot  with  his  advice  during  the 
first  part  of  the  revolutionary  war;  and 
died  in  1800.  Montalembert  is  the  in- 
ventor of  a  new  system  of  fortification, 
vhich  has  given  rise  to  much  controversy. 
~ts  principles  are  explained  in  his  Per- 
rendicular  Fortification,  or  the  Defensive 
Art  superior  to  the  Offensive,  in  eleven  vol- 
unes. quarto. 

MONTECUCULI,  RAYMOND,  one  of 
he  greatest  generals  of  the  seventeenth 
entury,  was  born,  in  1609,  of  a  noblt 


390  MON 

family  tn  the  Modenese  It  wtts  in  the 
thirty  years'  war,  and  in  the  Imperial  ser- 
vice, that  he  first  held  a  command,  and 
displayed  his  superior  talents.  In  1657 
he  was  sent,  with  an  auxiliary  force,  to 
the  assistance  of  the  king  of  Poland,  and, 
soon  after,  to  that  of  the  king  of  Denmark. 
In  1664  lie  gained  a  splendid  victory  at 


St.  Gothard,  over  the  Turkish  army 
1675    and    1676,    he    commanded 


In 
the 

Rhine,  and  foiled  all  the  efforts  of  Turenne 
and  the  prince  of  Conde  by  his  master!} 
manoeuvres.  He  died  in  1681.  He  is  the 
author  of  Memoirs  on  Military  Affaire; 
•and  a  Treatise  on  the  Art  of  Reigning. 


MOO 

Quebec   in  1775      He   was  ar.   officer   ol 
much  energy  and  valour. 

.MONTI,"  VINC-K.VT,  one  of  the  most  eel 
rbrated  poets  of  modern  Italy,  and  one  of 
the  most  versatile  of  men  in  his  po.itica 
principles,  was  born,  about  1753,  at  Fusig- 
nana,  in  the  duchy  of  I'Yrrara.  I  le  began 
by  being  a  violent  partisan  of  the  papa 
government,  and  enemy 
became  a  republican,  and 


MONTESQUIEU,  CHARLES  DE  SE- 
CONDAT,  baron  de,  an  illustrious  French 
writer  and  magistrate,  was  bornvin  1689, 
at  the  castle  of  Brede,  near  Bordeaux; 
oecame  counsellor  of  the  parliament  of 
Bordeaux  in  1714,  and  in  1716  succeeded 
his  uncle  as  president  a  mortier.  His  first 
published  work  was  his  Persian  Letters, 
which  appeared  in  1721.  In  1726  he  relin- 
quished his  office,  in  order  to  devote  him- 
self to  literature.  He  then  travelled  over 
a  considerable  part  of  the  continent,  and 
visited  England,  where  he  resided  for  two 
years.  On  his  return  he  retired  to  the 
castle  of  Brede.  His  two  principal  works, 
On  the  Greatness  and  Decline  of  the  Ro- 
mans ;  and  The  Spirit  of  Laws ;  the  former 
given  to  the  world  in  1734,  and  the  latter 
in  1748,  were  the  result  of  his  long  studies 
and  meditations.  He  died  in  1755.  Burke 
characterizes  hiiii  as  "  a  genius  not  born 
in  every  country,  or  every  time;  a  man 
gifted  by  nature  with  a  penetrating  aqui- 
line eye;  with  si  judgment  prepared  with 
the  most  extensive  erudition  ;  with  a  Her- 
culean robustness  of  mind,  and  nerves  not 
to  be  broken  with  labour." 

MONTGOMERY,  RICHARD,  a  major 
general  in  the  army  of  the  American  revo- 
lution, was  born  hi  Ireland  in  1737.  He 
entered  the  British  army,  and  fought  with 
Wolle  at  the  siege  of  Quebec  in  1759.  He 
Fiibsequenily  left  the  army  and  settled  in 
New  York.  Joining  the  cause  of  the  col- 


\pol 


f  the   FiVnch; 
next  a  paneg\r- 


ist  of  Napoleon  ;    and   ended   by  ofleimj 
his  incense  to  the  emperor  of  Austria.   He 


died  in  1828.     In  his 


illiana  he 


proves 


himself  no  unworthy  disi'iple  of  Dante. 
Among  his  other  works  are,  The  Bard  of 
the  Black  Forest;  and  the  tragedies  «,f 
Galeotto  Manfredo,  Aristodemns,  and  Caivis 
Gracchus.  One  of  hie  last  labours  was  of 
an  unpoetical  kind:  it  consisted  in  re- 
moulding the  Delia  Crusca  Dictionary. 

MONTMOREN CI ,  A N  N  r.  i>  K  ,  constable 
and  marshal  of  France,  was  born,  in  1493, 
at  Chantilli,  and  was  mortally  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  St.  Denis,  in  1567.  From 
his  early  youth  he  was  remarkable  for  his 
va.our,  and  he  acquired  renown  on  nu- 
merous occasions;  but  his  most  splendid 
achievement  was  his  saving  France,  in 
1536,  when  Charles  V.  invaded  Provence 
with  a  formidable  army.  By  his  prudence 
and  skill  at  that  period  he  gained  the  title 
of  the  French  Fabius. 

MONTROSE,  JAMES  GRAHAM, mar- 
quis of,  a  royalist  general,  a  descendant 
from  the  royal  family  of  Scotland,  served 
in  the  Scotch  guards,  in  France,  and 
joined  the  covenanters  after  his  return 
home.  He  soon,  however,  changed  sides, 
acted  with  great  zeal  for  Charlen  I.,  and 
gained  the  battles  of  Perth,  Aberdeen,  and 
Inverlochy.  Being  defeated  by  Lesley,  in 
1645,  he  was  compelled  to  leave  the  king- 
dom. In  1650  he  made  another  attempt 
o  raise  the  standard  of  royality,  but  was 
speedily  taken  prisoner,  and  was  executed 
in  the  21st  of  May  in  that  year. 

MOODY,  PAUL,  a  celebrated  mechanic, 
was  born  in  Essex  countv,  Massachusetts, 
about  the  year  1780,  and  was  for  some  time 
the  employment  of  Jacob  Perkins,  of 
\e\vburyport.  He  was  the  head  mechanic 
jf  the  manufacturing  establishments  at 
Waltham,  and  subsequently  of  the  great 
manufactories  at  Lowell,  where  he  died 
uddenly,  in  July,  1831. 

MOORE,  EDWARD,  a  poet,  and  miscel- 
aneous    writer,    was    born,    in    1712,    at 
Abingdon,   in  Berkshire,  and  quitted  the 
business  of  a  linen  draper  in  London,  to 
ssume   the    literary   character.      He    died 
n  1757.     Moore  conducted  The  World,  to 
vhich    many    men   of   talent    and    fashion 
vere  contributors.     His  poem.--,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  are  Fables  for  the  Female 


onies,  he   waj  appointed  a  general  in  the! Sex,    have    considerable    elegance.     Hi* 
•orthern  army,  and   fell  at   the   u.vault  oiJooroediec  of  Gil   Bias  and  the  Fonudlinf 


HOB 

were  unsuccessful;  but  his  tragedy  of 
The  Gamester  is  still  represented  with  ap- 
plause. 

MOORE,  JOHN,  a  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born,  in  1730,  at  Stirling;  studied 
medicine  and  surgery,  at  Glasgow;  and 
was  succerrfc  jvely  a  surgeon's  mate  in  the 
Netherlands,  and  surgeon  to  the  English 
ambassador  at  Paris.  In  1772  he  took 
his  degree  as  a  physician ;  after  which  he 
•pent  five  years  in  travelling  upon  the 
continent  with  the  duke  of  Hamilton.  On 
his  return  lie  settled  in  London,  and  he 
died  in  1802.  As  an  author  he  enjoyed 
considerable  popularity.  He  wrote  three 
novels,  Zeluco,  Edward,  and  Mordaunt, 
the  first  of  which  is  superior  to  the  others; 
A  View  of  Society,  &c.  in  France,  Swit- 
zerland, and  Germany;  in  Italy;  and  of 
the  French  Revolution 

MOORE,  Sir  JOHN,  a  general,  the 
eldest  son  of  the  foregoing,  was  born,  in 
176.1,  at  Glasgow;  entered  the  army  at 
the  age  of  fifteen  as  an  ensign ;  and  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  siege  of  Calvi, 
the  capture  of  St.  Lucia,  and  on  various 
occasions  in  Ireland,  Holland,  and  Egypt; 
in  the  course  of  which  services  he  received 
several  wounds.  On  his  return  from  Egypt 
be  was  made  a  knight  of  the  Bath.  In 
1808  he  commanded  the  forces  sent  to 
assist  the  king  of  Sweden;  towards  the 
close  of  the  same  year  he  was  placed  at 
the  head  of  the  army  in  Spain ;  and  he  fell 
gloriously,  on  the  16th  of  January,  1809, 
at  the  battle  of  Corunna. 

MORATIN,  NICHOLAS  FERDINAND, 
a  Spanish  poet  and  dramatist,  who  was  a 
Barrister,  and  died  in  1780,  endeavoured 
to  assimilate  the  Spanish  comic  theatre  to 
the  strict  lules  of  the  French.  He  wrote 
three  tragedies;  a  comedy;  Diana,  or  the 
Art  of  Hunting;  and  other  poems. 

MORATIN,  LEANDER  FERDINAND, 
son  of  the  foregoing,  a  Spanish  dramatist, 
who  is  called  the  Moliere  of  Spain,  was 
born,  about  1760,  at  Madrid;  was  obliged 
to  quit  his  native  country  in  consequence 
of  having  been  a  partisan  of  Joseph  Bona- 
parte; and  died  at  Paris,  in  1828.  He 
wrote  several  comedies;  and,  as  a  theatri- 
cal writer,  is  superior  to  his  father. 

MORDAUNT.     See  PETERBOROUH. 

MORE,  Sir  THOMAS,  chancellor  of 
E».gland,  the  son  of  a  judge,  was  born,  in 
1480,  in  Milk  Street,  London,  and  was 
educatea  in  i\e  family  of  Cardinal  Morton, 
who  used  to  predict  More's  future  emi- 
nence. He  completed  his  studies  at  Christ 
Church,  then  Canterbury  College,  Oxford, 
and  at  Linco-.n's  Inn.  lie  early  obtained 
a  seat  in  parliament,  and  on  more  than 
one  occasion  displayed  an  independent 
ipirit-  In  1523  he  was  chosen  spenker. 
He  was  much  in  favour  with  Henry  VIII. 
whc,  after  having  given  him  snme  im- 


MOR 


391 


portant   offices,   raised    him    to    vhe    lord 
chancellorship,  in  1530,  in   the  place  of 


Wolsey.  This  high  office  he  filled  for 
three  years  with  the  utmost  talent  and 
integrity.  He  resigned  the  seals,  becaus« 
he  could  not  conscientiously  lend  his  sup- 
port to  the  measures  of  Henry  with  respect 
to  religion  and  the  divorce  of  Catherine 
of  Arragon.  For  this,  the  implacable 
tyrant  devoted  him  to  death,  and  he  was 
b'eheaded  in  1535.  His  humour  and  pleas- 
antry did  not  desert  him  even  In  his  last 
moments.  The  virtue  of  tolerance  xvas 
alone  wanting  to  render  More  an  almost 
perfect  character.  Of  his  works  the  most 
celebrated  is  the  Utopia,  a  political  ro- 
mance. 

MORE,  HENRY,  a  divine  and  platonic 
philosopher,  was  born,  in  1614,  at  Grant- 
ham;  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  Christ's 
College,  Cambridge;  refused  the  highest 
preferments  ;  and  died,  universally  be- 
loved, in  1687.  His  works,  in  which  are 
many  fine  passages,  form  two  folio  volumes 
As  a  poet,  he  is  known  by  his  Pyschozoia, 
or  Song  of  the  Soul,  in  which,  though  it 
is  often  obscure  and  prosaic,  there  is  much 
poetical  imagery. 

MOREAU.JoHN  VICTOR,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  of  modern  French  gener- 
als, was  born,  in  1763,  at  Morlaix,  and 
was  brought  up  to  the  bar.  The  army, 
however,  was  the  profession  of  his  choice, 
and  he  entered  a  regiment  before  he  was 
eighteen,  but  was  taken  from  it  by  bis 
father.  The  revolution  enabled  him  to 
gratify  his  wishes,  and  he  made  his  first 
campaign  under  Dumourier,  in  1792.  He 
gained  the  rank  of  brigadier  general  in 

1793,  and  that  of  general  of  division  in 

1794.  lu  the  latter  year  he  commanded 
the   right  wing  of  Pichegru's   army,  and 
obtained    great   successes   in   the   Nether- 
lands.    In  1796  he  was  placed  at  the  head 
of  the  army  of  the  Rhine.     In  that  year 
he    distinguished    himself    by    penetrating 
into  Bavaria,  and  by  his  masterly  retneat 
before  a  superior   force;    in   1797,   by  his 
passage  of  the  Rhine;   and  in  1800,  by  his 
campaign     in  Gcrmnny,    crowned  by    the 
decisive  victory  n"  Moh.nlindc!!.     Haviitg 


fltl 


MOR 


engaged  with  Pichegru,  Georget,  and  other 
royalists,  in  a  plot  against  the  consular 
government,  he  was  brought  to  trial,  in 
1804,  and  sentenced  to  two  years  imprison- 
ment, but  was  allowed  to  retire  to  North 
America.  There  he  remained  till  1813, 
when  lie  was  prevailed  upon  to  join  the 
allied  sovereigns,  and  appear  in  arms 
against  his  country.  He  was,  however, 
mortally  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Dresden, 
and  died  on  the  1st  of  September,  1813. 

MORERl,  LEWIS,  the  first  author  of 
the  Dict'onary  which  bears  his  name,  was 
born,  in  1643,  at  Bargemont,  in  Provence; 
was  educated  at  Draguignan,  Aix,  and 
Lyons;  took  orders,  and  oecame  almoner 
to  the  bishop  of  Apt;  and  died  in  1680, 
from  a  disease  brought  on  by  excessive  lit- 
erary exertion.  The  Dictionary  to  which 
he  owes  his  reputation  was  published  in 
1673,  in  one  volume  folio;  it  has  since 
been  extended  to  ten  volumes. 

MORETO  Y  CABANA,  AUGUSTIN, 
a  Spanish  dramatic  poet  of  the  seventeenth 
century,  a  contemporary  of  Calderon,  was 
patronised  by  Philip  IV.  and  entered  into 
the  ecclesiastical  state  on  ceasing  to  write 
for  the  stage.  He  wrote  six  and  thirty 
comedies;  from  two  of  which  Moliere  bor- 
rowed hints  for  his  Princess  of  Elis  and 
School  for  Husbands'. 

MORGAGNI,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  an  emi- 
nent Italian  anatomist  and  physician,  was 
born,  in  1682,  at  Forli ;  studied  at  Bolog- 
na; became  successively  professor  of  theo- 
retical medicine  and  of  anatomy  at  Padua ; 
was  honoured  by  the  king  of  Sardinia  and 
several  popes;  was  a  member  of  various 
learned  bodies;  and  died  in  1771.  His 
works,  which  are  much  valued,  form  five 
volumes  folio. 

MORGAN, 

officer  in  the  army  of  the  American  revo- 
lution, was  born  in  New  Jersey,  and  re- 
moved to  Virginia  in  1755.  He  enlisted 
in  Braddock's  expedition  as  a  private  sol- 
dier, and  on  the  defeat  of  that  general 
returned  to  his  occupation  as  a  farmer.  At 
the  commencement  of  the  revolution  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  a  troop  of 
horse,  and  joined  the  army  under  Wash- 
ington, then  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Bus- 
ton.  He  distinguished  himself  very  much 

•  1  !••  '  *      /"^  L  1 


DAMET,,    a  distinguished 


MOR 

•oon  after  resigned  hia  Commission.  It 
1794  he  commanded  the  militia  of  Virginia 
called  out  to  suppress  the  insurrection  in 
Pennsylvania,  and  continued  in  the  service 
till  1795.  He  afterwards  was  e  ected  to  a 
seat  in  Congress.  He  died  in  1799. 

MORGAN,  JOHN,  an  eminent  Ameri- 
can physician,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
in  1735,  and  was  educated  at  the  college 
in  that  city.  He  completed  his  medical 
studies  in  Europe,  and  on  his  return  in 
1765  was  elected  professor  of  the  theory 
and  practice  of  medicine  in  the  medica 
co  lege  in  Philadelphia.  In  October  1775, 
he  was  appointed  chief  physician  to  ihe 
general  hospitals  of  the  American  army, 
but  in  1775  was  removed  on  account  of 
certain  accusations  which  he  afterward 
proved  to  be  entirely  groundless  He  died 
in  1789.  He  was  the  author  of  leveral 
medical  treatises. 

MORISON,  ROBERT,  an  eminent  bot- 
anist, was  born,  in  1620,  at  Aberdeen; 
studied  at  the  university  there,  and  at  Paris 
and  Angers;  settled  in  England,  in  1660; 
and  became  king's  physician,  a  fellow  of 
the  college,  and  regius  professor  of  bota- 
ny; and  died  in  1683,  professor  of  botany 
at  Oxford.  His  principal  work  is,  Plan- 
tarum  Historia  Universalis  Oxoniensis; 
the  second  volume  of  which  was  published 
by  Bobart. 

MORITZ,  CHARLES  PHILIP,  a  Ger 
man  writer,  was  born  at  Hameln,  in  1757; 
studied  at  Hanover,  Erfurt,  and  Wittem- 
berg;  travelled  in  England,  Switzerland, 
and  Italy;  and  died  in  1793  Moritz  was 
a  most  eccentric  character.  In  his  novels 
of  Anthony  Reiser  and  Andrew  Hartknopf 
he  has  drawn  a  portrait  of  some  of  his 
own  singularities  and  adventures.  Among 
his  other  works  are,  his  Traveis  in  Eng- 
land and  Italy;  The  Antiquities  of  Rome; 
and  various  grammatical  and  philological 
productions. 

MORLAND,  GEORGE,  a  painter  of 
considerable  talent,  but  irregular  and  de- 
basing habits,  was  born,  about  the  year 
1764,  in  London,  and  was  instructed  by 
his  father.  His  works  were  exceedingly 
popular,  and  he  might  have  gained  an  am 
pie  fortune,  had  not  his  inveterate  propcn 
sity  to  intemperance  and  to  low  company 


in  the  expedition  against  Quebec,  where  kept  him  always  poor,  and  more  than  onca 
he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  On .  deprived  him  of  his  liberty.  He  died  in 
the  exchange  of  prisoners,  he  rejoined  the 


Amen: can    army,    was   appointed    to    the 
com.nand   of  a  select  rifle  corps,  and  de- 


1804. 

MORRIS,  GOUVERNEUR,  ui  eminen 
statesman  and  orator,  was  born  at  Morris- 


tached  to  assist  general  Gates  on  the  north-  ania,  near  the  city  of  New  York,  in  1752. 
ern  frontier,  where  he  contributed  materi-  !  was  graduated  at'King's  Co!lefle  in  1768, 
a  ly  to  the  capture  of  general  Burgoyne.  and  licensed  to  practice  l?w  in.  1771.  In 
After  a  short  retirement  from  service,  on  1775  he  was  a  member  of  'Ki  nrovincia 


account  of  ill   health,    he   was    appointed  coogrCM    "f  New  York,  an.l   \  ij  cne  of 
wigadi^r  general  by  brevet,  and  command-  ,  the   committee  which   drafted    A    \   ^titu- 
td  at  the   force  by  which  cobnel  Tarletun    ti'>n  for  th;;  state  of   New  York. 
•nw  routed  at  the  kittle  of  Omvj>."!i<.     lie  }>«  wa*  rho-^.i  a   d<:h-;j-ile  tu  the   •          e» 


MOR 

«ai  c«n£re«s,  and  in  the  following  year 
wrote  the  celebrated  Observations  on  the 
American  Revolution.  %  In  1781  le  ac- 
cepted the  post  of  assistant  superintendent 
of  finance,  as  colleague  of  Robert  Morris; 
and  in  1787  was  a  member  of  the  conven- 
tion which  framed  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States.  In  1792  he  was  appointed 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  France,  and 
held  this  station  till  his  recall  by  the  re- 
quest of  the  French  government  in  1794. 
In  1800  he  was  elected  a  senator  in  Con- 
gress, from  the  state  of  New  York,  and  in 
this  body  was  very  conspicuous  for  his 
political  information  and  his  brilliant  elo- 
quence. Many  of  his  speeches  in  congress 
and  orations  have  been  published;  and  a 
selection  from  his  correspondence  and  oth- 
er valuable  papers,  with  a  biographical 
sketch,  by  Mr.  Jared  Sparks,  was  issued  in 
1832. 

MORRIS,  LEWIS,  a  signer  of  the  dec- 
.aration  of  independence,  was  born  at  the 
manor  of  Morrisania,  near  the  city  of  New 
York,  in  1726.  He  was  educated  at  Yale 
College,  and  took  an  early  part  in  the 
cause  of  the  colonies.  In  1775  he  was 
elected  a  delegate  to  the  continental  con- 
gress, and  while  in  this  body  served  on 
several  of  the  most  important  committees. 
His  rich  estates  were  laid  waste  by  the 
British  army  in  1776.  He  left  congress  in 
1777,  and  died  in  1798.  Three  of  his  sons 
served  with  distinction  in  the  revolutiona- 
ry army. 

MORRIS,  ROBERT,  a  celebrated  finan- 
cier, was  a  native  />f  England,  removed 
with  his  father  to  America,  at  an  early 
age,  and  subsequently  established  himself 
as  a  merchant  in  Philadelphia.  In  1775 
he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  congress, 
and  signed  the  declaration  of  independence 
in  the  following  year.  In  1781  he  was  ap- 
pointe  !  superintendent  of  finance,  and  ren- 
dered incalculable  service  by  his  wealth 
and  credit  during  the  exhausted  state  of 
our  public  funds.  It  has  been  said,  and 
with  much  truth,  that  "  the  Americans 
.owed,  and  still  owe,  as  much  acknowledg- 
ment to  the  "mancial  operations  of  Robert 
Morris,  as  ?  *he  negociations  of  Benjamin 
Franklin,  or  even  to  the  arms  of  George 
Washington."  He  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  framed  the  constitution 
of  the  United  States  in  1787,  and  after- 
wards a  senator  in  congress.  In  his  old 
age  he  lust  his  ample  fortune,  by  unfortu- 
nate land  speculations,  and  passed  the  last 
years  of  his  life  confined  in  prison  for 
debt  He  died  in  1806. 

MORTIMER,  THOMAS,  a  miscellane- 
ous writer,  was  born,  in  1730,  in  London ; 
was  for  some  time  vice  consul  in  the  Neth- 
erlands; and  died  in  1809.  Among  his 
works  are,  The  British  Plutarch;  A  Dic- 
tionary of  Trade  and  Commerce ;  A  Gen- 
Hi 


MOT 


3U3 


•ral  Dictionary  of  Commerce;  The  Cle- 
ments of  Commerce;  and  a  History  of 
England. 

MORTIMER,  JOHN  HAMILTON,  a 
painter,  was  born,  in  1741,  at  Eastbourne, 
in  Sussex;  was  a  pupil  of  Hudson,  to 
whom  he  was  superior  in  talent;  and  dice 
in  1779.  Among  his  best  historical  pic- 
tures are,  The  Battle  of  Agincourt ;  Vorti- 
gern  and  Rowena ;  the  signing  of  Magna 
Charta;  and  St.  Paul  converting  the  Bri- 
tons. Mortimer  excelled  in  sketches  of 
banditti  and  terrific  subjects. 

MORTON,  NATHANIEL,  one  of  the 
first  settlers  of  Plymouth,  New  England, 
and  a  magistrate  of  the  colony,  was  the 
author  of  a  history  of  the  church  at  Ply- 
mouth, and  of  a  volume  called  New  Eng- 
land's Memorial.  This  work  was  origin 
ally  published  in  1669,  and  a  new  edition 
of  it  has  been  recently  issued. 

MORTON,  JOHN,  a  signer  of  the  dec- 
laration of  American  independence,  was 
born  in  the  county  of  Chester,  Pennsylva- 
nia, was  a  member  of  the  provincial  as- 
sembly of  his  native  state,  and  in  1774  ap- 
pointed a  delegate  to  the  continental  con- 
gress. He  died  in  1777. 

MOSCHUS,  a  Greek  bucolic  poet,  a 
native  of  Syracuse,  is  believed  to  have 
been  a  friend  of  Bion;  though  some  imag- 
ine him  to  have  lived  under  the  reign  of 
Ptolemy  Philometer.  His  Idyls  are  among 
the  most  beautiful  specimens  of  ancient 
pastoral  poetry. 

MOSHEIM,  JOHN  LAURENCE,  a  Ger- 
man protestant  theologian,  was  born,  in 
1695,  at  Lubeck,  and,  after  having  filled 
professorships  in  Denmark  and  Brunswick, 
died  in  1755,  professor  of  theology  and 
chancellor  of  the  university  of  Gottmgen. 
His  sermons  were  much  admired  for  their 
pure,  elegant,  and  mellifluous  style.  In 
his  private  character  he  is  said  to  have  re- 
sembled Fenelon.  He  wrote  above  a  hun- 
dred and  sixty  works,  among  which  may 
be  mentioned,  The  Morality  of  the  Holy 
Scriptures;  and  an  Ecclesiastical  History, 
the  latter  of  which  was  translated  by  Mac- 
laine. 

MOTHE  LE  VAYER,  FRANCIS  v* 
LA,  a  French  philosopher  and  writer,  wa§ 
born,  in  1588,  at  Paris*;  quitted  the  .aw 
for  literature;  was  appointed  preceptor  to 
the  duke  of  Orleans,  and  afterwards  cf 
Louis  XIV.;  and  died,  in  1672,  historio- 
grapher of  France,  and  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Academy.  His  works,  in  which 
there  is  nrich  acuteness  and  learning  con- 
veyed in  a  faulty  stvle,  form  fourteen  vol- 
I  times.  It  was  not  till  he  was  fifty  that  he 
began  to  publish  them. 

MOTTE,  ANTHONY  HOUDAR,  DK 
I  LA,  an  eminent  French  writer,  was  born, 
I  in  1672,  at  Paris.  He  was  educated  at 
'the  Jesuits'  seminary,  and  was  intended 


MOZ 


MCR 


for  the  law,  but  chose  to  become  a  draiirfU- 1  parts  of  Germany.    He  next  visited  France 
i.M.     The   failure  of  his   first  piece.  The  England,  and  Italy,  and  was  every  where 

Original.*,  so  liscouraged  him  that  he 
would  have  Ixv  m»e  a  monk  of  La  Trnppe 
had  not  the  al»e  de  Kaucf  dissuaded  him. 
Hi«  subsequent  pieces  were  more  success- 
ful. In  1710,  he  was  admitted  a  mcml>er 
of  tit"  Academy.  He  was  a  fertile  writer. 
Am  >ni(  his  works  are,  Odes,  Eclogues, 
Fables,  and  an  abridged  translation  of  the 
Iliad,  which  he  made  without  understand- 
ing a  word  of  Greek.  His  prose,  hower- 
er,  was  much  superior  to  his  verse.  Dur- 
ing the  last  twenty  years  of  his  life  he  was 
blind.  L:i  Motte'd'ied  in  1731. 

MOTTKUX,     PKTF.R     ANTHONY,  a 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born,   in  1669; 


settled  in  England  after  the  revocation  of 
the  edict  of  Mantz;  obtained  a  situation  in 
the  post  office ;  and  was  found  dead  in  a 
house  of  ill  fame,  in  1718.  Motteux  was 
a  perfect  master  of  the  English  language. 
He  wrote  nearly  twenty  dramatic  pieces, 
and  translated  Don  Quixote  and  Raheh 


received    with  enthusiasm. 


tenth 


year  he  applied  himself  strenuously  to  the 
study  of  composition  ;  forming  his  taste  on 
the  works  of  the  most  celebrated  master*. 
His  first  serious  opera,  Mithridates,  which 
ran  for  twenty  nights,  was  produced  in  his 
fifteenth  year.'  After  having  made  a  second 


the  last  of  which  works   Tytler   considers  journey  to  Paris,  he  entered   into   the  ser 


as  a  model  of  translation. 

MOURAVIOF,Micn  AEL  NIKITJTSCH, 
a  Russian  poet  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
was  born,  in  1757,  at  Smolensk;  was  pre- 
ceptor to  the  sons  of  Catherine  II.;  was 
appointed  by  Alexander  a  senator,  privy 
counsellor,  and  assistant  to  the  minister  for 
the  department  of  public  instruction;  and 
died  in  1807.  A  complete  edition  of  his 
works  was  published  in  1820. 

MOULTRIE,  WILLIAM,  a  major  gen- 
eral in  the  army  of  the  American  revolution, 
was  born  in  England,  but  emigrated  to  South 
Carolina  at  an  early  age.  He  served  with 
distinction  in  the  Cherokee  war  in  1760, 
and  in  its  last  campaign  commanded  a  com- 
pany. At  the  commencement  of  the  revo- 
lution, he  was  a  member  of  the  provincial 

regi- 
brave 


congress,  and  a  colonel  of  the  secom 
ment  of  South    Carolina.     For  his 


defence  of  Sullivan's  Island  in  1776,  he 
received  the  thanks  of  Congress,  and  the 
fort  was  afterwards  called  by  his  name. 


ice  of  the  emperor  of  Germany,  in  which 
he  remained  till  his  decease,  on  the  5th  of 
December,  1792.  His  last  production  was 
his  celebrated  Requiem.  Of  his  operas, 
of  which  he  composed  twelve,  (he  princi- 
pal, are,  Idomeneus,  The  Clemency  of 
Titus;  Don  Giovanni ;  The  Marriage  of 
Figaro;  and  The  Enchanted  Flute. 

MUDGE,  THOMAS, a  celebrated  watch- 
maker, was  born,  in  1715,  at  Exeter;  was 
apprenticed  to  Graham,  whom  he  after- 
wards surpassed  ;  received  a  parliamentary 
reward  for  his  improvements  in  chronome- 
ters; and  died  in  1794. 

MULLER,  JOHN  VON,  a  celebrated 
Swiss  historian,  was  born,  in  1752,  at 
Schaflfhausen,  and  studied  at  Gottingen. 
He  was,  successively,  professor  of  Greek 
at  his  native  place,  and  of  history  at  Cas- 
sel,  secretary  of  state  to  the  elector  of 
Metz,  counsellor  of  the  Imperial  chancery, 
and  secretary  of  state,  and  director  general 
)f  public  instruction  of  the  kingdom  of 


In  1779  he  gained  a  victory  over  the  Bri-  Westphalia.  Midler,  who  has  been  called 
tish  at  Beaufort.  He  afterwards  received  the  Helvetian  Thucydides,  died  in  1809. 
the  commission  of  major  general,  and  was  His  principal  works  are,  A  History  of  the 
second  in  command  to  general  Lincoln  at !  Swiss  Confederacy;  and  A  Course  of 


the  siege  of  Charleston.  After  the  close 
of  the  war  he  was  repeatedly  effected  gov- 
ernor of  South  Carolina.  He  published 
Memoirs  of  the  Revolution  in  the  Carolinas 
and  Georgia,  consisting  chiefly  of  official 
letters.  He  died  at  Charleston',  in  1805. 

MOZART,  JOHN  CHRYSOSTOM  WOLF- 
GANG THKOPHILUS,  one  of  the  greatest 
of  modern  composers,  was  born,  in  1756, 
at  Saltzhurgh,  and  was  the  son  of  an  able 
musician.  He  began  to  display  his  musical 
talents  when  he  was  only  three  years  old; 
and  by  the  time  he  was  twice  that  age  he 
was  hat  mad  to  as  a  prodigy  in  various 


Universal  History. 

MULLNER,  ADOLPHUS,  an  eminent 
Gern  un  dramatic  writer,  was  born,  in 
177-1,  at  Langendorf,  near  Weissrnfels; 
was  brought  up  to  the  law;  acquired  great 
reputation  as  a  dramatist  and  critic;  and 
died  June  11,  1829.  Mullner  was  a  man 
of  genius,  but  the  bitterest  of  censors,  and 
tlve  most  quarrelsome  of  authors.  Among 
his  plays  are  the  tragedies  of  Guilt;  King 
Ingurd  ;  and  The  Albanaserin. 

MURAT,  JOACHIM,  ex-king  of  Naples, 
one  of  the  most  intrepid  of  the  French 
marshals,  was  born  ia  1771 ;  was  the  •©• 


MUR 

if  an  inkeepei   a    Bastide,  near  Cahors; 
*nd   was   intenJeJ  for   the  church.     The 


army,  however,  was  his  choice;  and  in 
1796  Bonaparte  made  him  his  aid-de-camp. 
In  Italy,  in  1796  and  1797,  and  in  Egypt, 
and  Syria,  in  1798  and  1799,  Murat  dis- 
played" gre-.it  valour  and  military  talent. 
He  returned  with  Bonaparte  to  France, 
assisted  him  in  overthrowing  the  Directory, 
and  was  rewarded  with  the  hand  of  Caro- 
line, the  sister  of  the  first  consul.  At 
Maren^o  und  Austerlitz,  he  was  one  of  the 
mast  distinguished  of  the  French  leaders. 
In  1806  Napoleon  created  him  grand  duke 
of  Berg;  and  in  1808  he  raised  him  to  the 
throne  of  Naples.  Murat  took  a  conspicu- 
ous part  in  the  campaigns  of  1806,  1807, 
1808,  1812,  and  1813;  but,  in  1814,  find- 
ing that  the  throne  of  his  patron  began  to 
totter,  he  joined  the  allies.  In  the  follow- 
ing year,  however,  he  was  expelled  from 
his  kingdom;  and,  having  made  a  despe- 
rate attempt  to  recover  it,  he  was  taken 
prisoner,  and  shot,  at  Pizzo,  Oct.  13,  1815. 

MURILLO,  BARTHOLOMEW  STE- 
PHEN, one  of  the  greatest  of  the  Spanish 
painters,  was  born,  in  1618,  at  Seville; 
Acquired  the  rudiments  of  art  from  his 
uncle  Juan  del  Castillo ;  was  generously  be- 
friended by  Velasquez,  who  brought  him 
forward  at  Madrid ;  acquired  fame  and  an 
independent  fortune;  and  died,  in  1682, 
in  consequence  of  a  fall  from  the  scaffold, 
fc'hile  painting  his  picture  of  St.  Catherine. 

MURPHY,  ARTHUR,  a  dramatist  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born,  in  1727, 
•t  Clooniquin,  in  Ireland;  was  educated 
a;.  St.  Omer's;  and,  after  hav'ng  been  for 
a  short  time  in  mercantile  sLjations,  be- 
came a. i  author  by  profession.  The  Gray's 
Inn  Journal  was  his  first  literary  attempt. 
His  first  dramatic  pieces  were  the  farces 
of  The  Apprentice  and  the  Upholsterer. 
These  he  followed  up  by  a  long  series  of 
tragedies,  comedies,  and  minor  dramas, 
many  of  which  were  received  with  ap- 
plause, and  continue  to  be  acted.  Of  this 
number  are,  The  Grecian  Daughter,  All 
ir.  the  Wiong,  The  Citizen,  and  Three 
Wsttta  -ifter  Nforrioge.  In  1762  he  was 
eaiUj'j  to  toe  bui,  but  his  practice  apprai-g 


MUR  99o 

never  to  have  been  considerable.  He  tried 
his  powers  as  a  political  writer,  by  de- 
fending Lord  Bute,  in  the  Test  and  the 
Auditor;  but  here  he  failed;  and  some 
ludicrous  mistakes,  into  which  he  was  in- 
sidiously led  by  his  antagonists,  exposed 
him  to  ridicule.  In  his  latter  days  he  was 
made  a  commissioner  of  bankrupts,  and 
obtained  a  pension.  He  died  in  1805. 
Among  his  other  works  are,  Lives  of  Gar- 
rick,  Johnson,  and  Fielding;  and  transla- 
tions of  Tacitus  and  Sallust,. 

MURPHY,  JAMES  C'AVAN.AGH,  an 
architect  and  antiquary,  was  a  native  of 
Ireland,  and  died  in"  1816.  He  is  the 
author  of  Travels  in  Portugal,  in  1789  and 
1790 ;  Antiquities  of  the  Arabians  in  Spain ; 
and  Plans,  Elevations,  Sections,  and  Views 
of  the  Church  of  Batalhu. 

;  MURRAY,  ALEXANDER,  a  distin- 
guished naval  officer  in  the  American  ser- 
jvice,  was  born  in  Maryland  in  1755.  He 
went  early  to  sea,  and  being  appointed  a 
lieutenant' in  the  navy,  obtained  a  corres- 
pondent rank  in  the  army,  and  distinguished 
j  himself  at  the  battles  of  Whiteplains,  Flat- 
bush,  and  New  York.  Being  promoted  to 
a  captaincy  he  served  with  gallantry  to 
the  close  of  the  campaign  of  1777.  During 
the  war  he  was  engaged  in  thirteen  battles 
by  sea  and  land,  and  was  once  taken  pris- 
oner. On  the  organization  of  the  new 
government,  he  was  one  of  the  first  officers 
recalled  into  service,  and  was  engaged  for 
a  while  to  defend  the  American  trade  in 
the  Mediterranean.  His  last  appointmen 
was  that  of  commander  of  the  navy-yard  in 
Philadelphia,  a  post  which  he  held  till  fhe 
time  of  his  death  in  1821.  He  was  a  brave 
officer  and  much  respected. 

MURRAY,  WILLIAM  VANS,  an  Ameri- 
can statesman,  was  born  in  Maryland  in 
1761,  and  received  his  legal  education  in 
London.  On  returning  to  his  native  state, 
he  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law,  and  in 
1791  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  congress 
where  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
ability  and  eloquence.  He  was  appointed 
by  Washington  minister  to  the  republic  of 
Batavia,  and  discharged  the  duties  of  the 
office  with  much  ability.  He  was  subse- 
quently envoy  extraordinary  to  the  French 
republic,  and  assisted  in  making  the  con- 
vention which  was  signed  at  Paris  in  1800, 
between  France  and  the  United  States 
Returning  to  his  station  at  the  Hague,  he 
embarked  in  1801  for  his  native  country, 
where  he  died  in  1803. 

MURRAY,  LINDLEY,  a  grammarian, 
was  born,  in  1745,  at  Smetara,  near  Laa 
caster,  in  Pennsylvania;  was  originally 
an  American  barrister,  but  quitted  the  bar 
to  become  a  merchant;  acquired  a  compe- 
tency by  his  mercantile  pursuits;  settled  ia 
England,  and  became  known  by  his  schoo 
bo-.Ks ;  and  died  January  10, 1826.  Among 


•96 


IVAN 


•is  works  art,  English  Grammar ;  Exer- 
cises; Key;  Spelling  Book;  and  Reader; 
two  French  Selections;  The  Power  of 
Religion  on  the  Mind;  and  The  Duty  and 
Benefit  of  Reading  the  Scriptures. 

MURRAY,  JOHN,  an  eminent  physi- 
cian, chemist,  and  lecturer  in  natural 
philosophy,  chemistry,  materia  medica,  and 
pharmacy,  was  a  native  of  Scotland,  and 
died  at  "Edinbirgh,  July  22,  1820.  He 
wrote  Elements  of  Chemistry;  A  System 
of  Chemistry ;  a  Supplement  to  that  Sys- 
tem ;  Elements  of  Materia  Medica  and 
Pharmacy;  and  a  System  of  Materia  Med- 
ica and  Pharmacy. 

MUS.EUS,  an"  Athenian  poet,  said  to 
have  been  the  son,  or  the  pupil,  of  Orpheus, 
flourished  fourteen  centuries  B.  c.,  and 
presided  over  the  Eleusinian  Mysteries. — 
Another  poet,  of  the  same  name,  who  wrote 
The  Loves  of  Hero  and  Leander,  is  sup- 
posed to  have  lived  between  the  second  and 
the  fourth  centuries. 

MUSJEUS,  JOHN  CHARLES  AUGUS- 
TUS, an  eminent  German  writer,  was  born, 
in  1735,  at  Jena,  and  studied  at  that 
university.  He  was  appointed  minister  at 
Eisenach,  but  the  peasants  refused  to  re- 
ceive him  as  their  pastor,  because  they  had 
wen  him  dance  !  He  died  in  1788.  Among 
his  principal  works  are,  Physiognomical 
Travels ;  Popular  Tales  of  the  Germans ; 
and  The  German  Grandison ;  of  which  the 
first  two  have  been  translated  into  Eng 
lish. 


WAT 

MUSSCHENBROEK,  PiT»R  VA*. 
a  celebrated  Dutch  natural  ph  .osopher  ana 
mathematician,  was  born,  in  1692,  at  Ley- 
don,  where  he  died,  in  1761,  professor  of 
astronomy,  after  having  held  professorships 
at  various  places.  He  was  a  member  ol 
the  Royal  Society,  and  the  French  Acadc 
my  of  Sciences.  M ussccnbrock  contributed 
largely  to  introduce  experimental  philoso- 
phy and  the  Newtonian  system  into  Hol- 
land. Among  his  works  are,  Element* 
Physicae ;  and  Compendium  Physicae  Ex 
perimentaUs. 

MUTIS,  JOSEPH  CF.LESTINO,  a  cele 
brated  naturalist,  was  born,  in  1732,  at 
Cadiz,  and  died,  in  1808,  royal  botanical 
director  and  astronomer  at  Santa  Fe  de 
Bogota.  Mutis  resided  during  nearly  half 
a  century  in  South  America,  and  contribut- 
ed greatly  to  the  spreading  of  science  and 
the  arts  of  civilization  in  that  country. 
He  was  the  first  botanist  who  distinguished 
the  various  species  of  cinchona,  and  the 
true  characters  of  that  genus. 

MYLNE,  ROBERT,  an  architect,  w»s 
born,  in  1734,  at  Edinburgh.  His  father 
was  of  the  same  profession.  While  ha 
was  studying  at  Rome,  he  gained  the  chief 
architectural  prize  at  the  academy  of  St. 
Luke.  Of  that  academy,  and  of  the  acad- 
emies of  Florence  and  Bologna,  he  was 
chosen  a  member.  Blackfriars  Bridge, 
which  was  begun  in  1760,  and  completed 
in  ten  years,  is  his  great  work.  He  died, 
in  1811,  surveyor  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral- 


IV 


NADIR  SHAH,  or  THAMAS  KOULI 
KHAN,  a  Persian  warrior  and  usurper, 
was  born,  in  1688,  at  a  village  near 
Meshed,  in  the  province  of  Rhorasau; 
experienced  many  vicissitudes  in  his  youth; 
and  was  taken  into  the  service  of  Shah 
Thamas,  in  1726,  for  whom  he  gained 
several  victories  aver  the  Afgans  and  Turks. 
In  1732,  howc-sr,  he  deposed  him,  and 
placed  Abbas  III.  on  the  throne.  On  the 
decease  of  Abbas,  in  1736,  Nadir  assumed 
the  sovereignty,  and  retained  it  till  he  was 
assassinated  in  1747.  During  his  reign  he 
vanquished  the  mogul,  and  made  himself 
master  of  Delhi,  and  defeated  the  Usbecks 
and  the  Turks. 

NjEVIUS,  a  Latin  dramatist  and  poet, 
was  born  in  Campania,  and  died  at  Utica, 
B.  c.  203.  He  wrote  several  tragedies 
and  comedies,  and  a  metrical  history  of  the 
first  Punic  war. 

NANEK,  or  N  ANN  UK,  a  native  of 
Hindostan,  the  founder  of  the  sect  of  the 
Seins,  which  has  now  grown  into  a  power- 
\t)  nation,  was  born,  in  1469,  »t  Tal'vcndy, 


a  small  village  of  Lahore,  and  dtod  ai 
Kartipour,  in  1539.  The  unity,  omnisci- 
ence, and  omnipotence  of  God  was  one  of 
the  principal  tenets  taught  by  Nanek. 

NAPIER,  or  NEPER,  JOHN,  baron  of 
Merchiston,  in  Scotland,  a  celebrated 
mathematician,  was  born,  in  1550;  was 
educated  at  St.  Andrew's;  and,  after  hav. 
ing  travelled  in  France,  Italy,  and  Ger 
many,  declined  all  state  employments,  in 
order  that  he  might  devote  himself  to  th« 
study  of  mathematics  and  theology.  H« 
died  in  1617.  Napier  immortalized  himsell 
by  the  discovery  of  logarithms,  an  account 
of  which  he  published  in  1614.  The  rods 
or  bones,  for  multiplying  and  dividing, 
which  bear  his  name,  were  also  invented 
by  him.  Besides  the  work  already  men- 
tioned,  he  wrote  Rabdology;  and  A  Plain 
Discovery  of  the  Revelation  of  St.  John. 

NAPOLEON  I.  (NAPOLEON  BONA 
PARTE),  emperor  of  the  French,  king  of 
Italy,  &c.  &c.  This  extraordinary  man 
was  born,  August  15,  1769,  at  Ajaccio,  in 
Cornea,  of  a  noble  family,  was  educated 


NAP 

•t   th«    military   school   of  Brienne;   and 
*nt*<*e  i  the  ariillery  service,  as  a  second 


NAP 


897 


lieutenant,  in  1785.  He  served  at  the 
sieges  of  Lyons  and  Toulon,  to  the  reduc- 
tion of  which  latter  city  he  greatly  con- 
tributed; and  he  subsequently  displayed 
high  taleiU-j  in  the  French  army  which 
assailed  Piedmnnt  on  the  Genoese  frontier. 
In  October,  1795,  he  commanded  the  force 
which  victoriously  defended  the  convention 
against  the  revolt  of  the  Parisians.  He 
now  married  Josephine  Beauharnois,  the 
widow  of  viscount  de  Beauharnois.  Early 
in  1796.  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
FixMK-h  army  in  Italy,  and  here  began  his 
career  of  glory.  In  the  campaigns  of 
1796  and  1797',  he  overran  the  whole  of 
Italy,  repeatedly  defeated  with  inferior 
numbers  the  Piedunontese  and  Austrians, 
reduced  all  tne  Italian  powers  to  submis- 
sion, and  at  length  compelled  the  emperor 
to  sign  a  peace.  On  the  19th  of  May, 
179S,  Bonaparte,  with  a  formidable  arma- 
ment, sailed  to  conquer  Egypt;  and,  in  his 
way  thither,  he  took  possession  of  Malta. 
Having  subjugated  Egypt,  he  invaded 
Syria;  but.  his  progress  was  stopped  at  St. 
John  of  Acre,  by  Sir  Sidney  Smith,  and 
he  returned  to  the  banks  of  the  Nile.  There 
he  learned  the  reverses  which  his  country- 
men had  sustained  in  Europe;  and,  in 
consequence,  leaving  Kleber  to  command 
the  troops,  he  embarked  for  France,  and 
landed  in  safety  at  Frejus,  October  9, 
1799.  On  the  9th  and  10th  of  November, 
he  overthrew  the  directorial  authority,  and 
was  raised  to  the  supreme  power,  under 
the  title  of  First  Consul.  His  first  care 
was  to  restore  internal  tranquillity  by  a 
eystetn  of  moderation  and  order;  his  next 
was,  to  restore  the  military  preponderance 
of  liis  country.  Having  collected  an  army 
on  the  frontier  of  Switzerland,  he,  by  almost 
miraculous  exertions,  led  it  over  the  Alps, 
und  by  the  battle  of  Marengo,  fought  on 
the  14th  of  June,  1800,  he  recovered  the 
whole  of  Italy.  A  peace  ensued  with  the 
emperor,  and,  next,  with  England.  The 
latter,  however,  was  broken  at  the.expiri- 
(ioq  of  little  more  than  a  year.  His  li  e 
was,  in  the  mean  while,  endangered  by  tvo 


conspiracies.  In  1804,  he  was  raised  to 
the  dignity  of  emperor,  and  was  crowned  by 
the  pope;  and,  in  the  following  year,  he 
was  proclaimed  king  of  Italy.  While  lift 
was  preparing,  at  Boulogne,  for  an  invasion 
of  England,  a  league  was  formed  against 
him  by  Austria  and  Russia,  and  he  hasten- 
ed to* meet  those  powers  in  the  field.  The 
battle  of  Austerlitz,  on  the  2nd  of  Decem- 
ber, 1805,  dissolved  the  coalition,  and 
obliged  Austria  to  accept  a  humiliating 
peace.  In  1806,  Napoleon  created  se\er:il 
kings,  and  put  himself  at  the  head  cf  the 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine.  Prussia  de- 
clared war  against  him  in  the  same  year; 
but  her  army  was  utterly  routed  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Jena;  and  though,  with  the  aid  of 
Russia,  tne  maintained  the  contest  a  while 
longer,  she  and  her  ally  were  under  the  ne- 
cessity of  making  peace  in  July,  1807 
Spain  was  unwisely  and  unjustly  attacked 
by  Napoleon  in  1808,  and  thi's  contest, 
which  continued  till  1814,  was  ose  of  the 
causes  of  his  downfal.  In  1809,  while  he 
was  thus  occupied,  Austria  once  more  took 
up  arms  against  him.  The  struggle  was 
an  obstinate  one;  but  the  decisive  victory 
of  VVagram,  on  the  5th  and  6th  of  July, 
again  compelled  her  to  submit  to  the  vic- 
tor. Desirous  of  an  heir  to  the  crown  of 
France,  Napoleon,  in  1810,  divorced  the 
Empress  Josephine,  and  married  Maria 
Louisa,  a  daughter  of  the  Austrian  empe- 
ror. A  son,  born  in  March,  1811,  was  the 
fruit  of  this  union.  Disputes  now  arose 
between  France  and  Russia,  which  ended 
in  war.  Napoleon,  in  June,  1812,  invaded 
the  Russian  territory  with  a  mighty  force, 
gained  several  battles,  and  made  himself 
master  of  Moscow ;  but  he  was  at  length 
under  the  necessity  of  retreating,  and  nearly 
the  whole  of  his  army  was  destroyed,  by 
the  inclemency  of  the  winter  and  the  sword 
of  the  enemy.  Prussia  now  joined  the 
victorious  monarch  of  Russia.  Yet,  in  the 
following  campaign,  Napoleon  defeated 
the  allies  at  Lutzen,  Bautzen,  and  Wurl/.en, 
and  would,  perhaps,  have  conquered  them, 
had  not  Austria  united  with  them.  The 
battle  of  Leipsic  drove  back  Napoleon 
within  the  limits  of  France;  and,  in  1814, 
France  was  invaded  on  all  sides.  With  a 
comparatively  insignificant  force,  Napoleon 
nevertheless  gained  several  victories  over 
the  invaders;  but  partly  ills  overwhelming 
numbers  of  his  enemies,  and  partly  the 
treason  of  some  of  his  generals,  at  length 
compelled  him  to  abdicate,  and  to  accept 
the  sovereignty  of  Elba.  At  Elba,  how- 
ever, he  did  not  long  remain.  At  the  head 
of  only  one  thousand  two  hundred  men,  he 
landed  at  Frejus,  on  the  1st  of  March,  1815, 
and  expelled  Louis  the  Eighteenth  fromhia 
kingdom.  But  nearly  all  Europe  once 
more  confederated  against  him;  he  wa§ 
vanquished  at  Waterloo ;  and  wad  a  second 


NEK 


NEL 


time  forced  to  abdicate.     In  this  emergency  j  ries  on  Microscopical    Discoveries;   Nen 

e  "*      Microscopical  Discoveries;    Inquiries  con- 


he threw  himself  on  the  generosity  of  the 
Biiii.>h  government.  That  government 
exiled  him  to  St.  Helena,  where  he  ex- 
pired, on  the  5th  of  May,  1821,  of  cancer 
in  the  stomach;  ft  disease  the  progros  <if 
which  was  probably  accelerated  by  the  cli- 
mate, and  by  the  vexations  to  which  he 
was  Msdulouily  and  perpetually  subjected. 
N  >t  merely  one  of  the  most  consummate 
generals  whom  the  world  ever  saw,  but  pos- 
sessed, too,  of  splendid  and  varied  talents, 
And  of  some  virtues,  Napdcotl  might  have 
held  a  throne  till  the  last  moment  of  exist- 
ence, had  not  his  fatal  ambition,  and  his 
repugnance  to  the  principles  of  liberty,  led 
hun  astray  from  the  path  of  true  glory,  and 
renbercdbun  at  once  an  object  of  dislike 
to  ihe  friends  of  freedom,  and  of  terror  to 
the  surround  ing  nations. 

.\EAL,  DANIKL,  a  dissenting  minister, 
was  born,  in  1678,  in  London;  was  educa- 
ted at  Merchant  Tailors'  School,  and  at 
Utrecht;  became  minister  to  a  congrega- 
tion in  Jewin  Street;  and  died  in  1743. 
He  wrote  A  History  of  the  Puritans;  and 
A  History  <^  New  England. 

MOCKER,  J  AMts,  an  eminent  financier 
and  statesman,  was  born,  in  1732,  at  Ge- 
•ie va,  and  for  many  ye.irs  carried  on  the 
mis-mesa  of  a  banker  at  Paris.  His  Eulogy 
on  Colbert,  his  Treatise  on  the  Corn  Laws 
and  Trade,  and  some  Essavs  on  the  Re- 
sources of  France,  inspired  such  an  idea  of 
his  talents  for  finance,  that,  in  1776,  he 
was  appointed  director  of  the  treasury, 
and,  shortly  after,  comptroller  general. 
Before  his  resignation,  in  1781,  he  pub- 
lished a  statement  of  his  operations,  ad- 
dressed to  the  king;  and,  while  in  retire- 
I  reduced  a  woik  on  the  admin  is- 
Lhe  Finances,  and  another  on  the 
importance  of  Religious  Opinions.  He 
was  reinstated  in  the  comptrollership  in 
1788,  and  advised  the  convocation  of  the 
states  general;  was  abruptly  dismissed, 
and  ordered  to  quit  the  kingdom,  in  July, 
1789;  but  was  almost  instantly  recalled,  in 
couseqiience  of  the  ferment  which  his  de- 
parture excited  in  the  public  mind.  Neck- 
er,  however,  soon  became  as  much  an  ob- 
ject of  antipathy  to  the  people  as  he  had 
been  o  their  idolatry,  and  in  1790  he  left 
I" ranee  for  e\er.  He  died,  at  Copet,  in 
Switzerland,  in  1804.  The  whole  of  his 

woiks  form  fifteen  volumes. His  wife, 

SCSANNA,  whose  maiden  name  was  CUR- 
CHOI*,  witi  a  woman  of  talent,  and  wrote 
Reflexions  ua  Divorce;  and  Miscellanies. 
Sha  was  the  object  of  Gibbon's  early  at- 
tachment. 

NEEDIIAM,  JOHN  Tc  RB  KRVILLE,  a 


nient,  he 

tradon 


ep 
oft 


cerning  IN'atiire  and  Religion;  and  an  Essay 
on    the   Origin  of  the  Chinese  Empire. 

NEELE,  HENRY,  a  poet  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  born  in  1798;  followed 
the  profession  of  an  attorney  ;  and  put  an 
end  to  his  existence  in  a  tit  of  insanity, 
February  7,  1828.  He  is  the  author  of 
Poems;  Dramatic  and  Miscellaneous  Po- 
etry The  Romance  of  English  History; 
and  v'.erarv  Remains. 


NELSON,  HORATIO,  viscount,  was 
born,  September  29,  1758,  at  Burjham 
Thorpe,  in  Norfolk,  of  which  parish  his 
father  was  the  rector.  At  the  age  of 
twelve  he  went  to  sea,  as  a  midshipman, 
with  his  uncle,  Captain  Suckling.  He 
reached  the  rank  of  post  captain  in  1779, 
and  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 
Hinchinbroke  frigate.  During  the  Amer- 
ican war  and  the  succeeding  peace  he 
gained  the  character  of  a  good  officer;  the 
war  of  the  revolution  gave  him  that  of  a 
great  one.  In  1793  he  was  appointed  to 
the  Agamemnon,  forming  a  part  of  Lord 
Hood's  squadron  in  the  Mediterranean 
There,  he  distinguished  himself  at  the 
sieves  of  Bastia  and  Calvi,  at  the  last  of 
which  he  lost  an  eye ;  harassed  the  enemy 
with  incessant  activity;  and  contributed 
so  largely  to  the  victory  of  Cape  St.  Vin- 
cent, that  he  was  made  a  rear-admiral,  and 
received  the  order  of  the  Bath.  In  an  it- 
tack  upon  Santa  Cruz  he  failed,  and  iost 
his  ri^ht  arm.  In  1798,  he  destroyed  th« 
French  fleet,  on  the  first  of  August",  in  the 
Bay  of  Aboukir;  and  he  subsequently 
took  an  active  part  in  the  expulsion  of  the 
French  from  the  Neapolitan  and  Rotr.aa 
territories.  For  this  he  was  created  a 
baron.  In  1801  he  defeated  the  Danes  at 
the  battle  of  Copenhagen,  and  was  made  a 
viscount;  and  in  1805,  on  the  21st  of  Oc- 
tober, he  crowned  his  achievements  by  the 
glorious  victory  of  Trafalgar,  over  the 


natural  philosopher,  was  born,  in  1713,  at  i  united     French    and     Spanish     squadrons. 
London;  was  educated  at  Dt.ua  y  ;  and  died,   This  triumph,  however,  was  dearly  earned 
in  1781,  director  of  the  Imcerial  Academy  j  to  the  country  by  the  loss  of  the  hero  vi 
ltUru*boU.      Among  'ii«  w  >rk»  :MC,  Inqui-   gained  it.      He  wns   moitnl'.y   v-otmded  « 


NEW 

•  rifle  shot,  and  lived  only  just  long  enough 
to  learn  that  the  success  was  complete. 

NELSON,  THOMAS,  was  Wn  at  i\e\v 
York  in  1738.  He  received  his  education 
in  England,  and  about  the  clase  of  the  year 
1761,  returned  to  his  native  country,  and 
took  up  his  residence  at  York.  In  1774 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  house  of 
ourgesses,  and  in  the  following  year  «vas 
appointed  a  delegate  to  the  continental  con- 
gress. He  held  a  seat  in  this  assembly  for 
two  successive  years',  and  again  in  1779. 
In  1781  he  succeeded  Mr.  Jefferson  as 
governor  of  Virginia.  His  death  took 
place  in  17S9. 

NEPOS,  CORNELIUS,  a  Latin  histori- 
an, is  said  to  have  been  born  at  Verona, 
or  in  ita  vicinity.  He  flourished  under 
Julius  and  Augustus  Cicsar,  and  was  a  fa- 
Tourite  of  the  latter.  He  wrote  the  Lives 
of  celebrated  Greek  and  Roman  characters. 

NERO,  Lucius  DOMITIUS  CLAUDIUS, 
a  Roman  emperor,  was  born  A.  D.  37,  and 
succeeded  Claudius,  by  whom  he  had  been 
adopted.  At  the  commencement  of  his 
reign  his  conduct  excited  great  hopes  in 
the  Romans;  but  he  soon  degenerated  into 
one  of  the  basest  of  tyrants.  Some  crimes, 
however,  among  which  is  the  burning  of 
Rome,  appear  to  have  been  falsely  attribu- 
ted to  him.  He  put  an  end  to  his  existence, 
in  68,  in  consequence  of  the  successful  re- 
bellion of  Galba. 

NEWCOME,  WILLIAM,  a  learned  pre- 
late, was  born,  in  1729,  at  Barton  le  Clay, 
in  Bedfordshire;  was  educated  at  Abing- 
don  School,  and  at  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford;  was  successively  bishop  of  Dro- 
inore,  Ossory,  and  Waterford;  was  raised 
to  the  archbishopric  of  Armagh  by  Earl 
Fitzwilliam;  and  died  in  1800.  Of  his 
works  the  principal  are,  A  Harmony  of 
the  Gospels;  An  Historical  View  of  the 
L'iglish  Biblical  Translations;  and  At- 
tempts towards  an  improved  Version  of 
Ezekiel  and  the  Minor  Prophets. 

NEWCOMEN.  THOMAS,  a  blacksmith 
of  Dartmouth,  in  Devonshire,  lived  at  the 
latler  end  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and 
the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth.  To  him 
belongs  the  merit  of  the  first  great  im- 
provements in  steam  engines,  by  forming  a 
vacuum  under  the  piston,  and  thus  bringing 
into  action  the  atmospheric  pressure. 

NEWTON,  Sir  ISAAC,  the  greatest  of 
philosophers,  was  born,  December  25, 1642, 
at  Colsterworth,  in  Lincolnshire,  and  early 
displayed  a  talent  for  mechanics  and  draw- 
ing.  He  was  educated  at  Grantham  School, 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  and 
•tudied  mathematics  with  the  utmost  assi- 
duity. In  1667  he  obtained  a  fellowship; 
in  1669  the  mathematical  professorship; 
and  in  1671  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Society.  It  was  during  his  abode 
»t  Cambridge  that  he  made  his  threo  great 


IS'EY  800 

discoveries,  of  fluxions^  the  nature  of  light 
and  colours,  and   the  laws  of  gravitatiou 


To  the  latter  of  these  his  attention  wat 
first  turned  by  his  seeing  an  apple  fall  from 
a  tree.  The  Principia,  which  unfolded  to 
the  world  the  theory  of  the  universe,  waa 
not  published  till  1687.  In  that  year  also 
Newton  was  chosen  one  of  the  delegates, 
to  defend  the  privileges  of  the  university 
against  James  II.;  and  in  1688  and  1701 
ic  was  elected  one  of  the  members  of  the 
university.  He  was  appointed  warden  of 
the  Mint  in  1696;  was  made  master  of  it 
n  1699;  was  chosen  president  of  the 
Royal  Society  in  1703;  and  was  knighted 
n!705.  He  died  March  20, 1727.  Among 
liis  works  are,  Arithmetica  Universalis  ;  a 
New  Method  of  Infinite  Series  and  Flux- 
ions; Optics;  The  Chronology  of  Ancient 
Kingdoms  amended;  and  Observations  on 
:he  Prophecies  of  Daniel  and  the  Apoca- 
'ypse. 

NEWTON,  THOMAS,  a  learned  pre- 
ate,  was  born,  in  1704,  at  Litchfield;  wag 
educated  there,  at  Westminster,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  and,  after 
having  filled  various  minor  preferments, 
was  made  bishop  of  Bristol,  in  1761.  He 
died  in  1782.  His  principal  work  is, 
Dissertations  on  the  Prophecies.  He  also 
published  editions,  with  notes,  of  Parad.*« 
Lost,  and  Paradise  Regained. 


NEY,  MICHAEL,  a  French  marshal, 
arince  of  the  Moskwa,  duke  of  Elchingen, 
denominated  "  the  bravest  of  the  brave* 
by  his  countrymen,  was  the  son  of  an  ai'ti- 


400  NIC 

•an,  and  was  born,  in  1769,  at  Sarre  Louis. 
He  entered  the  army  in  1787;  exerted  him- 
self so  much  in  the  early  campaigns  of  the 
revolution  that  he  was  called  the  Indefati- 
gable; and  rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier 
general  in  1796.  He  bore  a  part  in  all  the 
achievements  of  the  army  of  the  Rhine, 
particularly  the  battle  of  Ilohenlinden.  In 
all  the  campaigns  from  1805  to  1814,  Nry 
held  high  commands,  and  constantly  sig- 
nalized himself  by  his  military  skill  and 
his  daring  valour.  He  was  made  a  peer 
by  Louis  XVIII.,  and  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  an  army  to  stop  the  progress  of 
Napoleon  in  1815.  Ney,  however,  went 
over,  with  his  army,  to  his  former  sove- 
reign, and  fought  for  him  at  Quatre  Bras 
and  Waterloo.  On  the  second  restoration 
of  the  Bourbons,  he  was  condemned  to 
death,  and  was  shot  on  the  7th  of  Decem- 
ber, 1815. 

NICHOLS,  JOHN,  an  antiquary  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born,  in  1744, 
at  Islington;  was  apprenticed  to  Bowyer 
the  printer,  and  became  his  partner;  con- 
ducted The  Gentleman's  Magazine  for 
nearly  half  a  century;  and  died  November 
26,  1826.  Among  his  works  are,  The 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Leicestershire; 
Anecdotes  of  Bowyer;  Literary  Anec- 
dotes of  the  Eighteenth  Century ;  arvd  Il- 
lustrations of  the  Literature  of  "the  Eigh- 
teenth Century. 

NICHOLSON,  JAMES,  an  officer  in 
the  American  navy,  was  born  in  Chester - 
town,  Maryland,  in  1737.  He  followed 
the  life  of  a  sailor  till  the  year  1763,  when 
he  married  and  settled  in  the  city  of  New- 
York.  Here  he  remained  until  1771, 
when  he  returned  to  his  native  province. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  revolution, 
the  government  of  Maryland  built  and 
equipped  a  ship  of  war,  called  the  Defence, 
and  the  command  of  her  was  entrusted  to 
Nicholson.  He  performed  various  exploits 
during  the  war,  and  before  the  close  of  it 
was  taken  prisoner  and  carried  into  New 
York.  He  died  in  1806. 

NICHOLSON,  WILLIAM,  ar  able  wri- 
ter on  natural  philosophy  and  chemistry, 
was  born,  in  1753,  in  London;  was,  suc- 
cessively, in  the  maritime  service,  agent 
on  the  continent  for  Mr.  Wedgwood,  a 
mathematical  teacher,  and  engineer  to  the 
Portsea  water  works;  and  died  in  indi- 
gence, in  1815.  His  chief  works  are,  An 
Introduction  to  Natural  Philosophy;  A 
Dictionary  of  Chemistry;  and  The  Navi- 
gator's Assistant.  In  1797  he  established 
the  scientific  Journal  which  bears  his 
name,  and  which  he  conducted  till  his  de- 
cease. 

NICOLAI,  CHRISTOPHER  FREDER- 
IC, a  German  author,  who  was  also  a 
bookseller,  was  born  at  Berlin,  in  1733, 
«nd  died  there  in  1811  Among  his  nu- 


NOL 

merous  works  are,  The  Life  and  Opinion* 
of  Sebaldus  Nothatiker;  A  Tour  in  f7er 
many  and  Switzerland;  and  Character- 
istic Anecdotes  of  Frederic  II.  He  also 
edited  The  Library  of  B<  llr*  Lcttres;  Let 
ters  on  Modern  Literature;  The  German 
General  Library;  and  The  New  German 
General  Library;  the  whole  forming  near- 
ly two  hundred  volumes. 

MCOLSON,  Wn. MAM,  a  learned  pre- 
late, was  born,  in  1655,  at  Orton,  in  Cum- 
berland ;  was  educated  at  Queen's  Col 
lege,  Oxford;  was,  successively,  in  1702, 
1718,  and  1727,  bishop  of  Carlisle,  and  of 
Derry,  and  archbishop  of  Cashel ;  and  died 
a  few  days  after  he  was  raised  to  the 
archicpiscopal  dignity.  The  English, 
Scotch,  and  Irish  Historical  Library;  and 
the  Leges  Marchiariim,  or  Border  "Laws, 
are  his  principal  productions. 

NIEBUHR,  CARSTEN,  a  celebrated 
traveller,  was  born,  in  1733,  at  Ludings- 
worth,  in  the  dutchy  of  Lauenbcrg;  was 
sent,  in  company  with  four  other  learned 
men,  by  the  Danish  government,  in  1761, 
to  explore  Arabia;  was  employed  foi  six 
years  on  that  mission,  and  was  th»  only 
one  who  returned ;  was  liberally  rewarded 
by  the  Danish  monarch;  and  died  in  1815 
Among  his  works  are,  A  Description  of 
Arabia;  and  Travels  in  Arabia  and  the 
neighbouring  Countries. 

NIEBUHR,  G.  B.,  a  son  of  the  forego- 
ing, was,  successively,  professor  at  the 
university  of  Berlin,  counsellor  of  state, 
and  Prussian  ambassador  to  the  pope. 
While  he  was  at  Rome,  he  discovered 
some  valuable  fragments  of  two  of  Cicero's 
orations.  He  died  in  1830.  His  great 
work  is  The  History  of  Rome,  which  is 
far  superior  to  most  of  its  rivals. 

NIEWLAND,  PETER,  a  Dutch  math 
ematician,  was  born,  in  1764,  at  Dimmer- 
meer,  near  Amsterdam,  and  died  in  1794. 
professor  of  natural  philosophy,  mathemat- 
ics, and  astronomy,  at  Leyden.  Niewlan.l 
was  an  instance  of  precocious  talent.  At 
seven  years  of  age  he  wrote  a  poem  to  the 
Deity,  and  at  eight  he  solved  difficult  geo- 
metrical problems  with  uncommon  facilitv. 
He  is  the  author  of  various  scientific 
works,  and  of  a  volume  of  poetry. 

NIVERNOIS,  Louis  JrLus  BAR- 
BON  MANCINI  MAZARIM,  duke  de, 
was  born,  in  1716,  at  Paris;  served  a* 
colonel  in  the  army,  but  was  obliged  by  ill 
health  to  resign  his  commission ;  was,  snc- 
r(>si\ely,  ambassador  at  Rome,  Berlin, 
and  London,  in  which  latter  city  he  nego- 
tiated the  peace  of  1762;  was  imprisoned 
by  the  republicans  in  1793;  and  died  in 
1798.  Among  his  works  are,  Fables  in 
verse;  Dialogues  of  the  Dead;  Dramas; 
and  translations  from  the  Latir,  English, 
and  Italian. 

NOLLEKINS,    JOSEPH,    un 


NOR 

•colp  or,  «*.•  *on  of  a  painter,  wat  born,  in 
1737.  m  houdon;  studied  under  Schee- 
inakcr,  and  subsequently  at  Rome  under 
C:\vaceppi;  remained  nine  years  in  Italy, 
during  which  period  he  gained  great  rep- 
utation as  an  artist,  and  also  improved  his 
fortune  by  dealing  in  antiques;  returned  to 
England  in  1770;  became  a  royal  acade- 
mician IP  1772;  and  was  so  extensively 
employed,  particularly  on  busts,  that  he 
accumulated  £.200,000.  He  died  April 
23,  1S23.  In  his  character  Nollekins  had 
more  than  the  usual  share  of  that  singular- 
ity which  is  supposed  to  be  attendant  upon 
genius. 

NOLLET,  JOHN  ANTHONY,  a  French 
natural  philosopher,  was  born,  in  1700,  at 
Pimpre;  acquired  considerable  scientific 
reputation,  and  became  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  of  several  learned 
bodies ;  and  died  in  1770.  Besides  vari- 
ous works  on  electricity,  and  other  sub- 
jects, he  wrote  Lectures  on  Experimental 
Philosophy,  in  six  volumes. 

NORDEN,  FREDERIC  Louis,  an  em- 
inent traveller,  a  captain  in  the  Danish 
navy,  was  born,  in  1708,  at  Gluckstadt,  in 
Holstein.  He  was  sent  by  his  sovereign 
to  France  and  Holland,  to  collect  naval 
information,  and  afterwards  to  Egypt  to 
describe  and  design  the  ancient  monuments 
of  that  country.  He  died  in  1742.  He  is 
the  author  of  Travels  in  Egypt  and  Nubia; 
and  of  a  Memoir  on  the  Ruins  and  Colos- 
sal Statues  of  Thebes. 

NORTH,  ROGER,  a  lawyer  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  the  youngest  son  of  Dud- 
ley Lord  North,  was  attorney  general  un- 
der James  II.,  and  died  in  1733.  He 
wrote  the  Lives  of  his  three  brothers, 
Lord  Keeper  North,  Sir  Dudley  North, 
and  Dr.  John  North,  all  of  whom  were 
eminent  men;  Examen,  or  Inquiry  into  the 
Credit  and  Veracity  of  Kennet's  History; 
A  History  of  Esculent  Fish;  and  other 
works. 

NORTH,  FREDERIC,  earl  of  Guild- 
ford,  better  known  as  Lord  North,  was 
born,  in  1732;  was  educated  at  Eton,  and' 
at  Trinity  College,  Oxford.  After  huving' 
held  several  less  important  offices,  he  was,  i 
in  1767,  appointed  chancellor  of  the  ex- ! 
chequer,  and,  in  1770,  first  lord  of  the 
treasury.  His  administration  continued  1 
through  the  whole  of  the  American  war, ! 
during  which  he  was  incessantly  assailed 
by  the  opposition, and  was  often  threatened' 
with  impeachment.  In  1782  he  resigned;  i 
but  in  17S3  he  was  for  a  few  months  a 
member  of  the  coalition  ministry.  He 
Mas  blind  for  some  years  previous -to  his; 
decease,  which  took  place  in  1792. 

NORTON,  JOHN,  a  clergyman  of  Bos-' 
ton,  was  born  in  Hertfordshire,  England, 
in  1606.  After  receiving  a  theological 
sducsrion,  lie  adopted  the  creod  and  prae- 


NOY 


401 


tice  of  the  Puritans,  and  in  1685  emigrated 
to  New  England.  He  was  first  uettleJ  in 
the  ministry  at  Ipswich,  but  was  afterwards 
prevailc:!  oil  to  remove  to  Boston.  In  1662 
lie  was  appointed  one  of  the  two  agents  of 
the  colony  to  address  king  Charles  on  his 
restoration,  but  they  did  not  fully  succeed 
in  the  objects  of  their  mission.  He  died 
in  1663.  His  theological  works  were  nu- 
merous, and  he  published  several  political 
tracts. 

NORWOOD,  RICHARD,  an  English 
geometrician,  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
was  the  first  who  measured  a  degree  of 
the  meridian  in  England.  The  operation 
was  performed  in  1635,  and  was  carried 
on  between  London  and  York.  No  par- 
ticulars of  his  life  are  recorded.  He  wrote 
treatises  on  Trigonometry,  on  Navigation, 
and  on  Fortification. 

NOSTREDAME,  or  NOSTRADA- 
MUS, MICHAEL,  a  famous  astrologer  and 
empiric,  was  born,  in  1503,  at  St.  Remi, 
in  Provence.  After  having  practised  phy- 
sic for  some  years,  he  assumed  the  char- 
acter of  a  prophet,  and,  in  1555,  published 
seven  centuries  of  Predictions,  each  of 
which  was  comprised  in  a  stanza  of  fov.r 
lines.  They  became  popular,  and  he  re- 
ceived valuable  presents  from  Charles  IX., 
Catherine  of  Medicis,  the  duke  of  Savoy, 
and  other  eminent  persons.  He  died  in 
1566. 

NOTT,  JOHN,  a  physician,  poet,  and 
translator,  was  born,  in  1751,at  Worcester ; 
settled  at  the  Hot  Wells,  Bristol,  in  1793, 
as  a  physician;  and  died  there  in  1826. 
Among  "his  works  are,  various  poems; 
translations  from  Hafiz,  Propertius,  Ca- 
tullus, Horace,  Lucretius,  Johannes  Se- 
cundus,  Bonefonius,  and  Petrarch  ;  A 
Nosological  Companion  ;  and  Select  Poems 
from  Herrick's  Hesperides. 

NOUE,  FRANCIS  DE  LA,  a  French 
Calvinist  warrior,  surnamed  Iron-arm,  from 
the  loss  of  his  left  arm  being  supplied  Iv- 
an artificial  limb  of  iron,  was  born,  in 
1531,  in  Britanny,  and  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  wars  in  Italy,  the  Nether  1  mils, 
and  France.  He  was  killed  in  1591,  at 
the  siege  of  Lamballe.  La  Noue  was  no 
less  admired  for  his  virtues  than  for  Ina 
military  talent.  He  is  the  author  of  Polit- 
ical and  Military  Discourses;  and  Remarks 
on  Guicciardini's  History. 

NOVES,  LAURA  DK,"the  female  whom 
Petrarch  has  immortalized  in  his  poems, 
was  born,  near  Avignon,  in  1307  or  1308; 
married  Hugh  de  Sade  in  1325;  and  died 
in  1348. 

NOY,  WILLIAM,  a  celebrated  .awycr, 
who  may  be  considered  as  one  of  the  main 
authors  of  the  chil  war  between  ('h.-il  s 
I.  and  his  people,  \\as  horn,  in  1577,  iit 
St.  Burian,  in  Cornwall,  a:id  studied  at 
Exeter  College,  Oxford,  and  Line.  In' 


.nn.  In  ilie  reign  of  Jame*  1.  IS'oy  wit  in 
parliament  for  Helston.  and  subsequently 
tor  St.  Ives,  and  was  a  stern  op|x>nent  01 
the  court.  But  in  1631  Charles  converted 
him  by  appointing  him  to  the  other  of 
attorney  general ;  and  Noy  was  thenceforth 
an  inveterate  enemy  of  liberty.  Among 
other  pernicious  measures  lie  is  said  to 
have  originated  the  claim  of  ship  money. 
He  died  in  1634.  Among  his  works  are, 
A  Treatise  on  the  Grounds  and  Maxims  of 
the  Law  of  England  ;  The  Perfect  Convey- 
ancer; and  The  Complete  Lawyer. 

NUMA  POMPILIUS,  the  second  king 


OLD 

of  Rome,  w«»  oorn  at  Cures,  a  SabiM 
village,  and  mi  rried  Tatia,  the  daughter 
of  the  king  of  the  Sabines.  He  was  choeen 
by  the  Romans  as  their  sovereign  after  the 
death  of  Romulus;  introduced  many  refor- 
mations among  them  during  a  reign  of 
forty-three  years;  and  died  B.  c.  672. 

NTMEKIAN,  Miuds  AURELIUS,  a 
Roman  emperor,  the  son  of  Carus,  suc- 
ceeded to  the  throne  A.  D.  282,  and,  after 
a  reign  of  eight  months,  was  murdered 
by  Arrius  A  per,  his  father-in-law.  Nume- 
rian  was  a  good  writer,  and  an  eloquent 
speaker. 


OATES,  TITUS,  one  of  the  most  infa- 
mous characters  that  ever  disgraced  human- 
ity, was  born  about  1619;  was  educated  at 
Merchant  Tailors'  School,  and  at  Cam- 
bridge; became  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  a 
Jesuit  in  1677;  but,  shortly  after,  declared 
himself  a  protestant,  and  gave  information 
of  a  pretended  popish  plot,  by  which  means 
he  excited  a  popular  ferment,  and  brought 
many  innocent  individuals  to  the  scaffold. 
In  the  reign  of  James  II.  Gates  was  tried 
for  perjury,  and  a  dreadfully  severe  sen- 
tence was  passed  upon  him.  After  the 
Revolution  he  was  pensioned.  He  died  in 
1703. 

OCCAM,  or  OCKHAM,  WILLIAM,  a 
divine  and  philosopher,  called  the  Invinci- 
ble Doctor,  was  born  at  Ockham,  in  Sur- 
rey, in  the  fourteenth  century  ;  was  educated 
at  Merton  College,  Oxford,  under  Duns 
Scotus;  became  a  Franciscan  friar,  and 
archdeacon  of  Stow,  but  resigned  his  pre- 
ferment; wrote  boldly  against  the  pope, 
for  which  he  was  excommunicated  ;  and 
died  at  Munich  in  1347.  He  is  the  founder 
of  the  scholastic  sect  of  the  nominalists. 

OCKLEY,  SIMON,  a  celebrated  orien- 
talist, was  born,  in  1678,  at  Exeter;  was 
educated  at  Queen's  College,  Cambridge; 
obtained  the  vicarage  of  Swanesey,  in 
Cambridgeshire;  and  died  in  indigence  in 
1720.  He  is  the  author  of  a  valuable 
History  of  the  Saracens;  The  Life  of  Hai 
Ebn  Yokdan,  from  the  Arabic;  an  Intro- 
duction to  the  Oriental  Languages-;  and 
other  works. 

OECOLAMPADIUS,  JOHN,  an  emi- 
nent German  reformer,  was  born,  in  1482, 
at  Weinsberg,  in  Franconia.  He  was  con- 
verted to  the  protestant  faith  by  reading 
the  works  of  Luther;  became  professor  of 
theology  at  Basil;  embraced  the  opinions 
of  Zuinglius  respecting  the  sacrament  ; 
contributed  much  to  the  progress  of  eccle- 
siastical reform;  ard  died  in  1531. 

OGILBY,  Jon*,  a  multifarious  wr'ter, 


was  born,  in  1600,  at  Edinburgh,  nnd  was 
originally  a  dancing  master.  Being  com- 
pelled by  an  accident  to  relinquish  that 
occupation,  he  became  an  author.  He  was 
also  appointed  king's  cosmographer,  and 
master  of  the  revels  in  Ireland,  where  he 
built  a  theatre.  He  died  in  1676.  Among 
his  works  are,  translations  of  the  Iliad 
Odyssey,  and  Eneid ;  and  many  geograph 
cal  productions. 

OGILVIE,  JOHN,  a  Scotch  divine  and 
poet,  was  born  in  1733;  was  educated  at 
the  university  of  Aberdeen,  from  which  he 
obtained  a  doctor's  degree;  was  for  more 
than  half  a  century  minister  of  Midmar, 
in  Aberdeenshire ;  and  died  in  1814,  re- 
spected for  his  piety  and  talents.  Hi» 
poetical  powers  were  by  no  means  incon- 
siderable. His  chief  works  are,  Sermons ; 
Poems;  Britannia,  an  epic  poem;  Philoso- 
phical and  Critical  Observations  on  Com- 
positions ;  and  Examination  of  the  Evidence 
of  Prophecy. 

OGLETHORPE,  JAMES  EDWARD,  an 
English  officer,  was  born  in  London,  in 
1698,  and  was  educated  at  Oxford.  H 
was  aid-de-camp  to  prince  Eugene.  In 
1732  he  settled  the  colony  in  Georgia,  and 
laid  the  foundations  of  the  town  of  Savan- 
nah. In  1745  he  was  made  ma  'or-general, 
and  was  employed  to  follow  the  rebels  under 
the  Pretender."  He  died  in  1785. 

OLDHAM,  JOHN,  a  poet,  was  born,  in 
1653,  at  Shipton,  in  Gloucestershire;  was 
educated  at  Tetbury  Free  School,  and 
Edmund  Hall,  Oxford ;  became  usher  of 
Croydon  Free  School,  ami  afterwards  tutor 
in  the  families  of  Sir  Edward  Thurlard, 
and  Sir  William  Hickes;  was  patronised 
by  the  earl  of  Kingston;  and  died  in  1  183 
His  satires  are  rugged,  but  full  of  eneigy. 
Dryden,  in  a  beautiful  tribute  to  his  memo- 
ry, calls  him  "  the  young,  but  ah  too  short, 
Mareellus  of  our  tongue  !" 

OLDYS,  WILLIAM  sn  antiquary  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  the  natural  soa  of  a 


DPI 


ORE 


401 


civilian,  was  born  in  1696;  became,  libra-  bout  hood.  He  was  first  drawn  from  ob* 
rian  to  Lord  Oxford  in  1726;  was  appoint-!  acurity  by  Dr.  Wolcot,  and,  about  1777, 
«d  Norroy  king  at  arms;  and  died  in  1761.  was  patronised  by  Lord  Bateman.  After 

«  II  .          mi  T%      • .  •     I        I  •  .  •          J  "  /•  f 


Among  other  works  he  wrote  The  British 
Librarian;  The  Universal  Spectator;  a 
Life  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  ;  and  several 
lives  in  tnr  Biographia  Britannica.  He 
also  assisted  in  selecting  The  Harleian 


Miscellany. 
OLEARIUS, 


or   OELSCHL^GER, 


having  practised  for  a  few  years  in  the 
provincial  towns  of  the  west,  he  settled  in 
London  in  1780,  where  he  acquired  both 
fame  and  fortune  He  became  a  royal 
academician,  and  professor  of  painting  to 
the  Academy.  Opie  died  in  1807.  He 
wrote  Lectures;  a  Life  of  Sir  Joshua  Rey- 
nolds ;  and  a  Letter  on  the  Formation  of  a 
National  Gallery. 

OPITZ,  MARTIN,  whom  the  Germans 
call  the  father  and  restorer  of  their  poetry, 
was  born,  in  1597,  at  Buntzlau,  in  Silesia; 
was  educated  at  Breslau  and  Frankfort  on 
the  Oder;  spent  several  years  in  travelling 
in  various  parts  of  Europe;  was  ennobled, 
and  sent  on  a  mission  to  Paris;  and  died 
in  1639. 

OPPIAN,  a  Greek  poet,  a  native  of 
Corycus,  in  Cilicia,  flourished  in  the  second 
century,  and  was  liberally  rewarded  for 
his  works  by  Caracalla.  He  wrote  two 

Jesuit,  but  quitted  the  order,  to  give  him- \  poems;   the  one  in  five  books,  called  Ha- 
self  up  to   literature.     In   1723  he  became!  leutics,  on  fishing;   the  other   in  four,  with 


ADAM,  a  learned  German  traveller,  was 
born,  in  1599,  at  Ascherleben,  in  AnhaJt; 
was  educated  at  Leipsic;  entered  into  the 
service  of  the  duke  of  Holstein  Gottorp, 
and  was  appointed  secretary  to  the  embassy 
which  that  prince  sent  to  Russia  and  Per- 
sia; was,  on  his  return,  made  counsellor, 
librarian,  and  mathematician,  to  the  duke; 
and  died  in  1671.  He  wrote  an  account 
of  his  Travels;  a  Chronicle  of  Holstein; 
and  other  works. 

OLIVET,  JOSEPH  THOULIKR  i>',  a 
French  grammarian  and  critic,  was  born, 
in  1682,  at  Salins.  He  was  originally  a 


a  member  of  the  French  Academy,  the 
dictionary  of  which  body  he  assisted  in 
revising.  He  died  in  1762.  His  principal 
works  are,  a  valuable  edition  of  Cicero; 
translations  from  Demosthenes  and  Cicero ; 
a  History  of  the  French  Academy;  and  a 
Treatise  on  Prosody. 

OLIVER,  ANDREW,  was  graduated  at 


the  title  of  Cynogeticon,  on  hunting.  Some 
critics  have  doubted  whether  he  is  really 
the  author  of  the  latter. 

ORANGE,  WILLIAM  of  NASSAU, 
prince  of,  the  founder  of  the  Dutch  repub- 
lic, was  born,  in  1533,  at  the  castle  of 
Dillemburgh.  He  was  brought  up  in  the 
court  of  Charles  V.,  who,  in  1554, 
him  the  command  of  the  army  in  the 
therlands.  When  the  monarch  abdicated, 
he  bestowed  many  marks  of  esteem  on  him, 
and  recommended  him  to  his  son.  Philip 
II.,  however,  treated  him  with  coldness; 
and  the  conduct  of  the  prince,  in  joining 
with  the  Flemish  nobles  to  protect  the 
liberties  of  the  Nethef  lands,  converted  tha*. 
coldness  into  hatred.  William  was  forced 


gave 
Ne- 


Harvard College  in  1724,  and  was  early 
engaged  in  public  employments,  succeeded 
Hutehinson  as  lieutenant  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  1771,  and  retained  that  of- 
fice till  his  death  in  1774.  He  rendered 
himself  very  unpopular  by  accepting  from 
the  British  government  the  office  of  stamp 
distributor  of  the  province 

OLIVIER,  WILLIAM  ANTHONY,  an 
eminent  French  naturalist  and  traveller, 
was  born,  in  1756,  at  Frejus;  was  sent  on 
a  scientific  mission  to  Persia  by  the  French 
government  in  1792 ;  returned  with  a  val- 
uable collection  after  an  absence  of  six 
years;  and  died  in  1814.  His  chief  works 
are,  Travels  in  the  Ottoman  Empire, 
Egypt,  and  Persia;  A  Natural  History  of 
Coleopterous  Insects ;  and  a  portion  of  the 
Dictionary  of  the  Natural  History  of  In- 
iccts,  in  the  Methodical  Encyclopaedia. 

OPIE,  JOHN,  a  c«\ebrated  painter,  was 
tarn,  in  1761,  at  St.  Agnes,  near  Truro, 
in  Cornwall,  and  was  the  son  of  a  carpen- 
ter, who  destined  him  to  follow  that  busi- 
ness. Young  Opie  displayed  early  talents. 
At  ten  years  of  age  he  could  solve  many 
difficult  problems  in  Euclid,  and  at  twelve 
he  taught  writing  and  arithmetic  at  an 
evening  school  in  his  native  village.  But 
drawing  soou  became  his  principal  object, 

and  he  made  several  sketches  and  copies,  j  Peru.     Passing  the   Andes,  he  embarked 
which  were  much  talkod  of  in  tli*  neigh-1,  on  the  4mazons,  and  followed   its  COUEM 


to  fly,  and,  in  his  absence,  was  condemned 
to  death.  He  then  took  up  arms,  and  after 
several  reverses,  succeeded  in  wresting  a 
part  of  the  Netherlands  from  the  dominion 
of  the  Spanish  tyrant.  But  he  did  not 
witness  the  consummation  of  his  labours; 
he  being  assassinated,  in  1584,  at  Delft, 
by  Balthasar  Gerard. 

ORANGE,  FREDERIC  HKNRY  of 
NASSAU,  prince  of,  stadtholder  of  Hoi- 
land,  was  born,  in  1584,  at  Delft,  and  waa 
brought  up  by  his  brother  Maurice,  whom 
he  succeeded  in  1625.  He  governed  with 
wisdom  and  equity,  and  secured  the  inde- 
pendence of  his  country  by  numerous  vic- 
tories and  conquests.  He  died  in  1647. 
See  NASSAU. 

ORELLANA,  FRANCIS,  one  of  the 
Spanish  adventurers  to  the  new  world,  waa 
born,  at  Truxillo,  early  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  and  accompanied  the  Pizarros  to 


404 


OUR 


to  the  ocean.  He  was  the  first  European 
that  naviga-tel  that  mighty  stream,  and  it 
still  bears  his  name.  He  died  in  1549. 

ORFYREUS,  JOHN  F.R.N  KST  ELIAS, 
a  German  mechanician,  whose  real  name 
was  BESSLEll,  was  born,  in  1680,  near 
Zittau,  in  Lusatia;  led  a  wandering,  dis- 
turbed, and  varied  life;  and  died  in  1745. 
His  most  remarkable  mechanical  attempt 
was  a  machine  whirl)  he  asserted  to  pos- 
sess the  power  of  perpetual  motion ;  and 
which  S  GraveMUKM  declared  to  be  un- 
doubtedly "  something  wonderful,  even  if 
it  were  a  deception." 

ORIGEN,  one  of  the  fathers  of  the 
church,  was  born,  in  185,  at  Alexandria, 
and  studied  philosophy  under  Ammonius, 
and  theology  under  Clemens  Alexandrinus. 
Being  persecuted  by  his  diocesan  Deme- 
trius, he  went  to  Ca?sarea,  and  afterwards 
to  Athens.  During  the  persecution  of 
Dec  i  us,  he  was  imprisoned  and  tortured. 
He  died  in  253.  His  great  works  are, 
The  Hexapla ;  Commentaries  on  the  Scrip- 
tures; and  a  treatise  against  Celsus. 

ORME,  ROBERT,  an  historian,  the  son 
of  a  physician  in  the  East  India  Company's 
service,  was  born,  in  1728,  at  Anjeogo,  in 
Hindostan;  was  educated  at  Harrow;  be- 
came a  member  of  the  council  at  Fort  St. 
George,  and  commissary  and  accountant 
general;  and  died  in  1S01,  historiographer 
to  the  company.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
History  of  the  Military  Transactions  of 
the  British  Nation  in  Hindostan;  and  His- 
torical Fragments  of  the  Mogul  Empire. 
As  an  historian  Orme  is  entitled  to  a  place 
among  our  most  eminent  writers. 

OROSIUS,  PAUL,  a  Spanish  ecclesias- 
tic of  the  fifth  century,  was  born  at  Tarra- 
gona, and  was  a  disciple  of  St.  Auguslin. 
The  place  and  time  of  his  decease  are 
unknown.  His  chief  work  is  a  History 
of  Human  Calamities,  in  seven  books, 
H-hich  was  written  at  the  request  of  St. 
Augustine,  and  has  had  the  honour  of  being 
translated  by  Alfred  the  Great. 

ORPHEUS,  a  Greek  poet,  musician, 
and  founder  of  some  religious  ceremonies, 
is  supposed  by  some  to  be  an  imaginary 
person,  but  is  probably  a  real  one,  though 
his  history  is  involved  in  fable.  He  seems 
to  have  been  a  native  of  Thrace,  son  of 
one  of  the  princes  of  that  country,  and  to 
have  been  born  about  a  century  before  the 
Trojan  war.  He  is  said  to  have  been  one 
•f  the  Argonauts,  to  have  subsequently  tra- 
velled in  Egypt,  and  to  have  introduced 
Egyptian  science  and  customs  into  Greece. 
The  works  attributed  to  him  are  of  a  much 
later  period. 

ORRERY,  CHARLES  BOYLE,  earl  of, 
was  born,  in  1676,  at  Chelsea,  and  was 
educated  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  under 
the  tuition  of  Dr.  Atterbury.  He  pub- 
jshcJ  uliile  at  college  an  edition  of  Pha- 


OTI 

laris.  Bentley  questioned  the  authenticity 
of  the  epistles;  Boyle  replied  ;  and  thi?  leil 
to  a  warm  controversy,  in  which  Bentlev 
was  fruitlessly  opposed  by  a  confederacy 
of  wits.  Boyle  succeeded  to  the  earldom 
on  the  death  of  his  brother,  was  promoted 
in  the  army,  employed  as  an  ambassador, 
and  made  an  Engli.-h  peer,  bv  Queen 
Anne;  but  was  in  disfavour  during  the 
reign  of  George  I.,  and  was  e\en  impri- 
soned for  six  months.  He  died  in  1731. 
He  wrote  As  You  Like  It,  a  comedy;  and 
some  verses.  The  astronomical  instrument 
which  bears  his  name  was  so  called  in 
compliment  tohim  by  Graham,  its  inventor. 

ORTE,  Viscount  d',  a  man  of  true 
honour,  whose  name  deserves  to  be  rccoi  ded. 
He  was  governor  of  Bayonne  at  the  time 
of  the  infamous  massacre  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mew. Having  received  an  order  from 
Charles  IX.  to  put  to  death  all  the  pro- 
testa, its  in  his  government,  he  replied  in 
the  following  words,  "  Sire,  I  ha\e  com- 
municated your  majesty's  letter  to  the  i;;u- 
rison  and  inhabitants  of  this  city.  1  have 
found  only  brave  soldiers  and  good  citizens, 
and  not  a  single  executioner." 

ORTELL,  OERTEL,or  ORTEL1US, 
ABRAHAM,  a  learned  geographer,  who 
was  called  the  Ptolemy  of  his  age,  was 
born,  in  1527,  at  Antwerp.  He  travelled 
on  the  continent,  and  in  Great  Britain, 
and  formed  a  valuable  collection  of  anti- 
quities. On  his  return  he  published  an 
Atlas,  which  gained  for  him  the  appoint- 
ment of  geographer  to  Philip  II.  of  Spain. 
He  died  in  1598.  His  principal  works 
are,  Thesaurus  Geographicus;  and  Theatri 
Orbis  Terrarum. 

OTHO,  MARCUS  SA^TUS,  a  Roman 
emperor,  was  born  A.  D.  32.  In  his  early 
youth  he  was  prodigal  and  licentious,  and 
was  a  favourite  of  Nero;  but,  during  his 
ten  years'  questorship  of  Lusitania,  he 
distinguished  himself  by  his  upright  and 
dignified  conduct.  He  espoused  the  cause 
of  Galba;  but,  disappointed  in  his  hopes 
of  being  adopted  by  him,  he  formed  a  con- 
spiracy against  him,  and  was  raised  to  the 
throne.  Olho,  however,  retained  the 
imperial  authority  little  more  than  three 
months.  Having  been  defeated  by  the 
forces  of  Vitellius,  he  put  an  end  to  his 
own  existence,  A.  D.  69.  In  his  last  houri 
he  displayed  a  calm  heroism  which  is 
worthy  of  admiration. 

OTIS,  JAMKS,  a  distinguished  Ameri- 
can statesman,  was  born  at  West  Barnsta- 
ble,  Massachusetts,  in  1725,  and  waa 
graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1743. 
He  pursued  the  profession  of  the  law,  and 
establishing  himself  in  Boston  soon  rose  to 
eminence.  His  public  career  may  l;e  said 
to  have  opened  with  his  celebrated  speech 
against  writs  of  assistance.  At  (he  next 
election  he  was  chosen  a  representathr  t» 


PAC 

Che  legislature,  and  soon  became  the  leader 
of  (he  popular  party.  In  1765  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Congress  which  assembled 
at  New-York.  In  1769  he  was  severely 
wounded  in  an  assault  committed  upon  him 
by  some  British  officers;  from  one  of  whom 
he  recovered  large  damages,  which  hs  re- 
mitted on  receiving  a  written  apology.  In 
1772  he  retired  from  public  life,  and  in 
May  of  the  following  year  was  killed  by  a 
stroke  of  lightning.  He  was  a  good 
scholar,  a  learned  and  atle  lawyer,  a  bold 
and  commanding  orator,  and  possessed 
infinite  powers  of  humour  and  wit. 

OTWAY,  THOMAS,  a  celebrated  dra- 
matic writer,  a  native  of  Sussex,  was  born, 
in  1651,  at  Trottin;  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester School,  and  Christ  Church  College, 
Oxford;  and,  after  having  made  a  vain 
attempt  to  ba  an  actor,  he  became  a  writer 
for  the  stage.  The  ra:  1  of  Plymouth  ob- 
taine  1  fir  him  a  cornet's  commission,  but 
at  the  end  of  one  campaign  in  Flanders, 
Otway  quitted  the  military  service.  The 
tragedy  of  Alcibi  ides,  his"  first  piece,  ap- 
peared in  1675.  His  finest  tragedies,  The 
Orphan,  and  Venice  Preserved,  were  acted 
in  1630  and  1682.  Otway  lived  and  died 
p>or.  It  has  bean  said  that  he  was  choked 
by  a  piece  of  roll,  which  he  ate  too  eagerly 
after  having  long  fasted;  but  there  is  rea- 
son to  believe  that  his  death  proceeded 
from  fever,  brought  ov»  by  his  violent  ex- 
ertions in  pursuit  of  the  murderer  of  one 
of  his  friends.  His  decease  took  place  in 
16S5.  He  wrote  ten  dramas,  and  some 
poems. 

OVID,  RURLIUS  NASO,  a  celebrated 
Roman  poet,  was  born,  B.  c.  43,  at  Sulmo, 
and  was  of  the  equestrian  order.  He 
studied  the  law  under  Messala,  but  soon 
abandoned  the  b:ir  for  poetry  and  a  life  of 
pleasure.  Virgil,  Horace,  Tibullus,  and 
Propertins  were  his  friends,  and  Augustus 
was  a  liberal  patron  to  him.  At  length, 
h  >\vever,  for  some  cause  which  has  never 
bec-n  discovered,  the  emperor  banished  him 
to  Tuinos,  in  Scythia;  nor  could  all  the 
prayers  and  lamentations  of  the" despairing 
Ovid  procure  a  remission  of  his  sentence. 
He  died,  in  his  place  of  exile,  A.  D.  17. 


PAC 


40* 


OWEJV,  JOHN,  a  divine,  *as  born, 
about  1765,  in  London,  and  wa«  educated 
at  St.  Paul's  School  and  Cambridge 
Having  taken  orders,  he  became  a  popular 
preacher,  and  obtained  from  Bishop  Por 
tens  the  living  of  Pagglesham,  in  Essex, 
and  the  curacy  of  Fulham.  On  the  insti- 
tution of  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible 
Society,  he  became  one  of  the  secretaries 
and  for  eighteen  years  was  the  most  active 
of  its  members.  "  He  died  September  26, 
1822.  Among  his  works  are,  Travels  in 
different  Parts  of  Europe;  The  Christian 
Monitor  ;  The  Fashionable  World  dis- 
played ;  and  a  Vindication  of  the  Bible 
Society. 

OXEiVSTIERNA,  Count  AXEL,  a  cel- 
ebrated Swedish  statesman,  was  born,  in 
1583,  in  the  province  of  Upland,  and 
studied  at  various  German  universities, 
where  he  became  versed  in  history,  poll- 
tics,  and  the  learned  languages.  Charles 
IX.  employed  him  in  important  negotia- 
tions; and"  Gustavus  Adolphus  made  him 
prime  minister,  and  reposed  in  him  an 
unlimited  confidence.  After  the  death  of 
Gustavus,  Oxenstierna  for  several  years 
conducted  the  affairs  of  the  kingdom  with 
vigour  and  success.  He  died  in  1654. 

OZANAM,  JAMES,  an  able  French  ma- 
thomatician,  was  born,  in  1640,  at  Bou- 
ligneux,  in  the  principality  of  Dombea. 
He  was  brought  up  for  the  church,  but 
relinquished  the  clerical  profession  on  the 
death  of  his  father.  For  many  years  he 
was  in  high  repute  as  a  mathematical 
teacher.  He  died  in  1717.  Among  his 
works  are,  A  Course  of  Mathematics;  a 
Treatise  on  Gnomonics;  New  Elements  of 
Algebra ;  and  Mathematical  and  Philosoph- 
ical Recreations. 

OZEROFF,VTLADisLAs  ALEXANDRO- 
VITSCH,  a  celebrated  Russian  tragic  au- 
thor, was  born,  in  1770,  near  Twer,  and 
entered  into  the  civil  service,  after  having 
attained  the  rank  of  major  general  in  the 
army.  He  died  in  1816.  OzerofF  pro- 
duced, between  1798  and  1809,  the  trage- 
dies of  The  Death  of  Oleg;  CEdipus  at 
Athens  ;  Fingal  ;  Dmitri  Donskoi  ;  and 
Polixena.  He  also  wrote  some  lyric  poems 


PACA,  WILLIAM,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  educated  at  the  College  in  Philadel- 
phia, and  pursued  the  profession  of  medi- 
cine. He  was  a  delegate  to  Congress  from 
Maryland,  and  afterwards  governor  of  that 
•tate.  In  1783  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Maryland  Convention  which  ratified  the 
federal  constitution,  and  in  1789  wai  ap- 


pointed district  judge  for  Maryland.     He 
died  in  1799. 

PACUVIUS,  MARCUS,  a  Latin  dra- 
matist, a  nephew  of  Ennius,  was  crrn,  B 
c.  218,  at  Brindisium,  and  died  at  Faren- 
tum,  at  the  age  of  ninety.  He  possessed 
the  talent  of  painlingas  well  as  of  poetry. 
Only  a  few  fragments  of  his  dramas  arc 
extant. 


406 


I'AI 


PAJ 


PADILLA,  Don  JOHN  DK,  a  Spanish 
patriot,  of  a  noble  family,  was  the  son  of 
the  comrrinder  of  Castile;  <vpouscd  the 
cause  of  the  people  ;  and  supported  it 
bravely  during  the  struggle  of  the  Span- 
iards f  >r  liberty,  from  1420  to  1422.  Being 
defeated  and  taken  prisoner,  at  the  battle 
of  Villalar,  he  was  put  to  death  on  the 
following  day,  and  met  his  fate  with  heroic 
firmness.  —  111?  wife.  Donna  MARIA  PA- 
CHECO,  was  worthy  of  such  a  husband. 
During  his  life  she  participated  in  all  his 
labours,  and  after  his  death  she  defended 
Toledo  for  several  months,  gained  several 
advantages  at  the  head  of  her  troops,  and 
did  not  quit  the  place  till  she  was  deserted 
by  the  citizens.  She  died  in  Portugal. 


Co  fege  in  1749.  After  a  visit  to  Eurq« 
of  some  years,  he  commenced  the  study  of 
the  law  .-and  about  1759  settled  in  its  nrac- 


1759  settled  n  ts  prac- 
tice in  aunton.  He  took  an  early  and 
active  interest  in  public  affairs,  and  in 
1774  was  appointed  a  delegate  from  Mas- 
sachusetts to  the  general  Congress.  He 
was  a  nieml  er  of  the  committee  of  the 
convention  that  drafted  the  constitution  of 
his  native  state.  Under  the  government 
that  was  organized  he  was  appointed  attor- 
ney general,  and  held  this  oftice  till  1790, 
when  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 


He    remained    on    the 
He  died  at  Boston    in 


Supreme    Court. 

bench   till    1804. 

1814.     His  legal  attainments  and  his  gen- 

eral acquirements  were  extensive,  and  he 

as  a  man  of  much  brilliancy  of  wit. 
PALME,  ROBERT  TREAT,  a  poet,  son 
of  the  preceding,  was  born  at  Taunton  in 
1773,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in 
1792.  On  leaving  college  he  was  placed 
in  a  counting  house,  but  soon  turned  hi* 
attention  to  literature  and  theatricals,  and 

iblished     several    orations    and    poems 

is  poems  were  very  popular  and  profita- 
ble, and  by  the  sale  of  the  song  of  Adams 
and  Liberty,  he  received  the  sum  of  seven 
hundred  and  fifty  dollars.  In  1800  he 
began  the  practice  of  law,  but  failed  of 
success  from  the  want  of  industry,  and 
passed  the  close  of  his  life  in  poverty.  He 
died  in  1811.  His  works  have  been  col- 
lected and  published  in  one  volume  8vo. 
prefaced  by  a  biographical  sketch. 

PAISIELLO,  JOHN,  a  celebrated  com- 
poser, a  pupil  of  Durante,  was  born,  in 


pupil 
Taren 


PAINE,  THOMAS,  a  political  writer, 
was  born,  in  1736,  at  Thetford,  in  Norfolk. 
He  was  brought  up  as  a  staymaker,  but 
became  an  exciseman.  Being,  however, 
dismissed  for  misconduct,  he  went  over  to 
America,  and  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
colonists,  who  were  then  in  arms  against 
the  mother  country.  His  first  literary- 
production,  a  pamphlet,  with  the  title  of 
Common  Sense,  had  a  powerful  effect,  and 
he  was  rewarded  by  a  grant  of  land,  and 
another  of  £.500.  He  was  also  employed 
by  the  congress.  In  1790  he  visited  Eng- 
land, and,  in  the  following  year,  he  pro- 
duced Uis  celebrated  Rights  of  Man,  in 
answer  to  Burke's  Reflections;  for  the 
second  part  of  »  hich  a  prosecution  was 
instituted  against  .lim.  He  was,  however, 
Ijeyond  the  reach  of  the  English  law ;  he 
having  taken  his  seat  as  a  member  of  the 
National  Convention.  As  a  French  legis- 
lator he  displayed  a  degree  of  moderation 
which  broug'iu'upon  him  the  hatred  of  the 

jacobins.  He  was  imprisoned,  and  was  j  age  of  eighteen,  and  was  sent  to  study  at 
near  becoming  a  victim  to  the  guillotine.  [  Rome,  where  he  remained  for  twelve 
He  at  length  returned  to  America,  and  i  years;  and  died,  in  1809,  professor  of  the 
died  there  in  1809.  Besides  the  works  |  Academy  of  Painting  and  Sculpture,  and 

a  member  of  the  Institute,  and  of  the 
legion  of  honour.  His  countrymen  have 
called  him  the  restorer  of  the  art.  Among 


pies.  He  began  his  public  career  in  1763 
by  two  operas,  which  raised  him  at  once 
'nto  popularity  throughout  Italy.  His 
subsequent  works  extended  his  reputation 
over  the  whole  of  the  continent.  Several 
sovereigns  invited  him  into  their  service. 
He  accepted  the  ofler  of  the  Empress 
Catherine,  and  resided  in  Russia  for  nine 
years.  He  next  settled  at  Naples.  In 
1801  he  went  to  Paris  at  the  request  of 
Bonaparte;  but,  after  having  lived  nearly 
three  years  in  France,  he  returned  to  Na*- 
and  died  there  in  1816.  His  operas 
and  other  works  are  numerous,  and  are  in 
high  repute. 

PAJOLJ,  Aur.usTiic,  an  eminent  French 
sculptor,  was  born,  in  1730,  at  Paris: 
gained  the  prize  of  the  Academy  at  the 


already  mentioned,  he  wrote  The  Age  of 
Reason,  and  some  political  tracts. 

PAINE,  ROBERT  TREAT,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  and  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
American  independence,  was  born  at  Bcs- 
loo  in  1731,  and  wa*  graduated  at  Harvard  'abandoned  by  Lo\p,  and  statue?  of 


lis  numerous  works,  some  of  the  principal 
LIC,  Pluto  lr>ldin<r  <  Vicbtis  chained,  Psycbt 


PAL 

mosthenes,  Descartes,  Bossuet,  Pascal,  and 
Turenne. 


PAN 


407 


PALEY,  W  LLiAM,an  eminent  divine, 
the  son  of  a  clergyman,  was  born,  in  1745, 
at  Peterborough,  and  was  educated,  as  a 
sizar,  at  Cluf  st's  College,  Cambridge,  of 
which  he  became  a  fellow  in  1766.  For 
ten  subsequent  years  he  resided  at  the 
university;  but  in  1776  he  obtained  the 
vicarages  of  Dalston,  in  Cumberland,  and 
Appleby,  in  Westmorehnd.  Within  the 
noxt  nine  years  he  became  a  prebendary, 
archdeacon,  and  chancellor  of  Carlisle.  In 
1785,  he  at  once  attained  high  reputation 
by  his  Elements  of  Moral  and  Political 
Philosophy.  At  various  intervals  in  the 
course  of  a  few  years,  this  work  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Hora  Paulina? ;  A  View  of  the 
Evidences  of  Christianity;  and  Natural 
Theology ;  besides  some  smaller  pieces. 
His  Sermons  were  a  posthumous  publica- 
tion. Preferment  awaited  him  as  well  as 
competence  and  fame.  He  was  succes- 
sively made  vicar  of  Stanwix,  a  preben- 
dary of  St.  Pancras,  subdean  of  Lincoln, 
a  doctor  of  divinity,  and  rector  of  Bishop's 
Wearmouth.  Dr.  Paley  died  May  25, 1805. 

PALISSET  DE  MONTENOY, 
CHARLES,  a  French  satirist  and  miscella- 
neous writer,  was  born,  in  1730,  at  Nanci; 
was  throughout  his  life  in  a  state  of  vio- 
lent hosti  ;ty  with  the  French  literary 
characters  of  the  philosophical  sect;  and 
died  in  1814.  His  works  form  six  octavo 
volumes.  Among  them  are  The  Dunciad ; 
some  comedies;  Little  Letters  against  great 
Philosophers;  Memoirs  for  a  History  of 
French  Literature,  and  a  History  of  the 
early  Ages  of  Rome. 

PALLADIO,  ANDREW,  a  celebrated 
Italian  architect,  was  born,  in  1518,  at 
Vicenza;  acquired  in  his  own  country  a 
reputation  which  has  received  the  sanction 
of  other  nations  and  of  posterity  ;  and  died 
in  1580.  His  Tieatise  on  Architecture  is 
one  of  the  classics  of  the  art. 

PALLAS,  PETER  SIMON,  an  eminent 
traveller  and  naturalist,  was  born,  in  1741, 
at  Berlin;  studied  at  Halle,  Gottingen, 
•nd  Leyden ;  and  acquired  so  much  repu- 
tation by  his  Elenchus  Zoophytorum  and 


Miscellanea  Zoologica,  that  Catherine  of 
Russia  invited  him  to  St.  Petersburg!!, 
made  him  a  member  of  the  Academy, 
and  for  six  years  employed  him,  as  a 
naturalist,  in  exploring  various  parts  of 
ler  vast  empire.  During  his  tour  he  suf- 
:ered  such  hardships  that  his  hair  turned 
.vhite,  and  his  constitution  was  severely 
njured.  In  1794,  the  empress  gave  him 
in  estate  in  the  Crimea.  There  he  resided 
>r  fifteen  years;  but  at  length  he  quitted 
Russsia,  and  settled  at  Berlin,  where  he 
died,  September  8,  1811.  Among  his 
numerous  works  are  his  Travels,  which 
Saussure  denominated  "  an  inexhaustible 
mine  for  the  naturalist  and  statesman;" 
Historical  Documents  on  the  Mongols; 
and  a  Physical  and  Topographical  Descrip- 
tion of  the  Taurida. 

PALLA VICING,  SFORZA,  was  born, 
in  1647,  at  Rome;  was  employed  by  Pope 
Innocent  X.  in  various  important  aflairs; 
obtained  a  cardinal's  hat  in  1657;  and 
died  in  1667.  His  chief  work  is  A  His- 
tory of  the  Council  of  Trent,  in  two  vol- 
umes folio. 

PALOMINO  DE  CASTRO  Y  VE- 
LA.SCO,  ACISCLES  ANTHONY,  an  emi- 
nent Spanish  painter,  was  born,  in  1653, 
at  Bujalance,  in  Valencia;  was  a  pupil  of 
Valdes;  became  king's  painter;  entered 
into  the  clerical  profession  in  his  latter 
days;  and  died  in  1726.  Among  his  most 
remarkable  woiks  are,  a  Confession  of 
St.  Peter,  at  Valencia,  and  five  pictures 
in  the  choir  of  the  cathedral  at  Cordova. 
Palomino  wrote  The  Pictorial  Museum, 
three  volumes  folio;  of  which  the  third 
volume  contains  the  lives  of  Spanish 
artists. 

PANARD,  CHARLES  FRANCIS,  a 
French  dramatist,  whom  Marmontel  sur- 
named  the  Lafontaine  of  the  Vaudeville. 
was  born,  in  1694,  near  Chartres;  and 
died  in  1765.  He  wrote  eighty  pieces, 
among  which  are  five  comedies,  and  thir- 
teen comic  operas.  The  songs  of  Panard 
are  remarkable  for  their  easy  style  and 
their  piquancy. 

PANCIROLI,  or  PANCIROLUS, 
GOT,  a  civilian,  was  born,  in  1523,  at 
Reggio;  was  professor  of  law  at  Padua, 
and  afterwards  at  Turin;  and  died  in 
1599.  He  is  the  author  of  various  works; 
but  the  one  by  which  he  is  remembered  is  a 
curious  treatise  on  the  ancient  inventions 
which  are  lost,  and  on  those  inventions 
which  belong  to  the  moderns. 

PANCOUCKE,  CHARLES  JOSEPH, 
one  of  the  most  eminent  booksellers  in 
France,  and  also  a  man  of  literary  talent, 
was  born  at  Lisle,  in  1736.  He  settled  at 
Paris;  became  connected  with  most  of  the 
distinguished  authors  of  his  time;  am 
published  many  magnificent  works.  Th« 
Moniteur  was  established  by  him;  and  a« 


408 


PAR 


FAR 


a  {no  projected  the  Methodical  Encyclopae-j  PARINI,  JOSEPH,  an  Italian  port,  WM 
dia.  He  died  in  1798.  Among  his  own  born,  in  1729,  at  Basizio,in  the  Milanese, 
productions  are,  a  free  translation  of  Lu-  He  was  patronised  by  Count  Firmian, 
cretins;  On  Man,  and  the  reproduction  of  governor  of  Lombardy,  and,  afterwards, 
different  Individuals;  and  Philosophical  by  Princess  Marii  Beatrix  of  Este,  and 
Discourses  on  the  Beautiful. — His  father,  was  professor  of  belles  lettres,  eloquence, 
ANDREW  JOSKPH,  was  a  bookseller  and  and  the  fine  arts  at  Milan.  He  died  in 
author.  ]  1799.  Parini  was  one  of  the  most  emi- 

PAOLI,  PASCAL,  a  patriot  and  general  nent  lyric  poets  of  Italy,  and  excelled  also 
(the  son  of  Hyacinth  Paoli,  who  was  also  in  satire.  His  works  form  six  volumes 
an  intrepid  assertor  of  his  country's  liberty),  octavo. 

was  born,  in  1726,  at  Stretta,  in  Corsica;  |  PARIS,  MATTHEW,  an  English  histo- 
ful lowed  his  father  into  exile;  and  was  rian,  was  a  Benedictine  monk  at  St.  Al- 
educated  at  the  Jesuits'  college,  at  Naples,  bans,  into  which  order  he  entered  in  1217. 
Fn  1755  his  countrymen  having  elected  him  He  died  in  1259.  Matthew  Paris  was  an 
their  generalissimo,  he  returned  to  Corsica,  Universal  scholar,  and  a  man  of  great  pro- 
and  acted  with  such  vigour  against  the  bity.  His  History  is  a  valuable  work. 
Genoese  that  he  confined  their  dominion  j  PARK,  MUNGO,  a  celebrated  traveller, 
within  the  narrow  limits  of  the  fortified  the  son  of  a  farmer,  was  born,  in  1771,  at 
seaports.  To  enact  wise  laws,  introduce  Fowlshi'Vs,  near  Selkirk,  in  Scotland,  and 
reforms,  and  encourage  agriculture  was  his  j  was  bought  up  to  the  medical  profession, 
next  care.  But  all  his  noble  labours  were  J  After  having  made  a  voyage  to  Bencoolen, 
rendered  abortive.  The  Genoese  sold  the  he  was  engaged,  in  1795,  by  the  African 
jsJand  to  France,  and,  after  a  severe  strug- j  Society,  to  penetrate  into  the  interior  of 
gle  against  the  invading  army,  Paoli  was  Africa,  and  explore  the  course  of  the  Ni- 
once  more  compelled  to  become  an  exile. !  ger.  He  arrived  in  the  Gambia  in  June, 
For  twenty  years  he  resided  in  England,  and,  on  the  second  of  December,  proceeded 
subsisting  on  a  pension  from  the  govern-  from  Pisania,  on  his  adventurous  journey, 
mcnt.  In  1789  he  was  recalled  by  the  On  the  twentieth  of  July,  he  came  in  sight 
constituent  assembly;  but  in  1793  he"  was  of  the  long  sought  river.'  After  having 
proscribed  by  the  jacobins,  and  he  subse-  traced  it  to  a  considerable  distance,  he  was 
quently  placed  Corsica  under  the  protection  !  under  the  necessity  of  desisting  from  his 
of  Great  Britain.  He  died  in  London,  in  enterprise.  On  his  return  to  Scotland, 


1807. 
PA  PI  MAN, 


the 


Park  married,  and  entered  upon  the  prac- 
greatest  tice  of  his  profession.     In  1804,  however, 


cvil  lawyer  of  antiquity,  was  born  iboatlhe  undertook  a  second  expedition  for  the 
A.  D.  145;  was  pretorian  prefect  under  the  same  purposes  as  the  first.  He  again  reach- 
Emperor  Severus ;  and  was  put  to  death  by 


Caracalla,  in  212,  for  refusing  to  justify 
the  murder  of  Geta.  Most  of  his  works 
are  lost. 

PARACELSUS,  AUREOLUS  PHILIP 
THEOPHRASTUS  BOMBAST  DE  HOHEN- 
HKIM,  a  celebrated  Swiss  empiric  and 
alchemist,  was  born,  in  1493,  at  Einsie- 
delm,  in  the  canton  of  Schwitz.  He  lived 
a  wandering  life  for  several  years;  but, 
having  performed  some  extraordinary  cures, 
he  was  invited,  in  1526,  to  fill  the  medical 
and  surgical  chair  at  the  unversity  of  Ba- 
sil. This  post,  however,  he  held  for  little 
more  than  a  year,  when  he  recommenced 
his  peregrinations.  He  died  at  Salzburgh, 


ed  the  Niger,  and  embarked  upon  it  at 
Bammakou,  but  was  attacked  by  the  na- 
tives, and  drowned,  in  his  voyage  to 
Houssa.  His  Travels  have  been  published 
in  two  volumes. 

PARKER,  MATTHEW,  a  learned  pre- 
late, was  born,  in  1504,  at  Norwich;  was 
educated  at  Cambridge ;  and  was  succes- 
sively chaplain  to  Anne  Boleyn,  dean  of 
Stoke  Clare,  master  of  Bene't  College, 
and  dean  of  Lincoln.  In  the  reign  of 
Mary  he  was  in  great  danger  of  being 
brought  to  the  stake.  Elizabeth  raised 
him  to  the  see  of  Canterbury,  which  he 
filled  with  honour  to  himself.  He  died  in 
1575.  Parker  took  a  share  in  the  re- 


in 1541.     Paracelsus  was  an  impudent  and  '  formed  Liturgy,  and   the   Bishop's  Bible; 
supremely  vain   charlatan,  but   he  has  the  published  editions  of  some  of  the  old  En- 

/»"  t  •  •      .  i  J      •      ..  *•_          I'l      l    •    .L         • ] , A-  Tl_      A—*! !*_* 


merit  of  having  introduced  into  practice 
several  powerful  medicines.  His  works 
form  three  volumes  folio,  and  swarm  with 
absurdities. 

PARE,  AMBROSE,  who    is  called  the 
father  of    French   surgery,    was    born,  at 


Laval,  about  the  beg 


of  the  sixteenth 


century  ;  was  successively  surgeon  to  Henry 
II.,  Francis  II.,  Charles  IX.,  and  He.iry 


III.;   and  died   in   1590. 
I'D  one  volume  folio. 


His   works   are 


glisli  historians;  and  wrote  De  Antiquitata 
Britannicse  Ecclesia;,  and  some  works  of 
less  importance. 

PARKER,  ISAAC,  an  eminent  lawyer, 
was  born  in  Boston,  and  graduated  at  Har- 
vard College  in  1786.  He  studied  law  in 
the  office  of  Judge  Tudor,  and  commenced 
practice  at  Castine,  in  Maine,  then  an 
integral  part  of  Massacnusetta.  Removing 
to  Portland,  he  was  sent  for  one  term  to 
Congress  at  a  representative  from  Cumber- 


PAR 

land  County.  He  also  held  for  a  short 
ti«r»e  the  office  of  United  Statef  marshal 
for  that  district.  In  1806  lie  was  appointed 
by  governor  Strong  associate  Judge  of  the 
supreme  court  of  Massachusetts,  and  soon 
after  took  up  his  residence  at  Boston.  In 
1814  he  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  and  held  that  office  till  his 
sudden  death  in  July,  1830,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-three  years.  He  was  distinguished 
for  urbanity,  and  his  legal  opinions  are 
very  highly  respected. 

PARKES,  SAMUEL,  a  chemist,  w*s 
born,  in  1759,  at  Stourbridge,  in  Worces- 
tershire; was  educated  under  Dr.  Alding- 
ton, at  Market  Harborough;  *-.d  died 
December  23,  1825.  He  was  a  great 
manufacturing  chemist,  and  a  member  of 
the  Geological  and  other  Societies.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  Chemical  Catechism,  which 
has  passed  through  numerous  editions; 
Rudiments  of  Chemistry;  An  Essay  on 
the  Utility  of  Chemistry;  and  Chemical 
Essays. 

PARKHURST,  JOHN,  a  divine,  was 
born,  in  1723,  at  Catesby,  in  Northamp- 
tonshire; was  educated  at  Rugby  School, 
and  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge;  and  died  in 
1797.  He  is  the  author  of  a  Hebrew 
Lexicon;  A  Greek  Lexicon;  An  Address 
to  Wesley  ;  and  the  Divinity  and  Preexist- 
ence  of  Christ  demonstrated. 

PARKINSON,  JOHN,  a  botanist,  was 
born  in  1567;  was  appointed  apothecary 
to  Charles  T. ;  was  nominated  Botanicus 
Regius  Primarius  by  Charles  L;  and  died 
about  1640.  He  is  the  author  of  Paradisus 
Terrestris ;  or,  a  Garden  of  all  Sorts  of 
pleasant  Flowers;  and  of  Theatrum  Bota- 
nicuni ;  or,  Theatre  of  Plants. 

PARMA,  ALEXANDER  FARNESE, 
duke  of,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  gene- 
rals of  the  age  in  which  he  lived,  first 
distinguished  himself  at  the  battle  of  Le- 
panto.  Being  appointed  to  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Netherlands  by  Philip  II.  he 
gained  several  victories,  and  restored  the 
£reate«t  part  of  the  provinces  to  the  author- 
ity of  his  sovereign.  In  1590  he  com- 
pelled Henry  IV.  to  raise  tbs  siege  of 
Paris;  and,  in  1592,  the  siege  of  Rouen. 
IH  the  last  of  these  expeditions  he  received 
a  wound  in  tht  arm,  which  he  neglected, 
and  whic'.i  caused  his  death,  at  Arras,  on 
tlie  second  of  December,  in  the  forty- 
seventh  year  of  his  age. 

PARMENTIER,  ANTHONY  AUGUS- 
tijf,an  eminent  French  agricultural  impro- 
ver, was  born,  in  1737,  at  Montdidier,  *nd 
was  successively  apothecary  to  the  army, 
in  Hanover,  and  to  the  Hotel  des  Invalids 
at  Paris.  He  died  in  1813.  To  Parmen- 
tier  France  is  indebted  for  rendering  the 
culti\ation  of  the  potatoe  general,  and  for 
improving  and  introducing  various  other 
a  imentary  articlrs  Hi*  whole  attention 
18 


PAR  409 

was  paid  to  these  subjects,  and  a  1  iii  work* 
relate  to  them. 

PARNELL,  THOMAS,  a  divine  and 
poet,  was  born,  in  1679,  at  Dublin;  waa 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  in  that  city, 
obtained,  in  1705,  1713,  and  1716,  the 
archdeaconry  of  Clogher,  a  prebend  in 
Dublifi  Cathedral,  and  the  vicarage  of 
Finglass;  and  died  at  Chester  in  1717. 
He  was  the  friend  of  Swift  and  Pope,  th« 
•atter  of  whom  gave  the  works  of  Parnell 
to  the  press.  , 

PARNY,  EVARISTE  DESIRE  DES- 
FORGES,  viscount  de,  whom  his  country- 
men denominate  the  French  Tibullus,  wag 
born,  in  1753, at  the  Isle  of  Bourbon;  was 
sent  to  France,  at  the  age  of  nine  years; 
was  educated  at  the  college  of  Rennes; 
and  entered  into  the  military  service.  Hif 
Elegies,  inspired  by  an  unfortunate  pas» 
sion,  appeared  in  1775,  and  at  once  gava 
him  a  conspicuous  place  among  poets. 
Subsequent  works  sustained  his  reputation 
It  is,  however,  to  be  regretted  that,  in  his 
latter  years,  he  sullied  his  fame  by  several 
impious  and  licentious  productions.  H« 
died  in  1814. 


PARR,  SAMUEL,  one  of  the  most  pro- 
found of  Greek  scholars,  was  born,  in 
1746,  at  Harrow  on  the  Hill,  and  was  edu- 
cated at  the  grammar  school  of  that  place, 
and  at  Emanuel  College,  Cambridge.  Hav- 
ing in  consequence  of  his  youth,  bc?n  dis- 
appointed of  becoming  head  master  at  Har- 
row, he  established  a  seminary  at  Stan- 
more;  which,  however,  he  ultimately  gave 
up,  and  was  successively  master  of  Col- 
chester and  Norwich  grammar  schools. 
His  first  church  preferment  was  the  rec- 
tory of  Asterby,  which  he  obtained  in  1780. 
He  subsequently  received  the  perpetual  en- 
racy  of  Hatton,  the  living  of  Graff  ham,  in 
Huntingdonshire,  and  a  prebend  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral.  He  died  March  6, 1825. 
Among  his  works  are,  various  Sermons; 
the  Preface  to  Bellendenus ;  and  a  Letter 
from  Irenopolis. 

PARRHASIUS,  an  ancient  painter,  the 
contemporary  and  rival  of  Zeuxis,  was 
born  about  B.  c.  420,  at  Ephesus.  His 
vanity  ua«  equnl  to  his  talents,  great  M 


414)  PAT 

they  were.  Among  his  most  celebrated 
vorks  were,  an  allegorical  picture  of  the 
Athenian  People,  Melea^-r,  Hercules  ami 
Perseus,  and  a  high  priest  of  (\\bele. 

P.\KSO.NS,  TIM  OPIUM'S,  a  distin- 
guished law\er,  \\as  born  at  Byeflcld,  "Mas- 
sachusetts, in  17.")()  and  graduated  at  Har- 
vard College  in  1769.  He  studied,  and 
pursued  the  practice  of  the  law,  for  some 
\ears,  in  Falmouth,  now  Portland,  but 
when  that  town  was  destroyed  by  the  Brit- 
ish, he  retired  to  the  house  of  his  father  in 
.\e\\b.irv.  About  a  year  afterwards  he 
opened  an  office  in  Newboryport.  He  soon 
-one  to  the  highest  rank  in  his  profession, 
and  made  immense  acquisitions  in  legal 
knowledge.  His  professional  services 
were  sought  for  in  all  directions,  and  after 
thirty-five  years  of  extensive  practice  he 
was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
fourt  of  Massachusetts.  In  1780  he  was  a 
member  of  the  convention  which  formed  the 
constitution  of  the  State,  and  of  the  con- 
vention which  accepted  the  federal  consti- 
tution. He  was  a  powerful  speaker,  with- 
out a  rival  in  knowledge  of  law,  and  sur- 
passed by  few  in  his  acquaintance  with  sci- 
ence and  classical  literature.  He  continued 
in  the  seat  of  chief  justice  till  his  death  in 
1813. 

PASCAL,  BLATZE,  equally  eminent  as 
a  geometrician  and  a  writer,  was  born,  in 
1623,  at  Clermont,  in  Auvergne.  Though 
himself  a  mathematician,  his  father  would 
not  allow  him  to  be  taught  mathematics; 
but  such  was  his  propensity  to  that  science 
that,  unassisted  and  by  stealth,  he  mastered 
a  part  of  Euclid  before  he  was  twelve  years 
of  age.  He  was  then  suffered  to  indulge 
his  genius.  At  sixteen  he  published  a  Trea- 
tise on  Conic  Sections;  and  at  nineteen  he 
invented  an  arithmetical  machine.  Unlike 
many  early  prodigies,  he  more  than  sus- 
tained in  manhood  the  fame  acquired  in 
youth.  But  his  incessant  mental  exertions 
injured  his  health,  and  in  some  degree  af- 
fected his  intellect,  without,  however,  de- 
priving him  -^f  the  free  use  of  his  talents. 
In  1655  and  Ib56,  he  publisiied,  under  the 
name  of  Louis  de  Montalte,  his  admirable 
Provincial  Letters.  His  latter  days  were 
spent  in  the  practice  of  austere  devotion. 


He  died  in  1662. 
volumes  octavo. 


His   works  form   five 


PASQUIER,  STEPHEN,  an  eminent 
French  civilian  and  writer,  was  born,  in 
1529,atParis  :  was  a  pupil  of  Cujas  ;and  first 
rose  into  reputation  as  an  advocate  by  plead- 
ing against  the  Jesuits  before  the  parliament. 


L'EL 

Roman  historian,  of  an  equestrian 
nourished  in  the  reigns  of  Augustus  and 
Tiberius,  lie  filled  the  ofVirrs  of  tribune  of 
the  soldiers,  questor,  tribune  of  the  people, 
and  pra-tor,  and  commanded  the  cavalry 
under  Tiberius,  lie  is  supposed  by  some 
to  have  been  involved  in  the  ruins  of  Seja- 
ntis.  Only  a  part  of  his  valuable  cp'tom* 
of  Greek  and  Roman  history  is  extant. 

PATRICK,  SAMUEL,  a  learned  pro- 
late,  was  born,  in  1626,  at  Gainsborough; 
was  educated  at  Queen's  College,  Cam 
bridge;  and,  after  having  filled  with  hon- 
our several  secondary  preferments,  \va« 
raised,  in  1689,  to  the  see  of  Chiehrster, 
for  his  exertions  against  popery.  In  1691 
he  was  translated  to  Ely  ;  and  he  died  in 
1707.  His  chief  work  is,  Paraphrases  and 
Commentaries  on  the  Old  Testament. 

PAUSAIS'IUS,  a  Greek  orator  and  his- 
torian, settled  at  Rome,  A.  I).  170,  and  died 
there  at  a  very  advanced  age.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  valuable  Historical  Description 


of  Greece,  in  ten  books. 

PAUW,     CORNELIUS     PE, 


learned 


writer,  was  born,  in  1739,  at  Amsterdam; 
was  educated  at  Liege  by  a  relation;  re- 
fused  the  most  tempting  oners  from  Fred- 
eric the  Great,  to  settle  at  Berlin  ;  became 
canon  of  Xanten ;  and  died  in  1799.  He 
is  the  author  of  Philosophical  Inquiries  re- 
specting the  Americans — the  Egyptians  anrf 
Chinese — and  the  Greeks.  All  hiswoikt 
are  ingenious,  but  abound  with  paradoxes 
and  bold  theories. 

PEALE,  CHARLES  WILSON,  wnsbr.rn 
in  Maryland  in  1741,  and  was  successively 
a  saddler,  harness  maker,  silver  smith, 
watch  maker,  carver,  portrait  painter,  nat- 
uralist, machinist,  and  dentist.  He  found- 
ed the  extensive  miiseu<n  at  Philadelphia 
which  bears  his  name  He  died  in  1827. 

PEARCE,  Z &rf<*KY,  a  learned  pre- 
late, was  born,  i.  1690,  in  London;  was 
educated  at  Westminster  School,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  was  succes- 
sively rector  of  StapleforJ  Abbots,  and  of 
St.  Bartholomew,  lu-r.r  the  Bank,  vicar  cf 
St.  Martin  in  the  Field.;,  dean  of  Win- 
chester; and  bishop  of  Bangor  and  Roch- 
ester; and  died  ,ii  1774  He  wrote  Ser- 


mons; some   papers    m  u.C  Spectati 


and 


Guardian;  A  Commentary  on  the  Evangel- 
ists and  Acts;  and  otb»»  -"oiks;  and  pu)>- 
lished  editions  of»l*»ir  .nus,  and  Cicero  de 
Ofliciis. 

PELISaon-FONTAPIER,  PAIL,  a 
French  author,  was  born,  in  1624,  at  P-e- 
ziers.  He  wax  bred  to  tie  law.  but  waa 

In  his  writings  he  was  also  a  formidable  forced  to  retire  from  /lie  bar  1  y  ill  health. 
adversary  of  that  encroaching  and  danger-!  He  held  an  office  under  FoUfutet,  and  \\hen 
ous  order.  lie  died  in  1615.  One  of  hl.s  'that  minister  was  overthrown,  IVlisM.u  was 
principal  works  is,  Inquiries  respecting  involved  in  his  ruin,  and  wa«  committedfb 
France.  The  v.v.ole  occupy  two  folio  \<,1-  the  Hastile,  where  he  re:u:M;ied  di;un«  li\e 
(lines.  'years.  He  had,  nexei  t\:<  li >.-,  the  rmir.'ge 

PATERCULTTf\  CAII :.i  Vrr.LKir-,  a  'M  mlir  fhirp  el<><;u«  nl  :«:•''  i  »..\»j«rfiil    M»- 


PEN 

moirs  in  >;half  of  his  fallen  patron.  Louis 
XIV.  at  length  released  Pelisson,  and 
loaded  him  with  favours.  He  died  in  1693. 
Among  his  works  are,  Histories  of  the 
Frencli  Academy,  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  of 
the  Conquest  of  Franche  Comte. 

PELLOUTIER,  SIMON,  a  German  his- 
torian, of  a  French  family,  was  born,  in 
1694,  at  Leipsic;  became  minister  of  the 
French  church  at  Berlin,  and  librarian  of 
the  Academy;  and  died  in  1757,  a  victim 
to  intense  stiitly.  His  principal  work  is  a 
valuable  History  of  the  Celts,  particularly 
of  the  Gauls  and  Germans. 

PELOPIDAS,  an  illustrious  Theban, 
the  son  of  Hippoclus,  was  the  friend  of 
Epaminondas;  in  conjunction  with  whom 
he  rescued  Thebes  from  the  combined 
tyranny  of  the  nobles  and  the  Lacede- 
monians. After  having  been  repeatedly 
reelected  to  the  government  of  B;ieotia, 
and  distinguished  himself  at  Tegyra  and 
Leuctra,  he  was  slain,  B.  c.  364,  in  a  bat- 
tle against  Alexander  of  Pheraea. 

PELTIER,  JOHN  GABRiKL.a  French 
political  writer,  a  native  of  Nantz,  born 
ibout  1770,  began  his  career  in  1789,  by 
the  publication  of  a  royalist  journal  called 
The  Acts  of  the  Apostles.  After  the  tenth 
of  August,  he  took  refuge  at  London,  and 
for  many  years  published  a  monthly  work, 
with  the  title  of  Paris  pendant  1'Ann^e. 
He  afterwards  established  the  Ambigu,  for 
a  libel  in  which,  upon  the  first  consul,  he 
wag  prosecuted  by  the  attorney-general. 
He  also  wrote  several  pamphlets.  His  de- 
ce**e  took  place  at  Paris,  in  1825. 


PEP 


411 


PENN,  WILLIAM,  the  founder  and  leg- 
viator  of  Pennsylvania,  whom  Montesquieu 
Denominates  the  modern^Lycurgus,  was  the 
•on  of  Admiral  Penn;  was  born,  in  1*644, 
.n  London;  and  was  educated  at  Christ 
church,  Oxford.  At  college  he  imbibed 
the  principles  of  quakerism,  which,  a  few 
years  afterwards,  he  publicly  professed. 
he  was,  in  consequence,  twice  turned  out 
of  doors  by  his  father.  In  1668  he  began 
to  preach  in  public,  and  to  write  in  de- 
fence of  the  doctrines  which  he  had  em- 
braced. For  this  he  was  thrice  imprisoned, 
»nd  once  brought  to  trial.  It  <»-a«  during 


his  first  imprisonment  that  he  wrote  No 
Cross,  No  Crown.  In  1677  he  visited 
Holland  and  Germany,  to  propagate  qua- 
kerism. In  March,  1680-81,  he  obtained 
fiom  Charles  II.  a  grant  of  that  territory 
which  now  bears  the  name  of  Pennsylva- 
nia; in  1682  he  embarked  for  his  new"  col- 
ony; and  in  the  following  year  he  founded 
Philadelphia.  He  returned  to  England  in 
1684.  So  much  was  he  in  favour  with 
James  II.,  that,  after  the  Revolution,  he 
was  more  than  once  arrested  on  suspicion 
of  plotting  to  restore  the  exiled  monarch; 
but  he  at  length  succeeded  in  establishing 
his  innocence.  The  rest  of  his  life  was 
passed  in  tranquillity.  He  died  July  30, 
1718.  His  works  have  been  collected  in 
two  folio  volumes. 

PENN,  JOHN,  a  signer  of  the  declara- 
tion of  American  independence,  was  born 
in  Virginia  in  1719,  received  a  common 
school  education,  and  after  studying  the 
profession,  was  licensed  as  a  practitioner 
of  law.  He  removed  to  North  Carolina, 
and  was  a  delegate  to  congress  from  that 
state.  He  died  in  1788. 

PENNANT,  THOMAS,  an  antiquary 
and  naturalist,  was  born,  in  1726,  at  the 
family  seat  of  Downing,  in  Flintshire;  was 
educated  at  Queen's  and  Oriel  Colleges, 
Oxford ;  became  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  So- 
ciety, and  of  various  other  learned  bodies; 
travelled  in  Great  Britain  and  on  various 
parts  of  the  continent;  and  died  December 
16,  1798.  Among  his  numerous  works 
may  be  mentioned  his  Literary  Life;  Brit- 
ish Zoology;  A  Tour  in  Scotland;  Arctic 
Zoology;  A  View  of  Hindostan;  Outlines 
of  the  Globe;  An  Account  of  London;  and 
various  Tours. 

PEPPERELL,  Sir  WILLIAM,  lieuten- 
ant general  in  the  British  service,  was  born 
in  Maine,  and  engaged  in  commercial  pur- 
suits. He  was  early  appointed  an  officer 
in  the  militia,  and  for  his  services  in  com- 
manding the  successful  expedition  against 
Louisburg,  was  rewarded  by  the  king  with 
the  dignity  of  baronet.  His  courage  and 
activity  were  much  admired  by  the  colo- 
nies. He  died  in  1759. 

PEPYS,  SAMUEL,  was  born  atBramp- 
ton,  in  Huntingdonshire;  was  educated  a; 
St.  Paul's  School,  and  at  Magdalen  Col 
lege,  Cambridge;  was  patronised  by  his 
relative,  Montague,  afterwards  earl  of 
Sandwich ;  and  accompanied  him,  as  sec 
retary,  in  the  fleet  that  was  sent  to  bring 
back  Charles  II.  During  the  whole  of  the 
reigns  of  Charles  II.  and  James  II.,  with 
but  one  short  interval,  he  was  secretary  of 
the  admiralty,  in  which  capacity  he  intro- 
duced many  important  improvement?  into 
the  navy.  He  resigned  after  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  died  in  1793.  For  ten  years  h« 
was  president  of  the  Royal  Society.  H« 
wrote  Memoirs  of  the  Navy:  but  his  mo* 


412  PER 

interesting  work  is  his  own  Diary,  which 
has  recently  been  published. 

PERCIVAL,     THOMAS,    a     physici 


and  BIMceUaneoVB  wii:cr,  was  lx>rn,  ill 
1740,  at  NVarrington,  in  Lancashire;  ?tud- 
ied  at  Edinburgh  and  Le\den;  settled  at 
Manchester,  where  he  fmndcd  a  scientific 
society;  and  died  in  1>'OI.  Among  his 
works  are,  Medical  F.tliics;  Moral  and 
Literary  Dissertations  ;  and  A  Father's 
Instructions  to  his  Children. 

PERCY,  THOMAS,  an  eminent  prelate, 
related  to  the  Northumberland  f-'.mily,  was 
born,  in  172S,  at  Bridgenorth,  in  Shrop- 
shire; was  educated  at  Christ  (  liurcli, 
Oxford;  became  chaplain  to  the  king  in 
17(J9,  dean  of  Carlisle  in  1778,  and  bishop 
of  Dromore  in  17S2.  He  died  in  1S11. 
Of  hi-  works  the  principal  aie,  The  Her- 
mit of  \Valkworth,  a  poem;  a  new  Trans- 
lation of  .Solomon's  Song;  and  the  Rel- 
iqnes  cf  English  Poetry. 

PERCY,  Baron  PETF.R  FRANCIS,  a 
celebrated  French  military  surge-on,  was 
born,  in  1754,  at  Montagncy  ;  was  head 
surgeon  to  several  of  the  French  armies; 
introduced  many  improvements  into  sur- 
gical practice;  received  from  Napoleon 
the  title  of  baron  and  commander  of  the 
legion  of  honour  ;.  and  died  in  1825. 
Among  his  works  are,  The  Army  Sur- 
geon's Manual;  and  Practical  Surgical 
Pyrotechny. 

PEREFIXE,  HARDOUIN  DE  BEAU- 
MONT DE,  a  French  historian  and  di- 
vine, wras  born,  in  1605,  at  Paris;  studied 
at  Poitiers  and  his  native  city;  and,  after 
having  acquired  great  popularity  as  a 
preacher,  was  appointed  preceptor  to  Lou- 
is XIV.  in  1644.  In  1648  he  was  raised 
-  to  the  see  of  Rhodez,  and,  in  1662,  was 
made  archbishop  of  Paris.  He  died,  gen- 
erally regretted,  in  1670.  His  principal 
work  is  the  Life  of  Henry  IV.,  which  is 
the  best  history  of  that  monarch,  and  has 
been  translated  into  every  foreign  lan- 
guage. 

P£RG«LESE,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  an 
eminent  musical  composer,  was  born,  in 
1704,  at  *Jasoria,  in  the  Neapolitan  terri- 
tory. He  was  a  pupil  of  Gaetano  Greco, 
and  was  afterwards  improved  by  the  les- 
sons of  Vinci  and  Hasse.  For  a  consider 
able  part  of  his  short  life  his  compositions 
were  not  popular;  but  he  at  length  ac- 
quired, and  still  retains,  a  high  reputation. 
He  died  in  1737.  Among  his  principal 
works  are,  the  justly  celebrated  Stabat 
Mator;  a  Mass  and  Vespers,  written  for 
the  duke  of  Matelon  ;  Olimpiade,  an  ope- 
"a;  and  the.Salva  Regina,  which  was  his 
«ast  production. 

PERICLES,  an  illustrious  Athenian 
>rator,  warrior,  and  statesman,  was  born 
between  490  and  500  B.  c.,  and  received 
the  leofon*  of  Zeno,  Damon,  and  Anaxa- 


PER 

goras.  In  opposition  to  Cin..  n,  he  e§« 
poused  the  popular  cause,  nnd  he  acquired 
a  wonderful  ascendancy  over  the  minds  of 
his  countrymen.  For  forty  years  he  was 
at  the  head  of  affairs  in  Athens,  during 
which  period  he  increased  the  military 
glory  of  the  state,  and  embellished  the 
capital  with  many  magnificent  edifices.  He 
died  H.  c.  429. 

FERIER,  JAMES  CONSTANTS  F,  an 
aliln  Fiench  mechanist,  was  born,  in  1742, 
at  Paris,  and  died  August  17,  1818,  a 
member  <»f  the  \cademyofScienres.  He 
and  his  brother,  who  was  a  partner  with 
him,  were  the  greatest  manufacturers  in 
France  of  machinery,  particularly  of  steam 
engines,  and  at  one  period  had  no  less 
than  ninety-three  establishments.  He  wrote 
an  Essay  on  Steam  Engines;  and  some  Es- 
says in  tiie  Transactions  of  the  Academy. 

PERON,  FRANCIS,  a  Fiench  natural- 
ist and  voyager,  was  born  in  1775,  at 
Cerilly,  in'the  department  of  the  Allier; 
entered  the  army  in  1792,  and  served  till 
1795,  during  which  period  he  was  made 
prisoner  and  lost  an  eye;  studied  medicine 
and  natural  history  after  his  discharge; 
was  appointed,  in"  1800,  zoologist  to  the 
expedition  which  was  sent  to  the  Austra- 
lian ocean;  and  died  in  1810.  He  is  the 
author  of  a  Narrative  of  his  Voyage,  two 
volumes  quarto ;  and  of  Observations  on 
Anthropology. 

PEROUS"E,JoHN  FRANCIS  GALAUP 
DE  LA,  a  French  navigator,  was  born,  in 
1741,  at  Albi,  and  entered  into  the  naval 
service  at  an  early  age.  In  1782  he  com- 
manded an  expedition  against  the  British 
settlements  in  Hudson's  Bay.  He  was 
dispatched,  in  1785,  with  two  vessels,  on 
a  voyage  of  discovery;  and  in  March, 
1788,  he  sent  home  an  account  of  his  pro- 
gress. From  that  period,  however,  noth- 
ing more  was  heard  of  him,  though  vain 
attempts  were  made  to  ascertain  his  fate. 
Chance  has,  at  length,  recently  brought  to 
light  that  both  his  vessels  were  lost  on  dif- 
ferent islands  of  the  New  Hebrides. 

PERRAULT,  CLAUDIUS,  a  celebrated 
French  architect,  was  bom,  in  1613,  at 
Paris,  and  was  originally  brought  up  to 
the  medical  profession,  which,  however, 
he  abandoned  for  architecture.  He  died 
in  1688,  a  member  of  the  Academy  of 
Sciences.  The  attacks  which  Bo'ilean 
made  upon  him  disgraced  only  the  satirist. 
Perrault  was  a  man  of  great  genius,  and 
his  front  of  the  Louvre  is  one  of  the  no- 
blest architectural  productions  of  modern 
times.  He  translated  Vitruvius;  and  wrote 
various  works. 

PERRAULT,  CHARLES,  brother  of  tha 
foregoing,  WHS  born,  in  1628,  at  Paris 
He  practised  for  some  time  at  the  bar, 
but  quitted  it  for  an  office  under  hi.s  brother 
Peter,  who  wa»  receiver  general  of  tM 


PER 


PET 


411 


of  Paris.     Subsequently  he  rose  to  important  offices,  among  which  were  those 

be  comptroller  general  of  t!ie  royal   build-  of  consul  and  proconsul  in  Africa,  Fie  was 

jig*.      lie  contributed  to  the  founding  of  raised  to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  Com- 

tlie    Academies    of    Inscriptions,    of    the  modus.     He  began  his  reign  by  restoring 

Sciences,  and  of  Painting,  Sculpture,  and  discipline    and    reforming  abuses;   but  he 
Architecture.     He  died  in  1703.    Hisprin-jwas   murdered,   in   193,  by  the  pretorian 

cipal    works   are,   Eulogies   of  Illustrious  guards,  after  having  held  the  imperial  dig- 

Men;    an;l  a  Parallel  Ivetwcen  the  Ancients  nity  only  eighty-seven  days. 
rns;    the  last  of  which  drew       PERUGLNO,  PETER,  an 


and  the  Modern 

up:jn  him  the  satire  of  Boilf 

•  ¥.1       »  'I*       I  -  - 


in  eminent  pam- 

tu.     The  well  ter,  whose  real  name  was  VAN  UCC1,  was 

known  Fairy  Tales  were  also  written  by  .born,  in  1446,  at  Citta  della  Pieve,  in  .he 
Perratilt.  Papal  territory.  He  was  the  master  of 

PERRONET,  JOHN  RODOLPH,  a  cele-  Raphael,  who  lias  introduced  him  into  his 
brated  French  civil  engineer,  was  born,  prcture  of  the  School  of  Athens.  Peru- 
in  1703,  at  Surene;  ami  died  in  1794,  a  gino  was  suspicious  and  avaricious,  and 
member  of  many  learned  societies.  Amoii^  Vasari  charges  him  with  an  utter  want  of 
his  works  are,  tho  canal  of  Burgundy,  and  religion.  As  a  painter  he  has  high  merit, 
thirteen  bridges.  Of  his  bridges  the  finest  He  died  in  1524. 

are  those  of  Neutlli,  Nemoura,  Pont  Saint  PESCENNIUS  NIGER,  CAIUS,  a 
Maxence,  and  Louis  XVI.  at  Paris.  That !  Roman  emperor,  a  native  of  Aquino,  of  & 
of  Neuilli  was  the  first  example  of  an  !  considerable  family,  was  appointed  gover- 


horizontal  bridge. 

PERRY,  JAMES,  an  able  whig  political 
writer,  was  born,  in  1756,  at  Alierdeen; 
was  educated  .it  the  high  school  and  univer- 
sity of  hiss  native  place;  settled  in  London, 
in  "1777,  and  was  engaged  as  a  writer  in 
The  General  Advertiser  and  London  Eve- 
ning Post.  In  1782  he  established  The 
European  Magazine,  the  management  of 
which  he  quitted  at  the  end  of  a  year,  to 
become  editor  of  The  Gazetteer.  He  after- 
wards purchased  The  'Morning  Chronicle, 
of  which  he  continued  to  be  the  sole  pro- 
prietor till  his  decease;  and  he  raised  it  to 
eminence  among  Mie  public  journals.  He 
died  December  4,  1821. 

PERRY,  OLIVER  HAZARD,  an  Amer- 
ican naval  officer,  was  born  in  Rhode 
Island  in  1785.  Entering  the  navy  in 
1713,  he  served  in  the  Mediterranean  in 
the  expedition  against  Tripoli,  and  distin- 
guished himself  in  the  late  war  with  Great 
Britain  by  obtaining  a  splendid  victory 
over  a  superior  force  on  Lake  Erie.  For 
this  exploit  he  was  raised  to  the  rank  of 
Captain.  He  commanded  the  Java  in  the 
expedition  to  the  Mediterranean  under 
commodore  Decatur.  He  died  in  the 
West  Indies  in  1820. 

PERSIUS  FLACCUS,  AULUS,  a  Ro- 
man satirist,  was  bo/n,  A.  D.  34,  at  Vol- 
terra,  in  Etruria;  studied  at  Rome,  and 
imbibed  the  Stoic  philosophy  from  Cor- 
nutus;  was  intimate  with  Lucan,  Seneca, 
and  other  eminent  men;  and  died  in  his 
eight  and  twentieth  year  His  six  Satires, 
animated  and  often  beautilu.  "Hit  also  often 
obscure,  have  been  translated  ..  fo  English 
bv  Dryden,  Brewster,  Drummonu,  '^owes, 
and  Gilford. 

PERTIXAX,  PUBLTUS  HELVIUS,  a 
Roman  emperor,  was  born,  in  126,  at 
Villa  Martis,  in  Liguria.  After  having 
lignalised  himself  in  arms,  particularly 
th«  Germans,  and  filled  varj"»is 


of  Syria,  and  commander  of  the  legions 
in  Asia,  bv  Commodus.  On  the  death  of 
Pertinax,"the  troops  of  Pescennius  pro- 
claimed him  emperor,  in  193,  but  he  was 
opposed  by  Severus.  After  having  been 
defeated  at  Issus,  in  195,  he  was  killed  by 
some  soldiers,  while  he  was  on  his  flight 
to  the  Parthian  dominions.  His  virtues 
rendered  him  worthy  of  a  happier  fate. 

PESTALOZZI,  or  PESTALUZ 
HENRY,  celebrated  for  having  introduced 
a  new  method  of  education,  was  born,  in 
1745,  at  Zurich,  in  Switzerland.  After 
having  studied  theology  and  jurisprudence, 
he  relinquished  his  views  with  respect  to 
the  church  and  the  bar,  to  cultivate  his  own 
small  property.  Witnesssing  the  wretch- 
edness of  the  peasantry,  he  became  anxious 
to  ameliorate  theff  situation  by  cultivating 
their  mental  faculties.  In  the  pursuit  ot 
his  benevolent  purpose  he  publichcd  several 
works,  and  considerably  injiued  his  for- 
tune. It  was  not  till  1798,  lu  wcver,  that 
his  plans  were  patronised  by  the  Helvetic 
government.  Under  that  pati  >nage  he  for 
several  years  conducted  an  institution, 
which  acquired  extensive  c<  iebrity.  Ho 
died  February  27, 1827. 

PETER  THE  HERMIT,  memorable 
as  having  been  the  author  of  ^he  Crusades, 
was  born  at  Amiens,  about  the  middle  of 
the  eleventh  century.  He  quitted  the  pro- 
fession of  arms  to  become  a  hermit,  in 
which  capacity  he  made,  about  1093,  a 
pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land.  Indignant 
at  the  insults  to  which  the  Christians  were 
subjected,  he  originated  the  plan  of  expel- 
ling the  infidels  from  Palestine.  History 
has  recorded  the  success  with  which  he 
preached  it  after  his  return  to  Europe. 
He  led  the  first  irregular  band  of  crusaders, 
but  he  displayed  little  talent,  and  most  of 


followers   were  destroyed.     He  died, 
1115,  abbot  of  New   Moutier,  in  the 


territory  of  Liege. 


414 


PET 


PETER  I.  ALEXIKVITSCH,  eurnrnmed 
THE  GREAT,  c/ar  of  Riusia,  \vus  born,  in 


1672.  In  1682  lie  succeeded  to  a  share  in 
the  crown,  and  in  Hi96  obtained  the  sole 
authority  on  the  death  of  his  brother  Ivan. 
At  an  early  period  he  began  to  form  pro- 
jects for  the  ci\ili/.atii;n  and  aggrandise- 
ment of  his  empire.  Military  and  naval 
improvements  were  the  first  objects  of  his 
ef Forts,  and  he  was  ably  seconded  by  his 
confidant  and  counsellor,  Lefort,  a  native 
of  Geneva.  He  twice  travelled,  in  1697 
and  1716,  to  acquire  knowledge,  and,  in 
the  course  of  Vis  first  journey,  he  worked 
as  a  shipwright  in  the  dockyard  at  Saar- 
dain.  From  all  quarters  he  ikewise  in- 
vited men  of  talent  and  mechanical  skill  to 
settle  in  Russia.  In  1700  he  entered 
upon  a  war  with  Sweden,  which  lasted  till 
1721.  At  the  commencement  of  it  he  was 
repeatedly  defeated,  at  Narva  and  other 
places,  but  he  at  length  acquired  the  ascen- 
dency, gained  a  decisive  victory  at  Pullova, 
in  1709,  and  wrested  several  provinces 
from  the  Swedes.  On  part  of  the  territory 
thus  conquered  he  founded  St.  Petersburgli. 
In  1711,  however,  he  was  less  fortunate 
against  the  Turks,  by  whom  he  was  sur- 
rounded on  the  banks  of  the  Pruth,  and 
compelled  to  sign  an  ignominious  peace. 
Against  Persia  he  was  successful,  in 
1723,  and  obliged  that  power  to  make 
extensive  cessions  to  him.  But  amidst 
all  his  glory  his  latter  years  were  clonded 
by  domestic  infelicity:  Ins  wife,  Catherine, 
was  more  than  suspected  of  being  unfaith- 
ful to  him;  and  his  son,  Alexis,  was  diso- 
bedient. The  former  he  spared ;  the  latter 
he  brought  to  trial,  and  is  believed  to  have 
put  to  death  in  prison.  He  died,  January 
28,  1725.  The  narrow  limits  of  this  arti- 
cle preclude  an  inquiry  into  his  right  to 
the  appellation  of  Great,  which  his  ad- 
mirers have  assigned  to  him. 

PETERBOROUGH,  CH  A  RLKsMOR- 
DAUNT,  earl  of,  the  son  of  Lord  Mor- 
duunt,  was  born  in  1658;  distinguished 
himself  against  the  Moors  at  Tangier,  in 
IGSO;  contributed  to  the  Revolution,  and 
was  created  earl  of  Motunovth;  succeeded 
to  th«:  t:tle  of  Peterborough  i.i  1697;  u— 


PET 

appointed  commander  in  chief  of  the 
lisli  forces  in  Spain,  in  1703,  at  the  head 
of  which  he  reduced  Barcelona,  and  ob- 
tained other  splendid  smve^es,  for  which 
he  was  appointed  generalissimo  of  the 
imperial  forces;  was  made  general  of  the 
marine?,  and  a  knight  of  the  garter  by 
George  I.;  and  died  in  1735.  Moi  daunt 
man  of  varied  tal'-nts,  and  lie  was  in 
habits  of  friendship  \\itli  I'opc,  Swift,  and 
other  illustrious  contemporaries. 

PETKRS,  HriiH,  a  celebrated  fanatic, 
was  the  son  of  a  Corni:-h  merchant;  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
and,  after  having' been  on  the  stage,  in 
the  churvh,  and  a  resident  in  America, 
took  a  very  active  part  ;igainst  Charles  1. 
for  which  he  was  executed  in  IfiCO.  He 
wrote  Discourses;  and  a  Last  Legacy  to 
his  Daughter. 

PETERS,  RICH  ARP,  an  eminent  judge, 
was  born  in  June  174-1,  and  received  his 
education  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  He 
adopted  the  profession  of  the  law,  and 
soon  obtained  an  extensive  practice.  At 
the  commencement  of  hostilities  with  the 
mother  country,  Mr.  Peters  joined  the  side 
of  the  colonies,  and  in  1776  was  appointed 
by  congress  secretary  of  the  Board  of  War. 
II is  exertions  in  this  department  were 
highly  meritorious  and  useful,  and  on  re- 
signing the  post,  in  1781,  he  was  elected  a 
meml)cr  of  congress,  and  assisted  in  closing 
the  business  of  the  war.  On  the  organi- 
zation of  the  new  government,  Mr.  Peters 
was  appointed  judge  of  'he  District  Court 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  performed  the  duties 
of  this  oflice  for  thirty-six  years.  During 
this  time  he  was  engaged  in  several  objects 
of  public  improvement,  and  issued  several 
valuable  publications  in  relation  to  agri- 
culture. Asa  judge  he  possessed  powers  of 
a  high  order,  and  his  decisions  on  admiralty 
law  form  the  ground  work  of  this  branch 
of  our  jurisprudence.  Their  principles 
were  not  only  sanctioned  by  our  own  courts, 
but  were  simultaneously  adopted  by  Lord 
Stovvell,  the  distinguished  maritime  judge 
of  Great  Britain.  Judge  Peters  died  in 
August  1828. 

PETION,  ALEXANDER,  a  mulatto, 
whose  real  name  was  SABES,  was  the  son 
of  a  St.  Domingo  planter;  was  born  al 
Port  au  Prince,  in  1770;  and  received  a 
liberal  education.  From  the  commence- 
ment of  the  struggle  between  the  blacks 
and  the  whites  in  his  native  island,  he  bore 
arms,  and  distinguished  himself  on  various 
occasions.  In  ].Q07  he  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  republic  of  Haiti,  comprehen- 
ding the  southern  and  western  part  of  St. 
Domingo,  and  this  office  he  filled  so  wor- 
thily that  he  was  called  The  Father  of  hit 
Country.  He  died  in  isis. 

PETlS  I)i:  LA  CROIX,  FRANCIS,  a 
celebrated  orientalist,  was  born,  in  1658, 


PET 

at  Paris;  was  employed  in  negotiations 
with  the  Burbar v  powers,  and  wan  Arabic 
professor  at  the  Royal  College;  and  died 
in  1713  Among  his  works  are,  A  Hi.. lory 
of  Tamerlane;  Persian  Tales;  and  Turk 
is!i  Tal •>.-. 

PKTIT,  JOHN  LB-WIS,  an  eminent  sur- 
geon, wis  b:>rn,  in  1674,  at  Paris;  studied 
a  riloinv  under  Littre,  and  surgery  under 
L'.isto!;  was  f»r  some  years  an  army  and 
li  ispital  surgeon;  settled  at  Paris,  gave 
lectures,  and  acquired  a  well  merited  rep- 
u  a!  ion;  a:id  died,  in  1750,  director  general 
of  t!ie  surgical  scliool.  He  invented  a 
tourniquet,  and  a  method  of  extracting 
firo'^i  bxlies  from  the  (Baophagus;  and 
wr  ;t-  a  Treatise  on  Diseases  of  the  Bones; 
4:1,1  a  Treiiise  on  Su.gicul  Diseases. 

PETITOT,  JOHN,  an  admirable  painter 
in  enani:-*!,  who  so  m-ich  improved  that 
branch  of  the  art  th  it  he  may  almost  be 
fn\  I  to  be  the  inventor  of  it,  was  born,  in 
1607,  at  Geneva,  and  died  at  Vevay,  in 
1601.  He  was  patronised  by  Charles  I. 
of  England,  and,  afterwards,  bv  Louis  XIV*. 
Petitot  worked  in  conjunction  with  his 
brother  in  law  Bourdier,  and  it  is  honour- 
able to  th.-  character  of  both,  that  they 
lived  together  for  half  a  century  without 
the  slightest  disagreement. 


PHI 


415 


PETRARCH,  FRANCIS,  one  of  the  four 
greatest  of  the  Italian  poets,  was  born,  in 
1304,  at  Arezzo,  in  Tuscany.  The  dissen- 
sions which  distracted  that  country  induced 
his  father  to  remove  to  Avignon;  and  the 
first  rudiments  of  education  were  received 
by  Petrarch,  at  Carpentras,  from  Conven- 
nole.  Being  intended  for  the  law,  he 
*tndied  it  at  Montpellier  and  Bologna. 
His  whole  soul,  however,  was  devoted  to 
literature;  but  it  was  nut  till  he  was  in  his 
twentieth  year  that  the  death  of  his  father 
allowed  him  to  indulge  his  inclination. 
Having  settled  at  Avignon,  he  first  saw, 
on  the  6th  of  April,  1327,  the  beautiful 
Laura  de  Noves.  Her  charms  inspired 
him  with  a  lasting  passion,  the  effusions 
of  which  he  poured  forth  in  those  sonnets 
and  odes  which  h we  rendered  his  name 
urmortal  bat  which  failed  to  gain  the 
objec.'.  J  his  n.Tecti.j  is  ifter  hiving 


vainly  traveled  to  forget  or  moderate  his 
love,  he  settled  at  Vaucluse,  a  romantic 
spot,  where  he  wrote  some  of  his  finest 
works.  His  literary  reputation  attracted 
the  regard  of  princes;  he  was  invited  to 
Naples,  to  Paris,  and  to  Rome;  and  re- 
ceived the  laureat  crown  in  the  Capitol  of 
the  latter  city.  Among  his  warmest  friends 
and  patrons  was  the  Colonna  family.  In 
1348  his  feelings  were  deeply  wounded  by 
the  death  of  Laura.  He  survived  her, 
however,  nearly  thirty  years;  during  all 
which  period  he  was  admired  and  honoured 
by  his  own  countrymen,  and  by  foreign 
princes.  He  died  July  13,  1374.  Of  all 
his  numerous  works,  in  prose  and  verse, 
his  Italian  poems  alone  preserve  their 
reputation  undiminished  ;  but  they  are 
identified  with  literature  itself,  and  till 
that  is  annihilated  their  fame  is  secure. 

PH.'EDRUS,  JULIUS,  an  elegant  Latin 
fabulist,  was  born  on  the  frontier  of  Thrace 
and  Macedonia;  was  a  slave  of  Augustus, 
by  whom  he  was  manumitted ;  and  was 
persecuted  by  Sejanus,  during  the  reign  of 
Tiberius.  The  time  of  his  death  is  not 
recorded.  After  having  lain  in  oblivion 
for  many  centuries,  his  Fables  were  dis- 
covered by  Francis  Pithou,  and  given  to 
the  press  by  Peter,  his  brother. 

PHIDIAS,  one  of  the  greatest  of  sculp- 
tors, an  Athenian,  is  supposed  to  have  been 
born  about  497  or  498  B.  c.  and  to  have 
died  B.  c.  431.  Little,  however,  is  known 
respecting  his  life.  Hippias  is  stated  by 
some  to  have  been  his  master,  and  Eladas 
by  others.  He  executed  several  statues  of 
i\iinerva,  particularly  that  in  the  Parthenon 
(the  works  of  which  temple  he  superin- 
tended);  a  statue  of  Jupiter  Olympius  ; 
and  various  other  admirable  productions. 

PHILIDOR,  FRANCIS  ANDREW,  a 
omposer,  was  born,  in  1726,  at  Dreux; 
composed  a  great  number  of  operas,  and 
set  Alexander's  Feast,  and  the  Carmen 
Seculare,  to  music;  and  died,  in  1795,  in 
London.  Philidor  had  respectable  musical 
talents,  but  he  owes  his  fame  to  his  con- 
summate skill  as  a  chess  player,  in  which 
lie  has  seldom  been  equalled.  He  wrote 
The  Analysis  of  Chess,  which  has  passed 
through  many  editions,  and  may  be  called 
one  of  the  classical  works  upon  the  game. 

PHILIP  II.  king  of  Macedon,  son  of 
Amyntas  II.  and  father  of  Alexander  the 
Great,  was  born  B.C.  383.  The  art  of 
war  he  learned  under  Epaminondas,  On 
the  death  of  his  brother  Perdiccas,  he 
isurped  the  throne,  at  first  under  the  guise 
of  guardian  to  his  infant  nephew.  After 
having  repeatedly  defeated  the  bordering 
Dowers,  and  enlarged  his  dominions  by 
successive  encroachments,  he  extinguished 
the  liberties  of  Greece  by  the  victory  of 
Cheronsea.  He  was  next  appointed  gen* 
ral  of  the  Greeks  agaiji^t  the  Persians.  ;uu' 


116 


PIA 


1'IC 


was  preparing  to  invade  Asia,  when  he  omer,  was  born,  in  1746,  at  Ponte,  in  th* 
was  assassinated  by  Pausanias,  B.  c.  836.  Valteline;  entered  into  the  order  of  the 

PHILIP,  MARCUS  JULIUS,  a  Roman  theatins,  and,  after  having  been  a  professor 
pmperor,  surnamed  the  Arab,  from  his  at  Genoa,  Malta,  and  Ravenna;  was  in- 
being  born  at  Bosra,  in  Arabia,  rose  from  vited  to  Palermo,  in  1780,  to  (ill  the  pro- 
being  a  common  soldier  to  the  highest  rank  feMOnhip  of  the  higher  branches  of  math* 
in  the  army.  He  gained  the  throne,  in  ematics.  At  Palermo  he  obtained  the 
244,  by  the  assassination  of  Gordian,  and  establishment  of  an  observatory,  and  en- 
for  a  while  his  lil)erality  rendered  him  tered  into  a  correspondence  with  the  most 
popular.  He  was  at  length  defeated  by  eminent  European  astronomers..  He  made 
Decius,  and  was  slain  by  his  own  troops  in  a  new  catalogue  of  stars,  containing  seven 
249.  {thousand  six  hundred  and  forty-six,  and, 

PHILIPS,  JOHN,  a  poet,  was  born,  in  'on  the  1st  of  January,  1801,  discovered  an 
1676,  at  Hampton,  in  Oxfordshire;  was  'eighth  planet,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 


educated  at  Winchester  School  and  Christ 
Church,  Oxford;  and  died  in  1708.  While 
at  college,  he  wrote  The  Splendid  Shilling, 
:he  most  popular  of  his  works,  and  the 
poem  of  Blenheim.  He  is  the  author, 
likewise,  of  Cyder,  a  poem,  ia  imitation 
of  Virgil. 

PHILIPS,  AMBROSE,  a  poet  and  dram- 
atist, was   born  in   Leicestershire,  in  the 


of  Ceres  Ferdinandea.  Piazzi  died  July 
22,  1826.  lie  is  the  author  of  Astronom- 
ical Lessons,  and  of  various  other  scientific 
works. 

PI  CARD,  JOHN,  an  able  French  as- 
tronomer and  mathematician,  was  born,  in 
1620,  at  La  Flache,  in  Anjou ;  became 
astronomer  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences  at 
Paris;  made  a  voyage  to  Uraniburg  o 


atter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century  ;  |  ascertain  the  exact  longitude  and  latitude 
received  his  education,  and  obtained  a  'of  that  observatory ;  and  died  in  1683  or 
fellowship,  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam-  1 1684.  He  was  the  first  who  observed  the 
oridge;  and  died,  in  1749,  registrar  of  the  !  phosphoric  light  in  the  barometric  vacuum, 
Irish  prerogative  court.  He  wrote  Poems ;' and  applied  the  telescope  to  quadrants, 
the  tragedies  of  The  Briton,  Humphry  I  He  edited  the  Connoissance  des  Temps 
Duke  of  Gloucester,  and  The  Distressed  I  from  1679  to  1683;  and  wrote  a  Narrative 


Mother;  and  a  Life  of  Archbishop  \Vil 
Jams;  and  contributed  to  the  periodical 
paper  called  the  Freethinker.  His  pasto- 
rals involved  him  in  a  quarrel  with  Pope, 
r>v  whom  they  were  insidiously  attacked  in 
T*he  Guardian. 

PHILOPCEMEN.,  a  celebrated  general, 
who  1ms  been  called  the  last  of  the  Greeks, 
was  born  B.  c.  223,  at  Megalopolis,  in 
Arcadia;  became  generalissimo  of  the 
Achaean  league;  reduced  the  Spartans  to 
a  tributary  state,  dismantled  Sparta,  and 
abolished  the  laws  of  Lycurgus;  but  was 
at  length  taken  prisoner  in  a  battle  with 
uie  Messeniann,  and  was  put  to  death  by 
poison,  B.  c.  183. 

PHOCION,an  Athenian,  illustrious  for 
his  virtues  no  less  than  for  his  talents,  was 


of  his  Voyage;   and  other  works. 

PICARD,  Louis  BENEDICT, a  celebra- 
ted French  dramatist  and  romance  writer, 
was  born,  in  1769,  at  Paris;  and  died 
there  in  1824.  For  many  years  he  wat 
also  a  popular  actor.  He  wrote  nearly  a 
hundred  dramatic  pieces,  most  of  which 
were  crowned  with  success.  The  collec- 
tion of  them  forms  ten  octavo  volumes. 
His  romances,  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned The  History  of  Gabriel  Desodry, 
The  Gil  Bias  of  the  Revolution,  and  The 
Confessions  of  Laurence  Gifi'ard,  are  infe- 
rior to  his  comedies. 

PICART,  BERNAUD,  an  engraver,  the 
son  of  STEPHEN,  who  was  of  the  same 
profession,  was  born,  in  1663,  at  Paris; 
acquired  an  early  reputation  for  designing 


born  about  E.  c.  400,  of  an  obscure  family,  las  well  as  engraving;  settled  in  Holland 
Plato  and  Xenocrates  were  his  masters  in  j  with  his  father;  and  died,  at  Amsterdam, 
Philosophy.  Forty-five  times  he  was  placed  I  in  1733.  Among  his  best  works  are,  Th« 
at  the  head  of  the  Athenian  armies,  and  Massacre  of  the  Innocents;  Time  discov- 
on  all  occasions  displayed  bravery  and  ering  Truth;  and  The  Arcadian  Shepherds, 
•kill.  He  was,  however,  a  lover  of  peace,  He  also  executed  the  plates  for  the  Reli- 
and  he  discouraged  hostile  proceedings  giou*  Ceremonies  of  all  Nations, 
against  the  Macedonians,  because  he  was  P1CCINI,  NICHOLAS,  an  eminent  corn- 
convinced  that  circumstances  were  such  [poser,  was  born,  in  1721,  at  Bari,  in  the 
as  to  render  success  hopeless.  In  probity !  kingdom  of  Naples,  and  studied  under 
and  disinterestedness,  he  was  never  sur-'Leo  and  Durante,  of  the  latter  of  which 


passed.  He  was,  nevertheless,  condemned 
to  die  by  poison,  B.C.  318,  and  was  even 
denied  a  grave  in  his  own  country.  When 


the  madness  of  popular  MM  ion   haJ   sub- 


masters  he  was   the  favourite  pupil.     He 
began    his  career   in    1754,   and   soon  ac- 
' 


quired    an    extensive     reputation     by 
cornuosition?.    carticulariv    by   La    13 


sided,   the    Athenians   raised 
lii«  rnernorv,  :  nd  put  hi? 
PIA7.XI.  J->«i  n\,  :i 


composition* 


statue 
to  flea 
troii 


to  I  Figluola,  and  (  M, 
:li.  'of  nearl     twenty 
invited 


his 

particularly    by   La    i'lmnft 
ni|  ia.      After  a  residence 
\ears   ;it    Rome,  lie   wag 
I'a.i^.      His  ?uL-c"H'.*;iit  lite   u>« 


PIC 

chequered  with  much  vexation  and  ill  for- 
tune He  died  in  1800. 

PICCOLOMINI,  OCTAVIUS,  a  leader 
of  the  imperial  armies,  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  generals  of  the  thirty  years' 
war,  was  born,  in  Italy,  in  1599,  and 
made  hid  first  military  essays  in  that 
country,  in  the  Spanish  army.  He  passed 
into  the  service  of  the  emperor,  and  ren- 
dered himself  conspicuous  for  bravery  and 
talent,  at  Lutzen,  Nordlingen,  and  many 
other  battles.  Returning  to  the  Spanish 
colours,  he  was  appointed  commander  in 
chief  in  the  Netherlands,  but  was  soon 
recalled  by  the  emperor,  and  was  made 
field-marshal.  His  subsequent  exploits 
gained  for  him  the  title  of  prince.  He 
died  in  1656. 

PICHEGRU,  CHARLES,  one  of  the 
most  celebrated  generals  produced  by  the 
wars  of  the  French  revolution,  was  born, 


of  poor  parents, 
Franche    Comte 


in  1761,   at    Arbois,   in 
was    educated    by    the 


monks  of  that  town ;  and  was  a  tutor  to 
the  mathematical  and  philosophical  classes 
at  the  college  of  Brienne,  when  Bonaparte 
WAS  a  student  there.  He  entered  into  the 
artillery  as  a  private  soldier,  and  rose  to 
be  adjutant  before  1789.  Subsequent  to 
the  revolution  he  rapidly  attained  the  rank 
of  general  of  division.  After  having  com- 
manded the  army  of  the  Rhine,  he  was 
placed,  in  February,  1794,  at  the  head  of 
the  army  of  the  North.  He  defeated  the 
allies  in  the  several  actions,  and  achieved  the 
conquest  of  the  Netherlands  and  of  Hol- 
land. But,  in  1795,  while  general  of  the 
army  of  the  Rhine,  he  sullied  his  fame  by 


entering  into  tie;. 


)tiations  with   the  exiled 


Indians 


PIN  417 

He  was  successively  post  mantel 


general,  secretary  of  war,  and  secretary 
of  state.  From  the  last  office  he  was  re- 
moved by  president  Adams  in  1800.  From 
1803  to  1811  he  was  a  senator  in  congress 
from  his  native  state,  and  from  1814  to 
1817  a  representative  in  that  body.  In 
public  life  he  was  distinguished  for  firm- 
ness, energy,  activity  and  disinterested- 
ness. He  died  in  Salem  in  1829. 

PICTET  DE  RICHEMONT, 
CHARLES,  was  born,  in  1755,  at  Geneva; 
spent  several  years  in  the  military  service; 
retired  to  his  estate,  where  he  devoted  him- 
self to  farming  and  literature ;  was  employ- 
ed in  1815  as  negotiator  for  Switzerland  at 
Paris,  Vienna,  and  Berlin;  and  died  in 
1824.  He  conducted  (in  conjunction  with 


ijur 

riu 


Bourbons.     In    1797    he 
member  of  the    council 


his  brother  and  M.  Maurice)  The  Britannic 
Library;  translated  various  works  from 
the  English;  and  published  A  Course  of 
Agriculture,  and  other  productions  on  the 
same  subject. 

PIGAFETTA,  ANTHONY,  a  voyager 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  was  one  of  the 
eighteen  companions  of  Magellan,  who 
survived  the  voyage,  and  returned  to  Se- 
ville, in  1522.  In  1524  he  was  made  a 
knight  of  Rhodes.  The  time  of  his  death 
is  unknown.  He  wrote  a  Narrative  of  the 
voyage,  the  MS.  of  which  was  supposed 
to  be  lost,  but  was  discovered,  some  years 
ago,  in  the  Ambrosian  library  at  Milan. 

PIGALLE,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  an  emi- 
nent sculptor,  was  born,  in  1714,  af.  Par- 
is; studied  at  Rome;  became  a  sculptor  to 
the  French  monarch,  and  a  knight  of  the 
order  of  St.  Michael;  and  died  in  1785 
Among  his  best  works  aro,  the  monument 


elected     a  of  Marshal   Saxe;    Love  and  Friendship; 


if  five   hundred, 


and    was   chosen   president  of  that   body. 
He  was  one  of  those  who  were  transported 


and  statues  of  Silence,  Mercury,  and  Venus. 
PIKLER,   or    PICHLEli;    JOHN,   the 
most  able   gem   engraver  of  the  age,  was 


to  Cayenne  by  the  Directory,  after  its  i  born,  in  1784,  at  Naples,  and  was  the  son 
triumph  in  September;  but  he  contrived  \  of  JOHN  ANTHONY,  who  was  also  cele- 
to  make  his  escape  to  England.  In  1804, :  brated  for  his  skill  in  the  same  art.  He 


in  conjunction  with  Georges  and  others,  he 
visited  Paris,  for  the  purpose  of  attempting 
the  overthrow  of  the  consular  government. 
He  was  arrested,  and  committed  to  the 
Temple;  and  was  found  dead  in  hie  bed, 
by  strangulation,  on  the  6th  of  April. 

PICKERING,  TIMOTHY,  an  American 
statesman,  was  born  in  Salem  in  1746,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in 
1763.  He  took  an  active  part  in  the 
popular  cause,  and,  in  organizing  the  pro- 
visional government  of  Massachusetts  in 
1775,  \v;if-  appointed  a  judge  of  the  Court  j 
of  Common  Pleas  for  Essex,  and  sole 
judge  of  the  Maritime  Court  for  the  mid- 
dle district.  During  the  war  he  was  ap- 
pointed adjutant  general,  and  subsequently 
a  member  of  the  board  of  war.  From 
1790  to  1798,  at  different  intervals^  he  was 
employed  or  various  negotiation!,  wit  i  'he 


knighted  by  Joseph  II.  His  works 
are  numerous,  and  highly  valued.  He  died 
in  1791. 


PINDAR,  the   greatest  of  lyric  po*t*, 
was  born,  about  R.~f.  o22,  neur'Thebes,  ii 


418 


PIN 


B»T>otia,  «tnd  is  believed  to  have  died  about 
B  r.  442.  He  was  patronised  by  Theron 
of  Agrigt  ntnm,  and  Iliero  of  Syracuse,  at 
the  court  of  which  latter  pi  hire  he  is  said 
to  have  resided  during  the  closing  \ears 
of  his  existence.  Little,  howe\rr.  is  know  n 
of  his  real  history.  Of  his  woiks  which 
were  numerous,  and  in  various  kinds  of 
composition,  time  has  spared  only  four 
books  of  Odes;  but  what  it  has  spared  is 
amply  sufiicient  to  vindicate  his  claim  to 
be  ranked  among  the  most  illustrious  of 
ancient  bards. 

P1NEL,  PHILIP,  an  eminent  French 
physician,  was  born,  in  1742,  at  St.  Paul, 
in  "the  department  of  the  Tarn;  practised 
with  distinguished  success  at  Paris,  par 


PIN 

WORTH,    a    distinguished    officer   of    the 


revolutionary    annv,    was    born 


South 


ticularly  in  cases   of 
the  most  important 


isanity;    introduced 
nprovements  into  the 


mode  of  treating  insane  patients;  acquired 
great   popularity  by  his  lectures;  and  died 
in  1826.   Among  his  works  are,  A  Medico- 
Mental  Aliena- 
and 


philosophical  Treatise  on 

tion  ;      Philosophical    Nosography  ; 

Clinical  Medicine. 


P1NG11E,  ALF.XANDKR  GUT,  an  able 
astronomer,  was  born,  in  1711,  at  Paris; 
was  originally  an  ecclesiastic,  and  began 
the  study  of  astronomy  at  a  late  period  ; 
made  a  voyage,  in  1760,  to  isle  Rodri- 
guez, to  observe  the  transit  of  Venus,  and 


Carolina,  received  his  education  in  Eng- 
land, and  studied  law  in  the  Temple-.  On 
returning  to  his  native  province  in  1769, 
he  de\ <.ted  hiin.-clf  t.i  the  successful  prae« 
(ice  of  his  profession.  On  the  commence- 
ment of  hostilities  he  renounced  law  for 
the  study  of  military  tactics,  and  was  soon 
promote,!  to  the  command  of  the  first  regi- 


ment  of  Carolina   infantry,      lie 


sub- 


sequently aid-d 


encamp  to 


Washington,  and 


n  this  capacity  at  the  battles  of  Brandy 
wine  and  (iei  inantown.  On  the  surrender 
of  Charleston  he  was  taken  prisoner,  and 
remained  so  till  all  opportunity  of  gaining 
iVe.-h  reputation  in  the  field,  had  passed. 
He  was  a  member  of  the  convention  which 
formed  the  federal  constitution,  and  in 
1796  was  appointed  minister  to  France. 
When  preparations  were  making  for  war 
on  account  of  the  expected  French  inva- 
sion, Mr.  Pinckney  was  nominated  a 
major  general,  but  he  soon  had  an  oppor- 
tunity of  retiring  to  the  quiet  of  private 
life.  He  was  afterwards  president,  of  the 
Cincinnati  Society  of  the  United  States. 
He  died  in  1825.' 

P1NKNEY,  WILLIAM,  an  eloquent 
lawyer  and  statesman,  was  born  in  Mary- 
land in  1765,  and  prepared  himself  for  the 


three  subsequent  voyages,  to  try  the  chro- !  bar  under  the  instruction  of  judge  Chase, 
nometers  of  Berthoud  and  Le  Roy;  and;  He  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1786,  and 
died  in  1796.  The  most  important  of  his!  soon  gave  indications  of  possessing  superi- 
works  is  his  Cometography,  or  Historical  or  powers.  lie  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
and  Theoretical  Treatise  on  Comets.  vention  of  Maryland  which  ratified  the 

PINKERTON,  JOHN,  a  fertile  but  ec-  federal  constitution.  In  1776  he  was  ap- 
centric  author,  was  born,  in  1758,  in  Edin-  pointed  one  of  the  commissioners  under 
burgh.  He  was  educated  at  Lanark  Gram-  the  British  treaty.  The  state  of  Maryland 
mar  School,  and  served  five  years  as  clerk  also  employed  him  to  procure  a  settlement 
to  an  attorney;  after  which  he  settled  in  of  its  claims  on  the  Bank  of  England,  and 
London,  and  gave  himself  up  to  literature. ;  he  recovered  for  it  the  sum  of  800,000  dot- 
He  began  his  career  by  poetical  produc-  lars.  This  detained  him  in  England  till 
tions,  among  which  were,  Rhymes,  Odes,  the  year  1804,  when  he  returned  and  re- 
and  Tales,  but  he  did  not  rise  above  medi-  sumed  his  professional  labours.  In  1806 
ocrity.  In  emulation  of  Chatterton  he  also  he  was  sent  as  envoy  extraordinai  »•  to 
produced  two  volumes  of  pretended  Ancient  I  London,  and  in  180S  received  the  authvri- 
Scottish  Poems.  One  of  his,  earliest  works  ty  of  minister  plenipotentiary.  He  re- 
\  as  Letters  on  Literature,  under  the  as-:  turned  to  the  United  States  in  1811,  ana 
sumed  name  of  Robert  Heron,  in  which  he  soon  after  was  appointed  attorney  gener 
disjiayed  a  degree  of  vanity  and  impu-'al.  This  office  he  held  till  1814.  During 
dence  which  has  seldom  been  equalled.  In  the  incursion  of  the  British  into  Alary  - 
his  latter  years  he  took  up  his  abode  in  land,  he  commanded  a  battalion,  and  wa 
France;  and  he  died  at  Paris,  March  10,  .wounded  in  the  battle  of  Bladcnsburgh  in 
1826.  One  of  the  singularities  of  Pinker- !  August  1814.  He  was  afterwards  tepie- 
ton  was  his  utter  aversion  of  every  tiling! tentative  in  congress,  minister  plenipoten- 
Celtic.  Among  the  worKs  of  this  inde-  tiary  to  Russia,  envoy  to  Naples,  and  in 
fatigable  writer  are,  an  excellent  Essay  on  1819  senator  in  congress.  In  tne  last 
Medals;  The  Treasury  of  Wit;  A  Disser-  office  he  continued  till  his  death  in  1822. 
tation  on  the  Origin  of  the  Scythians  and  PINKNEY,  EDWARD  COATK,  son  of 
Goths;  A  History  of  Scotland;  Icono-  >  the  foregoing,  was  born  in  London,  in 
graphia  Scotica ;  Modern  Geography  ;  A  1802,  passed  his  infancy  in  England,  and 
CoJection  of  Voyages  and  Travels;  Kecol-  was  placed  as  a  student  "in  Baltimore  Col- 
ectiona  of  Pans  ;  and  Petralogy,  or  a  lege  at  the  age  of  ten  or  eleven.  He  en- 
Treatise  on  Rocks.  j'.ered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  and  con- 

Pi  N  C  K  N  E  Y  ,    CHARLES    COTES  JC  laued  in  the  service  for  several  years    O« 


PIR 

th«  death  of  his  father  he  quitted  toe  navy 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  practice  of  the 
law.  He  published,  in  1825,  a  volume  of 
poems,  which  possess  much  beauty.  He 
died  in  1828. 

PINTO,  FERDINAND  MENDED,  a  cel- 
ebrated Portuguese  traveller,  was  born,  in 
1510,  at  Montomor  o  Velho,  and  became 
a  mariner  at  the  age  of  thirteen.  In  the 
course  of  his  peregrinations  he  visited 
Abyssinia,  India,  China,  Siam,  and  many 
other  oriental  countries,  and  was  several 
times  reduced  to  a  state  of  slavery.  In 
155S  he  returned  to  Portugal,  and  pub- 
lished ;\  narrative  of  his  travels.  The  date 
of  his  death  is  unknown.  Some  of  his  sto- 
ries are  so  extraordinary  that  they  caused 
his  authority  to  be  discredited,  and  Pinto 
was  long  a  synonyme  for  an  enormous  liar; 
but  there  is  now  reason  to  believe  that  he 
has  been  treated  with  injustice. 

Pl.NZON,  VINCENT  YANKZ,  a  Span- 
ish navigator,  accompanied  Columbus  on 
his  memorable  voyage;  was  the  first  Eu- 
ropean who  crossed  the  line;  discovered 
Brazil,  and  the  river  Amazon;  was  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  royal  pilots;  and  died 
in  the  early  part  of  the  sixteenth  century. 
PIOZZI,  HESTER  LYNCH,  a  miscel- 
laneous writer,  whose  m:\iden  name  was 
Salisbury,  was  born,  in  1739,  at  Bodvel, 
in  Carnarvonshire;  and  was  united,  in 
1763,  to  Mr.  Thrale,  an  opulent  brewer. 
For  many  years  Dr.  Johnson  was  the  in- 
timate friend  of  her  and  her  husband. 
After  the  death  of  Mr.  Thrale  she  accepted 
the  addresses  of  Signor  Piozzi;  an  act 
which  occasioned  a  dissolution  of  her 
friendship  with  Johnson.  For  a  consid- 
erable period,  she  resided  at  Florence  with 
her  second  husband,  and  while  there  she 
contributed  to  the  Florence  Miscellany. 
She  died  at  Clifton,  in  1821.  Among  her 
works  are,  Anecdotes  of  Dr.  Johnson; 
Observations  in  a  Journey  through  France, 
Italy,  and  Germany;  British  Synonymy; 
and"  Retrospection. 

PIRANESl,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  an  emi- 
nent engraver  and  antiquary,  was  born,  in 
1707,  at  Rome;  in  which  city  he  died,  in 
1778.  Piranesi  was  one  of  the  most  inde- 
fatigable of  artists,  and  his  talents  were 
equal  to  his  industry.  His  works  form 
iixteen  atlas  folio  volumes. 

PI  RAN  ESI,  FRAN.CIS,  a  son  of  the 
foregoing1,  and  the  inheritor  of  his  genius, 
was  born,  in  1748,  at  Rome.  The  mag- 
nificent works  begun  by  his  father  ha  con- 
tinued with  such  a  kindred  spirit  that  the 
labours  of  the  parent  and  son  cannot  be 
cKstinguighed  from  each  other;  and  he  ex- 
ecuttd  manv  others  of  equal  magnitude. 
He  died,  at'Paris,  in  1810. 

PI  RON,  ALEXIS,  a  French  poet,  dra- 
matist, and  wit,  was  born,  in  1689,  at  Di- 
jon, and  was  about  to  become  a  ba.Tis.ie:-, 


PIT 


419 


1  when  family  misfortunes  compelled  him, 
not  very  reluctantly,  to  relinquish  the  bar. 
He  went- to  Paris,  and  fur  a  while  earned 
a  scanty  subsistence  a.s  a  copyist.  To 
write  for  the  stage  was  his  next  resource. 
He  began  by  composing  pieces  for  the  the- 
atre of  the  Comic  Opera,  and  Harlequin 
Deucalion  was  his  first  effort.  In  1728  he 
tried  the  regular  drama,  and  produced  the 
comedy  of  The  Ungrateful  Son.  It  was 
not,  however,  till  1738,  that  he  gained  a 
place  among  the  highest  class  of  drama- 
tists, by  his  admirable  comedy  of  Metro- 
mania,  which  is  justly  considered  as  a 
masterpiece.  He  died  in  1773.  His' works 
form  seven  octavo  volumes. 

PISISTRATUS,  an  Athenian,  who 
flourished  in  the  fifth  century  before  the 
Christian  era,  and  was  distinguished  for 
eloquence  and  valour.  He  thrice  obtained 
the  sovereign  authority  at  Athens.  Twice 
he  was  expelled,  and  in  the  last  instance 
he  remained  eleven  years  in  exile,  before 
he  could  again  seize  the  reins  of  power. 
He  died  about  B.C.  527.  Though  bearing 
the  name  of  a -tyrant,  Pisistratus  was  just 
and  liberal.  He  established  a  public  library 
at  Athens,  and  collected  the  poems  of  Ho- 
mer in  their  present  form. 

PITT,  CHRISTOPHER,  an  elegant  poet, 
was  born,  in  1699,  at  Blandford,  in  Dor- 
setshire; was  educated  at  Winchester  and 
at  New  College,  Oxford;  and  obtained,  in 
1722,  the  living  of  Pimperne,  which  ne 
icld  (ill  his  decease,  in  1748.  His  Poems 
lave  considerable  merit;  and  his  transla- 
tions of  the  ^Eneid  -and  of  Vida'g  art  of 
Poetry  are  of  a  superior  kind. 


PITT,  WILLIAM,  a  celebrated  states- 

nan,  the  second   son  of  the  great  earl  of 

Chatham,    was    born,   May   28,    1759,   at 

rlayes,  in   Kent.     The  earlier  part   of  his 

education  he    received   at  home,  under  t'te 

watchful  superintendence  of  his  father,  w:*> 

"pared    no    pains   to   cultivate   his   talents, 

and  especially  to  g/lve   him   habits   of  self- 

jossession  and  of  public  speaking.     At  the 

IIP-  nf  fourteen  h«  went  to  Pembroke  Hull, 

'•liiibritlge,  uht're  his  tutor  was  Dr.  Pret- 

y in. in.     In  1780,  alter  having  studied  at 

ancoln's  Inn,  he    waa  culled   to   the   ba*\ 


420 


PIZ 


but  he  only  once  or  twice  went  to  the  west- 
ern circuit.  He  wai  destined  to  move  in 
a  higher  sphere.  Early  in  1781  he  was 
returned  to  parliament  for  the  borough  of 
Appleby,  and  immediately  became  one  of 
the  most  distinguished  members  of  the  op- 
position. He  began  political  life  as  the 
friend  of  parliamentary  reform.  While 
the  earl  of  Shelburne  was  in  office,  Pitt 
was  chancellor  of  the  exchequer.  The  tri- 
umph of  the  coalition  displaced  him  for  a 
while;  but,  on  the  downfal  of  their  ad- 
ministration, he  returned  to  power  as 
prime  minister.  In  vain  the  House  of 
Commons  endeavoured  to  effect  his  expul- 
sion ;  the  parliament  was  dissolved ;  and 
a  general  election  gave  him  an  overwhelm- 
ing majority.  From  1786  till  1801,  he 
continued  to  hold  the  reins  of  government, 
during  one  of  the  most  stormy  periods  of 
our  history;  and  hia  admirers  have  con- 
ferred on  "him  the  title  of  "  the  pilot  that 
weathered  the  storm.''  He  resigned  in 
1801 ;  but  resumed  his  post  in  1804,  and 
held  it  till  his  decease,  which  took  place 
on  the  23d  of  January,  1806.  His  disso- 
ution  is  believed  to  have  been  hastened  by 
ihe  disastrous  result  of  the  continental  co- 
alition in  1805.  With  respect  to  pecuniary 
considerations  no  man  was  ever  more  dis- 
interested and  incorrupt,  and  he  died  poor. 
In  eloquence  he  rivalled  some  of  the  most 
illustrious  of  the  ancient  orators.  As  a 
finance  minister  he  possessed  great  abili- 
ties, though  the  policy  of  some  of  his 
measures  is  more  than  doubtful;  but  in  the 
conduct  of  a  war  he  did  not  shine,  for  his 
plans  were  neither  grandly  conceived  nor 
vigorously  executed. 

PITT."    See  CHATHAM. 

PITTACUS,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of 
(Jreece,  v/ho  was  a  warrior  as  well  as  a 
philosopher,  was  born,  about  B.  c.  650, at 
Mitylene,  in  the  island  of  Lesbos ;  expelled 
the  tyrant  Melanchrus  from  Lesbos;  gov- 
erned wisely  for  ten  vears;  and  died  B.  c. 
570. 


P1ZARRO,  FRANCIS,  the  conqueror 
cf  Peru,  was  born,  in  1475,  at  Truxillo, 
in  Estremadura,  and  was  the  natural  son 
»f  a  gentleman.  His  father  did  Dot  even 


teach  hint  to  read,  but  employed  him  I* 
keep  the  hogs  at  his  country  house.  Hav- 
ing lost  one  of  them,  Pizarro  took  flight, 
and  embarked  for  Spanish  America. 
There*  he  first  distinguished  himself,  in 
1513,  under  IS'unez  cle  Balbon.  In  1524, 
in  conjunction  with  Almagro,he  discovered 
Peru.  Charles  the  Fifth  gave  him  tiro 
government  of  the  new-found  country.  B> 
force  and  fraud  he  achieved  the  conquest 
of  Peru,  in  1532.  In  1537  a  contest  arose 
between  Pizarro  and  Almagro,  which  ter 
minatcd  in  the  defeat  and  execution  of  the 
latter.  The  son  of  Almagro,  however, 
avenged  his  father,  for,  in  1511,  he  and 
some  of  his  friends  assassinated  Pizarro, 
in  his  palace  at  Lima. 


PLATO,  an  illustrious  Grecian  phi]o«o- 
pher,  the  founder  of  the  academic  sect, 
was  styled  the  Divine  by  the  ancients; 
was  born,  B.  c.  430,  in  the  island  of  yEgina ; 
was  educated  with  the  utmost. care;  and, 
at  the  age  of  twenty,  became  the  disciple 
of  Socrates.  After  the  death  of  Socrates, 
Plato  visited  Magna  Graecia  and  Egypt, 
in  search  of  knowledge.  On  his  return  to 
Athens,  he  opened  a  philosophical  school, 
and  soon  numbered  among  his  pupil*  many 
distinguished  characters.  Plato  thrice 
visited  the  court  of  Sicily;  once  invited 
by  the  elder  Dionysius,  and  twice  by  the 
younger.  The  former  he  so  much  offended, 
that  the  tyrant  caused  him  to  be  seized  on 
his  passage  home  and  sold  for  a  slave ;  and 
the  philosopher  was  indebted  for  his  libe 
ration  to  Aniccris  of  Cyrene.  He  died 
B.  c.  347.  His  memory  "was  honoured  by 
statues  and  siltars,  and  his  birthday  waa 
long  held  as  a  festival.  Most  of  his  works 
are  extant. 

PLAUTUS,  so  called,  it  is  supposed, 
from  his  feet  being  deformed,  but  whose 
real  name  was  MARCUS  Accius,  was  one 
of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  Roman  comic 
writers;  was  born,  B.  c.  227,  at  Sarsina, 
in  Umbria;  and  is  believed  to  have  been 
the  son  of  a  slave.  The  fortune  which  he 
gained  by  his  dramatic  talents,  he  is  Raid 
to  have  lost  in  commerce,  and  to  have  been 
reduced  to  work  nt  a  mill.  H«  died  B.  f 


1'LO 

184      Of  his  numerous  plays  only  twenty 

•re  fxt.int. 

PL  AY  FAIR,  JOHN,  an  eminent  mathe 
natician  and  natural  philosopher,  was  born, 
in  1719,  at  Dundee;  was  educated  at  St. 
Andrew's;  resigned  a  living,  and  became 
matheavitical  professor  at  Edinburgh  ;  and 
die.l  July  20,  1819.  Playfair  was  cele- 
brated as  a  geologist  and  a  strenuous  de- 
fender of  the  Huttonian  system.  Among 
his  works  are,  Eleme  s  of  Geometry; 
Outlines  of  Philosophy,  ^lustrations  of 
the  Huitonian  Theory;  an:  a  System  of 
Geograj  hv. 

PLAYFAIR,  WILLIAM,  an  ingenious 
projector  and  author,  a  brother  of  the  fore- 
g-'>ing,  was  born,  in  1759,  at  Dundee;  was 
originally  apprenticed  to  a  millwright; 
was  for  some  time  a  draughtsman  at  the 
Solio  manufactory;  obtained  patents  for 
various  inventions,  and  engaged  in  many 
•peculations;  became  a  fertile  writer  upon 
politics  and  other  subjects;  and  died  Feb- 
ruary 3,  1823.  Among  his  works  are, 
Statistical  Tables;  The  Statistical  Bre- 
viary; The  Commercial  and  Political  At- 
las; History  of  Jacobinism;  British  Fa- 
mily Antiquity;  Political  Portraits;  and 
France  as  it  is. 

PLINY",  the  ELDER,  or  CAIUS  PLINIUS 
SKCUXDUS,  a  celebrated  Roman  writer, 
was  born,  A.  D.  23,  at  Verona,  or,  as  some 
»ay,  at  Como ;  served  in  the  army  in  Ger- 
many, an:l  afterwards  became  an  advocate; 
was  a  member  of  the  college  of  augurs, 
and  procurator  in  Spain  and  Africa;  and 
was  suffocated  A.  D.  79,  while  in  command 
of  the  fleet  at  Misenum,  in  consequence  of 
his  having  approached  too  near  to  Vesu- 
vius, in  order  to  observe  the  phenomena  of 
t'le  eruption.  Of  his  numerous  works  his 
Natural  History  is  the  only  one  which  is 
extant. 

PLINY,  the  YOUNGER,  or  CAIUS 
C^Ecn.ius  PLINIUS  SECUNDUS,  the  ne- 
phew and  adopted  son  of  the  foregoing, 
was  born,  in  61  or  62,  at  Como;  was  a 
pupil  of  Quintilian;  and  pleaded  success- 
fully as  an  advocate  in  his  nineteenth  year. 
He  was,  successively,  tribune  of  the  peo- 
ple, prefect  of  the  treasury,  consul,  pro- 
consul in  Pontus  and  Bithynia,  and  augur ; 
ui:'J  died,  universally  esteemed,  in  115. 
His  Letters  and  his  Panegyric  on  Trajan 
are  theonlv  parts  of  his  waitings  that  remain. 

PLOT  IN  US,  .a  Platonic  philosopher, 
was  born,  in  203,  at  Lycopolis,  in  Egypt; 
was  a  disciple  of  Ammonius  Saccas;  en- 
countered great  danger  in  accompanying 
the  emperor  Gordian  on  his  expedition 
against  the  Parthians,  which  he  did  with  a 
view  to  obtaining  a  knowledge  of  Persian 
and  Indian  philosophy;  and  died,  in  270, 
after  having  resided  at  Rome  during  many 
years.  His  works  were  translated  into 
Latin,  iu  1492,  lv-  Ficino. 


roc 


421 


PLOW  DEN,  FRANCIS,  an  historian 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  a  native  of  Ire 
land  and  a  Roman  Catholic,  was  a  barrister 
and  conveyancer.  A  verdict  of  £.5000 
obtained  against  him  in  an  Irish  court,  in 
1813,  for  an  alleged  libel  in  his  History  of 
Ireland,  compelled  him  to  retire  to  France, 
where  he  remained  till  his  decease,  at  an 
advanced  age,  in  1829.  Among  his  woiki 
are,  The  History  of  Ireland;  Jura  Angi>- 
rum ;  Church  and  State ;  The  Case  stated  ; 
and  a  Treatise  upon  the  Law  of  Usury  and 
Annuities. 


PLUTARCH,  a  celebrated  Greek  biog- 
rapher and  philosopher,  was  born,  about 
A.  D.  50,  at  Cheronaea,  in  Bceotia,  and 
studied  at  Athens  under  Ammonius,  after 
which  he  travelled  in  Greece  and  Egypt, 
sedulously  acquiring  knowledge.  For  some 
years  subsequently  he  resided  at  Rome, 
where  his  lectures  on  philosophy  attracted 
many  illustrious  auditors.  Trajan  was  one 
of  his  hearers,  and,  after  he  became  empe- 
ror, is  said  to  have  conferred  on  him  the 
consular  dignity;  but  this  story  is  apocry- 
phal. Plutarch  at  length  retired  to  Chero- 
nxa.,  where  he  filled  the  office  of  archon. 
He  was  also  a  priest  of  the  Delphic  Apollo. 
He  is  believed  to  have  died  about  A.  u. 
120.  His  extant  works  are  his  Morals, 
and  his  Lives  of  Illustrious  Men;  the  last 
of  which,  though  often  erroneous  in  point 
of  fact,  must  ever  be  read  with  delight. 

POCAHONTAS,  daughter  of  an  Indian 
Chief,  and  much  celebrated  in  the  early 
history  of  Virginia,  was  born  about  the 
year  1595.  She  became  warmly  attached 
to  the  English,  and  rendered  them  impor- 
tant services  on  various  occasions.  S!ie 
married  an  Englishman,  and  in  1616  ac- 
companied her  husband  to  his  native  coun- 
try, where  she  was  presented  at  Court. 
She  soon  after  died  at  Gravesend,  when 
about  to  return  to  Virginia.  She  left  ono 
son. 

POCOCK,  EDWARD,  an  eminent  01  - 
entalist,  was  born,  in  1604,  at  Oxford; 
was  educated  at  Thame  School,  and  at 
Magdalen  Hall  and  Corpus  Christi  College, 
Oxford ;  twice  visited  the  Levant,  on  one 
of  which  occasions  he  wa«  chaplain  to  ti* 


422 


POL 


British  fiutory  at  Aleppo,  was  Hebrew 
professor  at  Oxford,  rector  of  Childri-y 
and  canon  of  ChrUtcharch;  and  died  i! 
1691.  Aiming  his  works  are,  .Specimei 
Historic  Arabum  ;  AbuUaragiui  Uistoria 
Dynastiarum;  ami  Couuneotariefl  on  the 

Minor  Pr<>pnets. 

PO'JGIO  BKACCIOLIXI,  an  Italian 
writer  of  the  fifteenth  century,  who  con- 
tributed powerfully  to  the  revival  of  clas- 
sical studies,  was  born,  in  1380,  at  Terra- 
nova,  in  Tuscany ;  was  educated  at  Flor- 
ence; was  appointed  apostolical  secretary 
by  Boniface  the  Ninth,  and  held  that  cvfiice 
under  seven  other  popes;  discovered  many 
ancient  manuscripts  in  monasteries;  was 
appointed  chancellor  of  the  Florentine 
republic;  and  died  in  1459.  Poggio  was 
a  man  of  eminent  talent,  but  of  licentious 
in  >rals,  and  a  satirical  and  quarrelsome 
disposition.  His  principal  works  are,  a 
History  of  Florence  ;••  Dialogues  on  IVobil 
ity;  and  Funeral  Orations. 

POLE,  Cardinal  REGINALD,  a  states- 
man and  ecclesiastic,  descended  from  the 
royal  family  of  England,  was  born,  in 
1500,  at  Stourton  Castle,  in  Staffordshire; 
was  educated  at  Sheen  Monastery,  and 
Magdaien  College,  Oxford;  opposed  the 
divorce  of  Henry  VIII.  from  Catherine  of 
Arragon;  was  papal  legate  to  England, 
archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  chancellor 
of  both  universities,  during  the  reign  of 
Mary;  and  died  in  1558,  shortly  after  that 
queen.  He  wrote  various  controversial 
and  theological  works. 

POLIZIANO,  or  POLITIAN,  ANGE- 
LCS,  an  eminent  Italian  scholar,  whose 
family  name  was  CINIS,  was  born,  in 
1454,  at  Monte  Pulciano,  in  Tuscany;  was 
professor  of  Greek  and  Latin  at  Florence, 
and  tutor  to  the  children  of  Lorenzo  the 
Magnificent,  who  gave  him  a  canonry  in 
the  cathedral  of  the  Florentine  capital. 
He  died  in  1494.  Among  his  works  are, 
The  History  of  the  Conspiracy  of  the 
Pazzi ;  Poems;  the  drama  of  Orpheus; 
and  a  translation  01"  Herodian. 

POLO,  MARK  or  MARCO,  a  celebrated 
Venetian  traveller,  was  born,  about  1250, 
and  accompanied  his  father  and  uncle,  in 
1471,  into  Tartary,  wjiere  they  resided  for 
twenty-four  years,  and  acquired  great 
riches".  Marco  was  in  high  favour  with 
the  Grand  Khan;  was  employed  by  him  in 
missions  to  the  most  distant  parts  of  the 
eupire;  and  was  for  three  years  governor 
of  Yang-cheu-feu.  After  "his  return  to 
Venice,  he  was  appointed  to  the  command 
of  a  galley,  but  had  the  misfortune  to  be 
captured  "by  the  Genoese,  who  kept  him 
four  years  a  captive.  To  beguile  the 
tedium  of  captivity,  as  well  as  to  satisfy 
the  curiosity  of  numerous  inquirer*,  he 
wrote  the  narrative  of  his  travels.  He 
died  about  1523.  An  excellent  translation 


POP 

of  his  Travels,  with  notes,  was  published, 
in  1818,  by  Mr.  Marsden. 

POLYBIUS,  a  celebrated  Greek  histo- 
rian, S;HI  of  Lycoitas,  general  of  the 
Ach.eans,  was  born,  about  B.  c.  ?05,  at 
Megalopolis,  lie  \\  as  firmed  for  public 
business  by  the  precepts  and  example  of 
lMiilop<rmen,  the  friend  of  his  father,  and 
at  the  funeral  of  that  general  he  bore  the 
urn  which  contained  his  ashes.  He  was 
one  of  the  thousand  persons  whom  the 
Romans  demanded  from  the  Achirans  as 
hostages,  and  he  lived  at  Rome  many  years. 
There  he  became  the  friend  of  the  Scipim, 
one  of  whom  he  accompanied  to  the  siege 
of  Carthage.  He  died  in  his  own  country, 
at  the  age  of  eighty-two.  Of  his  works 
only  a  part  of  his  excellent  Universal  His- 
tory has  been  preserved. 

!"'( >MPEY,  CNEUs.surnamed  the  Great, 
a  Roman  statesman  and  warrior,  was  bou 
B.  c.  106,  and  learned  the  art  of  war  from 
his  father.  In  his  twenty-third  year  he 
joined  with  three  legions  the  party  of  Sylla, 
recovered  Sicily  and  Africa,  and  obtained 
the  honours  of  a  triumph.  He  obtained  a 
second  triumph  for  putting  an  end  to  the 
war  in  Spain,  and  a  third  for  his  splendid 
successes  in  Asia,  where  he  considerably 
extended  the  dominion  of  his  countrymen. 
About  B.  c.  60  he  formed  the  first  triumvi- 
rate with  Crassus  and  Caesar,  and  married 
the  daughter  of  the  latter.  In  the  course 
of  a  few  years,  however,  dissensions  broke 
out  between  Caesar  and  Pompey;  a  civil 
war  ensued;  and  Pompey  sustained  a  de- 
cisive defeat  at  Pharsalia.  He  fled  to 
Egypt,  and  was  assassinated  there,  B.  c. 
48. 

PONIATOWSKI,  Prince  JOSEPH,  an 
llustrious  Polish  general,  who  was  called 
he  Polish  Bayard,  was  born,  in  1763,  at 
Warsaw;  distinguished  himself  in  the 
cause  of  his  country  during  the  fruitless 
struggles  of  1792  and  1794:  entered  the 
French  service,  and  displayed  conspicuous 
jraverv  and  talent  in  the  campaigns  of 
1806,  1809,  1812,  1813,  and  1814;  was 
ippointed  a  marshal  on  the  field  of  battle 
at  Leipsic;  and  was  drowned  in  attempt- 
ing to  cross  the  Elster,  on  the  19th  of 
October. 

POPE,  Sir  THOMAS,  a  statesman,  was 
born,  about  1508,  at  Dedington,  in  Oxford- 
shire; studied  at  Eton  and  Gray's  Inn, 
and  was  called  to  the  bar;  held  various 
important  offices  under  Henry  VIII.  and 
Mary  ;  and  died  in  1559.  Trinity  College, 
Oxford,  was  founded  by  him. 

1'OPE,  ALEXANDER,  a  celebrated  poet, 
was  boi  n,  May  22, 1688,  in  Lombard  Street, 
London.  His  father,  a  linen  draper,  in 
which  trade  In-  -amassed  a  considerable  for- 
tune, retired  from  business,  and  settled  at 
Binlield,  in  Berkshire,  soon  after  the  birth 
of  his  son  Both  parents  were  Roma* 


FOR 

Catholics,  and,  as  Pope  tells  us,  were  of 
gentle  blood.     He   himself  was   born   de- 


POT 


423 


formed,  small  in  size,  and  delicate  in  con- 
•titution.  The  groundwork  of  learning  he 
acquired  at  two  private  schools,  and  from 
two  priests,  who  were  .employed  as  his 
tutors;  for  the  rest  he  was  indebted  to  his 
own  persevering  studies.  Before  he  was 
twelve  years  old  he  formed  a  play  from 
Ogilby's  Homer,  which  was  acted  by  his 
schoolfellows.  Poetry  he  began  early  to 
compose,  or,  to  use  his  own  words,  he 
"  lisped  in  numbers."  His  Pastorals  were 
written  when  he  was  sixteen,  and  they 
obtained  him  the  friendship  of  many  emi- 
nent characters.  They  were  succeeded  by 
The  Essay  on  Criticism,  The  Messiah,  The 
Rape  of  the  Lock,  The  Temple  of  Fame, 
Windsor  Forest,  and  The  Epistle  from 
Eloisa;  and  his  reputation  as  a  poet  was 
thus  firmly  established.  The  translation 
of  the  Iliad,  by  which  he  gained  above  five 
thousand  pounds,  was  completed  in  1720. 
With  the  aid  of  Broome  and  Fenton  he 
afterwards  added  a  version  of  The  Odys- 
sey. In  1721  he  undertook  an  edition  of 
Shakspeare;  a  task  in  which  he  failed. 
With  the  exception  of  the  Essay  on  Man, 
\\hich  was  first  published  in  1733,  and 
completed  in  the  following  year,  his  pen 
was  chiefly  devoted  to  satire  during  the 
remainder  of  his  literary  caieer.  The 
first  three  books  of  The  Dunciad  appeared 
in  1723;  the  fourth,  suggested  by  War- 
burton,  was  not  written  till  1742,  and  he 
injured  '\e  poem  by  substituting  Gibber  as 
.he  hero  in  place  of  Theobald.  He  died 
May  30,  1744. 

PORPHYRY,  or  PORPHYRIUS,  a 
philosopher,  whose  original  name  was 
Ma  thus,  was  born,  A.  D.  233,  at  T\  re; 
studied  under  Origen  and  Longinus;  be- 
came- a  disciple  of  Plotinus;  and  died,  in 
304,  at  Rome.  His  works  against  the 
Christiar.s,  to  th>  number  of  filtecM,  are 
ost.  Among  his  extant  productions  are, 
A  Life  of  Pythagoras;  A  Treatise  on  Ab- 
stinence from  Animal  Food;  and  Questions 
on  Homer. 

PORSON,  RICHARD,  an  eminent  hcl- 
lanist  aud  critic;  wa*  born,  in  1750,  at 


East  Ruston,  in  Norfolk;  wat  educated  at 
Eton,  and  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge; 
was  elected  Greek  professor  ;n  1793;  bew 
came  librarian  of  the  London  Institution; 
and  died  September  19, 1808.  In  profound 
knowledge  of  Greek,  critical  powers,  ana 
acuteness,  Porson  had  few  equals.  Among 
his  works  are,  Letters  to  Archdeacon  Tra- 
vis; editions  of  ^Eschylus,  and  some  of 
the  plays  of  Euripides;  and  Tracts  and 
Miscellaneous  Criticisms. 


PORTEUS,  BEILBY,  an  eminent  pre- 
late, was  born,  in  1731,  at  York,  and 
entered  as  a  sizer  at  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge,  where  he  obtained  a  fellow- 
ship. After  having  been  chaplain  to 
Archbishop  Seeker,  he  was,  successively, 
rector  of  Hunton,  prebendary  of  Peterbo- 
rough, rector  of  Lambeth,  king's  qhaplain, 
and  master  of  St.  Cross  Hospital,  near 
Winchester.  In  1776,  through  the  queen's 
influence,  he  obtained  the  bishopric  of 
Chester,  whence,  in  1787,  he  was  trans- 
lated to  that  of  London.  He  died  in  1808. 
Among  his  works  are,  Sermons ;  a  Life  of 
Seeker;  and  a  Seatonian  prize  poem  on 
Death. 

POSTHUMUS,  MARCUS  CASSIANUS 
LATINIUS,  a  Roman  emperor,  one  of  the 
thirty  tyrants,  was  of  obscure  birth,  but 
rose  rapidly  in  the  army  till  he  obtained 
the  command  in  GUul.  He  assumed  the 
imperial  title  in  257;  ruled  Gaul  and  a 
part  of  Spain,  and  obtained  various  suc- 
cesses against  the  Germans;  and  was  mur- 
dered by  his  soldiers  in  267. 

POTEMKLN,  GREGORY  ALEXAN- 
DROVITSCH,  a  Russian  prince  and  field- 
marshal,  the  minion  of  Catherine  II.,  was 
born,  in  1736,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Smolensk,  of  a  noble  though  poor  family, 
and  was  intended  for  the  church,  but  ob- 
tained a  cornetcy  in  the  horse  guards. 
Over  tSe  empress,  after  the  death  of  her 
husba-jd,  he  acquired  an/unbounded  influ- 
ence, and  he  retained  it  till  nearly  the  end 
of  1  ;s  life.  He  distinguished  himself 
ag.ii  :t  the  Turks,  particularly  in  the  war 
of  17s7,  when  he  commanded  in  chief 
He  died  in  1791. 

POTHIER,  ROBERT  JOSEPH,  OM  * 


4*4 


pou 


1»RA 


the  most  eminent  of  the  French  juriacon-  J  ana  Fonquieres,  who  envied  and  dre.tded 
fliilts.  \v;is  born,  in  1669,  at  Orleans;  was  him  for  his  superior  genius.  He  therefore 
professor  of  law  in  his  native  city;  and  returned  to  Rome  in  16-12,  arid  remained 
died,  in  1772,  as  much  beloved  for  his  vir-  there  till  his  decease  in  1665.  His  pictures 
tucs  as  admired  for  his  extensive  learning,  are  numerous  and  highly  esteemed;  in 
His  great  work  is  his  Digest  of  the  Pan-  landscape  he  particularly  excelled. 
dects  of  Justinian,  in  three  folio  volumes,  j  POUSSIN,  CASPAR,  an  eminent  pain- 
His  treatises  on  various  legal  questions  ter,  was  born,  in  1613,  at  Rome.  His 
form  seventeen  volumes  octavo.  name  was  DL'GHF.T,  but  he  took  the  eur- 

POTOCKI,  Count  STANISLAUS,  a  Po-|name  of  his  pictorial  preceptor,  Nicholas, 
lifh   \\riter    and    statesman,    of    a    family  who  was  his  brother-in-law.     He   died  in 


which  has  produced  several  eminent  char- 
acters, was  born,  in  1757,  at  Warsaw; 
was  one  of  those  who  contributed  most 
actively  to  establish  the  constitution  of 
1791;  was  appointed  a  palatine  senator 
and  one  of  the  ministers  of  the  grand 


1675.  In  landscape  he  acquired  a  high 
reputation.  Such  was  the  rapidity  with 
which  he  -worked  that  he  often  completed 
a  picture  in  the  course  of  a  day. 

PRATT,  CHARLES,Earl  CAMDEN.a 
celebrated  lawyer,  the  son  of  "Chief  Justice 


dutchy  of  Warsaw;  was  president  of  the  j  Pratt,  was  borii  in  1713;  studied  at  Eton, 
senate  in  1818;  and  died  in  1S21.  Among  King's  College,  Cambridge,  and  Lincoln'* 
his  works  are,  a  Treatise  on  Eloquence i Inn ;  was  chosen  member  for  Down  ton  in 
and  Style;  and  The  Journey  to  Ciemno-  :  1754;  was,  successively,  recorder  of  Bath, 
grod,  a  satirical  romance.  j  attorney  general,  chief  justice  of  the  com- 

POTTER,  PAUL,  a  celebrated  Dutch  j  tnon  pleas,  lord  chancellor,  and  president 
painter,  the  son  of  an  artist,  was  born,  in  of  the  council.  The  title  of  baron  he  ob- 
1625,  at  Enkhuysen;  acquired  a  peifect  tained  in  1765,  and  that  of  earl  in  1786. 
knowledge  of  his  profession  by  the  time  He  died  in  1794.  Lord  Camden  was  pop- 
that  he  was  fifteen;  and  died  in  1654.  ular  for  his  opposition  to  the  unconstitu- 
His  pictures  are  held  in  high  estimation  tional  measures  of  the  court,  with  respect 
for  their  fidelity  to  nature,  and  the  beauty  to  Wilkes  and  American  taxation, 
of  their  execution.  In  representing  ani-j  PRATT,  SAMUEL  JACKSON,  a  once 
mals  he  was  almost  unequalled.  !  popular  novelist  and  miscellaneous  writer, 

POTTER,  JOHN,  a  learned  prelate,  was  born,  in  1749,  at  St.  Ives,  in  Hunting- 
was  born,  about  1672,  at  Wakefield;  was  j  donshire,  and,  after  having  l;een  an  actoi, 
educated  it  the  free  school  there,  and  at !  an  itinerant  lecturer,  and  a  bookseller,  he 
University  College,  Oxford;  was  made  became  an  author  by  profession.  He  died 
bishop  of  Oxford  in  1715,  and  archbishop  in  1814.  Of  his  numerous  works  the  prin- 
of  Canterbury  in  1737;  and  died  in  1747.  j  cipal  are,  the  poems  of  Sympathy  and 
He  wrote  Archacologia  Graeca;  and  vari- 
ous theological  works;  and  edited  Clemens 
Alexandrinus,  and  Lycophron's  Alexandra. 


POTTER,  ROBERT,  a  divine  and  poet, 
was  born  in  1721 ;  was  educated  at  Eman- 


uel    College,     Cambridge 


and    was 


for 


Landscapes  in  Verse;  the  tragedy  of  The 
Fair  Circassian;  the  novels  of  Liberal 
Opinions,  Emma  Corbet,  The  Pupil  of 
Pleasure,  Shenstone  Green,  and  Family 
Secrets;  Gleanings  through  Wales,  Hol- 
land, and  Westphalia;  Gleanings  in  Eng- 


some  years  vicar  of  Scanting,  after  which1  land;    and  Harvest  Home. 

b<;  obtained    the  livings  of  Lowes  toff  and  i      PRATT,  BENJAMIN,  chief  justice  of 

Kessingland,  and  a  prebend   in  the   cathe-   New  York,  was  born  in   Massachusetts  in 


dral  of  Norwich.  He  died  in  1801.  His 
original  poetry  consists  of  a  volume  of 
Poems,  and  two  Odes  from  Isaiah,  and  is 
much  above  mediocrity.  But  he  is  best 
known  by  his  spirited  versions  of  ^Eschy- 
lus,  Sophocles,  and  Euripides. 

POUSSIN,  NICHOLAS,  one  of  the 
greatest  of  the  French  painters,  was  born, 
in  1594,  at  Andelys,  in  Normandy,  and  re- 
vived instructions  from  Varin,  Elle,  and 
Lallemant,  but  was  more  indebted  to  na- 
ture and  his  own  assiduity  than  to  their 
lessons.  In  1624  ne  went  to  Rome,  where 
he  improved  himself  by  stinking  the  works 
of  Titian,  Domenichino,  and  Raphael,  and 
of  the  ancient -sculptors.  Louis  XIII  in- 


vited  him  to   France   in   1639,   ai 
him    a    pension,    and    apartments 


1   gave 
in     the 


Louvre;   but  Poussin   was   soon  disgusted 
by   the   intrigue*  of  Vonet,    Le    Mercier, 


1710,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  <"'<>!- 
lege.  He  studied  law,  and  entering  on  its 
practice  in  Boston  soon  became  eminent. 
Turning  his  attention  to  public  a  flair*,  he 
soon  rose  to  political  distinction,  and  by 
the  influence  of  governor  Pownell  \\as  ap- 
pointed chief  justice  of  New  York.  He 
died  in  January  1763.  He  had  made  col- 
lections for  a  history  of  New  England, 
and  possessed  considerable  talent  fur  poet- 
ry. 

PRAXITELES,  a  famous  Grecian 
sculptor,  is  believed  to  have  been  a  native 
of  Athens,  to  have  flourished  early  in  the 
fourth  century  B.  c.,  and  to  have  died  at 
the  age  of  eighty.  He  wag  long  attached 
to  the  celebrated  Phryne,  of  whom  he  exe- 
cuted two  statues,  one  of  which  was  placed  ' 
in  the  temple  of  Delphi,  the  other  in  the 
temple  of  Love  at  Theapia.  Hit  Venui 


PRI 

at  Cnidus   \va,s  considered  at  one  of  the 


gregation 


PRI 

In   1791,  however,  the  sceiw 


changed.     His  religious  principles,  and  hit 


most  finished  productions  of  Greece. 

TREBLE,  EDWARD,  a  distinguished 
naval  officer  in  the  American  service,  was 
born  at  Falmouth  in  Maine,  in  1761,  and 
entered  the  navy  as  a  midshipman  in  1779. 
He  soon  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant, 
and  during  the  revolutionary  war  distin- 
guished himself  by  capturing  a  British 
vessel  at  Penouscot.  In  1798  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  command  of  the  brig  Pick- 
ering, and  soon  after  to  the  Essex.  He 
commanded,  in  1803,  a  fleet  sent  against  the 
Barbary  powers,  and  repeatedly  attacked 
Tripoli  with  considerable  success.  In 
1804  he  returned  to  the  United  States,  and 
died  in  1807. 

PREVOST     D'EXILES,     ANTHONV  avowed  partiality  to  the  French  revolution, 
FRANCIS,  one  of  the  most  fertile  of  French  excited  the  hatred  of  the  high  church  and 


writers,  was  born,  in  1697,  at  Hesdin. 
His  early  life  was  restless  and  changeful. 
He  hesitated  between  a  monastic  and  a 
military  life,  twice  made  a  trial  of  both, 
became  at  last  a  Benedictine,  and  ended 
by  flying  from  the  convent,  taking  shelter 
in  Holland,  and  adopting  the  profession  of 
an  author.  His  end  was  equally  singular. 
In  1763  he  was  struck  by  an  apoplectic  fit 
in  the  forest  of  Chantilly,  and  was  found 
apparently  lifeless.  As  soon  as  the  sur- 
geon proceeded  to  use  the  knife  on  his  body, 
Prevost  screamed  and  opened  his  eyes,  but 
the  incision  was  mortal,  and  he  almost 
immediately  expired.  His  works  amount 
to  one  hundred  and"  seventy  volumes.  Of 
his  novels,  the  best  are,  Memoirs  of  a  Man 
of  Quality;  the  Dean  of  Coleraine ;  Cleve- 
land; an"d  Manon  L'Escaut.  Among  his 
other  productions  are,  4.  History  of  Voy- 
ages and  Travels;  and  The  Pro  and  Con, 
a  periodical  paper. 

PRIDEAUX,  HUMPHRY,  a  learned 
divine,  was  horn,  in  1648,  at  Padstow,  in 
Cornwall ;  was  educated  at  Westminster 
School,  and  at  Christ  Church  College, 
Oxford;  and  died  in  1724,  dean  of  Nor- 
wich. His  great  work  is  The  Connexion 
of  the  History  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment. Among  his  other  productions  are, 


tory  party,  and  :n  the  riots  which  took 
place  in  July,  his  house,  library,  manu- 
scripts, and  apparatus  were,  committed  to 
the  flames  by  the  infuriated  mob,  and  he 
was  exposed  to  great  personal  danger. 
Quitting  Birmingham,  he  succeeded  Dr. 
Price  at  Hackney ;  but,  in  1794,'  conceiving 
himself  to  be  not  secure  from  popular  rage, 
he  embarked  for  North  America.  He  took 
up  his  abode  at  Northumberland,  in  Penn- 
sylvania, at  which  place  he  died  May  6, 
1804.  As  a  philosopher  his  fame  princi- 
pally rests  upon  his  pneumatic  inquiries. 
His" works  extend  to  between  seventy  and 
eighty  volumes.  Among  them  are  Lectures 
on  General  History — on  the  Theory  and 
History  of  Language — and  on  the  Princi- 
ples of  Oratory  and  Criticism;  Charts  of 
Biography  and  History;  Disquisitions  re- 
lating to  Matter  and  Spirit;  Hartleian 
Theory  of  the  Human  Mind  ;  History  of 
the  Corruptions  of  Christianity  ;  Letters 
to  a  Philosophical  Unbeliever;  Institutes 
of  Natural  and  Revealed  Religion;  His- 
tory of  Electricity;  History  of  Vision, 
Light,  and  Colours;  and  Experiments  and 
Observations  on  different  Kinds  of  Air 

PRIOR,  MATTHEW,  a  celebrated  poet 
and  statesman,  was  born  in  1664  ;  but 
whether  in  Middlesex  or  Dorsetshire  is 


A   Life   of  Mahomet;   am     The    Original j  uncertain.     Being  left   fitherless,   he  was 
Right  of  Tithes.  jsent  \iy  his  uncle,  a  vintner,   to  We&tmin- 

PRIESTLE\  ,  JOSEPH,  an  eminent  dis-i  ster  School;  and,  after  he  quitted  that 
sentring  divine  and  experimental  philoso-j seminary,  was  fortunate  enough  to  attract 
pher,  was  born,  in  1733,  at  Fieldhead,  in  |  the  notice  of  the  earl  of  Dorset,  who 
Yorkshire;  was  educated  at  Da  ventry; 'placed  him  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
ami,  alter  having  been  tutor  at  Warring-  bridge.  While  he  was  at  the  university 
ton,  and  pastor  to  various  congregations,  he  wrote,  in  conjunction  uiih  Montague, 
and  having  acquired  considerable  teputa-  The  City  Mouse  and  Country  Mouse,  in 
lion  as  an  experimentalist  and  author,  he  ridicule  of  Dryden's  Hind  and  Panther. 
become  companion  to  the  carl  of  Shelburne.  The  work  was  advantageous  to  both.  In 
At  the  end  of  a  sc\eu  \i\irs'  r:^i;l;:n(.j  1691  Prior  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
with  that  noblemm,  hr:  received  a  pt-nsion,  embassy  which  was  sent  t«}  the  Congress 
and  settled,  in  1780,  at  Birmingham,  There  at  the  Hague.  After  ha\  1115  been  gentle- 
he  proceeded  actively  with  h:s  phil  i.-op'ni-  man  of  the  bedchamber,  a;ul  again,  in 
2al  anil  theological" rose  irches,  and  w:u  1697,  secretary  of  embassy,  lie  \va»,  in 
»Uo  app  inted  pastor  t.»  n  dbaeating  con-  1700  mads  under  secretary  of  state,  a:s4 


«26  PR? 

•hortly  after,  commissioner  of  trade.  Dur- 
ing the  greatest  part  of  the  reign  of  Anne 
he  was  chiefly  engaged  in  literary  pursuits; 
but,  when  the  whiga  were  displaced,  lie 
was  employed  to  negotiate  the  treaty  of 
Utrecht,  and  was  subsequently  nominated 
Ambassador  at  the  French  court.  For  his 
share  in  the  treaty  he  was  committed  to 
prison  after  the  accession  of  George  I., 
and  was  threatened  with  impeachment; 
but  was  at  length  discharged.  He  died  in 
1721.  His  poems,  which  have  long  been 
received  into  the  collected  works  of  the 
British  Poets,  are  often  spirited,  and  are 
very  seldom  deficient  in  melody  o>-  in  ele- 
gance. 

PRISCIAN,  or  PRISCIANUS, a  cele- 
brated grammarian,  was  born  at  Cansarea, 
and  was  the  master  of  a  famous  school  at 
Constantinople,  about  A.  D.  525.  His 
principal  work  is  a  treatise  on  Grammar. 
His  rigid  attention  to  correctness  gave 
rise  to  the  saying  of"  breaking  Priscian's 
head,"  which  is  applied  to  the  violators  of 
grammatical  rules. 

PROTAGORAS,  a  Grecian  sophist, was 
born  at  Abdera,  about  B.  c.  488;  exer- 
cised in  his  youth  the  calling  of  a  porter; 
opened  at  Athens  a  school  of  philosophy, 
and  acquired  great  reputation  and  riches; 
was  banished  on  a  charge  of  atheism;  and 
perished  by  shipwreck  at  the  age  of  seven- 
ty. Prodicus  was  one  of  his  disciples. 

PROTOGENES,  an  eminent  Grecian 
painter,  a  native  of  Caunus,  in  Caria, 
flourished  about  B.  c.  336.  A  considerable 
part  of  his  life  was  spent  in  obscurity,  but 
he  was  at  length  brought  into  notice  by^ 
Apelles  giving  a  large  price  for  one  of  his* 
pictures.  His  masterpiece  was  a  picture 
of  lalysus,  the  founder  of  Rhodes,  on 
which  he  was  employed  for  seven  years. 

PRYNNE,  WILLIAM,  a  lawyer  and 
political  writer,  was  born,  in  1600,  at 
Swanswick,  in  Somersetshire;  was  edu- 
cated at  Bath  Grammar  School,  and  Oriel 
College,  Oxford;  studied  the  law  at  Lin- 
coln's Inn  ;  and  was  successively  marie 
barrister,  bencher,  and  reader.  His  II  is- 
trio-Mastix,  a  violent  attack  on  the  stage, 
and  his  News  from  Ipswich,  twice  brought 
on  him,  in  1633  and  1637,  the  vengeance 
of  the  infamous  star-chamber.  He  was 
branded,  deprived  of  his  ears,  pilloried, 
fined  ten  thousand  pounds,  and  doomed  to 
perpetual  imprisonment.  He  obtained  his 
liberty  in  1640,  was  elected  member  for 
Newport,  and  bore  a  prominent  part  in  the 
trial  of  Laud,  his  persecutor.  After  the 
overthrow  of  Charles,  however,  Prynne 
endeavoured  to  effect  an  accommodation 
between  him  and  his  subjects;  and  he  op- 
posed Cromwell  with  such  boldness  that 
the  protector  imprisoned  him.  He  joined 
»n  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.;  was 
Appointed  keeper  of  the  records  in  the 


PUI 

Tower;  and  died  in  1669.  Prynne  was  t 
voluminous  writer.  His  works  amount  tc 
forty  volumes.  Among  them  are,  Records, 
in  three  folio  volumes;  and  Parliamentary 
Writs. 

PSALMANAZAR,  GEORGE,  the  as- 
sumed name  of  a  singular  character,  who 
began  his  career  in  life  by  acting  the  part 
of  an  impostor.  Ik  was  born,  in  1679,  in 
the  south  of  France,  and  received  an  ex- 
cellent education.  "Among  the  many  dis- 
guises which  he  assumed  was  that  of  af 
native  of  Formosa,  and  to  keep  up  the  de- 
lusion he  invented  an  alphabet,  grammar, 
and  history  of  the  island,  which  were 
considered  as  authentic  by  many  eminent 
men.  The  cheat  was  not  discovered  till 
after  he  had  been  sent  to  Oxford.  He 
subsequently  gained  a  subsistence  by  writ- 
ing for  the  booksellers,  and  became  re- 
markable for  his  sincere  and  unaffected 
piety.  He  died  in  1763.  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  ancient  part  of  the  Universal 
History  was  written  by  him;  and  he  left 
behind  him  his  own  memoirs. 

PTOLEMY,  CLAUDIUS,  an  ancient  as- 
tronomer and  geographer,  was  born,  about 
A.  D.  70,  in  Egypt,  but  whether  at  Pelusi- 
um,  as  some  say,  is  doubtful.  Alexandria 
was  the  place  where  he  resided.  The  time 
of  his  death  is  not  known.  He  wrote  va- 
rious astronomical  and  geographical  works. 
The  system  which  makes  the  earth  the  cen- 
tre cf  the  solar  and  planetary  motions  takes 
its  name  from  him. 

PUFFENDORF,  SAMUEL, an  eminent 
German  publicist  and  historian,  was  born, 
in  1632,  near  Chemnitz,  in  Saxony;  was 
educated  at  Leipsic  and  Jena  ;  was, 
successively,  in  the  service  of  the  elector 
palatine,  Charles  XL  of  Sweden,  and  the 
elector  of  Brandenburg;  and  died  in  1694. 
Of  his  works  the  chief  are,  The  Law  of 
Nature  and  Nations;  The  Elements  of  Ju- 
risprudence; The  State  of  the  German 
Empire;  and  an  Introduction  to  the  His- 
tory of  Europe;  Commentaries  on  Swedish 
Afiairs;  and  Lives  of  Scanderbeg,  Charles 
Gustavus  of  Sweden,  and  Frederic  III.  of 
Brandenburg. 

PUISAYE,  Count  JOSEPH,  one  of  the 
most  able  of  the  French  royalist  chiefs, 
was  born,  about  1754,  at  Montague,  and 
was  descended  from  an  ancient  and  noble 
family.  He  was  intended  for  the  church, 
but  preferred  the  military  profession.  In 
1789  the  nobility  of  Perche  deputed  him  aa 
their  representative  to  the  states  general. 
He  sat  in  the  constituent  assembly,  and 
was  an  enlightened  friend  of  reform.  In 
1793  he  held  a  command  in  the  departmen- 
tal army,  under  Wimpfen,  and  was  conse- 
quently proscribed  by  the  Convention.  He 
took  refuge  in  Britanny,  where,  by  dint  of 
eloquence,  talent,  and  activity,  he  organ- 
ized a  formidable  force,  under  the  nun*  of 


PUT 

Choiiana.  He  visited  England  in  1794, 
obtained  a  powerful  succour,  and  returned 
with  it  to  France  in  1795;  but  hi;*  hopes 
vere  blasted  by  envious  intrigues  of  his 
own  party,  who  occasioned  the  disas- 
ter at  Qurberon.  After  having  continued 
his  efforts  for  two  years  longer,  he  resigned 
his  commission,  disgusted  by  the  conduct 
of  the  Bourbons,  and  fixed  his  abode  in 
Canada,  whence  he  afterwards  removed  to 
England.  He  died  December  13,  1827. 
He  published  his  own  Memoirs. 

PULASKI,  COUNT,  a  celebrated  soldier, 
was  a  native  of  Poland,  and  made  brave 
though  unsuccessful  efforts"  to  restore  his 
country  to  independence.  He  came  to  the 
United  States  during  the  revolutionary  war, 
was  appointed  a  brigadier  general  in^  the 
Amei  ican  awny.  He  was  mortally  wounded 
in  the  attack  on  Savannah  in  1779.  Con- 
gress voted  to  erect  a  monument  to  his 
memory. 

PULCI,  Louis,  an  Italian  poet,  was 
born,  in  1432,  at  Florence;  was  the  friend 
of  Lorenzo  di  Medici,  Politi^iii,  and  other 
eminent  men;  was  the  inventor  of  that 
species  of  heroi-comic  poetry  which  bears 
the  name  of  Berni;  and  died  about  -1487. 
His  great  work -is  the  Morgante  Maggiore, 
a  truly  poetical  production,  an  idea  of 
which  may  be  formed  from  specimens  trans- 
lated by  Lord  Byron,  and  by  a  writer  in 
the  Monthly  Magazine. 

PURCELL,  HENRY,  a  celebrated  Eng- 
lish composer,  was  born,  in  1658;  was 
organist  of  Westminster  Abbey  at  the  age 
of  eighteen,  and  was  afterwards  appointed 
organist  of  the  chapel  royal;  and  died  in 
1695.  Among  his  works  are,  Anthems; 
Sonatas;  Orpheus  Britannicus;  and  the 
opera  of  Diocletian.  "  This  musician 
(says  Dr.  Busby)  shone  not  more  by  the 
greatness  than  the  diversity,  by  the  diver- 
sity than  the  originality  of  his  imagination ; 
nor  did  the  force  of  his  fancy  transcend  the 
•olidity  of  his  judgment." 

PURCHAS,  SAMUEL,  a  divine,  was 
birn,  in  1577,  at  Thaxted,  in  Essex;  was 
educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Oxford ; 
and  died  in  1628,  rector  of  St.  Martin's, 
Ludgate.  His  principal  work  is  the  well 
known  collection  of  voyages,  in  five  vols. 
fDlio,  which  bears  the  title  of  Purchas,  his 
Pilgrimages,  or  Relations  of  the  World. 

PUTNAM,  ISRAEL,  an  oflicer  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was 
born  in'  Salem,  Massachusetts,  in  1718. 
He  received  but  a  meagre  education,  and 
removing  to  Connecticut,  engaged  in  agri- 
culture. In  the  French  war  he  comni nul- 
ed  a  company,  and  was  engage  I  in  several 
contests  with  the  enemy.  In  1756  he  fell 
into  an  ambuscade  of  savages,  and  wasex- 
oosed  to  the  most  cruel  tortures.  He  ob- 
tained hi*  release  in  1759,  and  returned  to 


PYT 


421 


his  farm.  Soon  after  the  battle  at  Lex* 
ington  he  joined  the  army  at  Cambridge, 
was  appointed  major  general,  and  distin- 
guished himself  at  Bunker's  Hill.  In  1776 
he  was  sent  to  complete  the  fortifications 
at  New  York,  and  afterwards,  to  fortify 
Philadelphia.  In  the  winter  of  1777,  he 
was  stationed  with  a  small  body  at  Prince- 
ton, and  in  the  spring  appointed  to  a  com- 
mand in  the  Highlands,  where  he  remained 
most  <if  the  time  till  the  close  of  1779,  when 
he  was  disabled  by  an  attack  of  paralysis, 
lie  died  in  1790.  He  was  brave,  e'ner- 
getic,  and  one  of  the  most  efficient  officers 
of  the  revolution. 

PYE,  HENRY  JAMES,  a  poet  of  an  an- 
cient  Berkshire  family,  was  born,  in  1745, 
in  London;  was  educated  at  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford ;  ruined  his  fortune  by  be- 
coming a  candidate  for  Berks;  was  ap- 
pointed poet  laureat  and  a  police  magis- 
trate, in  1790  and  1792;  and  died  in  1813. 
His  principal  works  are,  Alfred,  an  epic; 
translations  of  the  poetics  of  Aristotle,  six 
Odes  of  Pindar, and  Homer's  Hymns;  The 
Democrat;  The  Aristocrat;  and  Com- 
ments on  the  Commentators  upon  Shaks- 
peare. 

PYM,  JOHN,  a  lawyer,  was  born,  in 
1584,  in  Somersetshire.  After  having 
finished  his  education  at  Broadgate  Hall, 
Oxford,  he  studied  law  at  one  of  the  inns 
f  court,  and  was  called  to  the  bar.  Dur- 
ing the  reigns  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I. 
lie  had  a  seat  in  parliament,  and  was  a 
strict  puritan,  and  a  strenuous  opponent  of 
the  arbitrary  measures  of  the  crown.  He 
was  one  of  the  five  members  whom  the  in- 
fatuated Charles  demanded  to  be  given  up 
to  him  by  the  House  of  Commons.  Pym 
died  in  1643,  not  long  after  having  been  ap- 
pointed lieutenant  of  the  ordnance. 

PYRRHO,  a  Greek  philosopher,  who 
flourished  about  B.  c.  340,  was  born  at 
Elea,  in  the  Peloponnesus,  and  was  origi- 
nally a  painter,  but  became  a  disciple  of 
Anaxarchus,  whom  he  accompanied  in  the 
expedition  of  Alexander.  On  his  return 
his  fellow  citizens  made  him  their  high 
priest,  and  the  Athenians  gave  him  the 
rights  of  citizenship.  He  lived  to  the  age 
of  ninety.  Pyrrho  founded  the  sect  of  the 
Sceptics  or  Pyrrhonists. 

PYTHAGORAS,  a  celebrated  philoso- 
pher, the  founder  of  that  school  which  is 
called  the  Italic,  was  born,  about  B.  c.  586, 
at  Samos,  or,  according  to  some,  atSidon, 
and  began  to  travel.at  the  age  of  eighteen. 
He  visited  Phenicia  and  Asia  Minor,  and 
even,  it  is  said,  Persia  and  India,  and  re- 
sided for  twenty-five  years  in  Egypt.  On 
his  return  he  taught  geometry  at  Snmos; 
after  which  he  settled  at  Crotona,i:?  M  igna 
(.ira-'cia,  and  established  a  school  of  p:  iio»- 
phy,  which  became  famous.  Persecwioa 


•(  fergth  drove  him  thence,  and  he  took 
refuge  in  the  temple  of  the  Muses  at  M«>t- 
apoutum,  where  he  is  said,  but  the  truth  of 
the  story  is  doubtful,  to  have  been  starved 


to  death,  about 


QUI 

i.  c.  497. 


Besides  oem| 


an    illustrious    metaphysical    philosopher, 
Pythagoras  was  a  great  geometrician   and 


astronomer. 


Q 


QUARLES,  FRANCIS,  a  poet,  was 
oorn,  in  1592,  near  Romford,  in  Essex; 
studied  at  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
and  at  Lincoln's  Inn;  was  successively 
cupbearer  to  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  James 
I.,  and  secretary  to  Archbishop  Usher  in 
Ireland ;  suffered  greatly  for  his  attachment 
to  the  cause  of  Charles  I. ;  and  died  in 
1644.  His  principal  works  are,  Emblems ; 
Argalus  and  Parthenia;  Divine  Fancies ; 
and  Enchiridion.  Quarles  has  been  made 
an  object  of  satire;  but,  with  all  its  faults, 
his  poetry  is  above  contempt. 

QUESNAY,  FRANCIS,  a  physician, 
\nd  the  founder  in  France  of  the  sect  of 
the  Economists,  was  born,  in  1694,  at 
Merci,  near  Montfort  1'Amauri.  He  was 
exceedingly  fond  of  fanning  in  his  youth, 
but  was  brought  up  to  the  profession  of 
medicine,  and  became  physician  to  Louis 
XV.,  who  loved  to  converse  with  him, 
called  him  the  Thinker,  and  ennobled  him. 
Qr^stiay  died  in  1774.  Besides  his  medi- 
cal productions,  which  are  numerous,  he 
wrote  Physiocracy,  and  various  articles  in 
the  Encyclopaedia,  and  in  periodicals,  to 
promulgate  his  doctrines  on  political  econ- 
omy. 

QUEVEDO  DE  VILLEGAS,  FRAN- 
CIS, a  Spanish  poet  and  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born,  in  1580,  at  Madrid; 
studied  at  Alcala;  was  obliged  to  quit 
Spain  for  having  killed  a  brutal  noble  in  a 
duel ;  held  important  offices  under  the  duke 
of  Ossuna,  viceroy  of  Sicily;  was  exiled 
to  his  estate  on  the  disgrace  of  the  duke, 
but  was  again  received  into  favour  at 
court;  lived  for  several  years  in  retire- 
ment, devoted  to  literary  pursuits;  w:is 
throw  •  into  a  dungeon,  in  1641,  where  he 
remained  twenty-two  months,  on  an  un- 
founded charge  of  having  libelled  Count 
d'Olivares;  and  died  in  1645.  Quevedo 
stands  high  among  Spanish  authors,  par- 
ticularly as  a  satirist.  His  Visions  of 
H*ll,  and  Comic  Tales,  have  been  trans- 
lated int  ;  English. 

QUIN,  JAMES,  almost  equally  cele- 
Itrated  aa  an  actor  and  an  epicure,  was 
a*rn,  in  1698,  in  Cove.it  Garden.  His 


father,  who  was  a  barrister,  died,  in  1710, 
at  Dublin,  where  Quin  was  educated. 
Being  left  resourceless,  he  went  upon  the 
stage,  and  for  a  considerable  period  \\a* 
confined -to  inferior  parts.  At  length,  he 
rose  into  high  reputation,  and  was  without 
a  rival  till  the  appearance  of  Garrick.  He 
retired  from  the  stage  in  1751,  and  died 
in  1766.  George  III.  was  instructed  bv 
him  in  recitation.  Thomson,  with  whom 
Quin  was  in  habits  of  close  friendship,  ILLS 
paid,  in  The  Castle  of  Indolence,  an  ele- 
gant tribute  to  his  talents. 

QUINAULT,  PHILIP,  a  celebrated 
French  lyrical  dramatist,  was  born,  in 
1(535,  at  "Paris;  began  to  write  for  the 
theatre  at  the  age  of  eighteen;  became 
highly  popular;  was  attacked  by  Boileau, 
with  much  more  inveteracy  than  wit  or 
justice;  and  died  in  1668.  His  works 
form  five  volumes.  In  the  species  of  drama 
to  which  Quinault  devoted  his  talents  he 
stands  without  a  rival.  It  has  been  said 
)f  his  verses  that  they  were  already  music 
when  they  were  placed  in  the  hands  of  the 
composer. 

QUINCY,  JOSIAH,  a  distinguished 
lawyer  and  patriot,  was  born  in  Boston  in 
1743,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  Col- 
lege. He  soon  became  eminent  in  tire 
practice  of  law,  and  distinguished  by  his 
active  exertions  in  the  popular  cause.  His 
powers  of  eloquence  were  of  a  very  high 
rder.  In  1774  he  took  a  voyage  to  Eu- 
rope for  the  benefit  of  his  health,  and  to 
advance  the  interests  of  the  colonies.  H«; 
died  on  his  return,  on  the  25th  of  April, 
1775,  the  day  the  vessel  reached  the  har- 
bour of  Cape  Ann. 

QUIXTILIAN,  MARCUS  FABIUS,  a 
celebrated  rhetorician,  was  born,  in  42,  at 
Rome;  followed  Galba  into  Spain,  an^ 
taught  rhetoric  there;  returned  to  his  na 
tive  city,  in  68,  and  was  long  a  professor 
)f  rhetoric ;  and  died  in  his  eightieth  year 
His  Institutes  of  the  Orator  have  been 
translated  into  English.  Declamations, 
and  A  Dialogue  on  Oratory,  are  also  at- 
ributed  to  him  ;  but  the  latter  is 
ascribed  to  Tacitus. 


RAC 


RAF 


429 


R 


RABELAIS,  FRANCIS,  a  celebrated 
French  wit,  was  born,  about  1463,  at  Chi- 
non.  He  took  the  monkish  habit,  as  a 
cordelier,  but,  in  consequence  of  having 
been  punished  for  some  indecorous  pranks, 
he  threw  it  oil",  studied  medicine  at  Mont- 
pellier,  and  obtained  a  doctor's  degree. 
He  accompanied  Cardinal  du  Bellay,  in 
his  embassy  to  Rome,  and  was  absolved  by 
the  pope  for  his  abandonment  of  the  clois- 
ter. After  his  return,  he  obtained,  through 
the  influence  of  the  cardinal,  a  prebend, 
incl  the  rectory  of  Meudon.  He  died  about 
1553.  Of  his  works  the  only  one  which  is 
read  is  his  fatuous  Lives,  Heroic  Deeds, 
and  Sayings  of  Gargantua  and  Pantagruel, 
in  which  he  blends  admirable  wit,  humour, 
and  satire,  with  tlie  grossest  absurdity, 
,  and  obscenity. 


RACINE,  JOHN,  one  of  the  greatest  of 
French  dramatists,  was  born,  in  1639,  at 
La  Ferte  Mi  Ion,  and  completed  his  edu- 
cation at  the  seminary  of  Port  Royal.  He 
commenced  his  poetical  career  by  an  Ode 
on  the  king's  marriage,  for  which  he  was 
magnificently  rewarded.  A  second  Ode 
obtained  for  him  a  fresh  recompense,  and 
the  friendship  of  Boileau.  II is  first  dra- 
matic e Torts,  The  Thebaid  and  Alexan- 
der the  Great,  gave  but  faint  indications 
of  superior  talent,  but  his  tragedy  of  An- 
dromache placed  him  far  above  all  his 
contemporaries  except  Corneille.  He  in- 
creased his  fame  by  the  production  of 
Britannicus,  Berenice,  Iphigenia,  and  other 
tiagedies,  and  by  his  comedy  of  The 
Pleaders;  but  a  base  cabal  which  was 
formed  against  his  Phsedra  induced  him 
to  desist  from  writing  for  ihu  stage.  After 
a  lapse  of  twelve  years,  he  wrote,  by  desire 
of  Madame  de  Maintenon  and  Louis  XIV., 
the  dramas  of  Esther  and  Athaliah,  to  be 
performed  at  the  seminary  of  St.  Cyr. 
The  last  of  these  pieces  was  cried  down 
by  his  enemies,  and  Racine  relinquished 
his  pen  in  disgust.  lie  diet!  in  1699.  A 
commentator  upon  Racine,  says  Voltaire, 


I "  has  only  to  write  at  the  bottom  of  every 
page,  beautiful,  pathetic,  harmonious,  ad- 
1  mirable,  sublime!" 

RADCLIFFE,  ANNE,  a  celebrated  ro- 
mance writer,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Ward,  was  born,  in  1764,  in  London.  In 
her  twenty-third  year  she  married  Mr 
RadcliflTe,  who  was  brought  up  for  the  bar, 
but  was  never  called  to  it,  and  became 
proprietor  and  editor  of  the  English  Chron- 
icle. Her  first  production  was  The  Cas- 
tles of  Athlin  and  Dunbayne,  and  it  did 
not  indicate  that  high  talent  which  she 
subsequently  displayed.  It  was  succeed- 
ed by  the  Sicilian  Romance,  The  Romance 
of  the  Forest,  the  Mysteries  of  UJrlpho, 
and  tlie  Italians;  works  which  placed  her 
fame  upon  an  imperishable  basis.  "  She 
seems  (says  Mrs.  Barbauld)  to  scorn  to 
move  those  passions  which  form  the  in- 
terest of  common  novels:  she  alarms  the 
soul  with  terror;  agitates  it  with  suspense, 
prolonged  and  wrought  up  to  the  most  in- 
tense feeling  by  mysterious  hints  and  obscure 
intimations  of  unseen  danger."  She  died 
February  7,  1823.  Besides  the  above 
works  she  wrote  A  Journey  through  Hol- 
land, and  the  romance  of  Gaston  de  Blon- 
deville;  of  which  the  last  was  a  posthu- 
mous publication. 

RAFFENEL,  CLAUDIUS  DENTS,  a 
French  author,  was  born,  about  1797,  in 
the  department  of  the  Jura;  travelled  in 
the  Levant  and  Africa;  and  gave  promise 
of  future  eminence  in  literature,  but  was 
killed  by  a  cannon  bullet  at  Athens,  in 
1827,  while  serving  as  a  volunteer  in  the 
Greek  service.  He  wrote  A  Complete  His- 
tory of  the  Events  in  Greece;  A  History 
i  of  the  Modern  Greeks;  and  Summaries  of 
!  the  History  of  Persia,  and  of  the  Lower 
I  Empire. 

RAFFLES,  Sir  THOMAS  STAMFORD, 

an  eminent  statesman,  was  born  at  sea,  in 

1781,  off  Jamaica,  and  entered  the  East 

India  Company's  service,  at   an  early  age, 

a  clerk  in  the  home  secretary's  office.     In 

i  1805,  he  was  appointed  assistant  secretary 

|  at  Prince  of  Wales'?   Island;    in  1810  he 

was  made  agent  of  the    governor  general 

with    the  Malay  states;    and,  in  1811,  wi« 

raised  to   be    lieutenant  governor  of  Java. 

!  During  his  government,  which  lasted  till 

!  1S16,  he  acted  upon  the  most  enlightened 

principles,  and   gained   the  warm  affection 

of  the  Javanese.     In  181S  he  was  placed 

at  the  head   of  the   factory  at  Bencoolen, 

and  he  introduced  many  important  reforms 

there.  But  the  master  s'troke  of  his  policy 

was  the  establishing  of  the  settlement  and 

free  port  of  Sincapore  in  1819.     In  1824 

he  left  Bencoolen,  tut,  at  a  eliort  distance 


4BO  .     RAL 

from  the  land,  the  vessel  took  fir«,  and  all 
his  valuable  collections  and  manuscripts 
oecar-.e  a  prey  to  the  flames.  He  died, 
of  apnpx  jxy,  at  Highwood  Hill,  in  Middle- 
sex, Jny*5,  182(j.  His  chief  work  is, 
The  History  of  Java,  two  volumes  quarto. 


RALEGH,  or  RALEIGH,  Sir  WAL- 
TER, a  man  illustrious  in  arms  and  in  lit- 
erature, was  born,  in  1552,  at  Budleigh, 


RAP 

nnd  Night,  a  poem;  to  the  last  of 
h  productions  Pope  has  given  two 
linos  in  The  Dunciad. 

KAMLF.K,  CHARLES  WILLIAM,  a 
German  port  and  miscellaneous  writer, 
\v;is  born,  in  1725,  at  Coll>erg,  of  poor 
parents ;  became  professor  of  logic  and 
belles  lettres  at  the  Beilin  royal  cadet 
school;  and  died  in  1798.  He  was  called 
the  German  Horace.  Among  his  works 
are,  Odes  ;  rooms;  and  a  complete  trans- 
lation of  the  Odes  of  Horace. 

RAMSAY,  ALLAN,  a  Scotch  poet,  was 
born,  in  1685,  at  Leadhills  ;  was  originally 
a  wig-maker,  but  became  a  bookseller; 
acquired  fame  by  his  talents,  and  fortune 
by  his  trade;  and  died  in  1758.  His  Po- 
ems contain  much  that  is  worthy  of  praise; 
but  his  fame  rests  on  his  delightful  pas- 
toral comedy  of  The  Gentle  Shephoru, 
which  is  one 'of  the  classics  of  Scottish  lit- 
erature.— His  son,  ALLAN,  who  was  born 
in  1709,  and  died  in  1784,  was  an  eminent 
portrait  painter;  and  wrote  The  Investiga- 


.n  Devonshire,  and  was  educated  at  Oriel  |  tor,  and  The  Present  State  of  the  Arts. 


College,  Oxford.  Between  1569  and  1581 
he  served  with  distinction  in  the  army  of 
the  French  protestants,  in  the  Netherlands, 
and  in  Ireland,  and  accompanied  his  half- 


KAMSAY,  ANDREW  MICHAEL,  usu- 
ally called  Chevalier  Ramsay,  was  born', 
in  1686,  at  Ayr,  in  Scotland;  was  edu- 
cated at  Edinburgh  and  Leyden  ;  was  tutor 


brother,  Sir   Humphry  Gilbert,  in   a  voy- 1  in  several    families  of  rink,  among  which 


age  to  America.  In  1582  he  attracted  the 
notice  of  Elizabeth,  by  a  pdece  of  gallant- 
ry, in  throwing  his  cloak  on  a  wet  spot 
for  her  to  pass  over;  and  he  thenceforth 
stood  high  in  her  favour,  was  actively  em- 
ployed, and  liberally  rewarded.  During 
her  reign  he  settled  in  Virginia,  shared  in 
the  defeat  of  the  Armada,  and  the  enter- 
prise against  Cadiz,  and  commanded  ex- 
peditions against  Panama  and  Guiana. 


were  those  of  the  Pretender,  and  the  duke 
of  Argyle;  and  died  in  1743.  His  princi- 
pal works  are,  The  Travels  of  Cyrus; 
Lives  of  Turenne  and  Fenelon;  and  a' Dis- 
course on  Epic  Poetry.  • 

RAMSAY,  DAVID,  an  American  his- 
torian, was  born  in  Pennsylvania,  in  1749, 
was  educated  at  Princeton  College,  and 
commenced  the  study  of  medicine.  After 
practising  a  short  time  in  Maryland,  he 


But  the  sun  of  Ralegh  set  when  Elizabeth  j  removed  to  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  in 
died.  Hersuccessor  was  prejudiced  against  j  1773,  and  soon  rose  to  an  extensive  prac- 
him,  and  a  pretext  was  soon  found,  or'tice.  He  took  an  active  and  early  part  in 
made,  for  his  ruin.  In  1603  he  was  I  the  cause  of  the  colonies,  and  was  for  some 


brought  to  trial,  on  a  charge  of  treasor 
and  was  condemned  to  death.  He  was, 
however,  not  executed,  but  was  confined 
for  twelve  years  in  the  Tower,  during 
which  period  he  wrote  his  History  of  the 
World.  In  1616  he  was  not  only  released, 
but  was  intrusted  with  the  command  of  an 
expedition  to  Guiana.  It  failed,  however, 
and  on  his  return  he  was  arrested,  and  wi» 
iniquitouslv  brought  to  the  block,  on  his 
former  sentence.  He  died  October  29, 
1618.  Besides  hi.*  History,  he  wrote  sev- 
eral poems,  which  have  considerable  merit  ; 
and  a  variety  of  tracts  on  military,  naval, 
and  other  subjects. 

RALPH,  JAMES,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter,  was   born    at    Philadelphia;    came  to 


England  in  1726  ;  became 
writer;  obtained  a  pension; 
1762.  Anii.ng  his  works  are, 


a     political 
and  died  in 
A    History 


t>f  Cngland  ;     The  l'.-e  and  Abuse  r.f  Par- 
ianents;  The  Case  of  Authors  by  Pro/Si 


time  a  surgeon  in  the  revolutionary  army. 
In  1782  he  was  chosen  to  a  seat  in  congress. 
He  wrote  a  History  of  the  Revolution  in 
South  Carolina;  a  History  of  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution;  a  L'fe  of  Washington;  a 
History  of  South  Carolina;  and"  a  History 
of  the  United  States.  He  died  in  1815. 

RAPHAEL,  RAFFAELLE,  or  RAF- 
FAELLO,  whose  real  name  was  SAN- 
ZIO,  was  born,  in  1483,  at  Uibino,  ana 
was  the  son  of  a  painter,  who  placed  him 
under  the  tuition  of  Perugino.  The  prin 
ciples  of  colouring  and  chiaro  oscuro  he 
obtained  from  Fra  Bartolomco,  and  he 
improved  his  original  st\lo  by  stu<iv«.ig  the 
works  of  da  Vinci  and  Michael  "Angelo. 
When  he  was  only  twenty-five,  he  wa§ 
invited  to  Rome  liy  Julius  II.  to  embellish 
the  Vatican.  Th*  three  apartments  of  that 
edifice,  which  lie  adorned  by  his  pencil, 
occupied  him  during  nine  years,  and  con- 
ta'y  some  of  hie  finest  productions  •  tb« 


RAY 

School  of  Athens  is  among   the  number. 
The    Cartoons,   and  the   1  ransfigiiration, 


REE 


431 


were  among  the  last  of  his  labours.  Ra- 
phael was  also  an  architect;  succeeded 
his  uncle  Bramante  as  superintendent  of 
the  works  of  St.  Peter's;  and  designed 
several  splendid  edifices.  Sculpture  and 
poetry  likewise  shared  in  his  attention. 
He  died  April  7,  1520.  "  General  opin- 
ion," says  Mr.  Fuseli,  "  has  placed  Rafia- 
elle  at  the  head  of  his  art;  not  because  he 
possessed  a  decided  superiority  over  every 
other  painter  in  every  branch,  but  because 
no  other  artist  ever  united  with  his  own 
peculiar  excellence  all  the  other  parts  of 
the  art  in  an  equal  degree  with  him." 

RAPIN,  NICHOLAS,  a  French  writer, 
was  born,  in  15-10,  at  Fontenai-le-Comte; 
obtained  an  office  in  the  parliament  at 
Paris;  fought  for  llenry  IV.  at  the  battle 
of  Ivry;  and  died  inMCOS.  He  wrote 
Poems;  Latin  Epigrams  ;  and  other  works: 
and  had  a  large  .'•hare  in  the  composition 
of  the  celebrated  Menippenn  Satire. 

RAPIN,  RF.NATUS,  a  French  Jesuit, 
was  born,  in  1621,  at  Tours,  and  died  at 
Paris  in  1687.  He  wrote  several  works, 
of  whirh  the  principal  are,  a  Latin  poem 
on  Gardens;  Reflections  on  Eloquence 
and  Poetry;  and  a  Comparison  of  Homer 
and  Virgil,  Demosthenes  and  Cicero. 

RAPIN-THOYRAS,  PAUL  DF,  a 
French  historian,  w:is  burn,  in  1661,  at 
Castres;  quitted  France  on  the  revocation 
of  the  edict  of  Nant/. ;  served  as  an  officer 
in  the  Dutch  army,  accompanied  William 
of  Nassau  to  England,  and  was  present  at 
the  battle  of  the  Br.yne,  and  the  siege  of 
Limerick;  became  tutor  to  the  son  of  th 
earl  of  Portland;  and  died,  in  1725,  at 
Wesel.  His  great  work  is  The  History  of 
England,  which  was  long  in  repute,  and 
was  the  only  complete  narrative  of  English 
e\ents. 

RAY,  JOHN,  a  celebrated  naturalist,  the 
son  of  a  blacksmith,  was  born,  in  1628,  at 
Black  Notley,  in  Essex;  was  educated  at 
Craintree  School,  and  at  Catherine  Hall 
and  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  1  >st  his 
ft-Huwfhip  in  the  latter  college,  by  refusing 
tj  comply  with  the  Act  ot  Uniformity; 


travelled  on  the  continent  for  three  year* 
with  Mr.  Willoughby  and  other  friends  j 
jecame  a  F.  R.  S. ;  and  died  in  1705.  Hi* 
works  are  numerous  and  valuable.  Among 
hem  are,  Historiu  Plantarum;  his  Trav- 
>ls;  The  Wisdom  of  God  manifested  in 
he  Works  of  the  Creation  ;  Physico-The- 
ological  Discourses;  and  a  Collection  of 
English  Proverbs. 

RAYNAL,  WILLIAM  THOMAS  FRA*- 
CIS,  an  eminent  French  historian  and  phi- 
losopher, was  born,  in  17J3,  at  St.  Genies. 
Educated  by  the  Jesuits,  he  became  or.e  of 
their  order,  and  acquired  some  reputation 
as  a  preacher,  but  his  irregularities  deprived 
him  of  the  hope  of  church  preferment,  and 
he  turned  to  literature  for  a  subsistence. 
He  joined  the  French  philosophical  party, 
as  it  was  called,  adopted  their  principles 
to  the  fullest  extent,  and  was  one  of  the 
writers  in  the  Encyclopaedia.  Of  his  works 
The  Philosophical  History  of  the  European 
Establishments  and  Commerce  in  the  two 
Indies,  in  which  he  was  assisted  by  Diderot 
and  others,  is  the  most  celebrated.  The 
second  edition  was  prosecuted,  and  he  was 
under  the  necessity  of  quitting  France. 
After  ha-ving  travelled  for  some  years,  he 
was  allowed  to  return  in  1787.  He  died 
in  1796. 

REAUMUR,  RF.NATUS  ANTHONY 
FERCHAULT  DK,  a  celebrated  French 
naturalist  and  philosopher,  was  born,  in 
1683,  at  Rochelle;  was  admitted  into  the 
Academy  of  Sciences  in  1708;  and  was 
for  nearly  fifty  years  one  of  its  most  active 
and  efficient  members.  He  died  in  1?57. 
Among  his  works  are,  A  History  of  In- 
sects ;  and  a  Treatise  on  the  Art  of  making 
Steel.  Reaumur  contributed  largely  to 
the  improvement  of  various  manufactures; 
among  which  were  those  of  porcelain,  tin 
plates,  and  artificial  pearls.  He  also  in- 
vented  the  manner,  which  still  bears  his 
name,  of  graduating  the  thermometer. 

READ,  GKORGE,  a  signer  of  the  dec- 
laration of  American  independence,  wa§ 
born  in  Maryland,  in  1734,  and  was  edu- 
cated to  the  profession  of  the  law.  In 
1775  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  Con- 
gress, and  after  the  adoption  of  the  federal 
constitution,*he  was  chosen  a  member  of 
the  senate  of  the  United  States  from  Dela- 
ware. He  was  afterwards  chief  justice 
of  the  supreme  court  of  that  state.  H« 
died  in  1798. 

REED,  ISAAC,  a  critic  and  miscellane- 
ous writer,  was  born,  in  1742,  in  London; 
wis  brought  up  a  conveyancer,  but  relin- 
quished the  profession;  and  died  in  1807. 
He  published  editions  of  Shakspearc ;  Lady 
W.  M.  Montagu's  Poems;  the  Seatoniaii 
i  Poems;  Dodsley's  Old  Plays;  a:ul  The 
liiographia  Dramatica:  compiled  The  Re- 
pository; and  was,  for  many  years,  tht 
editor  of  the  European  Magazine. 


REE  REI 

REED,  JOSKPII,  a  patriut  of  the  tionary  principles  induced  bim  to  form 
American  i evolut ion,  was  graduated  at  the  the  eelebVfcted  AawtCtttion  for  protecting 
College  in  New  Jersey,  M  1767.  While  a  liberty  and  property  against  republicans 
mem!  _ress,  in  1778,  the  British  and  levellers.  In  1795  he  was  prosecuted, 

commissioner  endeavoured  to  procure  his  bv  order  of  the  House  of  Commons,  for  an 
influence  to  bring  about  a  reconciliation  alleged  libellous  pa^aur  in  his  Thoughts 
ortxveen  the  colonies  and  the  mother  conn-  on  the  English  Government;  but  was  ac- 
try:  he  rejected  their  offers  with  the  reply  quitted.  He  was  appointed  one  of  the 
--"That  he  was  not  worth  purchasing;  kind's  printers  in  1799 ;  and  from  If  03  to 
but  such  as  he  was,  the  king  of  Great  1S14  lie  held  the  superintendence  of  the 
Britain  was  not  rich  enough  to  buy  him. "  ,  alien  office.  He  died  August  7,  1829. 
In  177S  he  was  chosen  president  of  Penn-  His  learning  was  extensive,  his  judgment 
f)  Kauia,  and  retained  that  office  till  his!  was  acute,  and  no  man  ever  possessed  a 
deutli,  in  1781.  j  more  kind  and  benevolent  heart.  Among 

Kl'.KS,  Dr.  ABRAHAM,  an  author  and  his  principal  works  are,  A  History  of  the 
dissenting  divine,  was  born,  in  1743,  in  ;  English  Law ;  History  of  the  Law  of  Ship- 
North  Wale*;  was  educated  at  the  dis-  ping  and  Navigation;  and  A  Collection  of 
editing  establishment,  Hoxton,  of  which  the  Hebrew  and  Greek  Texts  of  the 
he  became  the  mathematical  tutor;  was  Psalms. 

appointed  theological  professor  at  Hackney  |  REGNARD,  JOHN  FRANCIS,  a  French 
College;  officiated  more  than  forty  years  '  comic  writer,  who  stands  next  to  Moliere, 
as  minister  of  the  congregation  in  the  Old  Was  born,  in  1647,  at  Paris;  travelled 
Jewry  ;  was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society,  over  various  parts  of  Europe;  was  taken 
and  of  other  institutions;  and. died  June  by  the  Algerines,  and  held  in  slavery  for  a 
9,1825.  He  wrote  Sermons;  and  con-  considerable  time;  settled  in  the  French 
tributed  to  the  Monthly  Review;  but  is  capital,  bought  an  office  at  court,  and 
best  known  as  the  editor  of  the  enlarged  became  a  popular  dramatist;  and  died  in 
edition  of  Chambers's  Cyclopaedia;  and  of  1709.  His  works  form  six  volumes  oc- 
the  still  more  extensive  Cyclopaedia,  in  tavo. 
forty-four  volume?.  REGNIER,  MATHURIN,  a  French  sat- 

REEVE,  CLARA,  a  novelist,  was  born,  irist,  was  born,  in  1573,  at  Chartres,  and 
in  1723,  at  Ipswich,  and  was  the  daughter  died  in  1613.  Unfit  as  his  continual  de- 
of  a  clergyman,  who  gave  her  a  good  edu-  baucheries  rendered  him  for  the  church, 
cation,  iier  earliest  work  was  a  translation,  he  obtained  considerable  preferment  in  it. 
published  in  1772,  of  Barclay's  Argenis.  His  talents,  however,*were  indisputable, 
Among  her  subsequent  productions  are,  The  and  his  Satires  still  retain  a  place  in  tin 
Old  English  Baron;  The  Two  Mentors;  standard  literature  of  his  country. 
The  Progress  of  Romance;  The  Exile;  REID,  THOMAS,  a  celebrated  Scotch 
and  Memoirs  of  Sir  iloger  de  Clarendon;  divine  and  metaphysician,  was  born,  in 
of  which  only  the  first  is  now  read.  She  1710,  at  Strachan,  in  Kincardineshire; 
died  in  1803.  was  educated  at  Marischal  College,  Aber- 

REEVE, TAPPING,  an  eminent  lawyer,  deen;  became  minister  of  New  Machar; 
was  born  at  Brook-Haven,  in  1744,  and  was  appointed  one  of  the  professors  of 
was  graduated  at  Princeton  College.  He  philosophy  at  King's  College,  Aberdeen, 
established  himself  as  a  lawyer  in  Litch-  in  1751  ;  succeeded  Adam  Smith,  in  1764, 
field.  Connecticut,  where  he  founded  the  as  professor  of  moral  philosophy  at  Glas- 
law  school,  of  which,  for  nearly  thirty  gow;  and  died  in  1796.  Dr.  Reid  was 
years  he  was  the  principal  instructor.  He  the  first  writer  in  Scotland  who  attacked 
was  for  many  years  judge  of  the  supreme  the  sceptical  conclusions  of  Hume's  philos- 
ro'.irt  of  that  state,  and  some  time  chief  ophy,  and  laboured  to  refute  the  Ideal 
iiir-tice.  His  legal  attainments  were  of  a  Theory,  which  was  then  prevalent.  His 
nigh  order,  and  as  a  man  he  possessed  the  principal  works  are,  An  Inquiry  into  the 
esteem  a«id  respect  of  the  community.  Human  Mind;  Essays  on  the  Intellectual 

REEVES,  JOHN,  was  born  in  "1752;  Powers  of  Man;  and  Essays  on  the  Active 
was  educated  at  Eton  and  Merton  Col-  Powers  of  Man. 

Icge,  Oxford;  studied  the  law  -in  the  M  id-  REISKE>  JOHN  JAMES,  a  learned 
die  Temple:  and  was  called  to  the  bar  in  German  philologist  and  orientalist,  was 
17^0.  I)i>ur"-t,  however,  at  being  called  born,  in  1716,  at  Zorbig,  in  Saxony; 
upon  to  defend  alike  the  right  and  the  studied  at  Halle  and  Leipsic,  at  the  last 
vrotig,  soon  induced  him  to  discontinue  of  which  places  he  became  Arabic  pro- 
*.he  aci  ivc  practice  of  his  profession.  After  fessor;  was  appointed  rector  of  the  college 
having  been  law  <-l«M  k  to  the  board  of  of  St.  Nicholas;  and  died  in  1774.  Among 
trade,  he  was,  in  1791,  appointed  chief  his  numerous  works  are,  editions  of  tho 
justice  <,f  Newfoundland.  In  1792,  on  his  Greek  Orators,  and  of  many  classics;  and 

retiiiTi    frt.-m   the   colony,  his  alarm   translations  from  the  oriental  languages 
on    witnessing  thr    prevalence    of    rejoin-   He  wa?  assisted  by  his  wife,  ERN  I:*TIK* 


REN 

CHRISTINA,  whr  learned  Greek  and  Latin 
that  she  might  be  able  to  lighten  his  labour 


REMBRANDT,  PAUL,  called  Van 
Ryn,  from  his  living  on  the  banks  of  the 
Rhine,  but  whose  real  name  was  GER- 
RETZ,  was  born,  in  1606,  in  a  village 
near  Leyden,  and  studied  painting  under 
Van  Swanenburg,  Lostman,  and  Pinas. 
He.  settled  at  Amsterdam,  and  soon  be- 
came so  highly  celebrated  that  he  acquired 
a  large  fortune.  His  habits,  however, 
were  low,  and  his  avarice  was  insatiable; 
mo  that  he  lived  like  a  beggar,  and  descen- 
ded to  the  meanest  tricks  to  increase  his 
hoard.  He  died  in  1647.  He  excelled 
with  the  graver  no  less  than  with  the  pen- 
cil. Rembrandt  has  been  called,  but  not 
with  much  discrimination,  the  Shakspeare 
of  painting. 


REIS'NEL,  JOHN,  an  eminent  English 
geographer,  was  born,  in  1742,  at  Chud- 
leigli,  in  Devonshire  ;  and  entered  the 
naval  service  at  tike  age  of  fifteen.  He 
quitted  the  sea,  however,  in  his  twenty- 
fourth  year,  went  to  India  as  an  officer  of 
engineers,  resided  there  for  some  years, 
und  rose  to  the  rank  of  major  and  survey- 
or general  of  Bengal.  On  his  return  home 
be  became  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society. 
He  died  May  29,  1830.  Among  his  chie'f 
works  are,  The  Bengal  Atlas;  a  Map  of 
Hindostan;  Memoirs  on  the  Geography  of 
Asia;  and  The  Geographical  System  of 
Herodotus  explained. 

RENNIE,  JOHN,  one  of  the  most  cele- 
brated civil  engineers  and  mtchatmta, 
19 


REY  453 

was  burn,  in  1761,  at  I  nantaeaie,  in  East 
Lothian,  and  first  became  known  by  the 


talent  which  he  displayed  in  the  mill  work 
of  the  Albion  Mills.  He  soon,  however, 
became  eminent  in  labours  of  a  superior 
kind.  Among  his  numerous  works  are  .he 
Crinan,  Lancaster,  Kennet  and  Avon,  and 
many  other  canals ;  the  Southwark,  Wa- 
erloo,  and  New  London  Bridges  ;  the 
Breakwater  at  Plymouth  ;  and  several 
docks  and  harbours,  among  which  are 
hose  of  London,  Hull,  and  Sheerness.  He 
died  Oct.  4,1821. 

RESTIF  DE  LA  BRETONNE,  Ni. 
HOLAS  EDMUND,  a  French  author, 
equally  remarkable  for  his  fertility  as  a 
writer,  and  for  his  cynicism  and  vanity  ua 
a  man,  was  born,  in  1734,  at  Sacy,  in 
Burgundy,  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1806.  He 
wrote  more  than  two  hundred  volumes  of 
novels,  and  other  productions,  of  which 
the  best  is  Le  Paysan  Perverti.  At  one 
>eriod  In  was  a  printer,  and  some  of  hi* 
compositions  were  transferred  from  his 
lead  to  the  press  without  being  previously 
committed  to  paper. 

RETZ,  JOHN  FRANCIS  PAUL  DK 
ONDI,  cardinal  de,  remarkable  for  hii 
daring  and  intriguing  spirit,  was  born,  in 
.614,  at  Montmirail;  became  coadjutor  to 
the  archbishop  of  Paris,  archbishop  of 
Jorinth,  and  a  cardinal;  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  troubles  of  France,  and  in 
5J.i7.arin,  during  the  minority  of 
tue  fourteenth;  was  imprisoned  but 
escaped,  and  remained  in  exile  till  1661 ; 
>ractised  in-his  declining  years  those  vir- 
ues  which  he  had  trampled  under  foot  in 
his  youth;  and  died  in  1679.  His  Memoirs 
are  highly  interesting. 

PEYNOLDS,  Sir  JOSHUA,  a  celebrated 
art. .-4,  was  born,  in  1723,  at  Plympton,  in 
Devonshire;  of  the  grammar  school  of 
which  place  his  father,  a  clergyman,  wa« 
the  master.  As  he  early  manifested  a  ta.-te 
for  drawing,  he  was  placed  under  Hudson. 
He  afterwards  visited  Rome,  where  he 
studied  for  three  years  In  1752  he  settled 
in  the  British  metropolis,  where  he  rapidly 
rose  to  eminence,  ami  numbered  Butke. 
Johnson,  and  othei  illustrioui  cut  acter* 


04 


RIG 


among  his  friends.     When  the  Royal  Aca-  His  effort*  drew 
«e»y   was   instituted,   in    1768,  "he    wa 


unanimously  chosen  president,  and  wa: 
knighted.  In  1783  he  was  appointed  prin 
cipal  painter  to  the  king,  lie  died  Feb 
23,  1792.  His  literary  works,  the  princi- 
pal of  which  are  the  masterly  Discourses 
lelivered  to  the  Academy,  form  three  vol- 
umes. In  the  British  school  of  art,  espec- 
ially as  a  portrait  painter,  he  stands  very 
high;  as  a  writer  he  displays  much  ele- 
gance and  sound  sense ;  and  as  a  man  he 
was  deservedly  beloved.  "  He  had  (says 
Burke)  too  much  merit  not  to  excite  some 
jealousy;  too  much  innocence  to  provoke 
any  enmity." 

RICARDO,  DAVID,  an  able  political 
economist,  was  born,  in  1772,  in  London, 
and  entered  upon  a  mercantile  life,  after 
having  received  a  common  school  education. 
He  gained  a  large  fortune  by  commerce; 
obtained,  in  1819,  a  seat  in  parliament 
for  Portarlington  ;  and  acquired  reputation 
as  a  senator  and  as  a  writer.  He  died 
September  11,  1823.  He  wrote  Princi- 
ples of  Political  Economy  and  Taxation; 
On  the  Depreciation  of  the  Currency;  an 
Essay  on  Rent;  and  other  works  of  a 
similar  nature. 

RICAUT,  or  RYCAUT,  Sir  PAUL,  a 
traveller  and  historian,  was  born  in  Lon- 
don, and  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  In  1661  he  was  secretary  to 
the  embassy  at  Constantinople;  after  which 
he  was,  successively,  consul  at  Smyrna, 
secretary  to  the  viceroy  of  Ireland,  judge 
of  the  admiralty  there,  and  resident  in  the 
Hans  Towns,  "lie  died  in  1700.  Ricaut 
wrote  The  State  of  the  Ottoman  Empire; 
The  Present  State  of  the  Greek  and  Ar- 
menian Churches;  ajid  a  Continuation  of 
Knolles's  History;  and  translated  Platina's 
Lives,  and  Garcilasso's  Commentaries  of 
Peru. 

RICCI,  Scipio,an  Italian  prelate,  was 
born,  in  1741,  at  Florence,  and  was  raised 
to  the  bishopric  of  Pistoia  and  Prato,  in 
1786.  He  distinguished  himself  hy  stren- 
uously seconding  the  grand  duke  Leopold  RICHARDSON,  SAVUKL,  j8  8ajd  tc 
in  the  attempt  to  introduce  a  reform  into  ave  been  the  eon  of  a  joiner,  and  was 
It*  ecclesiastical  diHcipline  of  tin  dutrhy.  born,  in  1689,  in  Derbjeh-e.  His  eduem- 


RIC 

ipon  him  the  hatred  of 
the  clergy,  the  displeasure  of  the  pope,  and 
much  consequent  persecution,  lie:  died  in 
1810.  His  Life,  by  De  Potter,  co.itaiim  a 
variety  of  curious  information. 

RICCOBOM,  ANTHONY  FRANCIS, 
was  born,  in  1707,  at  Mantua,  and  was  an 
actor  and  author.  lie  was,  however,  far 
more  successful  in  the  latter  capacity  than 
in  the  former;  his  comedies  having  attract- 
ed crowded  audiences.  What  he  gained 
by  the  stage  he  dissipated  in  foolish  at- 
tempts to  discover  the  philosopher's  stone. 
He  died  in  1772.  Among  his  works  are 
Comedies,  Farces,  and  The  Art  of  the 
Theatre. 

RICCOBONI,  MARY  JANE  LABORAS 
»E  MEZIERES,  the  wife  of  Anthony  Fran- 
cis, was  born,  in  1714,  at  Paris;  became 
an  actress  from  necessity,  in  1734;  and 
remained  on  the  stage  till  1761,  when  she 
quitted  it,  and  became  eminent  as  a  ro- 
mance writer.  She  died  in  1792.  Among 
tier  best  productions  are,  Letters  of  Julia 
Catesby ;  History  of  the  Marquis  de  Cressy ; 
Ernestina;  and  Letters  from  Lord  River* 
k>  Sir  Charles  Cardigan. 

RICH,  CLAUDIUS  JOHN,  a  learned 
writer,  was  born  in  1776,  and  at  the  age 
>f  seventeen  became  resident  of  the  East 
udia  Company  at  Bagdad;  for  which 
situation  he  was  indebted  solely  to  his 

rit  and  literary  attainments.  His  re- 
searches into  the'  antiquities  of  the  East 
were  extensive.  He  wrote  Memoirs  of 
Ancient  Babylon.  He  died  at  Shiraz,  in 
1821. 

RICHARDSON,  JONATHAN,  an  Eng- 
ish  painter,  born  about  1665,  was  a  pupil 
>f  Riley,  and  married  his  niece.  As  a  por- 
ra;t  painter,  he  was  not  without  merit. 
Assisted  by  his  son,  he  wrote  an  Essay  on 
he  Art  of  Criticism,  as  it  relates  to  Paint- 
ng;  an  Argument  in  behalf  of  the  Science 
jf  a  Connoisseur;  an  Account  of  some 
Statues,  Bas  Reliefs,  &c.  in  Italy;  and 
xplanatory  Notes  on  Milton.  He  died 
n  1745. 


RIC 

tion  was  scanty,  and  he  was  acquainted 
with  no  language  but  his  own.  He  seems 
at  an  early  period  to  have  been  fond  of 
framing  stories,  to  relate  to  his  schooJ  fel- 
lows, and  of  writing  letters.  In  1706,  he 
»vas  bound  apprentice  to  a  printer,  and  in 
1719  he  commenced  business  in  Salisbury 
Court,  Fleet  Street.  By  dint  of  industry, 
his  establishment  became  highly  flourish- 
ing. Onslow,  the  speaker  of  the  commons, 
was  one  of  his  patrons.  Though  he  had 
compiled  indexes,  and  written  prefaces 
and  dedications,  it  was  not  till  1741  that 
he  carne  prominently  forward  in  a  liter'ary 
character.  In  that  year  he  published  Pa- 
mela, and  at  once  rose  into  popularity. 
In  1748  Clarissa  came  forth,  and  in  1753 
Sir  Charles  Grandison.  The  general  cho- 
rus of  praise,  and  almost  of  adulation, 
that  rose  around  him,  it  would  be  difficult, 
to  describe.  His  pecuniary  concerns  were 
also  in  the  mont  prosperous  condition. 
But  the  best  gift  of  Heaven  was  wanting. 
In  his  latter  years  he  suffered  much  from 
ill  health,  and  he  died  of  apoplexy,  July 
the  4th,  1761. 

RICHARDSON,  WILLIAM,  a  Scotch 
poet  and  miscellaneous  writer,  a  son  of 
the  minister  of  Aberfoyle,  became  a  stu- 
dent at  Glasgow,  in  1758;  accompanied 
Lord  Cathcart,  who  had  been  his  pupil,  to 
Russia;  was  for  more  than  forty  years  pro- 
fessor of  humanity  at  Glasgow;  and  died 
in  1814.  Among  his  works,  all  of  which 
are  marked  by  elegance  and  learning,  are 
Anecdotes  of  the  Russian  Empire ;  Essays 
on  Shakspeare's  Dramatic  Characters; 
ioems;  and  Dramas. 


RIC 


435 


RICHELIEU,  ARM  AND  JOHN  Dn 
PLESSIS,  cardinal  and  duke,  a  French 
•talesman,  was  born,  in  1585,  at  Paris. 
He  was  at  first  intended  for  the  army,  but 
the  bishopric  -jf  Lucon  being  opened  to 
him  by  the  resignation  of  his  brother,  he 
•tudied  theology  with  such  industry  that 
he  obtained  a  doctor's  degree  in  his  twen- 
tieth year,  and  the  mitre  before  he  was 
twenty-two.  His  ambitious  views  first 
began  to  be  manifest  on  his  being  ap- 
pointed, in  1614,  a  deputy  to  the  states 
general.  Attaching  himself  to  the  queen 


mother,  he  became  her  almoner,  and, 
through  her,  was  appointed  one  of  the 
secretaries  of  state.  When  she  lost  hei 
influence,  he  resigned  his  employment  to 
retain  her  favour,  but  took  care  to  act  in 
such  a  manner  as  not  to  irritate  her  ene- 
mies. When  a  reconciliation  at  length, 
through  his  intervention,  took  placf,  he 
was  rewarded  by  the  dignity  of  cardinal. 
Aware  of  Richelieu's  aspiring  character, 
Louis  XIII.  long  refused  to  admit  him 
into  the  administration.  At  length  he 
yielded,  and  thenceforth,  for  a  period  of 
eighteen  years,  he  was  little  more  than 
the  phantom  of  a  monarch;  the  sceptre 
being,  in  fact,  wielded  by  the  cardinal 
"  He  made  (says  Montesquieu)  his  sov- 
ereign play  the  second  part  in  the  mon- 
archy, and  the  first  in  Europe;  he  de- 
graded the  king,  but  he  rendered  the  reign 
illustrious."  Richelieu  was,  indeed,  a 
great  minister,  as  far  as  greatness  can  be 
attained  by  success  bought  at  the  expense 
of  every  virtue,  but  as  a  man  he  merits  ex- 
ecration. He  died  December  4,  1642. 

RICHELIEU,  Louis  FRANCIS  AR- 
MAND  DU  PLESSIS,  duke  of,  a  French 
marshal,  descended  from  the  brother  of  the 
cardinal,  was  born  in  1696,  and  died  in 
1788.  He  was  an  odd  compound  of  scoun- 
drel and  hero;  in  which  admirable  mix- 
ture the  first  ingredient  bore  a  lar^e  pro- 
portion. He  distinguished  himself  under 
Villars,  and  afterwards  at  Kehl,  Philips- 
burgh,  Dettingen,  and  Fontenoy;  and  re- 
duced Minorca.  He  compelled  the  duke  of 
Cumberland  to  capitulate  at  Closter  Seven, 
after  which  he  pillaged  the  electorate  of 
Hanover  in  the  most  infamous  manner. 
On  more  than  one  occasion  he  proved  him- 
self an  able  ambassador.  The  rest  of  his 
life  was  spent  in  open  defiance  of  all  the 
laws  of  morality. 

RICHELIEU,  ARMANDEMANUEL  DU 
PLESSIS,  duke  of,  a  French  statesman, 
grandson  of  the  foregoing,  was  born,  in 
1766,  at  Paris.  He  emigrated  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution ;  entered  the 
Russian  service;  and  distinguished  himself 
at  the  siege  of  Ismael.  After  having  fought 
for  a  while  under  the  banners  of  the  prince 
of  Conde,  he  went  back  to  Russia,  ana 
was  appointed  governor  of  Odessa.  By 
his  prudnet  measures  he  raised  that  city 
from  insignificance  to  the  height  of  pros- 
perity. The  restoration  of  the  Bourboni 
enabled  him  to  return  to  France,  and  in 
1815  and  1820  he  held  the  office  of  prime 
minister.  He  died  in  1822,  respected  for  his 
lisinterestednessand  his  good  intentions. 

RICHTER,  JOHN  PAUL  FREDERIC, 
an  eminent  German  novelist  and  miscella- 
icous  writer,  was  born,  in  1763,  at  Wun- 
siedc-I,  in  Franconia;  studied  at  Leipsic; 
was  patronised  by  various  princes;  and 
died  Nov.  14,  1825.  Among  his  workf 


«36  KIT 

are,  A  Selection  from  tlio  Devil's  Papers; 
Hesperus;  Quintus  Fixlein;  Introduction 
to  ^Esthetics;  and  Levana,  or  Le.«sons  of 
Education.  They  manifest  great  talent, 
but  their  style  is  marked  by  much  singu- 
larity. 

RIDLEY,  GLOSTKR,  a  divine,  was 
born  at  sea,  in  1702;  was  educated  at 
Winchester  School,  and  at  New  College, 
Oxford;  obtained  respectable  preferment  in 
the  church;  and  died  in  1774.  His  princi- 
pal works  arc,  A  Life  of  Bishop  Ridley  ;  A 
Review  of  Philips's  Life  of  Cardinal  Pole  ; 
Mel.unpus,  a  poem ;  and  some  smaller  po- 
ems in  Dodsley's  Collection. 

RIEGO  Y  NUNEZ,  RAPHAEL  DEL, 
a  Spanish  patriot,  was  born,  in  178.'*,  at 
Tuna,  in  the  Asturias.  As  an  officer  of  the 
Asturian  regiment,  he  bore  arms  ag  linst 
Napoleon,  and  was  taken  prisoner.  On  his 
return,  he  obtained  the  rank  of  lieutenant- 
colonel.  In  1819  he  formed,  with  Quiroga 
and  others,  a  plan  for  freeing  his  country 
from  the  yoke  of  despotism;  and  in  1820 
he  powerfully  cooperated  to  execute  it. 
When,  however,  the  worthless  Ferdinand, 
by  the  aid  of  the  French  army,  recovered 
the  power  of  tyrannizing,  Riego  was  brought 
to  trial,  and  was  executed  with  every  cir- 
cumstance of  insult  and  indignity,  Nov.  5, 
1825. 

RIENZI,  NICHOLAS  GABRINO  DE, 
an  Italian  reformer,  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury, was  the  son  of  an  innkeeper,  but  re- 
ceived an  excellent  education,  and  was  en- 
dowed with  great  genius  and  eloquence. 
In  1347  he  succeeded  in  overthrowing  the 
tyranny  of  the  nobles  at  Rome,  and  obtain- 
ing the  supreme  authority,  with  the  title 
of  tribune  and  liberator.  He  was,  how- 
ever, soon  expelled,  and  was  imprisoned 
for  three  years  by  Clement  VI.  He  was 
released  by  Innocent  VI.,  who  sent  him  to 
..he  Roman  capital  as  senator  and  tribune, 
but  he  was  murdered  by  the  people  in  1354. 

RING,  JOHN,  an  eminent  surgeon,  and 
a  miscellaneous  writer,  was  a  pupil  of  Pott. 
He  died  in  1821.  Ring  was  a  strenuous 
advocate  of  vaccination.  Among  his  works 
are,  a  Treatise,  and  various  pamphlets, 
on  Cow  Pox ;  a  Treatise  on  Gout ;  parts 
of  a  translation  of  Virgil ;  and  some  poems. 

RIQUET,  PETKR  PAUL,  a  celebrated 
French  civil  engineer,  was  born,  in  1604, 
at  Be/.iers,  and  died,  in  1680,  at  Toulouse. 
Riquct  projected,  and  nearly  completed  the 
execution  of,  the  magnificent  canal  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  which  forms  a  communication  be- 
tween the  Mediterranean  and  the  Ocean 

RITSON,  JOSEPH,  a  critic  and  anti- 
quary, was  Imrn,  in  1752,  at  Stockton,  in 
the  county  of  Durham  ;  was  a  conveyancer 
by  profession;  and  held  the  office  of  high 
bailiff  of  the  S»voy.  He  died  in  1803.  Rit~ 
son  was  an  acute  and  well  informed  man, but 
of  a  moat  unfortunate  temper.  One  of  his 


ROB 

singularities  was  me  holding  of  animal  foo4 
in  abhorrence;  and  on  this  subject  he  wrote 
a  volume.  Among  his  work?  are,  Biog- 
raphia  Poetica;  The  English  Anthology; 
English  Songs;  and  Ancient  Metrical  Ro- 
mances. 

RITTEMIOUSE,  DAVID,  a  relebra 
ted  mathematician,  was  born  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, in  1732.  During  his  early  life  "he 
was  employed  in  agriculture,  but  as  hi*  con- 
stitution was  feeble  he  became  a  clock  and 
mathematical  instrument  maker.  In  1770 
tie  removed  to  Philadelphia,  and  practised 
his  trade.  He  was  elected  a  member,  and 
f.«r  some  time  presidentof  the  philosophic- 
al societv;  and  one  of  the  commissioner! 
employed  to  determine  the  boundary  line 
between  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  and 
between  New  York  and  Massachusetts. 
He  was  treasurer  of  Pennsylvania  from  1777 
to  1789,  and  from  1792  to  1795  director  of 
the  United  States  mint.  His  death  took 
place  in  1796.  His  mathematical  talents 
were  of  the  highest  order. 

RIVINUS,  AUGUSTUS  QUIRINUS,  an 
eminent  botanist  and  physician,  whose  real 
name  was  Bachmann,  was  born,  in  1652, 
at  Leipsic;  practised  medicine,  and  was 
professor  of  physiology  and  botany,  in  his 
native  city;  and  died  in  1723.  His  princi- 
pal work  is  a  Systema  Plantarum.  Rivi- 
nus's  system  of  classification  is  founded  on 
the  forin  of  the  corolla. 

ROBERT  DE  VAUGONDY,  GIL*S, 
a  French  geographer,  was  born,  in  1688, 
at  Paris,  and  died  there  in  1766.  Among 
his  works  are,  The  Great  Universal  Atlas, 
in  108  sheets;  and  a  Complete  Atlas  of  the 
Revolutions  of  the  Globe,  in  66  sheets. — 
His  son,  who  was  born  in  1723,  and  died 
in  1786,  was  also  an  able  geographer 


ROBERTSON,  WILLIAM,  a  divine  and 

a  ri  l.'lnatc*  historian,  was  born,  in  1721, 
at  Borthvrck,  in  Mid  Lothian,  «(f  which 
parish  his  father  wtts  the  minister.  After 
having  been  educated  at  Dalkcith,  and  at 
Edinburgh  university,  In-  was  presentrd,  in 
1743,  to  the  living  of  Ghulsmuir.  During 
•  he  rebellion  he  bore  arms  as  a  volunteer 
His  first  work  was  a  Scimoii,  published  iu 
1755,  which  passed  through  numerous  edi- 


ROB 

lions.  It  was  not,  however,  till  1759,  that, 
by  hvj  History  of  Scotland,  he  acquired  a 
place  among  British  classical  writers.  Fame 
was  accompanied  by  preferment.  He  was 
transferred  from  Gladsmuir  to  Edinburgh; 
and,  in  1759,  1761,  1762,  and  1764,  be- 
s-ime  chaplain  of  Stirling  Castle,  one  of 
the  king  s  chaplains,  principal  of  the  uni- 
versity of  Edinburgh,  and  royal  historiog- 
rapher for  Scotland.  Advancement  in  the 
English  church  was  offered  to  him,  but  was 
refused.  In  1769  he  brought  out  the  His- 
tory of  Charles  V. ;  in  1775  the  History  of 
America;  and  in  1790  an  Historical  Dis- 
quisition concerning  Ancient  India.  He 
died  June  11,  1793. 

ROBERVAL,  GILES  PERSONF  DE, 
a  French  geometrician,  was  born,  in  1602, 
at  Robervul ;  became  professor  of  mathe- 
matics in  the  Royal  College  at  Paris;  and 
died  in  1675.  Roberval  invented  the  curve 
lines  to  which  Torricelli  gave  the  name  of 
Robervallian;  and  also  a  geometrical 
method  of  resolving  the  most  difficult  pro- 
blems. His  miscellaneous  works  were  col- 
lected by  his  friend  Gallois. 

ROBESPIERRE,  FRANCIS  MAXIMIL- 
IAN JOSEPH  ISIDOKE,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  and  most  violent  demagogues  of 
the  French  revolution,  was  born,  in  1759, 
at  Arras,  where  his  father  was  a  lawyer. 
He  was  left  an  orphan  at  the  age  of  nine 
years,  but  was  protected  by  the  bishop  of 
Arras,  who  placed  him  at  the  college  of 
Louis  XVI.  at  Paris.  Returning  to  his 
native  place,  he  became  an  advocate  in 
respectable  practice.  His  political  career 
began,  in  1789,  when  he  WAS  sent  a  depu- 
ty from  the  bailiwick  of  Arras  to  the  states 
general.  He  held  a  seat  in  all  the  subse- 
quent legislative  bodies,  and  gradually  ac- 
quired influence  in  them,  and  unbounded 
popularity  among  the  people,  from  whom 
he  obtained  the  title  of  "  the  incorruptible." 
It  was  in  the  Convention,  however,  that 
he  rose  to  his  greatest  eminence.  He  was 
the  acknowledged  head  of  the  Jacobins, 
and,  after  the  defeat  of  the  Girondists  and 
Dantonists,  was,  in  a  manner,  the  ruler  of 
France.  He  would,  perhaps,  have  esta- 
blished his  authority  had  not  some  of  his 
accomplices  discovered  that  he  had  devoted 
them  to  the  scaffold.  A  struggle  ensued, 
in  which  he  was  defeated,  and,  with  many 
of  his  partisans,  he  was  guillotined,  July  9, 
1794. 

ROBINSON,  JOHN,  minister  of  the 
church  in  Holland,  to  which  the  first  settlers 
of  New  England  belonged,  was  born  in 
Great  Britain  in  1575,  a  id  educated  at 
Cambridge.  In  1602  he  becama  pastor  of 
a  dissenting  congregation  in  the  north  of 
E:igiand,  and  removed  with  them  to  Hol- 
land in  Ib'OS.  It  was  his  intention  to 
follow  hia  congregation  to  the  new  world, 
out  his  sudden  dc-ith  'n  \'25  prevented. 


ROC 


487 


ROBINSON,  MARY,  a  poetess  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  whose  maiden  name 
was  Darbv,  wa?  born,  in  1758,  at  Bristol. 
She  was  married  early  to  a  worthless 
character,  and  was  obliged  to  resort  to  the 
stage  for  a  subsistence.  In  this  situation, 
her  beauty  attracted  the  Prince  of  Wales 
(afterwards  George  IV  ),  and  she  became 
his  mistress.  The  connexion,  however, 
was  but  of  short  duration.  In  her  latter 
years  she  lost  the  use  of  her  limbs,  and  was 
partly  dependent  upon  her  pen  for  the 
means  of  living.  She  died  in  1800.  Among 
her  works  are  Poems;  Lyrical  Tales; 
Memoirs  of  her  own  Life;  and  several 
novels. 

ROCHEFOUCAULD,  FRANCIS, duke 
DE  LA,  prince  of  Marsillac,  a  French 
writer,  was  born  in  1613,  aud  died  in 
1680.  He  was  a  man  of  wit  and  courage, 
and  acted  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  war 
of  the  Fronde.  He  wrote  the  well  know" 
Maxims,  which  do. more  credit  to  his  head 
than  his  heart;  and  Memoirs  of  the  Re- 
gency of  Anne  of  Austria. 

ROCHEFOUCAULD  LIANCOURT, 
FRANCIS  ALEXANDER  FREDERIC, duke 
DE  LA,  was  born  in  1747,  and  was  grand 
master  of  the  wardrobe  to  Louis  XV.  and 
XVI.  During  the  revolution,  he  was  the 
friend  of  liberty,  but  the  enemy  of  licen- 
tiousness. The  downfal  of  the  throne 
compelled  him  to  quit  France,  and,  after 
having  resided  for  some  time  in  England, 
he  visited  America.  In  1799  he  was  al- 
lowed to  return  to  his  native  country,  and 
he  died  in  March,  1827,  generally  respected 
for  his  liberal  principles  and  his  actixe 
benevolence.  It  was  chiefly  by  his  exer- 
tions that  vaccination  was  introduced  into 
France.  His  principal  work  is,  Travels 
in  the  United  States. 

ROCHEJAQUELEIX,  H  F.NRY  DE  L A, 
one  of  the  most  eminent  of  the  Vendean 
royalist  leaders,  was  born,  in  1773,  near 
Chatillon  sur  Sevre,  and  was  a  son  of  the 
marquis  de  la  Rochejaquelein.  First  as 
one  of  the  chiefs,  and  afterwards  as  gene- 
ralissimo, of  the  royalists,  he  displayed 
great  talent,  and  the  most  daring  valour. 
On  first  taking  the  command  he  addressed 
his  men  in  the  following  pithy  harangue: 
"  I  am  young,  and  inexperienced,  but  I 
have  an  ardent  desire  to  render  myself 
worthy  of  heading  you.  Let  us  march  to 
meet  the  enemy ;  if  I  give  way,  kill  me; 
if  I  advance,  follow  me;  if  I  fall,  avenge 
me."  He  was  killed  in  March,  1794. 

ROCHESTER,  JOHN  WILMOT,  earl 
of,  was  born  in  1647;  was  educated  at 
Burford  grammar  school,  and  at  Wadham 
College,  Oxford;  and  subsequently  trav- 
elled on  the  continent.  In  1665  "he  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  fleet  under  the 
earl  of  Sandwich.  The  remainder  of  hie 
life  was  spent  at  court,  where  he  wa» 


480  ROL 

equally  remarkable  for  his  HceotiouaoeM 
and  his  wit.  He  died,  penitent,  in  1680. 
His  Pooms  manifest  talent,  but  many  of 
them  are  grosj$lv  indecent. 

RODNEY.  G  tour.  K  BRYDGES, lord, 
an  able  British  admiral,  the  son  of  a  na\al 
officer,  was  born  in  I"7!?;  entered  early 
into  the  navy;  was  appointed  governor  of 
Newfoundland  in,  1749;  was  made  admiral 
of  the  blue  in  1759;  and  was  so  active  in 
the  seven  years'  w»r,  that  at  the  conclusion 
of  it  he  was  created  a  baronet.  In  1768 
he  was  chosen  inernl>er  for  Northampton; 
and  in  1771  was  sent  to  Jamaica,  as  com- 
mander in  chief.  Having  ruined  .his  for- 
tune by  his  election  contest,  he  was  under 
the  necessity  of  retiring  to  France.  In 
1779,  however,  he  was  called  into  active 
service;  in  the  following  year  he  defeated 
the  Spinish  admiral  Langara;  and  on  the 
12th  of  April,  1782,  he  obtained  a  splendid 
victory  over  count  de  Grasse,  and  was 
rewarded  by  a  peerage.  He  died  in  1792. 

RODNEY,  CJESAR,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence,  was 
born  at  Dover,  Maryland,  in  17SO.  He 
iv as  sent  as  a  delegate  to  the  congress  of 
1774,  and  remained  in  that  body  till  the 
autumn  of  1776.  He  was  afterwards  pres- 
ident of  his  na«".ve  state  for  about  four 
years.  His  de^th  took  place  in  1783. 

ROEMER,  GLAUS,  an  eminent  astron- 
omer, was  born,  in  1644,  at  Copenhagen ; 
was  invited  into  France,  in  1672,  to  be 
mathematical  teacher  to  the  dauphin ;  re- 
turned to  his  native  place  in  1681;  and 
held  several  considerable  offices  previously 
to  his  decease,  which  took  place  in  1710. 
Roomer,  by  means  of  the  eclipses  of  the 
satellites  of  Jupiter,  was  the  first  who 
ascertained  the  velocity  of  light. 

ROHAN,  HENRY,  duke  of,  prince  of 
Leon,  a  celebrated  general,  was  born,  in 
1579,  at  the  castle  of  Blain,  in  Britanny. 
He  first  distinguished  his  valour  and  talents, 
as  head  of  the  Calvinists,  in  the  civil  wars 
during  the  reign  of  Louis  XIII.;  and  he 
subsequently  enhanced  his  fame  by  his  ad- 
mirable military  conduct  in  the  Valteline. 
He  was  mortalfy  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
Rh infield,  in  1638.  Among  his  works  are, 
Memoirs  on  French  Affairs;  Political  Dis- 
courses on  State  Affairs;  and  The  Perfect 
Captain. 

ROLAND,  PHILIP  LAURENCE,  an 
eminent  French  sculptor,  was  born,  in 
1746,  near  Lisle;  was  a  pupil  of  Pajou, 
and  afterwards  studied  at  Rome;  acquired 
gieat  reputation  on  his  return  to  France; 
and  died  in  1S16.  His  masterpiece  is  a 
Biatue  of  Homer  singing  to  his  lyre,  which 
if  in  the  "allerv  of  the  Louvre. 

ROLAND  I)i:  LA  PLATRIERE, 
JOHN  .MARY,  a  French  writer,  was  born. 
in  1732,  at  Lvons,  and  held  the  office  of 
inspector  general  of  manufacv  iroaat  Lyons, 


ROL 

when  the  revolution  broke  out.  RottuM) 
espoused  the  popular  cause.  Removing  to 
Paris,  he  became  clos-cly  connected  with 
the  Girondist  party,  and,  through  the  in- 
fluence of  that  party,  was  made  minister 
of  the  home  department,  in  1792.  After 
the  10th  of  August,  he  was  a  member  of 
the  executive  council.  The  downfal  of 
his  party,  in  1793,  exposed  him  to  pro- 
scription, but  he  found  a  secret  asylum  at 
Rouen.  Hearing,  however,  of  the  execu- 
tion of  his  wife,  he  quitted  his  retreat,  and 
stabbed  himself  on  the  high  road  to  Paris. 
He  wrote  The  Dictionary  of  Manufactures, 
for  the  Methodical  Encyclopaedia ;  various 
works  of  a  similar  kind;  and  Letters  from 
Switzerland,  Italy,  Sicily,  and  Malta. 

ROLAND,  MARY  JA.NK,  a  woman  of 
great  talents,  whose  maiden  name  was 
PHLIPOX,  was  the  daughter  of  an  en- 
graver, and  was  born,  in  1754,  at  Paris. 
At  an  early  period  she  manifested  a  strong- 
ly marked  character,  ami  a  love  of  read- 
ing. After  her  marriage  with  M.  Roland, 
she  assisted  him  in  his  literary  and  other 
avocations.  Her  principles  were  decidedly 
republican,  and  she  was  a  warm  and  elo- 
quent defender  of  the  government  which 
was  established  on  the  ruins  of  the  throne. 
But  to  the  jacobins  she  was  as  ardently 
hostile,  and,  when  they  succeeded  in  over- 
throwing the  Girondists,  she  became  one 
of  the  victims.  She  was  guillotined,  No- 
vember 8,  1793.  She  wrote  An  Appeal  to 
Impartial  Posterity  ;  and  Miscellaneous 
Works,  iu  three  volumes. 


ROLLIN,  CHARLKS,  an  eminent  histo- 
rian, was  born,  in  1661,  at  Paris.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  cutler,  who  designed  him 
to  follow  his  own  trade;  but  a  Benedictine 
monk  obtained  his  admission  in  the  college 
of  Du  Plessis.  After  having  acquired  there 
a  knowledge  of  languages  and  philosophy, 
he  studied  theology  for  three  years  at  the 
Sorbonne.  Between  16S3  and  1693,  he 
filled  the  chairs  of  pn  lessor  of  rhetoric 
and  of  eloquence  at  the  college  of  Du 
Plessis  and  the  Ro\al  College.  In  1694, 
he  was  appointed  rector  of  the  university, 
and,  in  1696,  coadjutor  of  the  college  of 
Il«:  •  aia.  The  last  poet  he  he- 1,1  for  fif 


ROM 


ROS 


439 


Men  year*,  greatly  to  the  advantage  of  the  tempts  tu  introduce  a  i  rlbrm  of  the  cnmi- 
rtudents;  but  he  was  at  length  driven  fromjnal  law.  In  1818  he  was  elected  one  of 
it  by  the  intrigues  of  the  Jesuits.  Then:%.e-  \  the  representatives  for  Westminster.  He, 
forth  ho  gave  his  time  wholly  to  literature,  however,  never  took  hi.-:  seaU  In  a  fit  pf 
He  died  in  1741.  His  principal  works  temporary  insanity,  occasioned  by  the  death 
are,  Ancient  History  ;  Roman  History  ;  of  his  wife,  to  whom  he  was  tenderly  at- 
and  a  Treatise  on  the  Mode  of  Studying,  tached,  he  put  an  end  to  his  own  existence, 


ROMAN  A,  Don  PETER  CAROYSU- 
REDA,   marquis  de  LA,  a  Spanish  gene- 


Nov.  2,  1-818. 
ROMNEY,  GEORGE^  a  painter, 


spa  nig 

rul,  was  born,  in  1761,  at  Palma,  in  Ma- 'born,  in  1734,  at  Dalton,  in  Lancashire; 
jorca ;  was  educated  at  Lyons,  Salamanca,  and  was  the  son  of  a  builder,  who  design- 
and  Madrid;  served  as  aid-de-camp  to  ed  him  for  his  own  profession,  but  he  De- 
Moreno,  at  the  siege  of  Gibraltar;  and  j  came  an  itinerant  portrait  painter,  by  which 
distinguished  himself  in  the  campaigns  j  he  acquired  sufficient  money  to  enable  him 
against  the  French,  on  the  Pyrenean  fron-  to  settle  in  London.  He  afterwards  visit- 
tier,  from  1793  to  1793.  La  Romana;ed  Italy,  where  he  spent  two  years.  On 
commanded,  in  1807,  the  auxiliary  Span-! his  return  he  became  a  formidable  rival  to 
Lsh  corps  of  fourteen  thousand  men,  which  j  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds,  and  also  enjoyed 
was  sent  to  the  north  of  Germany  by  Na-  considerable  reputation  as  a  historical 
poleon.  When  Spain  rose  against  her  op- 'painter.  He  died  in  1802. 
pressor,  La  Romana,  aided  by  an  English  j  ROMULUS,  the  founder  of  Rome.  Of 
squadron,  succeeded  in  embarking  his  his  real  history  little  or  notMrv  is  known, 
troops  from  the  island  of  Funen,  and  i  There  exist,  however,  an  abundance  of  fa- 
jeading  them  home  in  safety.  He  dis- |bles  respecting  him,  among  which  are,  that 
played  great  talents,  both  in  the  field  and  he  was  the  son  of  Maps,  and  was  suckled 
the  council,  in  1809  and  1810;  but  his  ca-  by  a  wolf.  He  is  said  to  have  founded 


reer  was  unfortunately  cut  short  by  death, 
January  23,  1811. 

ROMANZOFF,  PETER  ALEIANDRO- 


Rome,  B.  c.  753.  Its  fir§t  citizens  were 
robbers!  He  is  believed  to  have  been  as- 
sassinated after  a'  reign  of  thirty-seven 


VITSCH,  count  de,  a  Russian  general,  was 'years. 

born,  about  1730,  and  entered  the  army  at  j  RONSARD,  PETER  DE,  a  French 
a  very  early  period.  After  having  acquired !  poet,  was  born,  in  1524,  in  the  Vendo- 
repulation  in  subordinate  ranks,  he  was,  inois;  was  page  to  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
in  1769,  appointed  to  command  the  army  who  transferred  him  to  James  of  Scotland, 
against  the  Turks.  In  four  campaigns  he  [and  afterwards  received  him  again  into 
obtained  several  victories,  and  conquered  !  his  own  service  ;  gained  unbounded  popu- 
aeveral  fortresses;  and  he  crowned  his  la-jlarity  by  his  poems,  but  has  since  been  as 
hours  by  compiling  the  grand  vizier  to  i  much  undervalued  ;  was  a  favourite  of 
sign,  in  1774,  the  treaty  of  Kainardgi.  In  '  Charles  IX.;  who  gave  him  several  rich 
1788  he  was  again  placed  at  the  head  of  j  benefices;  and  died  in  1585.  His  poems 
an  army  against  the  Ottomans;  but  he  was  j  form  ten  volumes.  Ronsard  undoubtedly 


thwarted  by  Potemkin,  and  resigned  in 
disgust.  .  He  died  in  1796. 

ROML  DE  L'ISLE,  JOHN  BAPTIST 
Louis,  a  FrencM  mineralogist 'and  natural 
philosopher,  was  born,  in  1736,  at  Grai; 
visited  India,  and  was  made  prisoner  at 
Pondic.herry;  studied  natural  history  after 
his  return  to  France,  and  gave  lectures  on 
mineralogy;  and  died  in  1790.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  Crystallography  ;  Me- 
trology ;  and  a  Letter  on  Soft  Water 
Polypuses. 

ROMJLLY,  Sir  SAMUEL,  an  eminent 
advocate  and  senator,  was  born,  in  1757, 
in  Westminster,  and  was  the  son  of  a  jew- 
clW.  He  was  called  to  the  bar  in  1783, 
a:id  gradually  rose  to  high  reputation  in 


possessed  talent,  but  was  deficient  in  taste 
and  judgment. 

ROOKE,  Sir  GEORGE,  an  admiral, 
was  born,  in  1650,  in  Kent;  gained  at  an 
early  period  a  high  reputation  for  skill  and 
bravery;  defeated  the  French  and  Span- 
iards at  Vigo,  in  17C2,  and  captured  sever- 
al men  of  war  and  galleons ;  bore  a  part 
in  the  reduction  of  Gibraltar,  in  1704; 
and  died  in  January,  1708-9.  He  was  not 
less  disinterested  than  able  and  intrepid. 

ROSA,  SALVATOR,  a  celebrated  Ital- 
ian painter,  was  born,  in  1614,  at  Naples. 
Francanzano  and  Ribera  were  his  in- 
structors in  the  pictorial  art.  He  rose  to 
great  eminence,  and  was  patronised  at  Na- 
ples, Rome,  and  Florence,  at  the  last  of 


the  court  of  chancery.  When  the  whig  |  which  cities  he  resided  for  nine  years.  In 
party  c;ime  into  power,  in  1806,  he  was  j  landscape,  in  scenes  of  gloom,  and  in  the 
appointed  solicitor  general,  was  knighted,  representation  of  banditti,  he  has  not  been 
and  sat  in  parliament  for  Queenborough.  surpassed.  Nor  were  his  talents  confined 


He  was  or 


>C  th 


gers  of  the  im- 


peachaient  01  Lord  Melville.    As  a  senator 
lie    t'iatiugui.shed    himself  on   many  occa- 

•  t        ?  .  •  •         *•    . 


to  painting.  He  composed  ir.'isic,  en- 
graved several  of  his  own  picture.-,  and 
wrote  plays  and  poetry.  His  Satires  hwe 


«ionr;  but  rao»t  conspicuously  iu   hu   at- ,  been  often  reprinted.     He  died  in  1673 


*  frxJk  talent  that  his  name  has  since  been 
giro.i  to  fivery  performer  of  transcendent 
merit,  J»  belie'ved  to  have  been  horn  «i  tlie 


territory  of  Lanuvium. 
advanced  age,  B.  c.  61. 


He  died,  at   an 
Cicero,  to  whom 


KOS  ROL' 

,  QuiNTt'9,  a  Roman  actor,       ROSENMl  LLER, 

a  celebrated  German  anatomist,  was  born, 
in  1771,  a>.  Hessberg;  was  professor  of 
anatomy  and  surgery  at  the  university  of 
Leipsic;  and  died  in  1820.  His  principal 
work  is  an  Anatomico-Chirurgical  Atlas, 
of  which  the  plates  were  designed  by  him- 
self. 

ROSS,  GEORGE,  a  signer  of  the  decla- 
ration of  American  independence,  was 
born  in  New  Castle,  Delaware,  in  1730 
He  pursued  the  profession  of  law,  and 
settled  in  the  western  part  of  Pennsylvania 
In  1774  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  th« 
Congress  which  met  ^i  Philadelphia,  am* 
continued  in  this  l>ody  till  January  177" 
In  April  1779  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of 
the  state  court  of  admiralty.  He  died  in 
the  July  following. 

ROtGANS,  LUKE,  a  Dutch  poet,  was 
born,  in  1645,  at  Amsterdam;  served  in 
the  army  from  1672  to  1674, as  an  ensign; 
and  died  in  1710.  He  wrote  a  poem,  in 
eight  books,  the  hero  of  which  is  Willian 
III.;  two  tragedies;  the  Dutch  Fair,  & 
descriptive  poem;  and  some  miscellaneous 
poetry. 

ROTROU,  JOHN,  a  dramatic  poet,  one 
of  the  creators  of  the  French  theatre,  was 
born,  in  1609,  atDreux,and  became  early 


he  had  given  lessons  in  the  art  of  declaim 
ing,  wrote  en*  of  his  orations  to  defend 
him  against  Chrt'ea. 

ROSCOE,  WTLLIAM,  a  biographer  and 
raised  ancous  writer,  was  born,  aboutl751, 
-at  Liverpool.  Ilia  parentage  was  humble; 
his  education  im|)erfect;  and  he  began  his 
career  in  life  as  articled  clerk  to  an  attor- 
ney. In  the  few  honre,  however,  which 
he  could  snatch  from  the  law,  he  made 
himself  master  of  the  Latin,  Italian,  and 
JKrench  languages;  and  he  subsequently  ac- 
quired a  considerable  knowl«c'ge  of  Greek. 
His  first  literary  attempt,  a  poem  called 
Mount  Pleasant,  was  written  in  his  six- 
teenth yea  .  On  the  expiration  of  his 
clerkship,  he  entered  into  partnership  with 
Mr.  Aspinwall,  an  attorney  of  Liverpool. 
After  having  followed  the  proftwon  for 
several  years,  he  eniered  himself  at  Gray's 
Inn,  with  the  purpose  of  becoming  a  bar- 
rister; and  he  subsequently  l>ecame  a  part- 
ner in  a  banking  house.  As  a  banker  he 
unfortunately  failed.  In  1806  he  vv. 
elected  one  of  the  members  for  Liverpool; 
but  he  declined  a  contest  at  the  next  elec- 
tion. His  two  great  works,  The  Lives  of 
Lorenzo  the  Magnificent,  and  of  Leo  X 


were   published   in    1796  and    1805, 
ive   him    an    enduring   reputation. 


ffave 
lied 


and 
He 


June   30,    1831.     Among   his  other 


tf  orks  are,  Poems  ;  a  translation  of  Tan- 
•  illo's  Nurse;  and  various  pamphlets  on 
politics,  and  against  the  slave  trade. 

ROSCOMMON,  WENTWORTH  DIL- 
LON, earl  of,  was  born,  about  1633,  in 
Ireland  ;  received  his  education  partly 
under  Dr.  Hall,  and  partly  at  Caen,  under 
Bochart;  spent  his  youth  in  dissipation, 
but  became  reformed  in  his  maturer  years; 
and  died  in  1684.  His  Poems,  though 
admitted  into  collections  of  British  poetry, 
and  once  highly  praised,  have  now  few 


readers,  and  fewer  admirers. 

ROSE,    GKORGK,    a    statesman 


and 


writer,  was  born,  in  1744,  at  Brechin,  it 
Angusshire,  and  was  the  son  of  a  clergy 
man;  was  originally  a  purser,  but,  through 
the  influence  of  Lord  Marchmont,  was 
made  keeper  of  the  records  in  the  exche- 
quer; displayed  talents  for  business,  by 


a  writer  for  the  sta 


age. 


He  held  the  office 

of   civil    and    criminal    lieutenant    at    his 
Being  at  Paris  when  a  pes- 


native place. 

tilential  disorder  broke  out  at  Dreux,  he 
hastened  to  afford  relief  to  his  fellow  citi- 
zens; but,  three  days  after  his  arrival,  in 
1660,  he  died,  the  victim  of  his  courageous 
benevolence.  Incapable  of  mean  jealousy, 
Rotrou  bore  public  testimony  to  the  supe- 
rior iptrit  of  his  rival  Corneille.  Of  his 
thirty-ewen  plays,  the  best  are  the  trage- 
dies of  Conroes'and  Wenceslaus. 

ROUBILLIAC,  Louis  FRANCIS,  • 
sculptor,  Mas  born,  at  Lyons,  about  the 
latter  end  of  the  seventeenth  century.  He 
settled  in  England  in  the  reign  of  George 
I.;  was  much  esteemed  both  :ti  an  artist 
and  as  a  man;  and  died  in  1762.  Among 
his  works  are,  the  monument  of  the  duke 
of  Argyle,  in  Westminster  Abbey;  statue* 
of  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  Handel,  George  ) 
and  II.;  and  the  duke  of  Somerset ;  and 
a  figure  of  Religion,  at  Gopsal),  in  Leices- 
tershire. 

ROUSSEAU,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  a  c«h> 
brated  French  poet,  the  son  of  a  shoe- 
maker, was  born,  in  1670,  at  Paris,  ant 


which    he   obtained    the    confidence    and  |  received  an   excellent  education.     At  hia 


friendship  of  Mr.  Pitt;  rose  to  be  presi- 
dent of  the  board  of  trade,  and  treasurer 
of  the  navy;  and  died  January  13,  1818. 


outset  in  life,  he  was  page   to  the  French 

ambassador    in    Denniaik;  after  which    h« 
\\a>    secretary  t<>  Marshal  Tallard,  in   hi* 


««niong  his   works  are,   A    Report   on    the   embassy    t>    l.ngland.     The    liberaJity  of 
Records;   Observations,  on  Mr.  Fox's  His-  •  M.    Konilh,    director   of  the  fin  c 
torv  ;  and  an  Examination  into  the  Increase,  i  .et)i;tli    enabled    him    to   devote   himself  to 
•f  British  Rt>;e>  t:t-s,  Commerce,  and  ,\av-  i  literature,  and  he  attained  hi^h  reputation 
^Kt  ot..  |  |>:u  ticulai  ly  a»    a    lyt  ic   poet       He   tdtf  «« 


RO(J 

Ihc  point  of  auceeeding  Boileau  as  a  raera- 
oer  of  the  French  Academy,  and  of  obtain- 
ing a  pension,  when  an  event  occurred 
which  annihilated  all  his  prospects.  On  a 
charge  of  having  written  some  infamously 
libellous  verses,  and  then  having  suborned 
a  witness  t<»  at  tribute  them  to  Saurin,  he 
was,  in  1712,  condemned  to  perpetual 
banishment.  During  the  remainder  of  his 
life,  however,  and  in  his  last  moments,  he 
solemnly  denied  that  he  was  guilty.  He 
died  at  Brussels,  in  1741.  His  works  form 
me  volumes  12mo.  His  Odes,  Psalms, 
ind  Epigrams  are  excellent;  but  many  of 
the  latter  are  grossly  obscene. 


ROZ 


441 


ROUSSEAU,  JOHN  JAMES,  one  of  the 
roost  eloquent,  paradoxical,  and  singular 
of  French  writers,  was  the  son  of  a  watch- 
iriaker,  and  was  burn,  in  i712,  at  Geneva. 
His  education  was  neglected  ;  and  romances 
formed  the  chief  part  of  his  early  reading. 
After  having  been  dismissed,  as  incapable, 
from  an  attorney's  office,  he  was  appren- 
ticed to  an  engraver,  from  whom  he  re- 
ceived such  ill  treatment  that  he  ran  away 
before  he  was  sixteen.  He  found  a  friend 
in  Madam  de  VVarens,  who  ended  by  be- 
coming his  mistress.  With  her  he  lived 
for  some  years  at  intervals;  and,  when 
not  with  her,  he  spent  a  wandering  life,  in 
various  characters,  some  of  them  of  the 
humblest  kind.  It  was  not  till  1750  that 
he  manifested  his  splendid  literary  talents. 
In  that  year  he  gained  the  prize  given  by 
the  Academy  of  Dijon,  for  his  celebrated 
Essay,  in  answer  to  the  question  "  Whether 
the  progress  of  the  sciences  and  arts  has 
contributed  to  corrupt  or  purify  manners." 
He  maintained  that  the  effect  had  been 
injurious.  From  this  period  his  pen  be- 
came fertile  and  popular.  He  produced, 
in  succession,  the  words  and  music  of  The 
Village  Conjurer;  A  Letter  on  French 
Music;  The  Origin  of  the  Inequality  of 
Ranks;  The  Social  Contract;  The  New 
Eloisa;  and  Emilius.  The  last  of  these, 
which  appeared  in  1762,  was  condemned 
by  the  parliament,  and  he  was  compelled 
to  fly  from  Franco.  Thenceforth  his  exist- 
ence was  passed  in  frequent  changes  of 
plax,  to  escape  real  or  fancied  persecution, 


and  in  inspecting  all  his  friend*  of  insult* 
ing  and  conspiring  agah»^t  him.  To  dis- 
ease of  body  and  mind  must,  no  doubt,  be 
attributed  much  of  his  strange  conduct. 
He  died  July  3,  1778.  Of  his  latest  works 
his  Confessions  are  the  most  remarkable. 

ROUSSET  DE  MISSY,  JOHN,  apolit- 
ical and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born, 
in  1686,  at  Laon,  in  Picardy;  quitted  his 
country  in  consequence  of  being  persecuted 
for  his  religion;  resided  for  many  years  in 
Holland;  and  died  in  1762.  He  was  the 
proprietor  and  editor  of  The  Historical 
and  Political  Mercury  ;  and  v» -ote  and 
compiled  many  works,  one  of  the  princi- 
pal of  which  is,  A  History  of  Prince 
Eugene,  the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  and 
the  Prince  of  Orange. 

ROWE,  NICHOLAS,  a  poet  and  dramat- 
ist, the  son  of  a  serjeant  at  law,  was  born, 
in  1673,  at  Little  Berkford,  in  Bedford- 
shire; studied  at  Westminster  School,  and 
the  Middle  Temple,  but  was  never  called 
to  the  bar ;  began  to  write  for  the  theatre 
at  the  age  of  twenty-five,  and  had  consid- 
erable success;  and  died  in  1718.  Ilia 
tragedies  of  Tamerlane,  Jane  Shore,  and 
The  Fair  Penitent,  still  retain  possession 
of  the  stage.  His  translation  ot  Lucan  is 
declared  by  Johnson  to  be  "  one  of  the 
greatest  productions  of  English  poetry." 

ROWE,  ELIZABETH,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Singer,  a  lady  remarkable  for 
the  graces  of  her  person  and  mind,  was 
born,  in  1674,  at  Ilchester,  in  Somerset- 
shire ;  and  died  in  1737.  Among  her 
works  are,  Poems;  Friendship  in  Death; 
The  History  of  Joseph,  a  poem;  and  De- 
vout Exercises  of  the  Heart. 

ROWLANDSON,  THOMAS,  an  artist, 
who  excelled  in  caricature  and  ludicrous 
subjects,  was  born  in  1756,  in  London; 
studied  drawing  at  Paris,  and  the  British 
Roynl  Academy  ;  dissipated,  chiefly  by 
gambling,  a  considerable  fortune;  and  died 
in  1827.  Among  his  works  are  the  plates 
to  Dr.  Syntax's  Tours ;  The  Dance  of  Life ; 
and  The  Dance  of  Death. 

ROXBURGH,  WILLIAM,  a  physician 
and  botanist,  was  born,  in  1759,  at  Craigie, 
in  Ayrshire;  was  educated  at  Edinburgh; 
settled  at  Madras,  whence  he  removed  to 
Calcutta,  where  he  became  keeper  of  the 
botanical  garden,  and  a  member  of  th* 
Asiatic  Society;  and  died,  in  1815,  at 
Edinburgh.  His  principal  work  is,  The 
Plants  of  the  Coast  of  Coromandel.  He 
contributed  many  papers  to  the  Asiatic 
Researches. 

ROZIER,  JOHN,  a  botanist  and  agri- 
cultural writer,  was  born,  in  1734,  at 
Lyons  ;  and  was  killed,  by  a  bomb,  during 
the  siege  of  that  city,  in  1793.  His  chief 
works  are,  A  Complete  Course  of  Agri- 
culture; Elementary  Demonstrations  of 
Botany;  and  Observations  on  Natural 


442  ROD 

Philosophy,    Natural    History,    and    the 
Artt. 

RrnF.NS  PKTF.R  PACL,  a  celebrated 
paintei  \va>!  born  in  1577,  but  whether  at 
Antwerp  or  at  Cologne  is  a  disputed  point. 
He  rect-md  an  excellent  education.  The 
principles  of  painting  he  acquired  from 
Vestraet  ht,  Van  Oort,  and  Van  Veen,  and 
he  completed  his  knowledge  by  stinking  in 
Italy  tlie  works  of  tl»  greatest  masters. 
In  the  classic  land  fx  the  arts  he  was 
employed  by  the  duke  of  Mantua,  not 
only  as  an  artist,  but  also  on  an  embassy 
to  Madrid.  Being  invited  back  to  the 
Netherlands  by  the  Archduke  Albert  and 
the  Infanta  Isabella,  who  conferred  on  him 
the  office  of  chamberlain,  and  gave  him  a 
pension,  he  settled  at  Antwerp,  where  he 
rapidly  rose  to  the  highest  eminence  in 
his  profession.  In  1620,  he  went  to  Paris, 
at  the  request  of  Mary  of  Medicia,  to  em- 
bellish the  Luxemburg!)  gallery  with  a 
series  of  pictures;  a  task  which  occupied 
him  for  three  years.  In  1628  Isabella 
dispatched  him  to  Madrid,  on  a  political 
mission.  While  residing  there,  he  executed 
several  fine  works,  for  which  he  was  re- 
warded with  knighthood,  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  gentleman  of  the  royal  bedchamber. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  sent  on  an 
embassy  to  England;  painted,  at  White- 
iiall,  the  apothesis  of  James  I.  and  other 
pieces;  and  received  a  gold  chain,  and  the 
title  of  knight  from  Charles  I.  He  died  at 
Antwerp,  in  1640. 

RUCELLAI,  JOHN,  the  son  of  BER- 
HARD,  who  was  an  eminent  writer  and 
statesman,  was  born,  in  1475,  at  Florence; 
was  papal  nuncio  in  France,  and  after- 
wards apostolical  prothonotary  and  gover- 
lor  of  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo;  and  died 
:.n  1525.  Among  his  works  are,  The  Bees, 
A  didactic  poem;  and  the  tragedies  of 
Rosmonda  and  Orestes.  Rosmonda  was 
one  of  the  yirliest  specimens  of  modern 
tragedy. 

RUDBECK,  OLAUS,  a  learned  Swedish 
physician,  was  born,  in  1630,  at  Vesteras, 
of  which  his  father  was  bishop  ;  established 
the  botanic  garden  at  Upsal;  was  botan- 
ical, medical,  and  anatomical  professor,! 
anri  chancellor  of  the  university  of  that' 
city;  and  died  in  1702.  lie  discovered 
»be  lymphatics  of  the  liver.  He  wrote 
fceveral  works,  the  most  curious  of  which 
is  the  Atlantica,  in  which  he  maintains 
that  Sweden  is  the  primitive  Eden,  and 
the  Atlantis  of  Plato. 

RUDDIM AN, THOMAS, a  grammarian, 
was  born,  in  1674^  at  Boyndie,  in  Banft- 
shire;  was  educated  at  King's  College, 
Aberdeen;  became  assistant  r.eeper  of  the 
advocates'  library  at  Edinburgh,  and  a 
printer;  and  died  in  1757.  He  establish- 
ed The  Caledonian  Mercury;  wrote  The 
Rud intents  of  the  Lsti  t  Tongue,  and  other 


RUP 

grammatical  productions ;  and  edited  van 
ous  works. 

RUHNKEN.orRUHNKENlUS.  DA- 
vi i>,  an  eminent  German  philologist  and 
critic,  was  born,  in  1723,  at  Stolpen,  in 
Poiuerania;  studied  at  Wittemberg  and 
Leyden;  and  died,  in  1798,  professor  of 
eloquence  and  history,  and  librarian,  at 
Leyden.  He  edited  and  added  notes  to 
several  classics;  and  published  a  collection 
of  his  oratorical,  critical,  and  philological 
tracts. 

RULHIERE,  CLAUDIUS  CARLOMAW 
DE,  a  French  historian,  was  born,  in  1735, 
at  Bondi,  near  Paris.  After  having  been 
in  the  army,  he  accompanied  the  ambassa- 
dor, baron  de  Bretuil,  to  Petersburg!!,  as 
secretary  and  confidential  friend.  In  1771 
he  received  a  pension;  in  1787  he  became 
a  member  of  the  Academy;  and  lie  died  in 
1791.  Among  his  works  are  Poems;  An- 
ecdotes on  the  Russian  Revolution  of  1762; 
and  A  History  of  the  Anarchy  of  Poland, 
and  of  the  Partition  of  that  Republic. 


RUM  FORD,  BK.NJAMIN  THOMP- 
SON,  count,  was  born,  in  1753,  at  Rum- 
ford,  in  New  Hampshire,  and  was  educated 
at  Harvard  College.  During  the  Ameri- 
can war  he  espoused  the  royal  cause,  ob- 
tained the  rank  of  colonel,  and  was  knight* 
ed.  At  the  close  of  the  contest  he  entered 
the  Bavarian  service,  as  lieutenant-general, 
and  was  created  a  count,  and  received  the 
order  of  the  white  eagle,  for  the  reforms 
which  he  introduced  into  the  army  and 
the  police.  In  1798  lie  visited  England, 
where  he  remained  for  four  years,  and 
took  a  prominent  part  in  founding  the 
Royal  Institution.  On  his  return  to  the 
continent  he  married  the  widow  of  Lavoi- 
sier. He  settled  near  Paris,  and  died 
there  August  21,  1814.  His  experiments 
and  discoveries  are  recorded  in  his  Essays, 
and  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions. 

RUPERT,  Prince,  third  son  of  the 
elector  palatine,  king  of  Bohemia,  and  of 
the  Princess  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  James 
the  First,  was  born  in  1619.  He  com- 
manded the  cavalry  of  Charles  the  First 
Turing  the  civil  war,  and  on  various  occa- 
ioni  manifested  the  most  daring  valour; 


RUS 

but  hw  impetuosity  and  want  of  prudence 
more  than  counterbalanced  the  effects  of 
his  bravery.  In  1665  and  1666  he  distin- 
guished himself  in  various  naval  actions 
against  the  Dutch.  He  died  in  1682. 
Rupert  was  a  lover  of  the  sciences,  partic- 
ularly of  chemistry  and  experimental  phi- 
losophy. He  invented  prince's  metal,  and 
the  art  of  mezzotinto  engraving 

RUSH,  BENJAMIN,  an  eminent  Amer- 
ican physician,  was  born,  in  1745,  at 
Bristol,  in  Pennsylvania;  was  educated  at 
Princeton  College,  and  took  his  degree  at 
Edinburgh;  was  chosen,  in  1776,  a  mem- 
ber of  congress;  and  signed  the  declara- 
tion of  independence;  was  professor  of 
medicine  and  clinical  practice  at  the  Penn- 
aylvanian  university;  and  died  in  1813. 
He  was  one  of  the  "greatest  and  best  men 
who  have  adorned  his  country.  Among 
his  works  are,  Essays,  literary,  moral,  and 
philosophical;  Medical  Inquiries  and  Ob- 
servations; and  A  History  of  the  Yellow 
Fever. 

RUSSEL,  Lord  WILLIAM,  one  of  the 
martyrs  of  liberty,  was  born  about  1641, 
and  was  the  third  son  of  the  duke  of  Bed- 
ford. In  the  house  of  commons  he  was  a 
warm  supporter  of  the  bill  for  excluding 
the  duke  of  York  from  the  throne.  The 
court  did  not  fail  to  take  a  sanguinary  ven- 
geance for  this  oftence.  He  was  accused 
of  having  participated  in  the  Rye  House 
Plot,  and  on  this  charge  he  was  brought 
to  trial,  July  13,  1683.  By  the  aid  of 
perjured  and  infamous  witnesses,  and  a 
packed  jury,  a  verdict  was  obtained  against 
him,  and  notwithstanding  powerful  interest 
was  exerted  to  save  his  life,  the  sentence 
of  judicial  murder  was  carried  into  execu- 
tion on  the  21st  of  July.  After  the  Revo- 
lution the  proceedings  against  him  were 
annulled. 


RUSSEL,  Lady  RACHEL,  the  wife  of 
the  foregoing,  was  the  second  daughter  of 
the  earl  of  Southampton,  and  widow  of 
L"V"d  Vaughan.  In  1667,  she  was  united 
to  Liord  William  Russel,  and  for  sixteen 
years  they  enjoyed  uninterrupted  felicity. 
Oi)  his  trial  she  assisted  him  in  taking 
•otOB.  She  survived  him  forty  years,  bu'. 


RUT  443 

constantly  refused  to  enter  again  into  the 
marriage  state.  She  died,  at  the  age  of 
eighty-seven,  in  1723.  Lady  Russel  wan 
a  woman  of  unaffected  piety  and  an  excel- 
lent understanding.  Her  Letter!  have 
been  often  reprinted. 

RUSSEL,  EDWARD,  earl  of  Oxford,  a 
British  admiral,  was  born  in  1651 ;  was 
one  of  the  promoters  of  the  Revolution ; 
gained  the  celebrated  Iwitlle  of  La  Hogue, 
in  1692;  commanded  subsequently  in  the 
Mediterranean;  was,  at  two  periods,  first 
lord  of  the  admiralty;  was  one  of  the 
regents  on  the  death  of  Queen  Anne,  till 
the  arrival  of  her  successor;  and  died  in 
1727. 

RUSSEL,  ALEXANDER,  a  physician, 
was  born  and  educated  at  Edinburgh;  was 
appointed,  in  1740,  physician  to  the  English 
factory  at  Aleppo,  and  resided  there  several 
years;  became  physician  to  St.  Thomas's 
Hospital;  and  died  in  1770.  He  wrote 
The  Natural  History  of  Aleppo. — His 
orother  PATRICK,  who  succeeded  him  at 
Aleppo,  and  died  in  1805,  wrote  a  Trea- 
tise on  the  Plague;  and  Description  of 
Fishes  on  the  Coromandel  Coast. 

RUSSEL,  WILLIAM,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born,  in  1746,  in  Mid  Lothian, 
and  began  life  as  a  bookseller  ;  but  at 
length  became  an  author.  He  died  in 
1794.  His  principal  work  is  The  Histo- 
ry of  Modern  Europe.  He  began  The 
History  of  Ancient  Europe,  but  left  it  in- 
complete. 

RUTHERFORD,  DANIEL,  a  natural 
philosopher  and  physician,  was  born,  in 
1749,  at  Edinburgh,  at  the  university  of 
which  city  he  studied.  In  1786  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  botany,  and  keeper 
of  the  botanic  garden.  He  died  in  1819. 
Dr.  Rutherford  was  the  discoverer  of  ni- 
trogen, and  was  one  of  the  first,  if  not  the 
first,  who  observed  the  acidifying  power 
of  oxygen. 

RUTHERFORTH,  THOMAS,  a  di- 
vine, was  born,  in  1712,  at  Papworth 
Everard,  in  Cambridgeshire  ;  was  edu- 
cated at  Saint  John's  College,  Cambridge; 
became  professor  of  divinity  in  1745  ; 
and  died,  in  1771,  rector  of  Barley,  io 
Hertfordshire,  and  archdeacon  of  Essex. 
Of  his  works,  the  most  important  are,  A 
System  of  Natural  Philosophy ;  Institutes 
of  Natural  Law;  A  Discourse  on  Mipa- 
cles;  and  Sermons. 

RUTLEDGE,  EDWARD,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  and  a  signer  of  the  declaration  of 
American  Independence,  was  born  in 
Charleston,  S.  C.  in  1749.  His  legal  ed- 
ucation was  completed  in  England,  and  in 
1773  he  returned  to  his  native  country,  and 
entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  profession. 
In  1774,  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to 
live  congress  at  Philadelphia,  and  took  an 
[active  part  in  the  discussions  of  the  day 


444 


SAC 


After  a  •ucveviful  practice  of  his  protec- 
tion for  seventeen  years,  in  1798  he  relin- 
quished his  station  at  the  bar,  and  \v:is 
elected  chief  magistrate  of  South  Caroli- 
na. He  died  in  1800. 

RUYSCH,  FREDERIC,  a  celebrated 
anatomist,  was  born,  in  1683,  at  the 
Hague,  and  graduated  at  Franeker,  after 
having  studied  at  Leyden.  In  1665,  his 
Treatise  on  the  Lymphatics  gained  for 
him  the  anatomical  chair  at  Amsterdam. 
Peter  of  Russia  gave  him  thirty  thousand 
florins  for  his  specimens  and  preparations. 
Ruysch  d'ed  in  1731.  He  excelled  all 
other  anatomists  in  injecting  the  vessels 
with  coloured  wax;  but,  unfortunately,  his 
secret  died  with  him.  His  works  form 
five  quarto  volumes.  —  His  son,  HENRY, 
who  died  in  1717,  was  the  author  of  The- 
atrum  Animaliuin. 

RUYSDAEL,  JACOB,  a  celebrated 
Dutch  painter,  was  born,  in  1636,  at 
Haarlem,  and  died  there  in  1681.  By 
whom  he  was  instructed  is  not  known; 
but  his  talents  were  great.  In  landscape 
he  stands  among  the  highest  masters  of 
his  profession.  —  His  brother  SOLOMON, 
who  was  also  a  painter,  but  far  inferior  in 
merit,  was  born  in  1616,  and  died  in 
1670. 

RUYTER,  MICHAEL  ADRIAN,  a 
Dutch  admiral,  was  born,  in  1607,  at 
Middleburgh,  or  at  Flushing.  He  entered 
the  naval  service  when  he  was  only  elev- 
en years  of  age,  and,  by  dint  of  bravery 
and  skill,  rose  to  the  summit  of  his  pro- 


8AD 

fession.  After  having  distinguished  him* 
self  on  numerous  occasions,  particularly  in 
the  wars  of  1652  and  1666,  against  the  En- 
glish, in  the  last  of  which  he  penetrated 
up  the  Medway,  and  destroyed  some  ships  ; 
he  was  mortally  wounded  in  1676,  in  an 
engagement  with  the  French  admiral  Du- 
quesne. 

RYMER,  THOMAS,  an  antiquary  and 
critic,  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  was  edu- 
cated at  Northallerton  School,  and  at  Sid- 
ney College,  Cambridge.  In  1692  he  was 
appointed  royal  historiographer.  He  died 
in  1713.  As  a  critic  he  deserves  little- 
praise,  lie  wrote  a  tragedy  and  some 
poems,  which  are  equally  worthless  with 
:»is  View  of  the  Tragedies  of  »he  last  Age. 
His  great  work,  The  Foeixra,  though 
faulty,  entitles  him  to  somewhat  more  re- 
spect as  an  antiquary. 

RYSBRACH,  JOHN  MICHAEL,  an 
eminent  sculptor,  the  son  of  a  painter,  was 
born  in  1694;  settled  early  in  life  in  Eng- 
land, where  his  works  were  much  ad- 
mired; and  died  in  177ft.  Westminstet 
Abbey  contains  several  of  his  productions, 

RZEWIESKY,  WENCESLAUS,  a  Po- 
lish nobleman,  was  born  in  1705;  filled 
various  high  offices,  among  which  was  tha* 
of  grand  general  of  the  crown ;  was  six 
years  a  prisoner  in  Russia,  (or  his  opposi- 
tion to  the  election  of  Stanislaus  Potowski ; 
and  died  in  1779.  He  is  the  author  off 
two  tragedies ;  two  comedies ;  poems  ;•  A 
Course  of  Rhetoric;  several  other  worku; 
and  a  translation  of  Horace's  Odes. 


SAA  DO  MIRANDA,  an  eminent  Por- 
tuguese poet,  was  born,  in  1495,  at  Coim- 
bra;  abandoned  the  law  professorship  in 
that  city  to  give  himself  up  to  literature 
•  and  travelling;  and  died  in  1558.  He 
wrote  two  comedies,  and  many  pastorals, 
epistle],  and  sonnets. 

SAAVEDRA-FAXARDO,  DIEGO  DE, 
a  Spanish  writer,  whom  his  countrymen 
named  the  Spanish  Tacitus,  was  born,  in 
1584,  at  Algezares,  in  Murcia;  w-as  em- 
ployed during  thirty-four  years  as  a  diplo- 
matist; and  died  in  1648.  Among  his 
principal  works  are,  The  Gothic  and  Cas- 
tilian  Crown,  which,  however,  he  com- 
pleted only  as  far  as  the  death  of  Roderic ; 
and  The  L  terary  Republic. 

SACCIJETTl,  FRANCIS,  an  Italian 
novelist  and  poet,  was  born,  about  1335, 
at  Florence;  filled  some  of  the  most  im- 
portant office*  in  the  Florentine  republic; 
and  died  about  1410.  As  a  writer  of  tales 
he  f  lands  next  to  Boccaccio. 

8ACCI11N1,  AJITHOWT  MART  GA«. 


PAR,  a  celebrated  Italian  composer,  wua 
born,  in  1735,  at  Naples;  studied  under 
Durante;  obtained  an  early  reputation  for 
talent;  and  died  at  Paris,  in  1784,  after 
having  resided  successively  for  considera- 
ble periods  at  Rome,  Venire,  and  London, 
Among  his  finest  operas  are,  CEdipus,  Ta« 
merlane,  Montezuma,  and  The  CJd, 

SACKVILLE.     See  DORSET. 

SADI,  or  SAADI,  one  of  the  most  ce> 
ebrated  of  the  Persian  poets,  was  a  native 
ofShiraz,  and  studied  at  Bagdad.  He  i* 
said  to  have  visited  Mecca  forty  times  an 
foot,  and  he  fought  against  the  Crusaders, 
by  whom  he  was  taken  prisoner  in  Syria, 
Sadi  lived  to  the  ae  of  one  hundred  and 


two,  and  died  in  1296.  His  principal  worku 
are,  The  Gulistan,  or  Rose  Garden;  The 
Bostan,  or  Frujt  Garden. 

SADOC,  a  Jewish  doctor,  flourished 
about  B.  c.  248,  and  was  a  disciple  of 
Antigomis  Sochseus,  who  succeeded  Simon 
the  Just  as  president  of  the  Sanhedrim. 
He,  in  conjunction  with  his  fellow  pupil 


SA 

Bmi»ho«as,  wai  the  founder  of  the  sect  of 

Saddueees. 

S^EMUND  SIGFUSSON,  a  celebra- 
ted Icelander,  is  believed  to  have  been 
Dorn  about  1045,  and  to  have  died  in  1135. 
He  cosnpilod  The  Edda;  assisted  in  fram- 
ing the  Icelandic  ecclesiastical  ordinances; 
and  wrote  a  History  of  Norway. 

SAGE,  BALTHASAR  GEORGE,  an 
eminent  natural  philosopher  and  mineralo- 
gist, was  born,  in  1740,  at  Paris,  and 
•after  having  been  professor  of  experimen- 
tal minera.ogv.  was  appointed  superintend- 
ent of  the  school  ol  mines.  At  the  begin- 
ning of  his  career  S'lge  contributed  much 
to  the  progress  of  nm.  valogy  in  France, 
but  he  subsequently  set  his  face  against  the 
modern  discoveries  in  that  science  and  in 
chemistry.  He  died  in  1824,  a  member 
of  the  Institute.  Among  his  works  are, 
Elements  of  Docimastic  Mineralogy;  and 
a  Theory  on  the  Origin  ot  Mountains. 

SAINT  GLAIR,  ARTHUR,  a  general 
in  the  American  army,  was  born  at  Edin- 
burgh, was  a  lieutenant  under  general 
Wolfe,  and  afterwards  settled  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  became  a  naturalized  citizen. 
On  the  commencement  of  the  revolution, 
he  embraced  the  cause  of  the  American 
army,  and  in  February  1777 -was  appoint- 
ed major  general.  He  served  with  dis- 
tinction, and  in  1783  was  elected  presi- 
dent of  the  Cincinnati  Society  of  his  adopt- 
ed state.  In  1785  he  was  elected  a  dele- 
gate to  Congress,  and  in  178?  was  chosen 
president  of  that  body.  He  was  afterwards 
governor  of  the  North  West  Territory,  and 
in  1790  commanded  an  army  against  the 
.Miami  Indians.  He  resigned  his  commis- 
sion of  major  general  in  1792.  His  latter 
years  were  passed  in  poverty.  He  died 
in  1818. 

SAINTE  CROIX,  WILLIAM  EMM AN- 
UKL  JOSEPH  GU1LHEM  DE  CLER- 
MONT  LODEVE,  baron  de,  a  learned 
French  writer,  was  born,  in  1746,  at 
Mormoiron;  studied  at  the  Jesuits'  Col- 
lege, Grenoble ;  quitted  the  army  for  lite- 
rary pursuits;  and  died,  in  1809,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Institute.  His  chief  works  are, 
A  Critical  Examination  of  the  Historians 
of  Alexander  the  Great;  and  Memoirs  for 
a  History  of  the  se-/ret  Religion  of  Ancient 
Nations. 

S  A I  NT  EVREMOND,  CHARLES 
MARGUETEL  DE  SAINT  DENIS, 
§eigneur  de,  a  French  wit  and  author, 
was  born,  in  1613,  of  a  noble  family,  near 
(Coutances;  was  educated  at  Paris  and 
2^*0  ;  served  with  reputation  in  the  army  ; 
&  as  subsequently  a  courtier,  and  was  much 
admireij  for  his  brilliant  and  sarcastic 
gonversatfc0al  talents  ;  took  refuge  in 
England,  ia  1662,  to  avoid  th:  Bastile; 
flras  in  favour  t^jth  Charles  II.  and  Wil- 
twm  JU  ;  and  ,<&d  in  London,  in  1703. 


SAI  449 

ilk   works   have  been   collected  in  *eve« 
volumes  12mo. 

SAINTE  FOIX,  GERMAIN  FRANCIS 
POULLAIN  DE,  a  French  dramatist  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born,  in  1698, 
at  Rennes.  He  served  in  the  army,  and 
acquired  reputation,  but  quitted  the  mili- 
tary profession  for  literature.  He  did  not, 
however,  relinquish  all  his  military  pro- 
pensities, for  he  was  frequently  engaged  in 
quarrels  and  duels.  He  died  in  1776 
Of  hi.s  numerous  dramatic  pieces,  only 
The  Oracle  retains  possession  of  the  stage. 
Of  his  miscellaneous  productions,  Histor- 
ical Essays  on  Paris  is  the  principal. 

SAINT  HYACINTHE,  HYACINTH 
CORDONNIER,  generally  known  as 
Themiseul  de  St.  Hvacinthe,  a  Fi  -nch 
author,  was  born,  in  1684,  at  Orlmns. 
After  having  served  in  the  army,  M  a 
cavalry  officer,  he  resigned  the  swoif  to 
take  up  the  pen.  He  died  in  1746.  Of 
his  works  the  most  important  is,  The  5'as- 
terpiece  of  an  Unknown,  which  met  with 
extraordinary  success,  and  indicted  a  «e- 
vere  wound  upon  pedantry.  The  Literary 
Journal  was  established  by  him,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  s'Gravesande  and  other  writers 

SAINT  JOHN.     See  BOLINGBROKE. 

SAINT  LAMBERT,  CHARLES  FRAN- 
CIS,  marquis  de,  a  French  poet,  was  born, 
in  1717,  at  Vezelize,  in  Lorraine.  At  the 
peace  of  Aix  la  Chapelle  he 'quitted  tlu- 
army,  and  obtained  an  office  in  the  court 
of  Stanislaus,  where  he  became  admired  for 
his  wit,  and  intimate  with  the  marchioness 
de  Chatelet.  After  the  death  of  Stanislaus, 
Saint  Lambert  again  entered  the  military 
profession,  and  served  in  the  campaigns  of 
1756  and  1757.  Settling  at  Paris,  he  was 
admitted  a  member  of  the  Academy,  and 
was  one  of  the  contributors  to  the  Encyclo- 
psedia.  He  died  in  1803.  He  wrote  The 
Seasons:  Fugitive  Poems;  Tales,  &c.; 
and  Philosophical  Works. 

SAINT  MARC,  CHARLES  HUGH  LE- 
FEBVRE  DE,  u  French  writer,  WAS  born, 
n  1698,  at  Paris;  was,  successively,  a  mil- 
itary officer,  an  ecclesiastic,  a  private  tutor, 
and  an  author;  and  died  in  1769.  Beside* 
editions  of  several  established  productions, 
ic  published  various  original  works,  one  of 
he  most  important  of  which  is,  A  Chrono- 
ogical  Abridgment  of  the  History  of  Italy, 
"rom  the  downfall  of  the  Western  Empire. 

SAINTE  PALAYE,  JOHN  BAPTIST 
DE  LA  CURNE  DE,  a  French  writer,  was 
:>orn,  in  1697,  at  Auxerre;  studied  with 
^articular  attention  the  manners  and  cus- 
:oms  of  ancient  France  and  of  the  times  of 
chivalry;  became  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Inscriptions,  and  of  various  other  learn- 
ed bodies;  and  died  in  1781,  of  grief  fur 
he  death  of  his  twin  brother.  He  wrote 
Memoirs  on  Chivalry;  and  supplied  the 
materials  from  which  Millot  derived  Tbt 


•46 


SA1 


History  of  the  Troubadours.     His  MS.  Col- 
lections formed  one  hundred  volumes  folio. 
SAINT  PIERRE,  Ca  A  ALKSlRJ 

CAS  TEL,  abbe  dc,  a  French  publicist  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  limn,  in  I1 
Saint  Pierre  Egli.M-.  in  !><>rmandv,  and 
studied  at  the  college  of  Caen.  Ills  life 
out  in  acts  of  benevolence,  in  framing 
projects  f>r  the  benefit  of  mankind,  and  in 
making  those  projects  public.  Among  his 
M-hemes  was  one  for  bringing  about  a  per- 
petual peace  ;  which  Cardinal  Dubois  called 
"  the  dream  of  a  good  man."  Having,  in 
bis  Polvsynodia,  denied  Louis  the  Four- 
teenth's right  to  the  surname  of  Great,  the 
Academy  expelled  him;  and,  when,  on  the 
do.  -ease  of  St.  Pierre,  it  filled  up  the  vacant 
place,  it  forbid  his  successor,  Maupertuis, 
to  pronounce,  as  was  usual,  his  eulogy! 
His  works  form  eighteen  volumes  12mo. 

SAINT  PIERRE.     See  BKRSARDIN. 

SAINT  REAL,  CASAR  MCHARD, 
abbe  dc,  a  Savoyard  historian,  was  born, 
in  1639,  at  Chamber  i;  accompanied  the 
duchess  of  Mazarine  to  England  in  1673; 
resided  subsequently  for  some  years  at 
Paris;  and  died,  at  his  native  place,  in 
1693.  His  works,  among  which  are  Don 
Carlos,  and  The  Conspiracy  of  the  Span- 
iards against  Venice,  form  eight  volumes 
12mo.  His  histories  are  elegant,  but  are 
deteriorated  b\  an  infusion  of  romance. 

SAINT  SIMON,  Louis  DE  ROUVROI, 
duke  of,  a  French  writer  and  statesman,  was 
born  in  1675,  and  was  a  godson  of  Louis 
XIV.  After  having  served  in  the  army,  he 
spent  the  rest  of  his  life  at  court.  He"  was 
appointed  one  of  the  council  of  regency  by 
the  duke  of  Orleans;  and,  in  1721,  was  "sent 
to  Madrid  to  negotiate  the  marriage  of  Lou- 
is XV.  with  an  Infanta.  He  died  in  1755. 
Saint  Simon  wrote  valuable  Memoirs  of  the 
Court  of  France  and  of  the  Regency,  of 
which  no  complete  edition  has  yet  been 
published. 

SAINT  SIMON,  CLAUDIUS  HENRY, 
count  de,  of  the  same  family  as  the  forego- 
ing, was  born,  in  1760,  at  Paris,  and  died 
in  that  city  in  1825.  He  is  the  founder  of 
die  politico-philosophical  school  of  the  7n- 
duatriels;  the  leading  dogma  of  which 
ahuol  is,  that  industry  is  the  definitive  pur- 
pose of  human  society,  and  that  those  en- 
g'iged  in  it  constitute  the  superior  class  of 
society.  Saint  Simon  published  an  Intro- 
^u'.-tio'n  to  the  Scientific  Labours  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century;  Political,  Moral,  and 
Philosophical  Discussions;  and  other 
works,  to  disseminate  his  doctrines. 

SAINT  VINCENT,  JOHN  JERVIS, 
earl  of,  an  eminent  British  naval  officer, 


son  of  the  auditor  of  Greenwich 


SAL 

of  post  captain  in  17CO;  cjinroanded  the 
Foudroyant  in  the  action  between  Kcpj « 1 
and  d'Orvilliers;  and  in  1782  was  reward 
ed  with  the  rod  ribbon  for  his  gallant  con- 
i 'net  in  the  capture  of  the  I'ejj'i.-e.  In  1794, 
a*  admiral  of  the  squadron  in  the  West  In- 
<li-'.-,  he  contributed  to  the  reduction  <  f  tho 
French  islands;  and,  on  the  14th  of  Febru- 
ary, 1797,  being  then  at  the  head  of  the 
Mediterranean  fleet,  he  gained  the  splendid 
victory  oil  Cape  Saint  Vincent.  For  this 
success,  to  which  Nelson  mainly  contribut- 
ed, Sir  John  Jervis  .was  made  an  English 
peer,  and  received  a  pension.  In  1801  he 
became  first  lord  of  the  admiralty,  which 
post  he  held  till  1804;  in  1814  he  was  ap- 
pointed general  of  marines;  and  in  1821 
admiral  of  the  fleet.  He  died  March  the 
15th,  1823. 

SALAH-EDDYN,  or  SALADLN,  MA- 
LEK  NASSER  Y'JSSUF,  sultan  of  Egypt 
and  Syria,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  cham- 
pions of  islamisiu  during  the  crusades,  wan 
born,  in  1137,  at  Tekrit,  on  the  Tigris; 
raised  himself  from  the  station  of  an  officer 
to  that  of  a  sovereign ;  obtained  various 
successes  over  the  Christians,  but  was  de- 
feated by  Richard  C<jeur  de  Lion  ;  and  died, 
deeply  regretted  by  his  subjects,  in  1193. 

SALE,  GEORGK,  an  author  and  oriental 
scholar,  was'  born  about  1680,  and  died  iu 
1736.  He  wrote  a  part  of  the  Ancient  Uni- 
versal History,  and  translated  the  Koran. 
He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  a  Society  for 
the  Encouragement  of  Learning. 

SALISBURY,  ROBERT  CECIL,  earl 
of,  an  eminent  statesman,  the  son  of  Lord 
Bnrleigh,  was  born  about  1550;  was  edu- 
cated at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge; 
sat  in  parliament  for  Westminster,  and 
subsequently  for  the  county  of  Hertford; 
became  a  privy  counsellor  in  1591,  and 
secretary  of  state  in  1596;  and  was  sent 
ambassador  to  France  in  the  following 
year.  By  James  I.,  with  whom  he  had 
kept  up  a  secret  correspondence,  he  waa, 
in  1605,  created  earl  of  Salisbury,  and  in 
1608  h«  was  appointed  lord  high  treasrzcr. 
He  died  in  1612. 

SALLO,  DEMS  DE,  a  French  writer, 
was  born,  in  1626,  at  Paris;  was  a  coun- 
sellor of  the  parliament  in  that  city;  and 
died  in  1669.  He  was  the  first  person  who 
established  a  literary  journal.  It  was  in 
1665  that  he  began  the  Journal  des  Savani ; 
a  work  that  was  long  continued  bv  other 
authors,  and  maintained  a  high  reputation 

SALLUST,  or  SALLUSTH  S,  CAIU 
CRispus,a  Roman  historian,  of  equal  tal- 
ents and  profligacy,  was  lx>rn,  B.C.  86,  at 
Amiternnm,  and  was  so  remarkable  in  early 
life  for  shameless  licentiousness,  that  he  wa* 


v-lospilal,  was  born,  in  1734,  at  Meaford  degraded  from  the  senatorial  rank  by  the 
I 'all;  entered  the  navy,  as  a  midshipman, '  censors.  Caesar  restored  him  to  his  seat, 
at  the  ige  of  fourteen ;  served  in  the  expe-  j  and  successively  made  him  quapstor  and 
dilion  againsC  fjnebec;  obtained  the  rank  !  prartor,  and  governor  of  N  imidia.  In  tb« 


SAN 

fast  of  these  offices  he  amassed  an  enormouo 
fortune  by  acts  of  rapine,  lie  died  B.  c.  35. 
His  History  of  the  Roman  Republic  is  lost, 
with  the  exception  of  some  fragments  ;  but 
his  masterly  Histories  of  the  Jugnrthine 
War,  and  of  the  Conspiracy  of  Catiline, 
a;-e  extant,  and  bear  ample  testimony  to  his 
genius. 

SALMASI US,  or  SAUM A ISE,  CLAU- 
DIUS, an  eminent  French  scholar,  was  born, 
in  1588,  at  Semur.  He  was  educated  by 
his  father,  and  at  Paris  and  Heidelberg; 
and  translated  Pindar,  and  composed  Latin 
and  Greek  verses,  when  he  was  only  ten 
years  old.  His  knowledge  of  languages 
was  extensive,  and  such  was  his  memory 
that  he  retained  whatever  he  once  heard 
read.  In  1632  he  succeeded  Scaliger  at 
the  university  of  Leyden.  He  twice  visited 
Christina  of  Sweden  -it  Stockholm,  and  was 
received  in  the  most  distinguished  manner. 
In  1649  he  wrote  a  defence  of  Charles  I., 
to  which  Milton  bitterly  and  victoriouslv 
replied.  Salmasius .  died  in  1653.  His 
printed  works  amount  in  number  to  eighty, 
and  he  left  sixty  in  manuscript,  and  as  many 
unfinished. 

SALUCE3  D2  MZNU3IGLIO,  JO- 
SEPH AflGEi.ur,,  coi'.nt  di,  an  Italian  phi- 
losopher, was  born,  in  1734,  at  Saluzzo; 
made  several  important  discoveries  in 
chemistry,  dyeing,  and  mechanics;  and 
died  in  1810.  He  wrote  various  essays  on 
chemical  and  other  subjects. 

SAMANIEGO,  FELIX  MARIA,  a Span- 
ij).  poet,  who  is  called  the  La  Fontaine  of 
Spain,  was  born,  in  1742,  at  Bilbao,  and 
died,  in  1806,  at  Madrid,  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Academy.  His  Fables  are  in  two 
volumes  octavo. 

SANCHO,  IGNATIUS,  a  negro  of  talent, 
nas  born,  in  1729,  on  board  a  slave  ship, 
»nd  was  carried  to  Carthagena.  While 
he  was  young,  he  was  brought  to  England, 
and  given  to  three  sisters,  who  called  him 
Sancho.  The  duke  of  Montague  took  him 
into  his  service,  and  encouraged  him  in  his 
love  of  learning,  and  the  duchess  left  him 
an  annuity  at  her  death.  Having  married 
'A  woman  of  small  property,  he  began  busi- 
ness as  a  grocer,  and  continued  in  it  till 
kis  decease  in  1780.  Sterne,  Garrick,  and 
other  li.erary  characters,  were  among  his 
friends.  He  wrote  Letters ;  some  poems; 
and  a  tract  on  music. 

SAN  CROFT,  WILLIAM,  an  English 
prelate,  was  born,  in  1616,  at  Fresingfield, 
in  Suffolk;  and  was  educated  at  St.  Ed- 
rtiundsbury  School,  and  at  Emanuel  Col- 
Jege,  Cambridge,  of  which  latter  seminary 
he  became  master  in  1662.  After  having 
toeen  dean  of  York,  and  of  St.  Paul'?,  he 
was  raised  to  the  archbishopric  of  Canter- 
bury in  1677.  Sancruft  was  one  of  the  > 
•even  prel.ites  who  were  trie.l  tor  resisting  i 
to  tyranny  of  James  II.;  but  he  n»fn*o<l 


SAN  447 

to  take  the  oaths  to  William  III., and  was. 
in  consequence  dsprived  of  his  see.  He 
died  in  1693.  He  wrote  Fur  Predestina 
tus;  Modern  Politics;  Sermons;  and 
Letters. 

S A. \CTORIUS,  or  SANTORIO,  a 
celebrated  Italian  physician,  was  born,  in 
1631,  at  Capo  d'Istria;  studied  at  Padua, 
and  was  professor  of  the  theory  of  medi- 
cine at  that  university  for  many  years;  and 
died  at  Venice,  in  1636.  Of  his  works 
the  most  iir.portant  is,  Ars  de  statica  Me- 
dicina,  w'.iich  contains  many  valuable  ex- 
periments on  insensible  perspiration,  and 
has  been  repeatedly  reprinted  and  trans- 
lated. He  invented  a  pulse-measurer,  and 
several  surgical  instruments. 

SANDEMAN,  ROBITRT,  founder  of  the 
sect  called  Sandemanians,  was  born,  in 
1723,  at  Perth;  was  at  one  period  of  his 
life  a  linendraper ;  became  a  preacher  in 
America;  and  died  there  in  1771.  His 
principal  work,  Letters  on  Theron  and 
Aspasio,  was  written  to  controvert  Her- 
vey's  doctrine  respecting  justifying  faith. 

SANDWICH,  EDWARD  MON- 
TAGUE, earl  of,  a  son  of  Sir  Sidney 
Montague,  was  born  in  1623;  entered  the 
parliament  service  at  the  age  of  eighteen; 
and  commanded  both  by  land  and  sea.  At 
the  Restoration,  he  conveyed  Charles  II. 
to  England,  and  was  created  by  him  earl 
of  Sandwich.  He  fought,  under  the  duke 
of  York,  against  the  Dutch,  in  1664, 1665, 
and  1672,  and  was  drowned  in  the  last  of 
those  years,  by  jumping  overboard  on  hir 
ship  taking  fire. 

SANDYS,  GEORGE,  the  second  son  o 
the  archbishop  of  York,  was  born,  in  1577. 
at  Bishop's  Thorpe,  and  was  educated  a. 
St.  Mary  Hall,  Oxford.  In  1610  he  began 
his  travels  through  the  Levant  and  Italy,  ot 
which,  in  1615,  he  published  an  account. 
The  rest  of  his  life  was  devoted  to  literary 
pursuits  at  home.  He  died  in  1643. 
Among  his  works  are,  a  Translation  of 
Ovid's  Metamorphoses,  and  of  Grotius's 
Christ's  Passion;  and  Paraphrases  of  th* 
Psalms,  Job,  and  other  parts  of  Scripture. 
Sandys  has  been  praised  by  Dryden  and 
Pope";  a  sufficient  proof  that  he  deserves 
the  name  of  poet. 

SANMICHELI,  MICHAEL,  an  eminent 
Italian  architect  and  engineer,  was  born, 
in  1484,  at  Verona;  erected  many  superb 
edifices,  and  fortified  many  of  the  Venetian 
cities;  and  died  in  1559.  He  was  the  in- 
ventor of  angular  bastions,  the  first  exam- 
ple of  which  he  gave  at  Verona. 

SANNAZARO,  or  SANNAZARIUS, 
JAMES,  a  celebrated  Italian  poet,  was 
born,  i.i  1458,  at  Naples.  The  poems  and 
canzonets  which  failed  to  win  the  heart  of 
liis  mistress  procured  for  him  the  patronage 
of  Prince  Frederic  of  Naples;  and  tha. 
patronage  was  still  more  liberally  bestowed 


148  SAP 

when  toe  prince  ascended  the  throne.  San- 
nazaro  testified  his  gratitude  by  remaining 
unalterably  attached  to  him  in  his  subse- 
quent misfortunes.  He  died  in  1530.  His 
principal  works  are,  Arcadia;  Piscatory 
Eclogues;  and  a  Latin  poem,  de  Pa/tu 
Viri;i:ii<5,  on  which  he  bestowed  the  labour 
of  twei  ty  years. 

NSLVEKO,  RAYMOND  DI  SAN- 
GllO,  prince  of,  a  man  of  multifarious  tal- 
ents, WHS  born,  in  1710,  at  Naples;  made 
many  discoveries  in  mechanics,  hydraulics, 
fortification,  painting,  and  otner  sciences 
and  arts;  and  died  in  1771.  Among  his 
mechanical  inventions  was  a  four-wheeleu 
vthi.  le  to  pass  over  the  surf.ice  of  the 
water,  which  he  exhibited  on  the  bay  of 
Naples. 

SANSON,  NICHOLAS,  a  French  geo- 
grapher and  engineer,  who  is  considered 
as  the  creator  of  geography  in  France,  was 
born,  in  1600,  at  Abbeville;  constructed, 
when  he  was  only  sixteen,  a  map  of  ancient 
Gaul;  was  appointed  engineer  in  Picardy 
by  Louis  X11L;  published  above  three 
hundred  maps,  and  several  volumes,  in 
illustration  of  them;  and  died  in  1667. 
His  three  sons,  NICHOLAS,  WILLIAM, 
and  ADRIAN,  were  all  eminent  geogra- 
phers. 

SANTA  CRUZ  DE  MARZENADO, 
Don  ALVAR  DE  NAVIA  OSORIO,  marquis 
of,  an  able  Spanish  officer  and  diplomatist, 
was  born,  about  1687,  in  the  Asturias; 
distinguished  himself,  in  the  service  of 
Philip  V.,  during  the  war  of  the  «ucces- 
sion;  acquired  equal  reputation  subse- 
quently as  a  negotiator  at  Turin,  the  con- 
gress of  Soissons,  and  Paris;  and  was 
killed,  in  1732,  in  a  sally  from  Oran,  of 
which  city  he  was  governor.  He  is  the 
author  of  Military  Reflections,  eleven  vol- 
umes quarto. 

SANTEUL,  JOHN  DE,  an  eminent 
modern  Latin  poet,  wras  born,  in  1630,  at 
Paris;  studied  under  the  Jesuits,  at  the 
colleges  of  St.  Barbe,  and  Louis  the  Great ; 
distinguished  himself  early  by  his  talent 
for  composing  Latin  verse;  entered  among 
the  canons  of  the  abbey  of  St.  Victor ;  was 
patronised  by  Louis  XIV.  and  several 
illustrious  personages;  and  died  in  1697. 
Sante'.il  was  a  man  of  much  wit  and  hu- 
mour, and  of  eccentric  habits.  His  works 
form  thite  volumes.  His  Inscriptions  for 
Public  Buildings,  and  his  Hymns,  are  his 
best  productions. 

SAPPHO,  a  Gr»ek  poetess,  born  about 
B.  c.  600,  in  the  island  of  Lesbos,  was  the 
wife  of  Cereolas,  by  whom  she  had  a 
daughter.  After  the  death  of  her  husband 
she  became  enamoured  of  Phaon,  and  is 
•aid  to  have  thrown  herself  into  the  sea 
from  the  promontory  of  Leucate,  in  conse- 
quence of  bis  neglect  of  her;  but  this  story, 
Ike  many  others  injurious  to  her  «-»cter, 


SAO 

is  of  doubtful  Authority.  Sappho  inrentort 
the  met:e  \\hich  I/ears  her  name.  Few  of 
her  works  are  extant,  but  tliuse  few  breathe 
the  very  soul  of  poetry. 

8ARBIEWSKI,  ,",r  SAitP.IEVirs, 
MATTHIAS  CA<I  MIH,  a  Polish  pert,  better 
known  by  his  Christian  name  i*  C'asimir, 
was  born,  in  1595,  in  the  palatinate  of 
Ma/o\K;  was  a  professor  in  the  Jesuits' 
College  at  Wilna;  was  highly  esteemed 
by  Ladislaus  IV.;  and  died  in  1610.  His 
Latin  poems  have  great  merit.  He  left 
unfinished  an  epic  poem,  the-  subject  of 
which  was  drawn  from  the  history  t;f  his 
native  country. 

SARGENT,  W i NTH R or,  governor  of 
.Mississippi,  -.vas  a  native  of  Massachusetts, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  college  in  1771 
He  entered  the  revolutionary  army  in  1775, 
and  served  in  various  capacities  with  repu- 
tation to  the  close  of  the  war.  In  1786 
he  was  appointed  by  congress  surveyor  of 
the  northwestern  territory,  and  in  1787 
secretary  of  the  government  established 
there.  He  attended  general  St.  Clair  as 
adjutant  general  in  his  unfortunate  expedi- 
tion against  the  Indians,  and  was  also  ad 
jutant-general  and  inspector  under  general 
Wayne.  He  died  in  1820. 

SAKt'I,  PKTKR,  better  known  under 
the  name  of  Father  Paid,  or  Fra  Paolo, 
was  born,  in  1552,  at  Venice.  So  preco- 
cious were  his  talents,  that,  at  the  age  of 
seventeen,  he  publicly  maintained  theolog- 
ical and  philosophical  theses,  consisting  of 
three  hundred  and  nine  articles.  His 
eloquence  was  equal  to  his  learning.  He 
did  not  confine  his  studies  to  theology;  for 
anatomy  and  astronomy  also  engaged  much 
of  his  attention.  He  was  of  the  order  of 
the  Servites,  and  became  provincial  of  the 
order.  The  Venetian  government  appoint- 
ed him  its  consulting  theologian,  and  repos- 
ed unbounded  confidence  in  him;  which 
he  justified  and  repaid,  by  defending 
the  ecclesiastical  liberties  of  his  country 
against  the  encroachments  of  the  Roman 
pontiff.  His  patriotism  roused  the  venge- 
ance of  Rome  against  him,  and  in  1C07, 
five  ruftians  made  an  attempt  to  assassinate 
him.  They  failed,  however,  in  their  pur- 
pose, though  they  gave  him  fifteen  wounds. 
He  died  in  1628.  His  greatest  work  is, 
A  History  of  the  Council  of  Trent 

SARRASIN,  JOHN  FRANCIS,  a  French 
wit  and  poet,  was  born,  in  1C03,  at  Hei - 
manviile,  near  Caen;  and  became  secre- 
tary to  the  prince  of  Conti.  That  prince, 
however,  having  struck  him,  Sarrasin  wai 
so  deeply  affected  by  the  indignity,  that  it 
brought  him  to  the  grave  in  1654.  He 
wrote  various  Poems;  A  History  of  the 
Siege  of  Dunkirk;  and  other  works.  Se 
veral  of  his  productions  have  been  ofter. 
reprinted. 

SAUNDERS,  WILLIAM,  a  physician. 


SAU 

<vai  born  in  1743;  became  senior  phyai- 
eian  to  Guy's  Hospital;  and  died  in  1817. 
Amcng  liis  works  are,  Treatises  on  Mer- 
cury—on the  Devonshire  Colic — on  Dis- 
eases of  the  Liver — on  Indian  Hepatitis — 
on  lied  Dark — and  on  Mineral  Waters. 

SAURIN,  JAMKS,  a  protestant  divine, 
was  horn,  in  1677,  at  Nismes;  quitted  his 
c.tii  Hry,  i  i  childhood,  with  his  fither,  in 
c:>!ise:|i.j.?nce  of  the  revocation  of  the  edict 
of  .Vint.'. ;  completed  his  studies  at  Geneva ; 
a>id,  after  having  been  in  a  regiment  of 


refugees,  and  pastor  to  the  Walloon  church   the  royal  mercy.     He   was,  however,  par- 


Loadoa,  be  settled  at  the  Hague,  and 
for  in  >re  than  a  quarter  of  a  centtin  en- 
joyed the  highest  reputation  as  an  eloquent 
preacher.  He  died  in  1730.  He  wrote 
twelve  volumes  of  Sermons;  and  Histori- 
cal, Theological,  and  Moral  Discourses  on 
the  Events  of  the  Scriptures. 

SAURIN,  JOSEPH,  brother  of  the  fore- 
going, was  born,  in  1659,  at  Courtaison, 
in  the  principality  of  Orange,  and  was  for 
some  years  a  protestant  preacher.  In  1690, 
however,  he  embraced  the  catholic  religion, 
and  was  pensioned  by  Louis  XIV.  He 
rendered  himself  celebrated  as  a  geome- 
trician; became  a  member  of  the  Academy 
of  Sciences ;  contributed  for  some  years  to 
the  Journal  des  Savans;  and  died  in  1730. 

SAURIN,  BERNARD  JOSEPH,  son  of 
Joseph,  was  born,  in  1706,  at  Paris;  quit- 
ted the  bar  to  become  a  dramatic  writer; 
was  a  member  of  the  French  Academy ; 
and  died  in  1781.  Among  his  best  pro- 
ductions are  the  tragedies  of  Spartacus 
and  Beverley;  and  the  comedies  of  The 
Three  Rivals,  and  The  Manners  of  the 
Times. 

SAUSSURE,HoRACE  BENEDICT  DE, 
an  eminent  naturalist,  was  born,  in  1740, 
at  Geneva.  He  was  taught  botany  by  Bon- 
net; was  the  friend  and  companion  of 
Haller ;  and  at  the  age  of  twenty  was  a 
proficient  in  the  mathematical  and  physical 
gciences.  For  several  years  he  was  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  at  Geneva.  By  the 
instruments  which  he  invented,  and  by  the 
valuable  observations  which  he  made  in 
hi?:  travels,  particularly  during  those  in  the 
Alps,  he  contributed  much  to  the  advance- 
ment of  geology  and  meteorology.  He  died 
in  1799.  Saussure  is  the  author  of  Tra- 
^'els,  four  volumes;  Essays  on  Hygr,»netry ; 
and  various  papers  in  the  Transactions. 

SAUVAGES-DE  LA  CROIX,  FRAN- 
CIS BOISSIER  DE,  a  celebrated  French 
ootaniot  and  physician,  was  born,  in  1706, 
Ht  Alais;  studied  at  Montpellier,  at  which 
university  he  was  subsequently  professor 
of  medicine  and  botany;  was  a  member 
of  all  the  learned  societies  in  Europe;  was 
as  much  admired  for  his  zeal  and  humanity 
HP  for  his  knowledge ;  and  died  in  1757. 
His  great  woik  i*  his  Nosology,  fi\e  voU. 


SAX 
SAVAGE,  RICHARD,  a 


449 

poe.,  sprung 


from  the  illicit  intercourse  of  Earl  Rivera 
with  the  countess  of  Macclesfield,  was  born, 
in  1698,  in  London.  His  mother  not  only 
renounced  him  at  his  birth,  and  condemned 
him  to  be  brought  up  in  a  low  situation, 
but  was,  through  life,  his  bitterest  perse- 
cutor. It  was  by  chance  that  he  <,btained 
the  knowledge  of  his  parentage.  Having 
accidentally  killed  a  man  in  a  drunken 
brawl,  he  was  sentenced  to  death,  and  his 
unnatural  mother  endeavoured  to  intercept 


doned,  and  Queen  Caroline  allowed  him  a 
small  pension.  For  a  while  he  was  patron- 
ised by  Lord  Tyrconnel,  but  the  bard  and 
the  peer  soon  quarrelled.  After  having 
suffered  great  misery,  partly  brought  on  by 
his  own  misconduct,  he  died  a  debtor  in 
prison  at  Bristol,  in  1743.  Savage  waa 
intimate  with  Johnson,  who  wrote  an  ad- 
mirable life  of  him.  His  poems,  the  prin- 
cipal of  which  are,  The  Wanderer,  and  The 
Bastard,  hnve  considerable  merit. 

SAVARY,  NICHOLAS,  a  French  tra- 
veller and  writer,  was  born,  in  1750,  at 
Vitro,  in  Britanriy;  visited  Egypt,  the 


,  . 
Archipelago,  and  Crete;  and 


1  fcgyi 

died  in  1788. 


He  translated  the  Koran,  to  which  he  added 
a  Life  of  Mahomet,  and  Notes;  and  wrote 
Letters  on  Egypt  ;  Letters  on  Greece  ;  and 
an  Arabic  Grammar. 

SAVERIEN,  ALEXANDER,  a  French 
mathematician  and  writer,  was  born,  about 
1720,  at  Aries;  spent  his  life  in  mathe- 
matical and  literary  pursuits;  and  died, 
unpatronised  and  in  obscurity,  in  1805. 
It  was  upon  his  suggestion  that  the  naval 
academy  was  established  at  Brest.  Among 
his  works  are  various  treatises  on  mari- 


time tactics  andshi 
of  mathematics 


Dictionaries 
of  naval  affairs ;   His- 


tories of  ancient  and  modern  philosophers  ; 
and  a  History  of  the  Progress  of  the  Hu- 
man Mind  in  the  Sciences. 

SAVONAROLA,  JEROME,  acelebrated 
Italian  monk,  was  born,  in  1452,  at  Fer- 
rara  In  1488  he  settled  at  Florence, 
whe  -3  lie  became  popular  for  his  eloquence 
as  4.  preacher,  and  his  exertions  in  the 
cause  of  liberty.  Having,  however,  at- 
tacked the  papal  court,  he  was  brought  to 
trial  in  1498,  and  was  condemned  to  the 
flames.  His  works  have  been  printed  in 
six  volumes. 

SAXE,  MAURICE,  count  de,  a  cele- 
brated general,  the  son  of  the  king  of  Po- 
land and  the  countess  of  Konigsmarck,  was 
born,  in  1696,  at  Dresden.  His  military 
career  began  at  the  siege  of  Lisle,  when  he 
was  only  twelve  years  old,  and  he  next 
was  present  at  the  siege  of  Totirnay,  and 
the  battle  of  Malplaquet.  He  afterwards 
fought,  at  the  head  of  his  regiment  of  cav 


alry,   in  Sweden  and    Hungary. 
he    filtered    into   thu    Trench 


Fu  1720 
lu 


450  8CA  SCH 

1726  lie  was  elected  duke  of  Courland,  but   most  valuable  is  a  treatise  De  Emendatioa* 


the  hostility  of  Russia  compelled  him  to 
relinquish  the  dukedom,  and  he  returned  to 
France.  He  distinguished  himself  greatly  in 
the  campaigns  of  1733,  1734, 1735  and  1741, 
and  rose  to  the  rank  of  marshal.  In  1744 


Temporum. 

SCAMOZZI,  VINCENT,  an  eminent 
Italian  architect,  was  horn,  in  1550,  at 
Vici-n/.a ;  settled  al  Veniee  in  15SiJ;  and 
ilied  in  1616.  He  was  tlie  rival  of  I',  lla- 


he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  tin-  dio,  and  after  tlie  death  of  that  artist  had 
Fieueh  armies  in  Fl.tnders;  and,  between  "»  competitor.  Venice,  Florence,  and 
that  period  and  the  close  of  the  war,  he  Genoa  contain  some  of  his  finest  edifices, 
gained  tlie  victories  of  Fontenoy,  Rouotnix,  He  wrote  A  Treatise  oji  Architecture,  and 
_...ii..i"..i.i.  1 1  ~  .J :..  .1  :  ~  i  Tr:/\  ii_.  A  rn »: —  *i._  *  . .  •  • .  •  /•  n 


and  Lafeldt.     He  died  in  1750.     He  wrote, 


A  Treatise  on  the  Antiquities  of  Rome 


on  the  art  of  war,  a  treatise  intitlcd  My  SCAPULA,  JOHN,  a  lexicographer, was 
Reveries.  born,  in  Germany,  about  the  middle  of  the 

SAXE-WEIMAR,  BERNARD,  duke  sixteenth  century",  and  died  at  the  begin- 
ef,  one  of  the  greatest  generals  of  the  seven-  [  ning  of  the  seventeenth.  He  was  e.nploved 
teenth  century,  was  born,  in  1600,  at  Wei- 'as  a  corrector  by  Henry  Stephens,  \\hile 
mar,  and  first  served  under  his  brother  in  that  eminent  man  was  printing  the  Greek 
the  contest  between  Frederic  V7.  of  Bohe-  Thesaurus ;  and  he  basely  availed  himself 
mia  and  the  Austrians.  From  1623  till !  of  the  opportunity  to  pilla'ge  it,  and  form  a 
1639,  when  he  died,  he  was  constantly  en-  Lexicon,  by  the  publication  of  which  he 
gaged  in  Germany,  performed  numerous  ruined  his  master. 

splendid  actions,  aiii}  was  looked  up  to  as !  SCARLATTI,  ALEXANDER,  a  cele- 
one  of  the  firmest  and  most  valuable  chain-  brated  Italian  composer,  was  born,  in 
pions  of  the  protestant  cause.  It  was  he  1650,  at  .Naples,  and  died  there  in  1725. 
who  assumed  the  command  after  the  fall  of  He  produced  nearly  a  hundred  operas,  and 
Gustavus  Adolphus,  and  secured  the  victory  two  hundred  masses,  besides  many  other 
ofLutzen.  compositions,  and  contributed  greatly  to 

SAXO,  GRAMMATICUS,  an  historian  restore  a  pure  musical  taste  in  his  n.ithe 
and  antiqu-iry,  born  in  tlie  twelfth  century,  country. — His  son  DOMINIC  and  his  grand- 
was  a  priest  in  the  cathedral  of  Rothschild,  sou  JOSEPH  were  both  composers  of 
and  is  believed  to  have  been  a  Dane  by  |  merit. 


birth.  He  died  in  1208.  His  History  of 
Denmark  is  the  source  whence  Shakspeare 
derived  the  story  of  the  tragedy  cf  Ham- 


.et. 


SCALIGER,  JULIUS   CJESAR,  usually 


SCARPA,  ANTHONY,  an  eminent  Ital- 
ian anatomist  and  surgeon,  was  born  about 
1746,  and  died  in  1826  at  Pavia,  at  tlie 
university  of  which  city  he  was  professor. 
He  enjoyed  an  extensive  reputation  both  as 

known  as  the  elder  Scaliger,  a  learned  a  practitioner  and  an  observer,  and  con- 
critic,  was  born,  in  1484,  of  a  noble  family,  tributed  greatly  to  the  improvement  of 
at  Ripa,  in  the  territory  of  Verona,  and  at  surgery.  Among  his  works  are,  An  Ana- 
twelve  years  of  age  was  appointed  one  ofjtomical  Description  of  the  Auditory  and 
the  pages  of  the  emperor  Maximilian.  His  |  Olfactory  Organs;  Observations  on  Aneu- 
noble  birth,  however,  is  denied  by  someirism;  and  A  Treatise  on  the  Principal 
writers.  Till  he  was  nearly  forty  he  led  a  Diseases  of  the  Eye. 

military  life;  but  he  then  quitted  the  army,!  SCARRON,  PAUL,  a  French  poet  and 
and  began  to  study  medicine  and  the  dead  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born,  in  1610, 
languages.  In  1526  he  settled  as  a  phvsi-  at  Paris,  and  was  intended  for  the  church, 
cian  at  Agen.  Before  his  decease,  which '  but  never  took  orders;  for  which,  'indeed, 
took  place  in  1558,  he  acquired  high  ]  his  habits  rendered  him  unfit.  In  his 
reputation  as  an  erudite  writer.  His  van- 1  seven  and  twentieth  year,  one  of  his  wild 
ity  and  insolence  were  at  least  equal  to  his!  pranks  having  obliged  him  to  hide  himself 
talents.  Among  his  works  are,  Poems;  J  in  a  marsh,  he  lost  the  use  of  all  hit  limbs, 
and  a  treatise  De  Causis  I.  ingu;e  Latinae.  I  For  some  time  he  subsisted  by  tlie  compo* 
SCALIGER,  JOSEPH  JUSTUS,  son  of '  sition  of  burlesque  comedies,  which  were 
the  foregoing  and  his  rival  in  learning  and  exceedingly  popular.  Anne  of  Austria 
arrogance,  was  born,  in  1540,  at  Agen, 
and  was  educated  at  the  college  of  Bor- 
deaux, and,  finaly,  by  his  father  and 
Turnebus.  Languages  he  acquired  with 'Mile  d'Aubigne,  who,  at  a  later  period, 
wonderful  ease,  and  is  said  to  have  been  acquired  such  celebrity  as  Madame  do 


afterwards  gave  him  a  pension;  which, 
however,  he  subsequently  lost  by  writing  a 
satire  on  Mazarin.  In  1652  he  married 


roaster  of  no  less  than  thirteen.  His  friends 
denominated  him  "  an  ocean  of  science," 
and  "the  •afterpiece  of  nature."  He 


Maintenon.  At  his  house  all  the  Parisian 
wits  were  accustomed  to  assemble.  He 
died  in  1660.  Of  his  works  The  Comic 


.  .  ^ 

died  in  1609,  professor  of  the  belles  lettresj  Romance   is   the  only  one  which    is   still 
at  Leyden.     His  works,  most  of  which  are  read. 

commentaries  on  the  classics,  are  numer-       SCHADOW,  ZONO  RiDOLFO,a  sculp* 
e«f .     Of  his  ether  productions,  one  of  the  tor,  the  son  of  Godfrey  Schadow,  who  woa 


8CH 

abo  a  aculptor,  was  born,  in  1786,  at 
Rome;  was  taken  by  his  father  to  Berlin 
in  1788;  returned  to  Rome  to  study  at  the 
age  of  eighteen ;  and  was  instructed  by 
Canova  and  Thorwaldsen.  He  died  in 
1822.  Among  his  works  are,  Paris  delib- 
erating on  his  judgment;  a  girl  putting  on 
her  sandals ;  and  a  colossal  group  of  Achil- 
les defending  the  body  of  Penthesilea. 

SCHALKEN,  GODFREY,  a  Dutch 
painter,  a  pupil  of  Van  Hoogstraeten  and 
of  Gerard  Dow,  was  born,  in  1643,  at 
Dort,  and  died  at  the  Hague,  in  1706.  He 
particularly  excelled  in  candlelight  scenes. 
His  portraits  are  true  to  nature,  but  are 
deficient  in  grace. 

SCHANK,  JOHN,  a  n-ival  officer,  was 
born,  about  1740,  in  Fifeshire;  entered  the 
naval  profession  early  in  life;  distinguish- 
ed himself  as  an  engineer  and  seaman,  on 
the  Canadian  lakes,  during  the  American 
war;  was  actively  employed  in  the  defence 
of  the  coast,  and  in  the  transport  service 
during  the  war  with  France;  and  rose  to 
the  rank  of  admiral  of  the  blue  in  1821. 
He  died  in  1823.  Schank  was  the  inven- 
tor of  sliding  keels,  guns  with  moveable 
•tides,  and  other  important  improvements. 

SCHIAVONETTI,  Louis,  an  engrav- 
er, was  born,  in  1765,  at  Bassano,  in  the 
state  of  Venice.  He  was  taught  painting 
by  Golini,  and  engraving  by  Bartolozzi 
and  Valpato.  Settling  in  England,  he  de- 
servedly obtained  a  high  reputation  as  an 
artist,  and  esteem  as  a  man.  He  died  in 
1810. 

SCHILL,  FERDINAND  VON,  an  intre- 
pid and  patriotic  Prussian  officer,  was 
born,  in  1773,  at  Sotthoff,  in  Silesia;  and 
entered  the  Prussian  army  as  a  cadet  in 
1789.  He  was  severely  wounded  at  the 
battle  of  Jena;  but  took  the  field  again, 
and  distinguished  himself,  at  the  head  of  a 
free  corps,  before  the  end  of  the  war,  for 
which  he  was  rewarded  with  the  rink  of 
colonel.  In  1809,  with  the  hope  of  con- 
tributing to  free  his  country  from  the 
Frerch  yoke,  he  collected  a  small  body  of 
troops,  and  commenced  operations  on  the 
Elbe  against  the  forces  of  Napoleon ;  but, 
after  having  obtained  several  successes,  and 
displayed  equal  ability  and  bravery,  he  was 
overpowered  and  slain,  at  Stralsund,  on 
the  31st  of  May. 

SCHILLER,  JOHN  FREDERIC  CHRIS- 
TOPHER, one  of  the  most  illustrious  of 
modern  German  writers,  was  born,  in  1759, 
at  Marbach,  in  Wurtemburgh.  In  his 
youth  he  was  desirous  to  be  of  the  clerical 
profession,  but  at  length  he  studied  medi- 
cine, and  became  a  surgeon  to  a  regiment. 
In  his  twenty-second  year  he  published  his 
drama  of  The  Robbers,  which,  notwith- 
standing its  sins  against  good  taste,  estab- 
lished his  reputation  as  a  man  of  genius. 
Vlis  vu^ceai  ind'iced  him  to  devote  himself 


sen 


451 


to  literary  pursuits.    The  tragedies  of  Fi- 
esco  and  Cabal  am" 


and  Love  were  hid  ncx« 


productions.  In  1787  he  removed  to  Wei- 
mar;  acquired  the  friendship  of  Wieland, 
Herder,  and  Gothe;  and  was  nominated 
aulic  counsellor  and  professor  of  history 
and  philosophy  at  Jena,  by  the  dukj?. 
Thenceforth  he  continued  to  increase  his 
fame  by  various  excellent  compositions. 
He  died  May  9,  1805.  Amon^  his  princi- 
pal works  are,  The  History  ot  the  Thirty 
Years'  War;  The  History  of  the  Revolt 
in  the  Netherlands;  and  the  tragedies  of 
Don  Carlos,  Wallenstein,  Mary  Stuart, 
Joan  of  Arc,  The  Bride  of  Messina,  and 
William  Tell. 

SCHLOETZER,  AUGUSTUS  Louis,  a 
German  historian,  was  born,  in  1737,  at 
Jagstadt;  was  educated  at  Wittenberg  an"i 
Gottingen;  was  invited  to  Russia,  and  re- 
sided  there  for  some  years;  became  pro- 
fessor of  philosophy  and  politics  at  Gottin- 
gen; and  died  in  1809.  Among  his  work, 
are,  A  History  of  Lithuania;  and  various 
publications  on  the  history  of  Russia. 

SCHMIDT,  MICHAEL  IGNATIUS,  a 
German  historian,  was  born,  in  1736,  at 
Arnstem,  in  the  bishopric  of  Wurtzburgh; 
was  brought  up  to  the  church;  and  died 
at  Vienna,  in  1794,  aulic  counsellor  and 
keeper  of  the  archieves.  His  History  of 
the  Germans,  of  which  he  publishe  \  only 
eleven  volumes,  is  much  esteemed.  It 
was  continued  by  Milbiller,  from  the  pa- 
pers of  Schmidt. 

SCHOEFFER,  PETER,  one  of  the  in- 
ventors  of  printing,  was  born  at  Gem- 
sheim,  in  the  territory  of  Darmstadt,  and 
was  originally  a  copyist  at  Paris.  He 
entered  into  partnership  with  .Guttenberg 
and  Fust,  the  latter  of  whom  gave  him  liis 
daughter  in  marriage,  and,  on  his  decease 
in  1466,  left  him  sole  possesswr  of  the 
printing  establishment.  Schoeffer  died 
about  1502.  He  invented  the  steel  punches 

!  used  in  letter-founding. 

SCHREVELIUS,  CORNELIUS,  a  lexi- 
rographer,  was  born,  about  1615,  at  Haar- 
lem; succeeded  his  father  as  rector  of  the 

I  grammar   school    at    Leyden;     and    died 
either  in  1664  or  1667.     He  edited  various 


452 


SCH 


classics,  but  is  only  remembeu'd  by  his 
Greek  and  Latin  Lexicon,  the  first  edition 
»f  which  was  published  in  1645. 

SCHULEMBOURO*  JOHN  MATTHI- 
AS, count  de,  one  of  the  most  eminent  gen- 
erals of  the  seventeenth  century,  vtas  born, 
in  1661,  at  Cendan,  near  Mafftiebargb. 
After  having  been  in  the  I)ani>h  sen  ice, 
he  entered  into  that  of  Poland,  and  distin- 
guished himself  greatly  in  the  campaigns 


under     Snbieski,     and     in     those 


against 


Charles  XII.  In  1708  he  led  eight  thous- 
and Saxons  to  join  the  allies  in  the  Neth- 
erlands. There  he  increased  his  fame, 
particularly  by  his  conduct  at  the  battle 
of  Malplaquet.  In  1715  he  was  appointed 
generalissimo  of  the  Venetian  forces,  and 
in  the  following  year  he  gained  immortal 
honour  by  his  defence  of  Corfu  against  the 
Turkish  army.  He  died  in  1747. 

SCHULTENS,  ALBERT,  who  has  been 
Called  the  restorer  of  oriental  literature  in 
the  eighteenth  century,  was  born,  in  16S6, 


SCO 

Lower  Austria;    was  educated  at   Vienw; 


actised  with  great  success  for  some  \ear» 
in  England  and  Scotland  ;  settled  and  \\a» 
naturalized  at  Paris,  in  17S9;  and  died 
there  August  27,  1824-  lie  wrote  a  Trea- 
tise on  Syphilitic  Maladies;  Pharmacolc.- 
gia;  a  New  System  of  Medicine;  and 
ntlirr  works. 

SCIPIO,  PUBLIUS  CORK  FLU'S,  sur- 
named  AKRICANUS,  a  celebrated  Iu  .man 
general.  At  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  saving  his  fathei'a 
life  at  the  battle  of  the  Ticinus.  Heiug 
sent  with  an  army  into  Spain,  he,  in  th« 
course  of  four  years,  wrested  the  xvln.le  of 
that  country  from  the  Carthaginians.  I!t 
next  proposed  the  bold  measure  of  attack* 
ing  Carthage  on  her  own  territory,  \\hirl 
was  adopted.  After  having  defeated  As 
drubal  and  Syphax,  he  crowned  lii>  glor\ 
bv  vanquishing  Annibal,  at  the  battle  i.t 
Zama,  B.  c.  202,  and  compelling  Caithag* 
to  submit  to  humiliating  terms  of  peace 


near  Groningen ;   became  professor  of  the  I  His  laurels,  however,  did  not  protection 
eastern  languages  at  Franeker,  and  after-   from  the  intrigues  of  his  enemies  in  Home 

Various  charges  were  brought  against  hitr 
and  he  at  length  retired    Ln  disgust  to  lr  , 
country  seat  at  Liternum,  where  he  did;, 
B.  c.  i89. 

SCIPIO  A",MILIANUS,  PCBLIUS 
known  as  Africanus  the  Younger,  wa» 
the  son  of  Paulus  ^F.milius,  and  w.u 
adopted  by  the  son  of  Scipio  Africanus. 
He  first  distinguished  himself  in  Spain, 
where  he  killed  a  gigantic  Spaniard,  and 
obtained  a  mural  crown  at  the  siege  of 
Intercatia.  The  destruction  of  Carthage, 
B.  c.  147,  was  his  next  exploit.  His  last 
was  the  subjugation  of  Numantia,  B.  c. 
133.  He  was  found  dead  in  his  led,  ir 
his  fifty-sixth  year,  B.  c.  128,  and  is  be- 
lieved to  have  been  strangled.  Scipio  waj 
a  patron  of  literature. 

SCOPAS,  one  of  ihe  most  celebrated 
artists  of  antiquity,  was  born,  at  Paros, 
about  B.  c.  460.  Among  his  most  admired 
works  were  a  statue  of  Venus,  and  the 
mausoleum  which  was  erected  by  Arte- 
misia, queen  of  Caria,  to  the  memory  of 
her  husband. 

SCOPOLI,JoHN  ANTHONY, an  Italian 
naturalist  and  physician,  was  born,  in  1723, 
at  Cavalese,  in  the  Tyrol ;  became  succes- 
sively first  physician  to  the  mines  at  Idria, 
professor  of  mineralogy  at  Chemnitz,  and 
professor  of  chemistry  and  botany  at  Pavia; 
and  died  in  1787.  Among  his  works  are 
a  Carniolan  Flora  and  Entomology;  and 
Deliciae  Flora  et  Faunae  Insubricse. 

SCOTT,  MICHAEL,  a  Scottish  philoso- 
pher, was  born,  in  the  thirteenth  century, 
at  Balwirie,  in  Fife;  travelled  in  France: 

that     gunpowder    was     known     to    Roger  I  Germany,   and  England,    and   was   highly 
Bacon  as  early  n.<  1292.  honoured  by  the   monarchy   of  tlx.se    coun- 

tries;   was  knighted  and  employed   by  hie 
own  sovereign,  Alexander  the  Third;   and 


wards  at  Leyden ;  and  died  in  1750. 
Among  his  Works  are,  Origines  Hebrea? ; 
and  A  Commentary  on  the  Book  of  Job. 
— JOHN  JAMES,  his  son,  and  HKNRY  AL- 
BERT, his  grandson,  were  also  eminent 
orientalists. 

SCHURMANN,  ANNA  MARIA,  a  fe- 
male of  varied  talents,  wag  born,  in  1607, 
at  Cologne ;  became,  in  1653,  one  of  the 
disciples  of  the  fanatic  Labadie,  to  whom 
she  was  even  said  to  be  privately  married; 
and  died  in  1678.  She  was  mistress  of 
painting,  engraving,  sculpture,  and  music, 
and  of  the  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin,  Chaldee, 
Ethiopic,  and  several  modern  languages. 
She  wrote  various  works,  which  were 
collected  under  the  title  of  Opuscula  He- 
brapa,  Graeca,  Latina,  Gallica,  Prosaica, 
et  Metrica. 

SCHUYLER,  PHILIP,  an  officer  in 
the  American  army,  was  appointed  major 
general  in  1775,  and  was  dispatched  to  the 
Jollifications  in  the  north  of  New  York,  to 
prepare  for  the  invasion  of  Canada.  He 
afterwards  fell  under  some  suspicion,  and 
was  superseded  in  the  chief  command  by 
general  Gates.  He  was  a  member  of  con- 
gress before  the  adoption  of  the  present 
constitution,  and  afterwards  twice  a  sena- 
tor. He  died  in  1804,  in  the  seventy  tmri J 
year  of  his  age. 

SCHWARTZ,  BERT  HOLD,  to  whom  is 
attributed  the  invention  of  gunpowder,  is 
said  to  have  been  born  at  Friburg,  in  the 
Brisgau,  in  the  early  part  of  the  fourteenth 
century,  and  to  have  been  a  benedict ine 
or  cordelier  monk.  It  is  certain,  however, 


, FRANCIS  XAVIER, 
•  ahys'cian,  was  born,  in  1748.  at  Steit,  in 


SEC 

died,  at  a  great  age,  in  1291.  He  wrote 
various  works ;  and  was  looked  upon  ad  a 
magician. 

SCOTT,  THOMAS,  a  divine,  was  born, 
in  1747,  at  Braytoft,  in  Lincolnshire;  was 
intended  for  the  medicil  profession,  but 
entered  into  the  church;  became  chaplain 
of  the  Lock  Hospital  in  1785,  and  rector 
of  Aston  Sandford  in  1801;  and  died  in 
1821.  He  wrote  The  Force  of  Truth ; 
Sermons;  A  Defence  of  Calvinism;  and 
A  Commentary  on  the  Bible. 

SCUDERI,  GEORGE,  a  French  writer, 
whom  Boiieau  has  devoted  to  ridicule  as 
having  "  monthly  given  birth  to  a  volume,1' 
was  born,  in  1601,  at  Havre.  After  having 
served  in  the  army,  he  became  a  writer  for 
the  theatre,  and  produced  sixteen  pieces. 
Among  his  other  works  are,  Alaric,  or 
Rome  Vanquished,  an  heroic  poem;  and 
an  atack  upon  The  Cid  of  Corneille.  He 
died  in  1667. 

SCUDEKI,  MAGDALEN,  sister  of  the 
foregoing,  a  woman  of  more  wit  and  talent 
than  taste,  was  born  in  1607;  was  long  a 
popular  writer  of  romances;  was  intimate 
with  many  of  the  most  distinguished  of 
her  literary  contemporaries;  and  died  in 
1701.  Her  principal  works  are,  the  ro- 
mances of  Almahide,  Artamenes,  Clelia, 
and  Ibrahim;  Conversations;  Fables;  and 
some  fugitive  poetry. 

SEBA,  ALBERT,  a  naturalist,  was  born, 
in  1665,  at  Eetzel,  in  East  Friesland;  was 
brought  up  as  an  apothecary ;  and  settled 
in  that  capacity  at  Amsterdam,  after  hav- 
ing made  several  voyages  to  the  East  and 
West  Indies,  in  the  course  of  which  he 
formed  a  valuable  collection  of  natural 
history.  He  died  in  1736.  He  left  a 
description  of  his  collection  in  four  folio 
volumes,  with  plates. 


SECKER,  THOMAS,  an  eminent  and 
pious  prelate,  was  born,  in  1693,  at  Sib- 
thorpe,  in  Nottinghamshire,  and  was  edu- 
ca'ed,  at  various  seminaries,  with  the  view 
of  becoming  a  preacher  among  the  dissent- 
ers. In  1716,  however,  he  went  to  Leyden, 
•tudied  physic,  and  took  his  degree.  In 
1721  he  entered  at  Exeter  College,  Oxford. 
Having  conformed  to  th»  church,  he  took 


8EL  4U 

orders,  and  cbtamed  prefermert.  After 
having  filled  various  minor  ministries,  he 
was  consecrated  bishop  of  Bristol  in  1734. 
He  was  translated  to  Oxford  in  1737  ;  and, 
in  1758,  he  was  raised  to  the  archiepisco- 
pal  see  of  Canterbury.  He  died  in  1768. 
His  Sermons,  Charges,  and  other  works, 
form  twelve  volumes  octavo. 

SEDGWICK,  THEODORE,  was  born 
at  Hartford,  in  1746,  was  educated  at  Yale 
College,  and  removing  to  Massachusetts, 
pursued  the  study  of  the  law.  He  ernbai  k- 
ed  with  spirit  in  the  cause  of  the  popular 
party  before  the  revolution,  held  a  seat 
several  years  in  the  state  legislature,  and 
was  a  member  of  congress  under  the  old 
confederation.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Massachusetts  convention  to  decide  on  the 
adoption  of  the  federal  constitution,  was  a 
representative  and  senator  to  congress,  and 
in  1802  was  appointed  judge  of  the  ^u- 
preme  judicial  court  of  Massachusetts.  In 
this  office  he  remained  till  his  death  in 
1813. 

SEDLEY,  Sir  CHARLES,  a  poet,  dra- 
matist, and  wit,  of  the  court  of  Charles  II.  ; 
was  born,  in  1639,  at  Aylesford,  near 
Maidstone,  in  Kent,  and  was  educated  at 
Wadham  College,  Oxford.  In  the  licen- 
tious circle  which  surrounded  the  restored 
Charles,  he  was  a  conspicuous  figure.  One 
of  his  frolics  was  haranguing  a  mob  naked 
from  a  balcony,  for  which  he  was  fined 
five  hundred  pounds.  Irritated  by  James 
the  Second  having  seduced  his  daughter, 
Sedley  took  an  active  part  in  promoting 
the  Revolution.  He  died  in  1701.  Hii 
six  plays,  and  miscellaneous  poems,  form 
two  volumes. 

SEGUR,  Count  Louis  DE,  a  French 
diplomatist  and  writer,  the  eldest  son  of 
Marshal  de  Segur,  was  born,  in  1753,  at 
Paris;  and,  after  having  served  in  Amer- 
ica, was  successively  ambassador  to  St 
Petersburg!!  and  Berlin.  He  was  ruined 
by  the  revolution,  and  for  a  considerable 
period  supported  his  father  and  his  family 
by  the  productions  of  his  pen.  Napoleon, 
however,  placed  him  in  the  council  of  state, 
and  nominated  him  grand  master  of  the 
ceremonies,  and  a  senator.  Count  Segur 
died  at  Paris,  August  27,  1830.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  A  History  of  the  Reign 
of  Frederic  William  II.  ;  Moral  aif^l  Po- 


litical Ga.lery;  and  Ancient  and  Modern 
History. 

SELDEN,  JOHN,  an  eminent  lawyei 
and  writer,  was  born,  in  1584,  at  Salv'in- 
ton,  in  Sussex;  was  educated  at  Chiohes- 
ter,  and  at  Hart  Hall,  Oxford;  and  studied 
the  law  at  Clifford's  Inn  and  the  Inner 
Temple.  After  having  been  called  to  the 
bar,  he  practised  chiefly  as  a  chamber 
counse.,  and  much  of  his  time  was  devoted 
to  studying  the  history  ar  *  antiquities  of 
hie  native  land.  Between  1607  and  1640, 


454 


SER 


M  produced  ncveral  work?,  of  which  (he 
chief  are,  Titles  of  Honour;  A  Treatise  on 
the  Syrian  Deities;  The  History  of  Tithes  ; 
and  Mare  Chusum.  In  16-10  In-  was  cho- 
sen M.  T.  for  Oxford.  Though  Si-ld«-n 
had  more  than  oner  been  persecuted  ami 
imprisoned  by  the  court  for  his  li\e  >.l 
liberty,  yet  lie  acte;l  with  great  moderation 
at  the  commencement  of  the  disputes  be- 
tween Charles  and  the  parliament.  The 
hous-5  of  commons  appointed  him  keeper 
of  the  records  in  the  Tower,  and,  sub>e- 
quently,  one  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
admiralty,  and  voted  him  five  thousand 
pounds.  "  He  died  in  1654.  His  Table 
Talk  was  published,  after  his  death,  by 
his  amanuensis. 

SENECA,  Lucius  ANNJEUS,  a  cele- 
brated Roman  philosopher,  statesman,  and 
moralist,  the  son  of  Marcus  Anna-us,  a-i 
eminent  orator,  was  born  at  Cordiba,  in 
Spain,  about  B.  c.  2.  His  education, 
which  he  received  at  Rome,  was  of  the 
most  liberal  kind.  The  stoical  philosophy 
was  that  which  he  adopted.  Messalina 
having  accused  him  of  adultery  with  Julia, 
the  daughter  of  Germanicus,Jie  was  han- 
ished  to  Corsica,  where  he  remained  eight 
years.  Agrippina  recalled  him,  and  in- 
trusted to  him  the  tuition  of  Nero.  After 
his  accession  to  the  throne,  his  imperial 
puptt  for  a  while  loaded  him  with  favours; 
but  at  length,  resolved  to  rid  himself  of 
him.  Seneca  was  charged  with  being 
concerned  in  the  conspiracy  of  Piso,  and 
theemj)eror  sent  him  an  order  to  terminate 
his  existence,  which  he  obeyed  by  opening 
his  veins,  A.  D.  65.  He  was  a  min  of 
genius,  but  by  no  means  a  praiseworthy 
character.  Several  of  his  works  have  been 
translated  into  English,  by  Lodge,  L'Es- 
trange,  and  Morell. 

SEPULVEDA,  JOHN  GINEZ  DK,  an 
historian,  who  has  been  called  the  Spanish 
Livy,  was  born,  in  1490,  near  Cordova; 
resided  for  many  years  in  Italy;  became 
historiographer  to  Charles  V.;  and  died, 
in  1572,  at  Salamanca.  Sepulveda  wrote 
A  History  of  Charles  V.;  A  History  of 
the  War  of  the  Indies;  and  a  treatise 
highly  disgraceful  to  him,  vindicating  the 
cruelties  of  the  Spaniards  in  America. 

SERASSI,  PETER  ANTHONY,  an  Ital- 
ian biographer,  was  born,  in  1721,  at 
Bergamo,  and  died  in  1791,  at  Rome, 
where  he  was  secretary  to  several  of  the 
cardinals.  He  wrote  lives  of  Ta.«Bo,  Dante, 
Bembo,  Poliziano,  and  other  eminent  Ital- 
ians; published  edit  ions  of  various  authors; 
and  collected  materials  for  a  literary  his- 
tory of  his  native  country. 

SERGEL,  JOHN  TOBIAS,  an  eminent 
Swedish  sculptor,  was  born,  in  1740,  at 
Stockholm;  was  a  pupil  of  I,archeve<|uc, 
and  subsequently  completed  his  studies  at 
Rome;  rose  to  great  eminence,  and  was 


SEV 

ennck'Jed  after  his  return  to  Sweden;  and 
died  in  1814.  Among  his  most  admired 
productions  are,  Othrvadcs ;  a  recumbent 
Kami  ;  a  Venus  C.illipyges  ;  Diomedes 
bearing  away  the  Palladium;  Venus  and 
Mai>:  and  Cupid  and  l's\che. 

SKIIKKS,  OLIVER  JJE,  a  celebrated 
agriculturist,  to  whom  his  countrymen  have 
given  the  title  of  "  the  father  of  French 
agriculture,"  was  born,  in  1539,  at  Ville- 
neuve  de  Berg,  in  the  Vivarais.  He  died 
in  1619.  France  is  indebted  to  him  for 
thi,  introduction  of  the  manufacture  of  raw 
silk.  His  Theatre  of  Agriculture  has 
passed  through  twenty  editions,  and  is  still 
popular. 

SERTORIUS,  QUINTUS,  a  Roman 
general,  was  born  at  Nursia,  in  the  Sabine 
territory,  and  made  his  first  campaign 
under  Marius,  in  the  Cimbrian  war.  Being 
proscribed  by  Svlla,  he  sought  an  asylum 
in  the  Iberian  peniiuttla,  \\here,  by'dint 
of  consummate  talent  and  bravery  he  long 
maintained  his  ground  against  the  Roman 
generals,  foiled  even  Pompey,  and  was  it 
last  assassinated  B.  c.  73. 

SERVETL'S,  MICHAEL,  a  celebrated 
antitrinitarian,  was  born,  in  1509,  at  Vil- 
lanueva,  in  Arragon  ;  was  educated  at  Tou- 
louse; and  took  his  doctor's  degree  in 
medicine  at  Paris.  He  published  several 
works  against  the  doctrine  of  the  trinity, 
which  excited  against  him  the  violent 
hatred  of  both  catlu.lica  and  protestants. 
From  the  persecutions  of  the  former  he 
was  fortunate  enough  to  escape;  but  he 
could  not  escape  the  vengeance  of  the  hit- 
ter. He  was  seized  as  he  was  passing 
through  Geneva,  and,  being  persecuted  by 
Calvin  with  a  baseness  and  malignity 
which  have  covered  the  reformer  with  infa- 
my, he  was  condemned  to  the  flames  in 
1553.  Servetus  appears  to  have  approach- 
ed to  the  disco\ery  of  the  circulation  of 
the  blood. 

SEVERUS,  Lucius  SFPTIMIUS,  a 
Roman  emperor,  was  born,  A.  D.  146,  at 
Leptis,  in  Africa,  and  after  having  filled  all 
the  principal  offices  of  the  state,  was  raid- 
ed to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  Didius  Ju- 
lian us.  Pescennius  Niger  proved  for  a 
while  a  formidable  rival,  but  was  at  length 
overthrown  at  the  battle  of  Issus.  Alhinui 
shared  the  same  fate  in  Gaul;  and  Severn* 
reigned  without  a  competitor.  The  mon- 
arch was  victorious  over  the  Parthians, 
and  other  enemies,  but  stained  his  char- 
acter by  his  cruelty  at  home.  He  died  at 
York  in  211. 

SEVERUS  II.Fr.Avius  VALERIUS,* 
Roman  emperor,  was  a  native  of  Illyrium, 
of  an  obscure  family.  Diocletian  created 
him  Caesar,  and  Galerius  made  him  hi* 
associate  in  empire.  He  was  overthrown 
l>y  Maxentius,  and  was  put  to  death,  if) 
£67,  by  Maximinianui. 


mately  espoused  that  of  the  people, 
was  hostile,  however,  to  Cromwell's  u 


SHA  SHA  4*5 

Inn.  In  his  nineteenth  year  he  was  cho.«m 
representative  for  Tewkesbury.  At  first 
he  leaned  to  the  king's  party,  but  ulti- 

He 
jsur- 

pation,  and  he  took  an  active  port  in 
restoring  Charles  II.  For  his  services  to 
the  royal  cause,  he  was  made  chancellor 
;of  the  exchequer,  and  a  lord  of  the  treasu- 
jry,  and  created  Lord  Ashley.  He  formed 
a  part  of  the  Cabal  administration ;  but  it 
is  doubtful  whether  he  participated  in  some 
'of  its  worst  measures.  In  1672  he  was 
;  made  earl  of  Shaftesbury,  and  appointed 
lord  chancellor.  At  the  end  of  a  twelve- 
SEVIGNE,  MARY  DE  RABUTIN- 'month,  however,  he  resigned  the  seal?, 
CHANTAL,  marchioness  of,  daughter  of  '  which  even  his  bitterest  enemies  confessed 
the  baron  de  Chantal,  was  born,  in  1627,  that  he  had  held  with  honour  to  himself, 
at  Bourbilly,  in  Burgundy,  and  was  left  He  was  but  once  more  in  office,  and  that 
an  orphan  at  an  early  age.  Her  maternal  only  for  four  months,  in  1679;  but  during 
uncle  brought  her  up,  and  her  mind  was  that  brief  period  he  conferred  on  his  coun- 
cultivated  by  Menage  and  Chapelain.  At  try  the  benefit  of  the  Habeas  Corpus  Act. 
the  age  of  eighteen  she  married  the  mar-  The  rest  of  his  life  was  spent  in  opposition 
quis  de  Sevigne,  who  was  killed  in  a  duel  to  the  unconstitutional  measures  of  Charles 
seven  years  afterwards.  Left  with  a  son  II.  For  this  conduct  he  was  libelled  by 
and  daughter,  she  devoted  herself  entirely  Dryden,  and  a  swarm  of  inferior  writers: 
to  their  education.  To  her  daughter,  who",  i  was  twice  committed  to  the  Tower;  and 
in  1669,  was  united  to  the  count  de  Grignan,  |  was  accused  of  treason,  but  the  grand  jury 
she  was  particularly  attached,  and  to  her  threw  out  the  bill.  Heat  length  withdrew, 
were  addressed  the  major  part  of  the  well  in  1682,  to  Holland;  and  died  there  Janu- 
known  letters  which  have  placed  the  i  ary  22,  1683. 

marchioness  in  the  first  rank  of  epistolary)  SHAFTESBURY,  ANTHONY  ASHLEY 
writers.  She  died  In  1696.  The  best  edi-j  COOPER,  eai  1  of,  a  celebrated  writer, 
tion  of  her  Letters  is  in  eleven  volumes :  the  grandson  of  the  foregoing,  was  born, 
octavo.  Jin  1671,  in  London.  His  education  was 

SEVVALL,  SAMUEL,  chief  justice  of  !  partly  private,  and  partly  received  at 
Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Boston  in :  Winchester.  After  having  travelled,  he 
1757,  and,  after  graduating  at  Harvard  became,  in  1693,  M.  P.  for  Pool,  and,  as 
College,  entered  on  the  profession  of  the  j  a  senator,  he  acted  on  enlightened  and 
law.  He  soon  became  eminent;  in  1797 j  liberal  principles.  Subsequently,  however, 
was  elected  a  member  of  congress,  and  in  j  his  delicate  health  deterred  him  from 
1800  was  placed  on  the  bench  of  the  su- 
preme judicial  court.  In  1813  he  was 


appointed  chief  justice,  but  died  suddenly 
in  the  following  year.  He  was  a  lawyer 
of  ability  and  learning,  and  highly  popular. 
SEWARD,  ANNA,  daughter  of  the 
Rev.  Thomas  Seward,  was  born,  in  1747, 
at  Eyam,  in  Derbyshire.  Very  early  in  life 
ishe  manifested  a  talent  for  poetry,  which 
her  father  vainly  endeavoured  to  discour- 
age. Her  first  productions  were  contri- 
butions to  Lady  Millar's  Vase  it  Bath 
Easton  ;  her  first  separate  work,  An  Elegy 
on  Captain  Cook,  appeared  in  1780. 
From  that  period  she  came  frequently  be- 
fore the  public  as  a  poet,  and  acquired 
considerable  reputation.  She  died  in  1809. 
Her  poems  have  been  collected  in  three 
volumes.  She  also  wrote  A  Life  of  Dr. 
Darwin;  and  Letters. 

SHAFTESBURY,  ANTHONY  ASHLEY 
COOPER,  earl  of,  a  celebrated  statesman, 
was  born,  in  1621,  at  Winborne,  in  Dor- 
»et«hue;  was  educated  at  Exeter  College, 
O*fbH;  and  studied  the  Law  at  Lincoln's 


taking  an  active  part  in  public  affairs; 
and  he  devoted  his  leisure  to  literature. 
He  died,  in  1713,  at  Naples.  His  works, 
the  style  of  which  is  polished  with  too 
laborious  care,  were  collected  in  three 
volumes,  under  the  title  of  Characteristics 
of  Men,  Manners,  Opinions,  and  Times. 


SHAKSPEARE,  WILL  AM,  the  glory 
of  the  British  drama,  was  born,  April  23, 
1564,  at  Stratford  upon  Avon,  and  wa* 


«*  SHA 

the  ion  of  a  dealer  in  wool.  All  the  learn- 
ing which  he  possessed  lit  acquired  at  the 
free  school  of  his  native  place.  In  his 
eighteenth  \e;ir  he  married  Ann  Hatha- 
way, a  yeoman's  daughter,  who  was  con- 
siderably  older  than  himself.  He  was, 
however,  compelled  to  quit  the  country, 
about  15S6,  in  consequence  of  having  form- 
ed one  of  a  party  in  "  conveying"  awav 
Borne  of  Sir  Thomas  Lucy's  deeV,  and  after- 
wards written  a  lampoon  on  the  knight; 
for  which  he  was  prosecuted.  On  his  first 
reaching  London  he  is  said  to  have  been 
employed  as  prompter's  call  boy  at  the 
theatre.  Other  accounts  represent  him  as 
holding  horse*  for  gentlemen  at  the  door 
of  the  playhouse.  He  was  next  an  actor, 
but  does  not  appear  to  have  risen  high 
in  the  profession.  His  earliest  dramatic 
attempt,  the  First  Part  of  Henry  VI.,  is 
supposed  to  have  been  made  in  1589.  He 
was  patronised  by  the  earl  of  Southampton  ; 
enjoyed  the  friendship  of  his  most  eminent 
literary  contemporaries;  and  was  favoured 
by  Elizabeth  and  James  I.  Having  be- 
come proprietor  and  manager  of  the  Globe 
Theatre,  he  realized  a  handsome  fortune, 
with  which  he  retired  to  Stratford,  where 
he  purchased  an  estate,  and  resided  for 
several  years.  He  died  in  1616,  on  his 
birthday. 

SHARP,  GRANVILLE,  a  philanthropist 
and  writer,  was  born,  in  17S4,  at  Durham, 
and  was  brought  up  to  trade,  but  soon 
abandoned  it.  A  place  in  the  ordinance 
office  he  resigned,  because  he  disapproved 
of  the  American  war.  The  rest  of  his  long 
life  was  spent  in  exertions  of  active  benev- 
olence. He,  with  infinite  difficulty  and 
expense,  established  the  right  of  Africans 
to  freedom  in  England;  instituted  the  So- 
ciety for  the  Abolition  of  the  Slave  Trade; 
promoted  the  distribution  of  the  Bible; 
and  exerted  himself  in  the  cause  of  par- 
liamentary reform.  He  died  July  6,  1813. 
Among  his  works  are  various  pamphlets, 
on  Slavery,  Tracts  on  the  Hebrew  Lan- 
guage; and  Remarks  on  the  Definitive 
Article  in  the  Greek  Testament. 

SHARP,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent  en- 
graver, was  born,  in  1740,  in  Haydon 
Yard,  in  the  Minories;  was  apprenticed 
to  Mr.  Longmate,  a  writing  engraver; 
rosi  to  excellence  in  the  highest  branch  of 
the  graphic  art  by  dint  of  his  own  unas- 
sisted exertions;  and  died  July  25,  1824. 
His  works  are  numerous,  and  are  held  in 
high  estimation.  His  talent  was  all  con- 
fined to  his  art.  He  was,  in  other  respects, 
a  common  place  being;  and  was,  in  suc- 
cession, the  dupe  of  Mesmer,  Swedenborg, 
Brothers,  and  Joanna  Southcolt. 

SH  A\V,  THOMAS,  a  <ii\it!«- and  traveller, 
was  born,  al>out  1692,  at  Kendal,  in  West- 
moreland; was  educated  at  Queen's  Col- 
lege, Oxford  ;  became  chaplain  to  the 


SHE 

I  factory  at  Algiers;  and  died,  in  1751. 
principal  of  St.  Edmnnd'a  Hall,  Greek 
professor,  and  vicar  of  Bramlvy.  He  wrote 
Travels  in  Barbary  and  the  Levant. 

SHAW,  GEOHGK,  a  naturalist,  was 
born,  in  1751,  at  Bierton,  in  Buckingham- 
shire. He  was  educated  at  Magdalen  (VI- 
lege,  Oxford;  studied  medicine  at  Edin- 
burgh; and  took  his  degree  at  Oxford.  He 
was  a  fellow  of  the  Royal  Society;  vice 
president  of  the  Linnaran  Society;  and  li- 
brarian and  assistant  keeper  of  natural  his 
tory  at  the  British  Museum.  He  died  in 
1813.  His  principal  works  arc,  General 
Zoology;  Zoological  Lectures;  and  the 
Zoology  of  New  Holland.  He  also  con 
ducted  the  Naturalist's  Miscellany;  and 
was  one  of  the  editors  of  the  abridged  Phi- 
losophical Transactions. 

SHEFFIELD,  JOHN  BAKER  HOL- 
ROYD,  earl  of,  a  statesman,  was  born, 
r.bout  1735,  at  Penn,in  Buckinghamshire; 
sat  in  the  house  of  commons  fur  Coventry 
and  Bristol;  obtained  an  Irish  peerage; 
and  died  in  1821.  He  possessed  consider- 
able knowledge  upon  mercantile  subjects; 
and  wrote  several  pamphlets  on  Irish  and 
American  commerce,  and  on  the  corn  and 
wool  trade.  Holroyd  was  one  of  the  most 
intimate  friends  of  Gibbon,  whose  miscel- 
laneous works  he  edited. 

SHEFFIELD.  See  BUCKINGHAM- 
SHIRE. 

SHELLEY,  PERCY  BYSSHK,  an  emi- 
nent poet,  the  son  of  Sir  Timothy  Shelley, 
was  born,  in  1792,  at  Field  Place,  in  Sus- 
sex; was  educated  at  Eton,  and  at  Oxford  ; 
and  was  drowned,  in  the  Mediterranean, 
July  8,  1822.  Shelley  was  a  man  of  splen- 
did talent,  and  a  highly  poetical  mind; 
but,  unfortunately  for  his  reputation  and 
happiness,  had  adopted  the  blighting  prin- 
ciples of  atheism.  His  Revolt  of  Islam; 
Prometheus  Unbound  ;  Cenci;  and,  indeed, 
the  whole  of  his  poems,  bear  the  stamp  of 
genius. 

SKENSTONE,  WILLIAM, a  poet,  was 
born,  in  1714,  at  Hales  Owen,  in  Shrop- 
shire, and  was  educated  at  the  grammar 
school  of  that  place,  and  at  Pembroke  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  From  his  father  he  inherit- 
ed an  estate  of  no  great  magnitude,  called 
The  Leasowes.  He  rendered  it  an  <>\ ject 
of  much  picturesque  beauty;  but  the  praise 
which  it  attracted  from  its  numerous  visit- 
ors was  dearly  bought  by  him,  for  the  im- 
provement of  it  involved  him  in  embarrass- 
ments which  imbittered  his  latter  years. 
He  died  in  1763.  H  is  works,  in  verse  and 
prose,  form  three  volumes. 

SHERIDAN,  THOMAS,  son  of  the  well 
known  friend  of  Dean  Swift,  and  father  of 
R.  B.  Sheridan,  was  born,  in  1721,  at 
Quilca,  in  Ireland,  and  was  educated  at 
Westminster  School,  and  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Dublin.  In  1742,  he  went  upon  th* 


SHE 

*  >  4 1  «%»  ^  l'\  it  1  ipplause  as  a  tra^«uian. 
I\ ;  i A  At  iec.  n:e  manager  of  the  Dublin 
Theai.-e,  but  was  ruined  by  riots  and  an 
apposition  establishment.-  He  subsequently 
gave  lectures  on  elocution,  and  for  a  short 
period  was  manager  of  Drury  Lane  The- 
atre. A  pension  was  granted  to  him  by 
Lord  Bute.  He  died  in  1788.  His  chief 
works  are,  an  Ortlioepical  Dictionary  of 
the  English  Language;  and  *i  Life  of  Swift. 
SHERIDAN,  FRANCES,  wife  of  the 
foregoing,  whose  maiden  nams  was  CHAM- 
BERLAIN E,  was  born,  aboiit  1724,  at 
Dublin,  and  died  in  1767.  She  -»rote  Sid- 
ney Biddulph,  a  novel;  IVou  ja'uad,  an 
eastern  romance ;  and  the  comedies  .->f  The 
Discovery ,  and  The  Dupe. 


SHI 


457 


uly,  1616  Hi*  poems  and  plays  were 
olfected,  in  wo  volumes,  by  Moore,  who 
Iso  wrote  a  Life  of  him. 

SHERLOCK,  WILLIAM,  a  divine,  was 
>orn,  about  1641,  in  Southwark;  was  ed- 
cated  at  Eton,  and  at  Peterhouse.  Cam- 
>ridge;  obtained  the  mastership  ot  tne 
temple,  and  other  preferment;  was  sua- 
icnded  for  refusing  to  take  the  oaths  to 
Villiam  III.,  but  subsequently  complied, 
And  was  made  dean  of  St.  Paul's ;  and  died 
n  1707.  His  Discourses  on  Death  and 
udgment  are  his  only  works  which  remain 
>opular. 

SHERLOCK,  THOMAS,  a  prelate,  son 
of  the  foregoing,  was  born,  in  1678,  in 
Condon;  and  was  educated  at  Eton,  and 
t  Catherine  Hall,  Cambridge,  of  which 
ast  he  became  master.  He  also  succeeded 
lis  father  in  the  mastership  of  the  Temple, 
and  was,  successively,  dean  of  Chichester, 
nd  bishop  of  Bangor,  Salisbury,  and  Lon- 
don. He  died  in  1761.  Sherlock  was  an 
antagonistof  Hoadley  in  the  Bangorian  con- 
roversy,  and  likewise  undertook  the  refu- 
ation  of  Anthony  Collins.  He  is  the  author 
of  Sermons;  and  of  The  Trial  of  the  Wit- 


SHERIDAN,  RICHARD  Bni!fst.»« 
was  born,  October  31,  1751,  at  Dublin  > 
was  educated  at  Harrow,  and  studied  tlu 
law  at  Lincoln's  Inn;  but  was  not  called  to 
the  bar.  He  married  curly  in  life,  and, 
having  exhausted  his  pecuniary  resources, 
lie  looked  to  literature  for  his  immediate 
subsistence.  His  first  dramatic  attempt  was 
The  Rivals,  which  was  but  imperfectly  suc- 
cessful. The  Duenna,  however,  and  The 
School  for  Scandal,  placed  him  foremost 
among  living  dramatists;  and  he  sustained 
his  reputation  by  The  Critic.  In  1776  he 
became  one  of  the  proprietors  of  Drury  Lane 
Theatre;  and  in  1780  he  was  elected  mem- 
ber for  Stafford.  For  two  and  thirty  years 
he  pursued  a  splendid  parliamentary  career, 
tiurinj  which  he  was  unrivalled  in  wit,  and 
h. id  few  equals  in  eloquence.  One  of  his 
greatest  efforts  of  oratory  was  his  speech 
as  manager,  upon  the  impeachment  of 
Hastings.  He  was  thrice  in  office,  for 
short  periods,  under  the  Rockingham  coa- 
lition, and  whig  administrations.  In  his 
latter  years  he  drank  deeply  of  the  cup  of 
bitterness.  His  profuse  habits  involved 
him  deeply  in  debt;  the  destruction  of  Drur\ 
Lane  Theatre  by  fire  contributed  to  his 
ruin;  his  failure  to  obtain  a  seat  in  parlia 
•lent  deprived  him  of  protection  (rora  ar- 
rest; his  person  was  more  than  otice  seize* 
by  the  harpies  of  the  law;  and,  amids 
difficulties,  fears,  and  sorrow?,  this  highly 
f  -fted  man  sunk  to  the  grave  on  the  7th  of 

n 


SHERMAN,  ROGER,  a  signer  of  the 
ieclaration  of  American  independence,  wa« 
>orn  at  Newton,  Massachusetts,  in  1721, 
and  with  only  a  common  school  education, 
rose  to  distinction  as  a  lawyer  and  states- 
nan.  His  early  life  was  passed  in  the  oc- 
cupation of  a  shoe  maker.  Removing  to 
Connecticut  in  1743,  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1754,  and  soon  became  distin- 
guished as  a  counsellor.  *  In  1761  he  ne- 
mo ved  to  New  Haven,  four  years  after  was 
appointed  a  judge  of  the  county  court,  and 
n  1776  advanced  to  the  bench  of  the  su- 
>erior  court.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
celebrated  congress  of  1774,  and  was  a 
member  of  that  body  for  the  space  of  nine- 
teen years.  He  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
tention that  formed  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States.  He  died  in  1793. 

SHERWIN,  JOHN  KEYSE,  an  emi- 
<ent  engraver,  was  a  native  of  Sussex,  in 
which  county,  till  he  was  nineteen,  he  was 
a  wood  cutter.  His  talent  for  drawing 
having  by  mere  chance  been  discovered,  he 
was  patronised,  and  became  a  pupil  of  Bir- 
tolozzi,  after  which  he  rose  high  in  his  pro- 
fession. He  died  in  1790.  The  Finding 
of  Moses,  Christ  and  Mary  Magdalen  in 
the  Garden,  and  Christ  bearing  the  Cross, 
are  among  his  principal  works. 

SHIELD,  WILLIAM,  a  celebrated  com- 
poser, was  born,  about  1749,  at  Swall- 
well,  in  the  county  of  Durham,  and  was  die 
son  of  a  singing  master,  who,  in  his  ninth 
year,  left  him  fatherless.  He  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  boat  builder,  but  quitted  that 
business  as  soon  as  his  indentures  expired, 
for  h«  had  never  ceawwl  to  cultivate  the 


468 


SIC 


Knowledge  of  the  violin,  which  he  had  early 
acquired.  After  having  acquired  reputa- 
tion in  the  country,  he  1  c  .une  first  violin 
player  at  the  Opera  House;  and,  in  1778, 
lie  came  forward  as  a  dramatic  composer, 
in  the  music  to  the  Flitch  of  Bacon.  The 
merit  of  this  piece  procured  fur  him  tin-  sit- 
uation of  composer  to  Covent  Garden  The- 
atre, which  he  hell  fir  several  years.  In 
1791  he  visited  France  and  Italy.  Till  his 
decease,  which  took  place  January  2o, 
1829,  he  continued  to  enjoy  a  high  degree 
of  popularity.  He  wrote  An  Introduction 
to  Harmony",  and  Rudiments  of  Thorough 
Bass;  and  composed  between  thirty  and 
ibrty  musical  dramas;  besides  numerous 
songs  and  other  works. 

SHIPPEN,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician, was  born  in  Pennsylvania,  and  was 
graduated  at  Princeton  College  in  1754. 
His  medical  studies  were  completed  at  Ed- 
inburgh, and  on  his  return  in  1764  he  began 
at  Philadelphia  the  first  course  of  lectures 
on  anatomy  ever  delivered  in  the  country. 
He  assisted  in  establishing  the  medical 
school  of  that  city,  and  was  appointed  one 
of  ila  professors.  In  1777  he  was  appointed 
director  general  of  the  medical  department 
in  the  army.  He  died  in  1808. 

SHIRLEY,  JAMES,  the  last  of  the  Eliz- 
abethan race  of  dramatic  writers,  was 
born,  about  1594,  in  London ;  was  educated 
at  Merchant  Tailors'  School,  and  at  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford;  and  took  his  de- 
He  obtained  a  curacy, 
igned  it  on  becoming  a  catholic. 
Having  failed  to  establish  a  scnool,  he 
wrote  with  success  for  the  stage,  and  was 
taken  into  the  service  of  Henrietta  Maria. 
During  the  civil  war,  he  again  adopted  the 
profession  of  a  schoolmaster.  He  lost  all 
his  property  by  the  fire  of  London,  and  he 
and  his  wife  died  of  grief  within  twenty- 
four  hours  of  each  other,  in  the  following 
October.  An  edition  of  Shirley's  works 
was  one  of  the  last  labours  of  William  G if- 
ford. 

SIBTHORP,  JOHN,  a  botanist,  was 
born,  in  1753,  at  Oxford;  was  educated 
at  Lincoln  College;  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh;  visited  France,  Switzerland, 
and  Greece;  became  botanical  professor  at 
Oxford;  and  died  in  1796.  He  wrote 
Flora  Oxoniensis;  and  left  an  estate  to 
ti»e  university,  to  defray  the  expense  of 
publishing,  from  his  observations,  a  Flora 
Graeca. 

SICARD,  ROCH  AMBROSE  CUCUR- 
RON,  an  eminent  teacher  of  the  deaf  and 
dumb,  was  lx>rn,  in  1742,  at  Fonsseret 


gree  at  Cambridge, 
but   resigned   it  or 


sin 

tage  to  his  pupils.   He  died  May  1\>,  1821 

He  wrote  Elements  of  General  Grammar. 
several  valuable  works  on  the  vuitiou  of 
the  deaf  and  dumb:  was  editor  of  the 
Catholic  Annals;  and  assisted  in  the  En- 
tyclopedic  Magazine. 

,  SARAH,  the  most  consum- 
nate  of  English  tragic  actresses,  wa?  born, 
n  1755,  at  Brecknock,  and  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Roger  Kemble,  the  manager  of  a 
company  of  itinerant  playtis.  In  early 
fe  she  experienced  those  privations  and 
vicissitudes  to  which  wandering  actors  are 
irily  exposed.  At  the  age  of  fifteen 
she  became  attached  to  Mr.  Siddons,  and 
her  parents  refusing  their  consent  to  ner 
marriage,  she  went  over  to  reside  with 
Mrs.  Greathead,  of  Guy's  Cliff,  as  a  hum- 
ble companion.  In  her  eighteenth  year  she 
was  united  to  the  object  of  her  cho'ice,  and 
she  returned  to  the  stage.  In  1775  she 
tried  her  powers  on  the  London  boards, 
but  was  unsuccessful.  Time,  however,  ma- 
tured her  powers,  and,  after  an  absence  of 
seven  years,  partly  spent  at  Bath,  when* 
she  was  much  admired,  she  reappeared  at 
Dairy  Lane,  on  the  10th  of  October,  1782, 
in  the  character  of  Isabella*  Thenceforth 
her  course  was  a  perpetual  triumph.  In 
1812,  having  •acquired  an  ample  fortune, 


she  withdrew  into  pr 
June  the  9th,  1831. 


ate  life.      She  died 
Mrs.    Siddons   pos- 


sessed considerable  talent  as  a  sculptor;  a 
medallion  of  herself,  avi  a  bust  of  John 
Kemble,  are  among  hei  "vorks. 


SIDNEY,  Sir  PHILIP,  one  ofthe  mo«t 
accomplished  men  of  the  reign  of  Eliza- 
beth, was  the  son  of  Sir  Henry  Sidney; 
was  born,  in  1554,  at  Penshurst,  in  Kent; 
was  educated  at  Shrewsbury  School, Christ 
Church,  Oxford,  and  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge  ;  and  subsequently  travelled  in 
France,  Germany,  and  Italy.  On  his  re- 
turn he  became  a  favoiuite  of  the  queen, 
and  was  sent  by  her,  in  1576,  on  an  em- 


near  Toulouse,  and  was  brought  up  to  I  bassy  to  the  Emperor  Rodolpk.  He  was 
the  church.  In  1789  he  was  chosen  to  I  Knighted  in  1583.  When  his  maternal 
•ucceed  the  Abbe  de  1'Epee,  in  the  Paris- 1  uncle,  the  earl  of  Leicestet ,  was  appointed 
ian  institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb;  to  the  command  of  the  auxiliary  forces  in 
%nd  he  held  this  situation  for  ma.iy  years,  the  Netherlands,  Sidney  was  nominated 
with  honour  to  himself  and  great  advan-  j  general  of  cavalry.  He  wa?,  however. 


SIM 

mortally  wounded,  in  September,  in  a  vic- 
torious* action  near  Zufphen,  and  died  on 
the  17th  of  October,  1586.  Sidney  was 
universally  beloved  and  admired.  So  high 
did  his  character  stand  that,  in  1585,  he 
was  named  as  a  candidate  for  the  crown 
of  Poland.  He  wrote  The  Arcadia;  The 
Defence  of  Poetry;  and  various  poems. 

SIDNEY,  ALGKRNON,  the  second  son 
of  the  earl  of  Leicester,  was  born  about 
1620,  and  received  an  excellent  education 
under  the  eye  of  his  father.  In  1643  he 
returned  from  Ireland,  where  he  had  serv- 
ed during  the  rebellion.  He  joined  the 
standard  of  the  p-arliament,  and  was  ap- 
pointed a  colonel,  and  subsequently  lieu- 
tenant general,  of  horse.  He  was  nomi- 
nated a  member  of  the  court  instituted  to 
try  Charles  I.  but  he  took  no  part  in  the 
proceedings,  though  he  did  not  disapprove 
of  them.  To  (he  usurpation  of  Cromwell 
he  was  decidedly  hostile.  At  the  Restora- 
tion he  bee, une  a  voluntary  exile,  and  he 
continued  abroad  for  seventeen  years,  till 
his  father  obtained  for  him  a  special  par- 
don. Sidney,  however,  was  too  firm  a 
friend  of  liberty  to  be  tolerated  by  the 
minion?  of  despotism.  He  was  involved 
in  the  Rye  House  Plot,  and  was  brought 
to  trial  after  Lord  William  Russel.  The 
most  infamous  perversion  of  justice  was 
resorted  to,  in  order  to  convict  him;  and 
he  met  death  with  heroic  fortitude,  Decem- 
ber 7,  1683.  Sidney  is  the  author  of 
Discourses  on  Government. 

SILIUS  ITALICUS,  CAius,a  Roman 
poet,  was  born  A.  D.  15;  rose  to  the  dig- 
nities of  consul,  and  proconsul  in  Asia; 
and  died  at  his  villa  of  Tusculum,  in  his 
seventy-fifth  year.  He  wrote  a  poem,  in 
sixteen  books,  an  the  second  Punic  war. 

SIMEON  STYLITE,  SAINT,  a  crack- 
brained  fanatic,  was  born,  about  390,  at 
Sisan,  on  the  Syrian  and  Ciliciin  fron- 
tier, and  was  the  son  of  a  shepherd.  After 
having  inflicted  upon  himself  many  ascet- 
ic" severities,  he  took  up  his  abode  on  the 
summit  of  a  pillar.  In  this  singular  situ- 
ation he  existed,  or  rather  vegetated, 
nearly  forty  years.  He  died  about  459. 

SIMON,  RICHARD,  a  learned  French 
hebraist  and  theologian,  was  born,  in 
1638,  at  Dieppe ;  was  professor  of  philos- 
ophy for  several  years  at  the  college  of 
Juilly;  and  died  in  1712.  His  Critical 
History  of  the  Old  Testament  was  sup- 
pressed, because  it  denied  Moses  to  be  vhe 
author  of  the  Pentateuch.  He  wrote  va- 
rious other  theological  and  critical  works. 

SIMONIDES,  a  Grecian  philosopher 
and  poet,  was  born,  B.C.  558,  in  the  island 
of  Ceos,  and  died  in  his  eighty-ninth  year, 
at  the  court  of  Hiero,  king  of  Syra'cuse. 
He  excelled  in  lyric  poetry  and  elegy. 
Only  a  few  fragments  of  his  works  are 
•xtattt. 


8LE  459 

SIMPSON,  THOMAS,  an  eminent  nuith. 
ematician,  was  born,  in  1710,  at  Market 
Bos  worth,  in  Leicestershire,  and  was  the 
son  of  a  weaver,  who  brought  him  up  to 
jhis  own  trade,  and  prohibited  his  reading. 
Simpson  separated  from  his  father,  and, 


after  many  vicissitudes,  one  of  which  was 


J  his  becoming  a  fortune  teller,  he  acquired 
a  perfect  knowledge  of  mathematics.  He 
ultimately  rose  to  be  mathematical  profes- 
sor at  the  Royal  Academy,  Woolwich,  aid 
a  member  of  the  Royal  Society.  His  de- 
cease took  place  in  1761.  He  wrote  Trea- 
tises on  Fluxions,  Annuities, and  Algebra; 
Elements  of  Geometry;  and  other  scien- 
tific works. 

SIMSON,  ROBERT, an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, -was  born,  in  1687,  at  Kirton 
Hall,  in  Ayrshire  ;  studied  medicine  at 
Glasgow,  and  took  his  degree,  but  did  not 
practise;  was  professor  of  mathematics  at 
Glasgow  during  a  period  of  nearly  half  a 
century;  and  died  in  1768.  Among  his 
works  are,  A  Treatise  on  Conic  Sections; 
The  Loci  Plani  of  Apollonius  restored; 
and  a  translation  of  Euclid's  Elements. 

SIX,  JOHN,  a  Dutch  dramatic  poet, 
was  born,  in  1618,  and  died  in  1700.  The 
works  of  Six  are  remarkable  for  purity  of 
style.  He  wrote  several  traged.es,  of 
which  Medea  is  considered  as  the  best 
He  was  the  friend  and  patron  of  Rein 
brandt,  and  his  portrait  was  engraved  b) 
that  artist. 

SIXTUS  V.  pope,  FELIX  PERETTI, 
the  son  of  a  gardener,  was  born,  in  1521, 
at  Montalto,  in  the  marquisate  of  Ancona, 
and,  in  his  early  youth,  w;is  employed  in 
keeping  swine.  Having  become  a  corde- 
lier, he  acquired  popularity  by  his  preach- 
ing, and  rose,  successively,  to  be  commis- 
sary general  at  Bologna,  inquisitor  at  Ven- 
ice, general  of  his  order,  bishop  of  St. 
Agatha,  and  a  cardinal.  By  artfully 
feigning  to  be  bowed  down  with  age  and 
infirmities,  he  induced  the  conclave  to 
elect  him  pope,  in  1585;  but  the  moment 
his  election  was  secured,  he  threw  off  the 
mask.  lie  held  the  papal  chair  only  five 
years;  during  which  period  he  goveined 
with  great  firmness  and  talent. 

SKELTON,  JOHN,  a  poet,  was  born, 
towards  the  close  of  the  fifteenth  century, 
in  Cumberland  ;  was  educated  at  Oxford, 
where  he  was  made  poet  laureat,  obtained 
the  curacy  of  Trompington,  and  the  living 
of  Diss;  was  obliged  to  take  refuge  i.i  the 
sanctuary  of  Westminster,  in  consequence 
of  his  satires  on  Wolsey  and  the  mendi- 
cant friars;  and  died  there  in  1529. 

SLEIDAN,  JOHN  PHILIPSON,  an  hia 
torian,  whom  protestant  Germany  considers 
as  its  Livy,  was  born,  in  1506,  a'tSchleide, 
in  the  electorate  of  Cologne,  and  completed 
his  studies  at  the  universities  of  Paris  and 
Oilcans.  For  many  years  he  was  oonfv 


460  8ME 

dential  secretary  to  Cardinal  du  Bellay. 
Having,  however,  espoused  the  doctrines  of 
tlic  reformation,  he  settled  at  Strashurgh; 
wa?  employed  in  various  MgotMtioM;  and 
died  in  1556.  Of  his  \\oiks  tlie  must  im- 
portant are,  A  History  <f  the  Reforma- 
tion; and  A  History  of  the  Tour  Ancient 
Monarchies. 

SLOA.NE,  Sir  HANS,  an  eminent  phy- 
sician and  naturalist,  was  l«>rn,  in  1GCO, 
at  Killileagh,  in  Ireland;  took  his  decree 
Rt  Mont|>ellier;  settled  in  London,  in  KiS-l; 
and  l>ecaine  a  fellow  of  (lie  college,  and  a 
member  of  the  Royal  Society.  In  1687 
lie  went  to  Jamaica,  as  physic!. in  to  the 
duke  of  All>emarle;  and,  during  the  fifteen 
months  that  he  remained  theie,  he  made 
a  valuable  collection  of  objects  of  natural 
history.  After  his  return  to  London,  he 
acquired  great  reputation,  and  an  ample 
fortune.  He  was  secretary,  and,  on  the 
decease  of  IS'ewton,  president  of  the  Royal 
Society;  president  of  the  College  of  Phy- 
sicians ;  physician  general  to  the  army ;  j 
physician  to  George  II.;  and  was  created 
a  baronet.  He  died  in  1752.  Sloanc 
bequeathed  the  whole  of  his  immense  col- 
lection of  natural  curiosities,  medals,  and 
books  to  the  public,  on  payment  of  a  com- 
paratively trilling  sum,  and  it  constitutes 
the  basis  of  the  British  Museum.  His 
chief  work  is  A  Natural  History  of  Ja- 
maica. 

SMART,  CHRISTOPHER,  a  poet,  was 
born,  in  1722,  at  Shipbourne,  in  Kent, 
and  was  educated  at  Pembroke  Hall,  Cam- 
bridge. After  having  encountered  numer- 
ous vicissitudes  and  sufferings,  and  having 
for  a  while  laboured  under  insanity,  he  died, 
in  1770,  within  the  rules  of  the  King's 
Bench  prison.  Smart  was  a  man  of  gen- 
ius ;  and  his  poems,  many  of  which  are  of 
a  superior  order,  deserve  the  place  which 
they  have  obtained  among  the  collected  pro- 
ductions of  the  British  Poets.  Among 
his  other  works  are  prose  and  metrical 
versions  of  Horace,  and  a  translation  of 
Phaedrus. 

SMEATON,  JOHN,  an  eminent  civil 
engineer,  was  born,  in  1724,  at  Austhorpe, 
in  Yorkshire,  and,  at  an  early  period  dis- 
played a  genius  for  mechanics.  He  began 
life  as  a  mathematical  instrument  maker, 
but  subsequently  became  an  engineer,  and 
goon  rose  to  the  summit  of  bis  profession. 
Hi»  great  work,  the  Eddystone  Light- 
house, was  completed  in  1759.  Among 
his  other  work«  are  the  navigation  of  the 
Calder,  the  great  canal  in  Scotland,  and 
the  improvements  at  Rams-rate  Harbour. 
He  died  in  1792.  He  wrote  An  Account 
of  the  Eddystone  Lighthouse;  An  Experi- 
mental Inquiry  into  the  Powers  of  Wind 
and  Water  to  turn  Mills;  Reports;  and 
tome  paper*  in  the  Philosophical  Transac- 
tion* 


SMI 

SMELLIE,  WILLIAM,  an  able  practi. 
tioner  of  midwifery,  and  lecturer  on  that 
branch  of  the  medical  art,  was  a  native  of 
Scotland  ;  followed  his  profession  for  many 
\eais  in  London  ;  and  d:ed,  at  a:i  advanced 
age,  in  1763.  Dr.  \V.  Hunter  was  one  of 
his  pupils.  He  published  a  Treatise  on 
Midwifery;  and  illustrated  it  subsequently 
by  Anatomical  Tables. 

"SMELLIE,  WILLIAM,  a  naturalist,  was 
born,  in  1740,  at  Edinburgh,  and  followed 
the  profession  of  a  printer.  He  died  in 
1795.  He  wrote  The  Philosophy  of  Nat- 
ural History;  A  Dissertation  on  the  Sexes 
of  Plants;  and  some  articles  in  the  first 
edition  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica; 
translated  Burton;  a'nd,  in  conjunction  with 
Gilbert  Stuart,  carried  on  the  Edinburgh 
Review  and  Magazine. 

SMITH,  JOHN,  one  of  the  early  settlers 
of  Virginia,  was  born  in  Lincolnshire  in 
1579.  After  passing  through  a  variety  of 
wonderful  adventures,  he  resolved  to  visit 
North  America,  and  having  with  a  number 
of  other  persons  procured  a  charter  of 
South  Virginia,  he  came  over  thither  in 
1607.  Being  taken  prisoner  by  the  In- 
dians, and  condemned  to  death,  his  life 
was  sared  by  the  daughter  of  the  savage 
chief,  the  celebrated  Pocahontas.  He  pub- 
lished an  account  of  several  of  his  voyages 
to  Virginia,  a  history  of  that  colony,  and 
an  account  of  his  own  life.  He  died  at 
London  in  1631. 

SMITH,  ELIHU  H.,  a  physician,  was 
born  at  Litehfield,  Connecticut,  in  1771, 
and  was  graduated  at  Yale  College.  He 
studied  medicine,  and  engaged  in  its  prac- 
tice at  New  York,  where  he  soon  obtained 
an  extensive  business.  In  conjunction 
with  Dr.  Miller  and  Dr.  Mitchill,  he  com- 
menced the  publication  of  the  Medical 
Repository,  and  communicated  to  it  a  num- 
ber of  valuable  treatises.  He  died  in  1798. 
His  medical  learning  was  very  uncommon. 

SMITH,  JAMKS,  a  signer  of  the  dec- 
laration of  American  independence,  was 
a  native  of  Ireland,  removed  with  his  father 
to  this  country  at  an  early  age,  and  estab- 
lished himself  in  the  practice  of  law  at 
York,  in  Pennsylvania.  He  was  a  dele- 
gate from  York  county  to  the  continental 
congress.  His  death  touk  place  in  1806. 

SMITH,  WILLI  AM,  a  divine,  was  born, 
in  1711,  at  Worcester;  was  educated  at 
the  grammar  school  of  th.it  city,  and  at 
New  College,  Oxford;  and  ditdj  dean  of 
Chester,  and  rector  of  Trinity  Church, 
Chester,  in  17S7.  He  produced  transla- 
tions of  Thucydides,  Longinus,  and  Xeno- 
phon's  History  of  Greece;  Sermons  ou  the 
Beatitudes;  and  Poems. 

SMITH,  ADAM,  a  celebrated  writer  on 
morals  and  political  economy,  was  born. 
June  5,  1723,  at  Kirkaldy,'in  Scotland 
His  education  he  received  at  the  gramma* 


SMI 

•ehool  of  his  native  town,  the  university 
of  Glasgow,  and   Baliol  College  Oxford. 


SMY 


461 


On  leaving  the  latter  seminary,  in  1*'48, 
he  delivered  lectures  on  rhetoric  and  petite 
literature  at  Edinburgh;  in  1757,  he  was 
chosen  professor  of  logic  at  Glasgow;  and, 
in  the  following  year,  lie  WHS  removed  to 
the  chair  of  mural  philosophy.  His  The- 
ory of  Moral  Sentiments,  which  appeared 
in  1759,  established  his  reputation,  and  led 
to  his  baing  engaged,  in  1763,  to  accom- 
pany the  duke  of  Buccleugh  in  his  travels. 
On  "his  return,  after  an  absence  of  three 
years,  he  lived  in  retirement  during  ten 
vears,  which  period  was  occupied  in  the 
composition  of  his  admirable  inquiry  into 
the  Nature  and  Causes  of  the  Wealth  of 
Nations.  It  was  published  in  1776.  He 
died  in  1790,  one  of  the  commissioners  of 
Scotch  customs. 

SMITH,  CHARLOTTE,  a  poetess  and 
novelist,  whose  maiden  name  was  Turner, 
was  born,  in  1749,  in  Sussex,  where  her 
father  possessed  considerable  property. 
When  she  was  only  sixteen,  she  married 
a  West  India  merchant,  who  was  subse- 
quently ruined,  partly  by  imprudence,  and 
partly  by  legal  chica'nery.  Her  pen,  which 
hal  been  her  amusement,  now  became  the 
support  of  her  husband  and  family,  and  she 
long  enjoyed  great  popularity  as  a  writer 
both  of  verse  and  prose.  Her  volume  of 
Elegiac  Sonnets,  published  in  1784,  and 
which  passed  through  several  editions,  was 
the  first  work  which  she  gave  to  the  press. 
She  died  in  1806.  Among  her  works  are, 
Poems,  Minor  Morals,  and  other  produc- 
tions for  youth ;  and  the  novels  of  Emme- 
line,  Desmond,  Marchmont,  Ethelinda, 
Celestine,  and  The  Old  Manor  House. 

SMITH,  Sir  JAMES  EDWARD, an  emi- 
nent naturalist  and  physician,  was  born,  in 
1759,  at  Norwich;  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh,  and  took  his  degree  at  Ley- 
den;  was  one  of  the  founders  and  president 
of  the  Linna-an  Society;  and  practised  as 
a  physician  at  his  native  place,  where  he 
died',  March  17,  1828.  His  chief  works 
are,  A  Sketch  of  a  Tour  on  the  Continent ; 
Natural  History  of  the  Lepidopterous 
f-^ets  of  Georgia  3  English  Kota*y{  Eng- 


h Flora;   and  An  Introduction  to  Bota- 
ny. 

SMITH,  ELIZA  BETH,  an  accomplished 
female,  was  born,  in  1776,  at  the  family 
seat  of  Burnhall,  in  the  county  of  Durham'; 
nd  died  in  1SOG.  She  had  a  knowledge 
f  mathematics  and  drawing,  possessed 
much  poetical  talent,  and  understood  the 
Hebrew,  Syriac.  Arabic,  Persian,  Greek, 
Latin,  Italian,  Spanish,  German,  and 
French  languages.  Her  Fragments,  Trans- 
lation of  Job,  and  Translation  of  the  Life 
of  Klopstock,  have  been  published. 


SMOLLET,  Dr.  TOBIAS,  a  writer  of 
varied  talents,  was  born,  in  1721,  at  Dal- 
quluirn,  in  Dumbartonshire;  was  educated 
at  Dumbarton  Grammar  School ;  and  stu- 
died medicine  at  Glasgow,  where  he  was 
apprenticed  to  a  surgeon.  He  served  as 
surgeon's  mate  in  the  expedition  against 
Carthagena,  and,  after  a  short  residence 
in  Jamaica,  he  returned  to  England,  set- 
tled in  the  metropolis,  and  adopted  die 
profession  of  an  author.  The  tragedy  of 
The  Regicide,  the  spirited  poem  called 
The  Tears  of  Scotland,  and  Advice  and 
Reproof,  two  satires,  were  his  first  pro- 
ductions. In  1748  he  gave  to  the  press  the 
novel  of  Roderick  Random,  which  raised 
him  into  popularity.  It  was  followed,  at 
various  intervals,  by  Peregrine  Pickle, 
Count  Fathom,  a  translation  of  Don  Quix- 
ote, a  History  of  England,  Sir  Launeelot 
Greaves,  The  Adventures  of  an  Atom,  Trav- 
els, and  Humphrey  Clinker.  The  growling 
tone  of  his  travels  drew  upon  him,  under 
the  appellation  of  Smelfungus,  the  playful 
satire  of  Sterne.  In  1756,  he  established 
The  Critical  Review;  for  a  libel  in  which, 
upon  Admiral  Knowles,  he  suffered  fine  and 
imprisonment.  He  was  one  of  the  cham- 
pions of  Lord  Bute,  in  support  of  whom  he 
published  The  Briton,  a  weekly  paper, 
which  was  speedily  silenced  by  the  North 
Briton  of  Wilkes.  He  died,  near  Leghorn, 
in  1771. 

SMYTH,  JAMES  CARMICHAEL,  an 
eminent  physician,  was  born,  in  1741,  in 
Scotland ;  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh 
and  Leyden ;  obtained  a  medical  appoint- 
ment in  the  army  department;  ind  died 


462 


SOC 


June  18,  1£21.  For  his  discovery  ol  the 
•node  of  destroying  contagion  by  means  of 
nitrous  vapour  (a  discovery  which  ha>  l>rm 
claimed  tor  (union  Morxeauand  Dr.  John- 
stone),  he  was  remunerated  by  parliament. 
Besides  several  pamphlets  on  that  subject,  he 
wrote  A  Treatise  on  Hydrocephalns ;  and 
published  an  edition  pf  Dr.  Stalk's  works. 

.S.NEYDERS,  or  SNYDERS,  FRAN- 
CIS,  a  painter,  was  born,  in  1579,  at  Ant- 
werp; was  a  pupil  of  Henry  Van  Halen ; 
was  appointed  principal  painter  to  the 
Archduke  Albert;  and  died,  at  his  native 
place,  in  1657.  His  landscapes  are  excel- 
lent; and  his  animals  are  not  to  be  sur- 
passed. 

SXORRO-STURLESON,  an  historian 
Rnd  antiquary,  was  born,  in  1178,  at  Dale- 
Syssel,  in  the  west  of  Iceland;  was  gover- 
nor of  his  native  island;  and  was  assassi- 
nated in  1241.  He  compiled  the  Edda 
which  bears  his  name;  and  collected  the 
Sagas,  or  traditions,  relative  to  the  Nor- 
wegian monarchs. 

SOAVE,  FRANCIS,  an  Italian  writer, 
was  born,  in  1743,  at  Lugano.  Being  ap- 
pointed professor  of  philosophy  at  Milan, 
be  introduced  important  reforms  into  the 
method  of  teaching;  wrote  and  translated 
many  works  on  education ;  and  established 
numerous  schools  in  Lombardy.  He  died 
in  1816,  professor  of  ideology  at  the  univer- 
sity of  Pavia.  His  Moral  Tales  have  been 
often  reprinted. 

SOBIESKI,  JOHN  III.  king  cf  Poland, 
purnamed  the  Great,  was  born,  in  1629,  of 
an  illustrious  family,  at  the  castle  of  Olesko, 
in  Poland.  In  the  Polish  wars,  from  1648 
to  1674,  he  distinguished  himself  on  numer- 
ous occasions;  not  only  by  being  one  of  the 
bravest  where  many  were  brave,  but  also 
by  superior  military  genius.  During  that 
period  he  gained  several  battles,  in  spite  of 
an  enormous  disparity  of  numbers  against 
him.  In  1674  he  was  raised  to  the  throne, 
and  he  led  his  troops  to  fresh  victories.  He 
repeatedly  defeated  the  Turks  and  Tartars, 
and  overran  Moldavia  and  Wallachia;  but 
the  greatest  of  his  exploits  was  the  raising 
of  the  siege  of  Vienna,  in  1683,  by  which 
he  saved  Europe  from  all  the  calamities 
consequent  upon  an  irruption  of  the  Otto- 
man forces.  He  died  in  1696. 

SOCINUS,  FACSTUS,  from  whom  the 
Bocinians  derive  their  name,  was  born,  in 
1539,  at  Sienna,  and  was  for  a  considera- 
ble period  in  the  service  of  the  grand  duke 
of  Tuscany;  after  which  he  went  to  study 
theology  at  Basil.  The  result  of  his  studies 
was  the  adoption  of  those  anti-trinitarian 
doctrines,  which  his  uncle  Lelio  Socimis.  is 
believed  als./  to  ha*e  professed.  Faustus 
.si- tried  in  Poland;  gained  many  followers, 
but  endured  much  persecution;  and  died  in 
1694. 

SOCRATES,  one  of  the  greatest  of  an- 


SOM 

cient  philosophers    v.is  born,  B.  c.  470,  ut 
Athens,  was  the  son  of  a  sculptor;    and 


followed  the  profession  of  his  father  f>r 
some  years  before  he  entered  on  the  study 
of  philosophy.  He  also  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  battles  of  Tanagra  and  Delium. 
His  philosophical  lessons  were  highly  fa- 
vorable to  virtue;  and  his  disciples  were 
numerous  and  illustrious.  Against  the 
shafts  of  satire  and  calumny,  however,  his 
j  noble  character  afforded  no  shield.  Aristo- 
phanes held  him  up  to  ridicule,  in  the  com- 
edy of  the  clouds;  and  at  a  later  period, 
and  with  more  deadly  effect,  the  infamous 
I  Melitus  and  Anytus  accused  him  of  being  a 
|Contemner  of  the  gods.  Insanely  giving 
credit  to  the  charge,  the  Athenians  con- 
demned him  to  death  by  poison,  and  he 
I  met  his  fate  with  admirable  fortitude,  in  the 
seventieth  year  of  his  age. 

SOLIS,  ANTONIO  DK,  an  eminent  Span- 
ish historian  and  poet,  was  born,  in  1610, 
I  at  Placentia;  was  secretary  to  Philip  IV. 
,  and  historiographer  of  the  Indies;  was  in 
orders  for  the  last  twenty  years  of  his  life; 
I  and  died  in  1686.  He  wrote  A  History  of 
I  the  Conquest  of  Mexico ;  Poems ;  and  nine 
j  dramas. 

SOLON,   the    illustrious    legislator   of 
Athens,    and  one    of  the  qeven    sages    of 
j  Greece,  was  born,  B.  c.  592,  at  Salami?, 
'of  an  ancient  family.     He  acquired  fortune 
I  by  commerce,  and  knowledge  by  his  visiti 
'to    foreign    parts.     He    then  directed    his 
|  attention    to    state    affairs.     After    having 
j  enhanced  the  glory  of  his  country  by  recov- 
ering Salamis,  he  refused  the  sovereignly 
of  Athens,  but  accepted   the   archor.nhip. 
As  irchon,  he  framed  a  new  code  of  laws, 
and,  having  obtained  from  the  citizens  an 
|  oath  that  they  woiiil  observe  them  for  ten 
j  years,  he  departed  from  Greece,  and  visited 
:  Egypt  and  Cyprus,  and,  perhaps,  Lydia. 
On    his    return    he  found    the  tyranny    of 
Pisistratus  establisned,   and   he   withdrew 
to  Cyprus,  where  he  is  said  to  have  died  at 
the  :ig<-  (  f  eighty. 

SOMERS,  JOHN,  lord,  a  celebratco 
!  statesman  and  lawyer,  was  born,  in  1650., 
!  at  Worcester,  at  the  school  of  which  place, 
and  Ht  Trinity  College,  Oxford,  he  \\.\t 


SOP  SOU  463 

educated.  The  law  he  studied  at  the  Mid-jart  from  /Edchylus.  He  is  also  asscrtec 
•lie  Temple,  and  he  soon  rose  to  eminence!  to  have  contended  with  him  in  tragedy, 
as  ;i  counsel.  He  \\  as  one  of  the  legal  de- ,  and  gained  the  pri/.e.  He  continued  to 
A'.I.KTS  of  t!ir>  seven  bishops.  In  the  c%on-j  write  for  the  theatre  till  a  very  late  period 
vention  parliament,  where  he  sat  for  War- 1  of  life.  The  number  of  dramas  which  ho 
cester,  he  took  a  conspicuous  part,  and  was  produced  is  variously  stated  from  one  hnn- 


one  of  the  managers  appointed  by  the  coin- 
in  cis.  Under  William  III.  lie  was  succes- 
sively solicitor  and  attorney  general,  lord 
keeper,  and  lord  chancellor,  and  was  raised 
to  the  peerage.  For  his  share  in  the  Par- 
tition treaty  he  was  impeached  in  1701,  bi 
\»  as  acquitted  bv  the  lords.  In  1706  he  wi 
o;ie  of  the  commissioners  for  accomplishing 
the  Union,  and  in  170S  he  was  made  pres- 
ident of  the  council,  but  was  displaced  in 
1710.  He  died  in  1716,  with  the  character 
of  having  been  one  of  the  greatest  and  best 
men  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived.  The 
Sotners  Tracts  were  selected  from  a  collec- 
tion made  by  him. 

SOMERVILE,  WILLIAM,  a  poet,  was 
born,  in  1692, at  Edston,  in  Warwickshire; 
was  educated  at  Winchester,  and  at  New 
College,  Oxford;  resided  on  his  patrimo- 
nial estate,  performing  the  duties  of  a  mag- 
istrate; and  died  in  1742.  Of  his  poems, 
most  of  which  have  considerable  merit,  The 
Chase  is  the  principal. 

SOMNER,  WILLIAM,  an  antiquary  and 
philotoger,  was  born,  in  1598,  at  Canter- 
bury, at  the  grammar  school  of  which  city 
he  was  educated.  He  became  Anglo-Saxon 
lecturer  at  Cambridge,  and,  at  a  later  pe- 
riod, master  of  St.  John's  Hospital,  and 
auditor  of  Christ  Church,  Canterbury.  His 
chief  works  are,  The  Antiquities  of  Canter- 
bury ;  A  Saxon  Dictionary ;  and  A  Treatise 
on  Gavelkind. 

•  SONNERAT,  PETER,  a  traveller  and 
naturalist,  was  born,  about  1745,  at  Lyons; 
went  to  the  isle  of  France,  in  1768 ;  made 
several  voyages  fi  various  parts  of  the  In- 
dian peninsulas  and  islands;  and  died  in 
1814.  The  bread  fruit,  the  cacao,  the 
mangMistan,  and  other  trees  and  fruits 
were  introduced  by  him  into  the  isles  of 
France  and  Bourbon.  He  \vi  >te  A  Voyage 
to  New  Guinea,  and  A  Voyajja  to  the  East 
Indies  and  China. 

SONNINI  DE  MANONCOURT, 
CIIARLKS  NICHOLAS  SIOISBERT,  a 
traveller  and  naturalist,  was  born,  in  1751, 
at  Luneville,  and  was  brought  up  to  the 
bar,  but  quitted  it  to  become  an  officer  of 
mt  rinc  engineers,  in  order  to  gratify  his 
.ove  of  travelling.  He  spent  three  years  in 
Guiana ;  after  which  he  visited  various  parts 
of  the  European  and  African  continents. 
He  died  in  1S12.  Among  his  works  are, 
Travels  in  Egypt;  Travels  in  Greece  and 
Turkey;  and  an  edition  of  BufFon's  works. 

SOPHOCLES,  ;«n  illustrious  tragic  poet 
of  Greece,  was  bori,  about  B.  c.  495,  at 
Athens,  and  is  said,  but  the  fact  is  doubt- 
ful, to  have  rscf  ived  less  MIS  in  the  dramatic 


dred  and  two  to  one  hundred  and  thirty. 
Unfortunately,  only  seven  are  extant.  So- 
phocles was  the  first  who  brought  three 
characters  togetner  on  the  stage,  and  he 
introduced  many  important  improvements 
into  tragic  composition.  His  talent  was 
highly  honoured  by  his  countrymen,  and  he 
was  employed  both  in  a  civil  and  a  military 
capacity.  He  died  in  his  ninety-first  year. 

SORBONNE,  ROBERT,  the  founder  of 
the  college  which  bears  his  name  at  Paris, 
was  born,  in  1201,  at  Sorbonne,  in  the 
diocese  of  Itheims;  was  chaplain  and  cou- 
fessor  to  St.  Louis,  and  canon  of  Paris; 
and  died  in  1274. 

SOSIGENES,  an  Egyptian  mathemati- 
cian and  astronomer,  was  one  of  the  scien- 
tific characters  whom  Julius  Caesar  invited 
to  Rome  to  assist  him  in  the  reformation 
of  the  calendar.  No  further  particulars 
respecting  him  are  known,  nor  are  any  of 
his  works  extant. 

SOUFFLOT,  JAMES  GERMAIN,  an 
eminent  French  architect,  was  born,  in 
1714,  at  Irancy,  near  Auxerre,  of  rich 
parents,  and  was  educated  with  the  utmost 
care.  As  he  displayed  an  early  taste  for 
the  arts,  his  father  sent  him  to  travel  in 
Italy  and  the  Levant,  to  examine  the  re- 
mains of  antiquity.  After  his  return,  he 
so  much  distinguished  his  architectural 
talent  by  several  splendid  edifices,  that  he 
was  invited  to  Paris,  where  he  became 
superintendent  of  the  royal  buildings.  His 
great  work  is  the  church  of  St.  Genevieve, 
at  Paris;  of  which,  however,  it  is  feared 
that  the  dome  will  give  way.  He  was  so 
severely  attacked  upon  the  subject  that  his 
health  and  spirits  were  destroyed,  and  h« 
died  in  1781. 


SOUTH,  ROBERT,  an  eminent  divine, 
was  i  >rn,  in  1638,  at  Hackney;  was  edu- 
cated ;.t  Westminster  School,"a.:d  Christ- 
church,  Oxford;  and,  between  J660  and 
1678,  was,  MpseMNvely,  public  oratov  at 


464  SPA  srK 

Oxford,  chaplain  to  the  earl  of  Clarendon. ;  hit  decease,  in  1799,  and  \  is  laboan  wer* 
prebendary  of  Westminster,  chaplain  to;  interrupted  only  by  several  tours  iu  various 
ihe  duke  of  York,  canon  of  Christ  Church, '  parts.  His  works  are  numerous,  ai.d  are 
chaplain  to  the  English  ambassador  in  highly  valuable,  as  having  contributed 
Poland,  and  rector  of  Islip,  in  Oxford- 1  largely  to  the  progress  of  physiology  and 
shire.  In  1693  he  carried  on  a  controversy  comparative  anatomy. 

with  Sherlock  on  the  doctrine  of  the  Trin-  SPA.NHEIM,  EXKKIXL,  the  son  of 
•  ty.  South  was  a  man  of  great  wit,  and  Frederic  Spanheim,  a  learned  divine,  was 
did  not  spare  to  display  it  even  on  serious  i  born,  in  1629,  at  Geneva ;  and,  after  having 
occasion*.  He  is  the  author  of  Sermons,  j  been  professor  of  eloquence  in  that  city, 
ind  Latin  and  English  Miscellaneous  was  employed,  in  a  diplomatic  capacity', 
Works.  '  '  ' 

SOUTHCOTT,    JOANNA,    a   fanatic, 

was  born,    in    April,  1750,    in  the  west  of ,  Prussian  ambassador  at  London,  in    1710. 
England.     Her  parents  were  poor,  and  she  j  His  chief  work   is  A  Treatise  on  MedaU. 
herself  was,   for    many   years,   a   servant,   two  volumes  folio. 
Early    in    life    she   indulged    in   visionary 
feelings;  but,  when  she  was  forty-two,  she 
went  further,  and  claimed  the  character  of 
a  prophetess.     From  that  period,  for  more 
than  twenty  years,  she  continued  to  pour 
forth    her  "unintelligible    rhapsodies  ;     by 

which,  however,  she  succeeded  in  making  penetrated  a  considerable  distance  into  the 
upes.      At    length,  mistaking  j  interior  of  southern  Africa;  and  accompa- 
nied Captain  Cook  on  one  of  hie  voyages. 
He  died,  in    1820,    at   Stockholm.*    His 


by  the  elector  palatine,  and,  subsequently, 
by  the  elector  of  Brandenburg.     He   died, 


SPARRMAN,  J\NDRE\V,  a    Swed*:. 

naturalist  and  traveller,  was  born,  about 
1747,  in  the  province  of  Upland,  studied 
medicine  at  Upsal,  and  gained,  by  his  pro- 
gress in  natural  history,  the  notice  of 
Linnaeus.  He  visited  China  ind  the  Cape; 


numerous   d 

disease  for  pregnancy,  she  announced 
the  world  that  she  was  destined  to  be  the 
mother  of  the  promised  Shiluh;  and  splen- 
did preparations  were  made  for  his  recep- 
tion by  her  deluded  followers.  She, 
however,  died  of  the  malady,  December 
27,  1814.  Her  sect  is  not  even  yet  extinct. 

SOUTHERN,  THOMAS,  a  dramatic 
writer,  was  born,  in  1660,  at  Dublin;  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College  there;  studied 
the  law  at  the  Middle  Temple,  but  became 
an  author,  and  afterwards  an  officer  in  the 
army ;  and  died  in  1746.  Of  his  tragedies, 
Isabella  and  Oronooko  are  still  acted. 

SOWERBY,  JAMES,  a  naturalist,  was 
born  in  1766,  and  was  originally  a  draw- 
ing master ;  but  acquired  considerable 
reputation  as  a  botanist  and  mineralogist. 
He  died  October  25,  1822.  Among  his 
works  are, English  Botany ;  English  Fungi ; 
»nd  British  Mineralogy. 

SPAENDONCK,  GE  RARDVAN,  a  flow- 
er and  miniature  painter,  was  born,  in 
1746,  at  Tilburg,  in  Holland,  and  wan  a 
pupil  of  Herreyns  of  Antwerp.  He  set- 


died  in  May,  1822.      AH  a  flower  painter 
he  stands  highest,  perhaps,  of  all  modern 


artists. 
SPALLANZANI,   LAZARUS, 


cele- 


brated Italian  naturalist  and  physiologist, 
m  as  born,  in  1729,  at  Scandiano ;  studied  at 
and  Bologna;  and  was  intended 
bar  by  his  parents,  but,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Vallisinieri,  was  allowed  to  follow 
the  natural  bent  of  his  genius  towards 
science.  After  having  held  pro&^onhipfl 
at  Iteggio  and  Modena,  he  became  jirclrssur  ; 
af  na''iral  history,  and  direr  >r  of  the' 
»  Ppviitl  Hv  held  »ais  nflk<'  till 


principal  works  are  narratives  of  bis 
Travels. 

SPARTACUS,  a  Thracian  hero,  who 
was  torn  from  his  country  by  the  Romans, 
and  made  a  gladiator  at  Capua.  Escaping 
with  a  few  of  his  companions  from  his 
tyrants,  hp  at  length  rallied  round  his 
standard  a  formidable  army,  repeatedly 
defeated  the  Roman  generals,  and,  had  he 
been  properly  seconded,  would,  perhaps, 
have  shaken  the  power  of  Rome.  He  waa 
slain  B.  c.  71,  after  having  displayed  th« 
most  daring  valour. 

SPEED,  JOHN,  a  geographer  and  his- 
torian, was  born,  about  1555,  at  Farring- 
ton,  in  Cheshire,  and  was  a  tailor  by 
trade,  but  was  enabled,  by  Sir  Fuika 
Greville,  to  devote  his  time  to  study.  He 
died  in  1629.  Speed  is  the  author  of  Tht 
Theatre  of  the  Empire  of  Great  Britain; 
A  History  of  Great  Britain;  and  A  Cloud 
of  Witnesses. 

SPELM  IN,  Sir  HENRY,  an  eminent 


tied  at  Paris;  became  miniature  painter  to«  antiquary,  was  born,  in  1562,  at  Congham, 
the  king,  and,  subsequently,  professor  of  in  Norfolk;  studied  at  Trinity  College, 
iconography  at  the  botanical  garden;  and  Cambridge,  and  at  Lincoln's  Ian;  filled 


the  offices  of  sheriff  of  Norfolk,  a  com- 
missioner for  settling  '.ithes  in  Ireland,  an<l 
a  commissioner  to  inquire  into  fees  in  the 
courts;  and  died  iu  1641.  His  principa. 
works  are,  Archaeologus ;  A  History  of 
English  Councils;  and  A  History  of  Fen* 
ure  by  Knight's  Service. 

SPENCE,  JOSEPH,  a  divine  and  critic, 
was  born  in  1698,  and  was  educated  ;u 
Winchester  School,  and  at  New  College, 
Oxford;  after  which  he  was  twice  ou  the 
continent,  ;is  a  travelling  tutor,  lie  ob- 
tained the  poetry  professorship  at  Oxfor'., 
rertnvy  "f  fiivut  HofWOOd,  and  u  rs« 


8PI 

oend  in  >urhara  Cathedral.  He  was 
drowned  in  1768.  Spence  was  intimate 
with  Pope,  whose  friendship  he  obtained 
by  his  Essay  on  the  Translation  of  the 
Odyssey.  Besides  that  work,  he  wrote 
Polymetis ;  and  Observations,  &c.  collected 
from  the  Conversations  of  Mr.  Pope  and 
other  eminent  men. 

SPENCER,  JOHN,  an  erudite  divine, 
was  born,  in  1630,  at  Boughton,  in  Kent; 
was  educated  at  Canterbury  School,  and 
at  Corpus  Christi  College,  Cambridge; 
became  master  of  his  college,  archdeacon 
of  Sudbury,  and  dean  of  Ely;  and  died  in 
1695.  His  chief  works  are,  A  Treatise 
on  the  Laws,  &c.  of  the  Jews;  and  A  Dis- 
course concerning  Prodigies. 


STA 


465 


SPENCER,  E;>MUND,  one  of  the  great- 
est of  English  poets,  was  born,  about 
1553,  in  London,  and  was  admitted  a  si/.er 
of  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  in  1569. 
In  1576,  he  published  The  Shepherd's 
Calendar,  which  he  dedicated  to  Sir  Philip 
Sidney,  to  whom  he  had  been  introduced 
in  the  preceding  year.  After  having,  from 
1580  to  1582,  been  secretary  to  Lord  Grey, 
the  lord  lieutenant  of  Ireland,  he  obtained, 
in  15S6,  a  grant  of  lands  in  the  county  of 
Cork.  Residence  being  the  condition  on 
which  he  held  the  property,  he  took  up  his 
dbode  at  Kilcolman  ;  and  it  was  there 
that  he  wrote  The  Faerie  Queen.  The 
first  three  books  were  published  in  1590, 


he  wai  in  his  thirtieth  ye-  ,  when  he  raised 
a  considerable  body  of  troops  for  Philip 
III. ;  and  w«-«s  employed  in  the  Netherlands. 
He  reduced  Ostend,  which  had  foiled  a'l 
his  predecessors,  and,  in  the  five  succeed- 
ing campaigns,  was  a  formidable  adversary 
to  Maurice  of  Nassau.  On  the  expiration 
of  the  truce  of  1621,  he  again  led  the  Span- 
ish troops  in  the  Low  Countries,  and 
there,  during  six  years,  he  enhanced  his 
reputation.  Being  sent  to  command  in 
Italy,  he  was  neglected  by  the  Spanish 
ministry,  which  withheld  succours,  and  he 
died  of  grief,  in  1630,  exclaiming  in  his 
last  moments  "  they  have  robbed  me  of  my 
honour." 

SPINOSA,^r  SPINOZA,  BENEDICT, 
or  BARUCH,  the  head  of  the  modern  pan- 
theists, was  the  son  of  a  Portuguese  Jew, 
and  was  born,  in  1632,  at  Amsterdam.  He 
juitted  the  Hebrew  faith,  and,  after  having 
been  an  Arminian  and  a  Mennonist,  be- 
came an  atheist.  In  private  life,  however, 
his  character  was  unexceptionable.  He 
died  in  1677.  His  principal  work,  'liac- 
tatus  Theologico  Politicus,  appeared  in 
1670,  and  roused  a  host  of  adversaries. 
His  system  is  still  further  unfolded  in  his 
Posthumous  Pieces. 

SPOTS  WOOD,  or  SPOTISWOOD, 
JOHN,  a  Scotch  prelate,  was  born  in  1565; 
was  educated  at  Glasgow;  was  made  arch- 
bish:>p  of  Glasgow  in  1603,  and  was  trans- 
ferred to  St.  Andrew's  in  1615;  was  ap- 
pointed chancellor  of  Scotland  in  1635; 
ind  died  in  1639.  His  History  of  tlie 
Church  of  Scotland  was  published  in  1655. 

SPRAT,  THOMAS,  a  prelate  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  born,  in  1636,  at 
Tallaton,  in  Devonshire,  and  was  educated 
at  Wadham  College,  Oxford.  After  having 
been  the  panegyrist  of  Cromwell,  he  be- 
came the  adulator  of  the  Stuarts.  Hifl 
subserviency  was  rewarded  by  the  succes- 
sive preferments  of  king's  chaplain,  pre- 
bendary of  Westminster,  rector  of  Saint 
Margaret,  canon  of  Windsor,  and  bishop 
of  Rochester,  to  the  last  of  which  he  at 


and   inscribed    to  Queen    Elizabeth,    who  I  tnined  in  16S6.     He  favoured  the  arbitrary 
conferred  o  i  him  a  pension  of  fifty  pounds 
per  annum.     He  was  subsequently  sheriff 
of  Cork,  and  clerk  of  the  council  of  the 


province  of  Munster;  in  which  latter  ca- 
pacity he  drew  up  his  View  of  the  State 
of  Ireland.  The  fe'«.Lity  which  he  had  for 
several  years  enjoyed  was,  however,  put 
an  end  to  by  the  rebellion  of  Tyrone.  His 
house  was  burnt,  with  one  of  his  children, 
and  he  was  compelled  to  fly  to  England, 
where  he  died,  broken-hearted,  but  not,  as 
has  been  supposed,  in  want,  January  16, 
1598-9. 

SPINOLA,  AMBROSE,  marquis  de,one 
of  the  greatest  generals  c  '  the  seventeenth 
century,  was  born,  in  1571,  at  Genoa,  and 


did  not  enter   into  the 
SO* 


lit.iry  service  till 


schemes  of  James  II.;  but  retained  his 
bishopric  under  William  III.  In  1692  he 
narrowly  escaped  being  the  victim  of  a 
conspiracy.  He  died  in  1713.  Sprat 
wrote  Poems ;  Sermons ;  A  History  of  the 
Royal  Society;  A  History  of  the  Rye 
House  Plot;  and  some  minor  pieces. 


STAAL,    Madame  de, 
name  was  De  Latinai,  wa< 


whose    maiden 
born,  in  1693, 


at  Paris,  and  was  the  daughter  of  a  painter 
who  was  obliged  to  quit  the  kingdom  before 
she  was  born.  She  received  an  excellent 
education  in  the  convent  of  St.  Sauveur,  in 
Normandy,  and  displayed  precocious  tal- 
ents. For  several  vears  she  was  waiting 
woman  to  the  heartless  duchess  of  Maine. 
Having  been  privy  to  gome  of  the  political 


460  STA 

intrigue*  of  that  personage,  and  refusing  to 
betray  them  to  the  government,  she  sutiered 
two  years  imprisonment  in  the  Bastile; 
for  which  honourable  fidelity  she  was  out 
ill  rewarded.  Her  n.arriage,  however, 
with  the  baron  de  Staal  placed  her  i;i  com- 
fortable circumstances.  She  died  in  1750. 
Her  works  consist  of  her  owr.  Memoirs; 
Letter.*;  and  two  Comedies. 

STACKHOUSE,  THOMAS,  a  iivine, 
was  born  in  1680,  but  the  place  of  n.s  birth 
is  n-'t  known;  became,  in  1733, after  man 
vicissitudes,  vicar  of  Benham,  in  Berk- 
shire; and  died  there  in  1752.  He  wrote 
•everal  works,  of  which  the  most  impor- 
tant is,  A  History  of  the  Bible.  It  has 
been  often  reprinted. 

STAEL-HOLSTEIN,  ANNE  LOUISA 
GERMAINE,  baroness  de,  a  celebrated  fe- 
male writer,  the  daughter  of  M.  Necker, 
the  French  financier,  was  born,  in  1766,  at 
Paris.  Her  talents  were  so  early  displayed 
that  she  was  said  never  to  have  been  a 
child,  and  the  utmost  care  was  taken  to 
cultivate  them.  In  her  twentieth  year  she 
married  the  Baron  de  Stael,  the  Swedish 
ambassador.  From  that  period  she  took 
an  active  part  in  literature,  and  an  almost 
equally  active  one  in  politics.  It  was 
through  her  influence  with  Barras  that 
Talleyrand  was  appointed  minister  of  the 
foreign  department.  At  tire  commence- 
ment of  Bonaparte's  career  she  was  one  of 
his  admirers,  but  she  afterwards  became 
hostile  to  him;  and,  in  1801,  in  conse- 
quence of  her  attempting  to  thwart  his 
government,  she  was  ordered  to  quit  Paris. 
After  having  visited  Germany,  Prussia, 
and  Italy,  she  returned  to  France,  whence, 
however,  she  was  again  expelled.  Her 
peregrinations  were  next  extended  to  Mos- 
cow, Stockholm,  and  London;  nor  did  she 
again  behold  her  favourite  abode  of  Paris 
till  after  the  restoration  of  the  Bourbons. 
In  1811  she  married  M.  de  Rocca,  but 
their  union  was  kept  secret.  She  died 
July  14,  1817.  Of  her  works,  which  form 
seventeen  volumes,  the  principal  are,  the 
romances  of  Delphine  and  Corinna;  Con- 
siderations on  the  French  Revolution; 
Dramatic  Essays;  Considerations  on  Lite- 
rature; German  v;  and  Ten  Years  of  Exile. 

STAHL,  GEORGE  ERNEST,  an  emi- 
nent German  physician  and  chemist,  was 
born,  in  1660,  at  Anspach ;  studied  at 
Jena;  became  physician  to  the  king  of 
Prussia;  and  died,  in  1734,  at  Berlin. 
Stah  1  invented  the  theory  of  phlogiston, 
which  was  long  prevalent.  His  chemical 
and  medical  works  are  numerous. 

STAHREMBERG,  Guiuo  BALDI, 
count  de,  a  celebrated  Austrun  field  mar- 
shall,  was  born,  in  1657,  in  Austria;  dis- 
tinguished himself  at  the  sieges  of  Vienna, 
Buda,  and  Belgrade,  and  at  the  battles  of 
Ckrpi  Qriari,  and  Luzzara,  under  Prince 


STA 

Eugene  j  commanded  the  Imperial  armj 
in  Italy  from  1702  to  1704;  and  subse- 
quently in  Hungary;  whence  he  was  re- 
moved to  lx?  |4aced  at  the  head  of  the  army 
in  Spain.  In  the  latter  country  he  ob- 
tained several  important  -successes,  but  lost 
the  battle  of  Villa  Viciovu.  He  died,  in 
1737,  president  of  the  auiic  council  of  war. 

STA.NDISH,  MILES,  the  first  captain 
at  Plymouth,  New  England,  was  born  at 
Lancashire  in  1584,  and  accompanied  Mr. 
Robinson's  congregation  to  Plymouth  in 
1620.  His  services  in  the  wars  with  the 
Indians  were  highly  useful,  and  many  of 
his  exploits  were  daring  and  extraordinary. 
He  died  in  1656. 

STANHOPE,  CHARLES,  earl,  a  poli- 
tician and  man  of  science,  was  born  in 
1753;  was  educated  at  Eton  and  Geneva; 
was  member  for  Wycombe  till  he  took  his 
seat  in  the  house  of  peers,  in  1786,  on  the 
death  of  his  father;  was  a  strenuous  repub- 
lican, and  enemy  to  Mr,  Piu's  adminis- 
tration; and  died  December  16,  1816. 
Among  his  many  inventions  are,  an  iiri- 
proved  printing  press,  a  monochord,  an 
arithmetical  machine,  a  mode  of  t-ecuirng 
buildings  from  fire,  and  a  double  inclined 
plane.  He  wrote  several  political  and  sci 
entific  pamphlets  and  papers. 

STANLEY,  THOMAS,  a  poet  and  his- 
torian, was  born,  in  1625,  at  Laytonstone, 
in  Essex;  was  educated  at  Pembroke  Hall, 
Cambridge;  settled  in  the  Temple  after 
returning  from  his  travels;  and  died  in 
1678.  He  wrote  a  valuable  History  of 
Philosophy;  Poems  and  Translations;  and 
edited  ^Eschylub. 

STARK,  JOHN,  a  general  in  the  army 
of  the  American  revolution,  was  born  in 
Londonderry,  New  Hampshire,  in  1728. 
During  the  French  war,  he  was  captain  of 
a  company  of  rangers  in  the  provincial 
service,  in  1755,  and  was  with  Lord  Howe 
when  that  general  was  killed,  in  storming 
the  French  lines  at  Ticonderoga,  in  1758. 
On  receiving  the  report  of  the  battle  of 
Lexington,  he  was  engaged  at  work  in  his 
saw-mill;  and,  fired  with  indignation, 
seized  his  musket  and  immediately  pro- 
ceeded to  Cambridge.  HP  was  at  the 
battles  of  Bunker's  Hill  and  of  Trenton, 
and  achieved  a  glorious  victory  atBenning- 
ton.  He  rose  to  the  rank  of  brigadier 
general,  and  was  distinguished  throughout 
the  war  for  enterprise  and  courage.  He 
died  in  1822. 

STATIUS,  PUBLICS  PA PINIUS,  a  La<in 
>oet,  was  born,  A.  u.  61,  at  Naples,  and 
died  there  in  his  thirty-fifth  year.  He 
wrote  The  Thebaid,  which  he  began  before 
ic  was  twenty;  Sylvae;  and  two  cantos 
f  The  Achilleid,  which  he  did  not  live  to 
correct. 

STAUNTON, Sir  GEORGX  LEONARD. 
a  native  of  tha  county  of  Galway.  in  Iitr 


STE 

itnd,  was  educated  at  Montpellier,  where 
he  took  his  medical  degree;  practised  in 
the  island  of  Grennda,  where  he  became 
intir.i'ite  with  Lord  Macartney,  who  made 
him  his  secretary,  and  took  him  to  Madias. 
He  accompanied  hL<  lordship  to  China,  in 
1795,  as  secretary  of  legation;  and  on  his 
return  he  published  an  Account  of  the  Em- 
busy.  He  died  in  1801. 


STEELE,  Sir  RICHARD,  son  of  the 
secretary  to  the  duke  of  Ormond,  was  born 
in  1671,  or,  according  to  some  account?, 
In  1675,  at  Dublin;  was  educated  at  the 
Charter  House,  and  at  Merton  College,  Ox- 
ford; and  entered  the  military  service,  in 
which  lie  rose  to  the  rank  of  captain.  The 
Christian  Hero,  which  was  printed  in  1701, 
was  his  first  production.  It  was  followed 
ov  the  comedies  of  The  Funeral,  The 
render  Husband,  and  the  Lying  Lover. 
In  the  beginning  of  Queen  Anne's  reign, 
he  obtained  the  office  of  gazetteer,  and,  in 
1710,  he  was  made  a  commissioner  of 
stamps.  The  Taller  he  began  in  1709,  and 
he  subsequently  was,  in  part  or  in  whole, 
the  author  of  The  Spectator,  Guardian, 
Englishman,  Spinster,  Lover,  Reader,  and 
Theatre.  In  1713  he  was  elected  M.  P. 
for  Stockbridge,  but  was  expelled  for  what 
the  house  was  pleased  to  consider  as  libels. 
He  afterwards  sat  for  Boroughbridge. 
During  the  reign  of  George  I.  he  was 
knighted,  made  surveyor  of  the  royal 
stables,  manager  of  the  king's  company  of 
comedians,  and  one  of  the  commissioners 
of  forfeited  estates,  and  gained  a  large  sum 
by  The  Conscious  Lovers;  but  his  benevo- 
lence and  his  lavish  habits  kept  him  in  a 
state  of  constant  embarrassment.  A  para- 
lytic attack  at  length  rendered  him  incapa- 
ble of  literary  exertion,  and  he  retired  to 
Llangunuor,  in  Caermarthenshire,  where 
he  died  in  1729. 

STEVENS,  GEORGE,  a  commentator, 
was  born,  in  1736,  at  Stepney;  was  edu- 
cated at  King's  College,  Cambridge;  and 
died  in  1800.  He  was  a  man  of  talent 
and  exter  sive  reading,  Jjut  his  disposition! 
was  not  amiable.  His  first  work,  pub- 
.ished  in  1766,  was  an  edition  of  twenty 
ef  Sliakj»pearo'»  plays ;  the  note«  to  which, 


STE  467 

and  additions,  were  afterwards  incorpo- 
rated with  those  of  Johnson. 

STEPHENS,  A  LEX  A  MJKR,  a  miscella- 
neous write:',  was  born,  in  1757,  at  Elgin; 
studied  at  Aberdeen  ;  was  designed  for  the 
law,  but  rave  himself  up  to  literature;  and 
died  in  1821.  He  wrote  a  History  of  the 
War  of  the  French  Revolution;  and  Me- 
moirs of  John  Hume  Tooke  ;  and  contrib- 
uted to  the  Monthly  Magazine;  Public 
Characters;  and  The  Annual  Obituary. 

STEPHENS.     SeeEriENNE 


STERNE,  LA u R E N c E ,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born,  in  1713,  at  Clonmel,  in 
Ireland;  and  was  educated  at  a  school 
near  Halifax,  and  at  Jesus  College,  Cam- 
bridge. He  successively  obtained  the  living 
of  Sutton,  a  prebend  at  York,  the  rectory 
of  Stillinglon,  and  the  curacy  of  Coxwokf. 
In  1760  he  published  the  first  two  volumes 
of  Tristram  Shandy;  the  remainder  ap- 
peared in  1761,  1762,  1765,  and  1767. 
Some  of  his  latter  years  were  spent  in 
travelling  on  the  continent,  and  his  travel* 
gave  birth  to  The  Sentimental  Journev. 
lie  died  in  176S.  Besides  the  works 
already  mentioned,  •  he  wrote  Sermons, 
and  various  minor  piece?.  When  aH  that 
Sterne  borrowed  from  old  authors  is  de- 
ducted, there  will  still  remain  enough  of 
wit,  humour,  and  pathos,  to  entitle  him 
:o  a  distinguished  place  among  British 
authors.  His  indecency,  however,  doubly 
disgusting  in  a  clergyman,  desei  ves  sever* 
censure. 

STEUBEN,  FREDERICK  WILLIAM 
A.UGUSTUS,  BARON  DE,  was  a  Prussian 
officer,  aid-de-camp  to  Frederic  the  Great, 
and  lieutenant  general  in  the  army  of  that 
distinguished  commander.  He  arrived  in 
America  in  1777,  and  immediately  offered 
lis  services  to  the  continental  congress. 
[n  1778  he  was  appointed  inspector  gen- 
eral, with  the  rank  of  major  general,  and 
rendered  the  most  efficient  services  in  the 
establishment  of  a  regular  system  of  disci- 
pline. During  the  war  he  was  exceedingly 
active  and  useful,  and  after  the  peace  he 
retired  to  a  farm  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
York,  where  with  the  assistance  of  books 
and  friends  he  parsed  hip  time  RR  a$reeal>U 


MS  STI  STO 

a*  a  frequent  want  of  funds  would  permit.   late,  was  burn,  in  1635,  at  Cranbourne,  i» 


Dorsetshire;   was  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge;  obtained  various  pre» 


The  State  of  New  York  afterwards  gave 
•lim  a  tract  of  sixteen   thousand   acres  in 

ihe  county  of  Oneida,  and  the  general  gov-  'ferments,  among  which  \vere,  in  1677  and 
eminent  made  him  a  grant  of  two  thousand  j  1678,  the  archdeaconry  of  London  and  th« 
five  hundred  dollars  |>or  annum.  He  died;  deanery  of  St.  Paul's;  was  promoted  to 
in  1795,  and  at  his  own  request  was  wrap- j  the  see  of  Worcester  at  the  Revolution; 
ped  in  his  cloak,  placed  in  a  plain  coflinjand  died  in  1699.  His  works  form  itix 
and  hid  in  the  earth,  without  a  stone  to !  volumes  folio;  among  them  are  Originea 
tell  where  he  was  laid.  Stirrtn,  and  Origines  Britannicae.  Among 

STEVENS,  GEORGE  AI>EXAKDF.R,  a|hi»  latest  literary  efforts  was  a  controversy 


miscellaneous  writer,  was   born,  in   Lon- 
don,  in    the   first    half  of  the   eighteenth 


with  Locke,  on  some  points  in   the  Essay 
on  Human  Understanding. 


century;  was  for  some  years  a  strolling  STOB^EUS,  a  Greek  compiler,  is  be- 
player;  suffered  severely  from  poverty  tilkjlieved  to  have  lived  ia  the  fifth  century, 
his  Lecture  on  Heads  brought  him  a  com- 'and  to  have  derived  his  name  from  th« 
petence;  and  died  in  1784,  after  having  city  of  Stobi,  in  Macedonia.  He  made  it 
seen  long  in  a  state  of  utter  imbecility.!  collection  of  extracts  from  various  Greek 
Among  his  works  are,  Religion,  a  poem ;  j  authors,  which  time  has  rendered  highly 
Tlie  History  of  Tom  Fool;  The  Dramatic' valuable  by  destroying  many  of  the  origi- 
History  of  Master  Edward,  Mrs.  Ann,!  nal  works. 
<tc.;  Songs;  and  some  interludes.  STOCKTON,  RICHARD,  a  signer  ol 

STEWART  DENHAM,  Sir  JAMES,  ai  the  declaration  of  American  Independence, 
political  economist,  was  born,  in  1713,  at  j  was  graduated  at  Princeton  College  in 
Edinburgh;  was  educated  at  the  university  j  1743,  and  entering  on  the  practice  of  the 
of  his  native  place;  and  became  an  advo-jlaw  soon  rose  to  eminence.  He  settled  ia 
eate.  Having  taken,  in  1745,  an  active!  New  Jersey,  was  appointed  to  the  office 
part  in  favour  of  the  house  of  Stewart,  he  of  judge,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the  con,- 
was  under  the  necessity  "of  living  for  sev-;gress  of  1776.  He  died  in  1781. 
eral  years  in  exile.  *He  was,  however,!  STOEFLET,  NICHOLAS,  a  French 
allowed  to  return  in  1767,  and  his  estate  royalist  chief,  was  born,  in  1751,  at  Lime- 
was  restored  to  him.  He  died  in  J780.  ville;  and,  after  having  served  during 
His  chief  work  is,  An  Inquiry  into  the  I  fifteen  years  in  the  army,  became  a  game- 
Principles  of  Political  Economy.  (keeper  in  the  province  of  Anjou.  In  1793 

STEWART,  DUOALD,  an  eminent  phi-|  he  was  placed  at  the  head  of  a  division  of 
losapher  and  writer,  was  born,  in  1753,  al  Angevin  royalists,  and  he  distinguished 
Edinburgh,  and  was  the  son  of  the  profes-  himself  in  no  less  than  a  hundred  and  fifty 
gor  of  njathemat:cs;  was  educated  at  the  j  actions  with  the  republicans.  He  wa* 
high  school  and  university  of  his  native  taken  prisoner  and  shot  in  1796. 
city ;  and  attended  the  lectures  of  Dr.  Reid  STOLBERG-STOLBERG,  FREDER- 
at  Glasgow.  From  Glasgow  he  was  re-'ic  LEOPOLD,  count,  a  German  writer, 
called,  in  his  nineteenth  year,  to  assist  hisj  was  born,  in  1750,  at  Bramstedt,  in  Hoi- 
father;  on  whose  decease,  in  1785,  be  stein;  was  educated  at  Halle  and  Gottin- 
•ucceeded  *o  the  professorship.  He,  how-  j  gen  ;  was  employed  in  negotiations  by  the 
ever,  exchanged  it  for  the  chair  of  moral  |  duke  of  Oldenburg  and  the  prince  regent 
philosophy,  which  he  had  filled  in  1778, 'of  Denmark;  and  died  in  1819.  He 
during  the  absence  of  Dr.  Ferguson  in  •  translated  the  Iliad  and  the  tragedies  of 
America.  In  1780  he  began  to  receive!  ^Eschylus;  and  wrote  A  History  of  the 
pupils  into  his  house,  and  many  young  Christian  Religion ;  Travels  in  Germany, 
nollemcn  and  gentlemen,  who  afterwards ;  Switzerland,  and  Italy;  Poems;  and 
became  celebrated,  imbibed  their  knowl-l  Drama?, 

«dge  under  his  roof.  It  was  not  till  1792J  STONE,  EDMUND,  an  eminent  mathe- 
that  he  came  forward  as  an  author;  he|  matician,  the  son  of  the  duke  of  Argyle't 
then  published  the  first  volume  of  the  gardener,  vi as  born  in  Scotland,  towards 
Philosophy  of  the  Human  Mind.  He  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century.  Be- 


died  June  11,  1828;   after  having  long  en- 
joyed the  reputation   of  being  one  of  the 


fon?    he   was  nineteen  he  taught  himself 
arithmetic,  geometry,  Latin,  and  French, 


most  amiable  of  men,  and  one  of  the  ablest  without  any  assistance.  He  died  poor 
of  modern  philosophical  writers.  Among  |  about  1767,  He  wrote  a  Treatise  on 
his  works  are,  Outlines  of  Moral  Philoso- j  Fluxions;  and  a  Mathematical  Dictionary; 
phy;  Philosophical  Essays;  Memoirs  of  translated  Bion  on  Mathematical  Irnlru- 

A      I  (T<  •      I  1         T-V-^  T*  _  I 1 


Adam  Smith,  and  Drs.  Robertson  and 
Reid;  and  Prefatory  Dissertations  in  the 
Supplement  to  the  Encyclopaedia  Bri- 


uieuts ;   and  published  aa  edition  of  Euclid, 
with  a  Life. 
STONE,  THOMAS,  a  signer  of  the  dec- 


««mnica.  laration  of  American    inde|>eiide  ce, 

STILLING  FLEET,  EDWARD,  a  pre-|  horn  in  Char  tc«  County.  Maryland,  u>  1748, 


STft 


iSTl. 


4C9 


and  was  educated  to  the  profession  of  the |  tatter    capacity    he    acted    with    the 


mw.     Ho  was  a  delegate  t 
tal 


the  continen-   arbitrary  rigour. 


In  1632  he  was  sent  to 

congress  of  1776,  and  was  again  a' Ireland  as  lord  deputy.  His  conduct 
mem'xrr  of  that  body  when  Washington!  there,  during  a  government  of  seven  years, 
•vsri^'ieii  tne  ,>iTn:e  of  "coimnurider  in  chief,  j  was  that  of  a  despot.  It  would,  however, 
He  died  in  1787.  i  be  unjust  to  deny  that  Ireland  derived 

STOTilARD,  CHARLES  ALFRED,  a jsome  benefits  from" his  administration.  In 
painter  and  antiquary,  son  of  the  eminent!  1639,  on  visiting  England,  heobtained  the 
artist  of  the  same  name,  was  born  in  j  garter,  the  title  of  earl  of  Stratford,  and 
J787,  and  early*  displayed  a  talent  for  the  dignity  of  lord  lieutenant.  He  demon- 
drawing.  He  became  a  "member  and  his-  strated  his  gratitude  by  violent  counsels  to 
toriril  draughtsman  of  the  Society  of  An 


liquaries,  and  was  deputed  by  that  body  to 
Like  drawings  from  the  famous  tapestry  at 
Bayeax,  in  Normandy.  He  was  killed  by 
a  f*ll  in  1821.  Ho  published  Monumental 
EilL'io.s  of  Great  Britain. 

STOW,  JOHN,  an  antiquary,  was  born, 
about  1525,  in  Cornhill.  By  trade  he  was 
a  tailor,  but  applied  himself  to  the  study 


of  British 
of   Ar 


the  infatuated  Charles  But  his  downfal 
was  at  hand.  In  1640  he  was  impeached 
bv  the  Commons,  and  was  brought  to  trial 
March  22,  1641.  He  defended  himself 
with  an  eloquence  and  dignity  worthy  of  a 
better  cause.  No  moral  doubt  could  exist 
of  his  crimes,  but  the  legal  proof  was  de- 
fective. In  order  to  secure  their  victim, 
the  Commons  themselves  lost  sight  of  jus- 


antiquities  under  the  patronage  j  tice,  and    resorted   to   a  bill  of  attainder. 
Parker    and    the    earl    of  j  It  was  passed,  and  Stratford,  deserted  by 


of  Archbishop  Parker  and  the  earl  of  It  was  passed,  and  Stratford,  deserted  by 
Leicester.  Li  lib  old  age  he  was  reduced  his  sovereign,  was  brought  to  the  block, 
to  such  indigence  as  to  solicit  charity  by  on  the  12th  of  May,  1641. 

.  _r  ..  i.  :-.4*       if—  j:~.i    :.»    ~I£?AX       u«l       t!rno  4  xmt1    D /•*  i>  «•  r»  f    *»*»  Atts*><ni<A»-   it">:» 


STRANGE,  ROBERT,  an  engraver,  waa 
born,  in  1721,  in  Pomona,  one  of  the  Ork- 
neys; studied  under  Cooper  and  Lebas; 
resided  for  several  years  in  Italy,  where 
he  copied  some  of  the  finest  works  of  art ; 
was  knighted  by  George  III.;  and  died  in 
1792.  Among  his  best  productions  are, 
Charles  I.  and  his  Family,  from  Vandyke; 
St.  Jerome,  from  Corregio;  and  Danae, 
from  Titian. 

STRONG,  CALEB,  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, was  born  at  Northampton  in 
1744,  and  graduated  at  Harvard  College. 
He  pursued  the  profession  of  the  law,  and 
established  himself  in  his  native  town. 
Taking  an  early  and  active  part  in  the 
revolutionary  movements,  he  was  appoint- 
ed in  1775  one  of  the  committee  of  safety, 
and  in  the  following  year  a  member  of  the 
state  legislature.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
convention  which  formed  the  constitution 
of  the  state,  and  of  that  which  formed  the 
constitution  of  the  United  States.  Subse- 
quently he  was  senator  to  Congress,  and 
for  eleven  years  at  different  periods,  chief 
magistrate  of  Massachusetts.  He  died  in 
1820. 

STRUTT,  JOSEPH,  an  engraver,  aim- 
quary,  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born, 
in  1749,  at  Springfield,  in  Sussex;  was  a 
pupil  of  Ryland;  and  died  in  1802.  Strutt, 
who  was  a  man  of  considerable  talent, 
produced  A  Dictionary  of  Engravers  ; 
Sports  and  Pastimes  of  the  People  of 
England ;  Dresses  and  Habits  of  the  Peo- 
ple of  England ;  Regal  and  Ecclesiastical 
Antiquities  of  England;  Chronicle  of  Eng« 
land;  Manners,  Customs,  &c.  of  the  In- 
habitants of  England;  Queen  Hoo  Hall; 
Ancient  Time;  and  The  Test  of  Guilt. 

STUART,  JAMES,  an  architect,  wat 
and  president  o<  the  North.  "In  the  born,  in  1713,  in  London,  of  poor  pai*!iw 


means  of  a  brief.  He  died  in  1605.  He 
wrote  A  Survey  of  London ;  and  Annals 
of  this  Kingdom. 

STRABO,  a  Greek  geographer,  was 
born,  about  half  a  century  B.  c.,  at  Ama- 
«ia,  in  Cappadocia,  and  received  an  excel- 
lent education,  under  several  philosophers. 
He  travelled  extensively,  and  his  Geogra- 
phy, the  result  of  his  observations  and 
i;i  j'.iiries,  entitles  him  to  be  considered  as 
?ta  iding  at  the  head  of  ancient  geogra- 
phers. 

STRADA,  FAMiNius.an  historian  and 
modern  Latin  poet,  was  born,  in  1572,  at 
Home,  and  belonged  to  the  society  of 
Jesuits.  For  fifteen  years  he  was  a  teacher 
of  eloquence  at  the  Roman  College.  He 
died  in  1649.  He  is  the  author  of  Poetical 
Profusions;  and  of  a  History  of  the  Belgic 

'sTRAFFORD,  THOMAS  WENT- 
WORTH,  earl  of,  an  eminent  statesman 
and  minister,  the  eldest  son  of  Sir  William 
Wentworth,  was  born,  in  1593,  in  London  ; 
was  educated  at  St.  John's  College,  Cam- 
bridge; and,  after  having  travelled,  was 
V.mghted,  and  made  custos  rotulorum  of 
tin  west  riding  of  Yorkshire.  In  1621 
he  was  chosen  one  of  the  representatives 
o(  the  county  of  York.  For  a  few  years 
he  was  one  of  the  most  active  friends  of 
the  popular  cause;  stood  prominently  for- 
ward as  an  advocate  for  the  petition  of 
right;  and  was  even  imprisoned  for  re- 
lusing  to  contribute  to  a  forced  loan.  But 
his  seeming  patriotism  sprang  rather  from 
hatred  of  Buckingham  than  from  principle, 
and  was  not  proof  against  corruption.  In 
1628  he  was  gained  over  to  the  court.  His 
apostacy  was  paid  for  by  the  titles  of  baron 
and  viscount,  and  the  offices  of  privy  coun- 


4*  SUA 

and  originally  gained  hia  livelihood  by 
painting  funs.  Having  made  himself  mas*- 
ter  <.f  Greek,  Latin,  and  mathematics,  he 
travelled  to  It:ilv  on  foot,  and  at  Koine  he 
learned  tlu;  principle*  of  architecture  from 
Revett,  whom  he  subsequently  accompa- 
nied to  Athens.  On  his  return  to  England 
he  became  eminent  as  a:i  arehiteci,  and 
WT-  appointed  surveyor  to  Greenwich 
Hospital.  Ik-  dird  in  17S8.  He  pub- 
lished The  Antiquities  of  Athens. 

STUART,  GILBERT,  an  historian  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born,  in  1742, 
at  Edinburgh,  where  also  he  was  educated. 
Me  studied  jurisprudence,  but  became  an 
author  by  profession ;  sometimes  residing 
ia  London,  and  sometimes  in  his  native 
city.  Dropsy,  brought  on  by  intemper- 
ance, terminated  his  existence  in  1786. 
Stuart  was  a  man  of  genius,  but  of  a  must 
unamiable  disposition.  He  wrote  The 
History  of  Scotland  ;  History  of  the  Refor- 
mation in  Scotland  ;  and  other  works  ; 
contributed  to  the  Monthly  Review;  and 
w;is  editor  of  the  Edinburgh  Magazine  and 
Rex  iew. 

STl  ART,  GILBERT,  a  celebrated 
painter,  was  born  in  Newport,  Rhode  Isl- 
aa.l,  in  1755.  Soon  after  becoming  of  age, 
he  went  to  England,  where  he  became  the 
papil  of  Mr.  West.  He  soon  rose  to  emi- 
nence as  a  portrait  painter,  and  obtained 
a  high  reputation  both  in  England  and 
Ireland.  In  1794  he  returned  to  his  na- 
tive country,  chielly  residing  in  Philadel- 
phia and  Washington,  in  the  practice  of  his 
prof-,  ssion,  till  about  the  year  ISpl,  when 
he  removed  to  Boston.  Here  he  remained 
till  his  death  in  1828.  Mr.  Stuart  was 
not  only  one  of  the  first  painters  of  his 
time,  hut  was  also  a  very  extraordinary 
man  out  of  his  profession. 

STUBBS,  GEORGE,  an  artist,  was 
born,  in  1724,  at  Liverpool;  studied  at 
Rome;  settled  in  London,  and  became 
celebrated  as  an  animal  painter;  was  ad- 
mitted an  associate  of  the  Royal  Academy; 
and  died  in  1806.  He  wrote  The  Anato- 
sny  of  the  Horse;  and  A  Comparative 
Anatomical  Exposition  of  the  Human 
Body  with  that  of  a  Tiger  and  Common 
Fowl. 

SUARD,  JOHN  BAPTIST  ANTHONY,  a 
Trench  writer  and  translator,  was  born,  in 
1734,  at  Besancon ;  acquired  considerable 
reputation  as  a  contributor  to  and  editor 
of  many  pub  ic  journals  ;  was  admitted 
into  the  Acadumv,  and  subsequently  into 
me  Institute;  and  died  in  1817  Among 
iiis  translations  is  Robertson's  Charles  V. 
Many  of  his  pieces  are  contained  in  the 
Literary  Varieties,  and  Literary  Miscella- 
nies. Several  lives  in  the  Universal  Biog- 
raphy are  also  frof.  his  j:en. 

SUAREZ,  FRANCIS,  a  jesuit  andtheo- 
U>gian,  wax  born,  in  1548,  a-  Granada; 


5v  E 

and,  ufier  having  filled  the  theoJogica 
chair  at  various  universities,  was  appointed 
professor  at  Coimbra,  by  Philip  II.  lit 
died,  in  1617,  at  Lisbon.  Iiis  works  oc- 
cupy twentx-thrce  folio  volumes.  One  of 
t'u-m,  his  Defensio  Catholk-a-,  was  burnt 
I  tin-  hangman  at  London  and  Paris. 

SUCHET,  Loi'is  GABRIEL,  duke  <;f 
I  Albufera,  a  celebrated  French  marshal. 
was  born,  in  1772,  at  Lyons,  and  entered 
the  army,  as  a  volunteer,  in  his  twentieth 
year.  Between  that  period  and  1800  he 
distinguished  himself  in  Italy,  Switzerland, 
and  the  Grisons,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of 
major  general.  He  subsequently  increased 
his  fame  at  Marengo,  at  Austerlitz,  and  in 
Poland.  In  1808  he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  French  forces  in  the  south- 
east of  Spain,  and  this  command  he  re- 
tained till  the  termination  of  the  war. 
He  gained  many  victories,  reduced  a  great 
number  of  fortresses,  and  conquered  Valen- 
cia; and  his  services  were  rewarded  with 
the  rank  of  marshal,  and  the  title  of  duke. 
When  Napoleon  returned  from  Elba,  he 
intrusted  Suchet  with  the  defence  of  the 
departments  bordering  on  the  frontier  of 
Savoy.  He  died  January  7,  1826. 

SUCKLING,  Sir  JOHN,  a  poet  and 
courtier,  was  born,  in  1609,  at  Whitton, 
in  Middlesex;  served  in  Germany  under 
Gustavus  Adolphus;  acquired  reputation 
as  a  wig  and  dramatist  after  hip  return  to 
England  ;  raised  a  regiment  to  serve 
against  the  Scotch,  in  1639;  was  obliged 
to  retire  to  France,  in  consequence  of  hav- 
ing participated  in  a  project  to  liberate 
the  earl  of  Straffbrd ;  and  died  there,  in 
1641.  His  Poems  have  obtained  a  place 
in  the  standard  collections. 

SUETONIUS  TRANQUILLUS,  CA 
us,  a  Latin  historian,  was  born  in  the  first 
century  of  the  Christian  era,  and  died  in 
the  second,  but  the  precise  dates  of  hia 
birth  and  death  are  not  recorded.  Little 
more  is  known  of  him  than  that  he  was 
brought  up  to  the  bar,  was  made  tribune, 
and  subsequently  became  secretary  to 
Adrian,  but  lost  the  secretaryship  in  121, 
and  that  he  was  intimate  with  Pliny.  All 
his  works  have  perished  except  The  Lne« 
of  the  Twelve  Co?sars. 

SUETONIUS  PAULINUS,  a  cele- 
brated Roman  general  of  the  first  century, 
the  place  and  time  of  whose  birth  and 
leath  are  unknown,  first  distinguished 
himself  by  reducing,  A.  D.  37,  the  revolted 
Mauritanians  to  obedience.  In  59  he  wa§ 
appointed  to  the  government  of  Great 
Britain,  which  province  he  brought  com 
pletely  under  the  yoke  ;  defeating  Boadicea. 
;ind  destroying  the  Druids  in  Mona.  In 
Iiis  latter  \ears  he  stained  his  reputation  by 
tlie  means  to  which  he  resorted  for  obtain* 
ng  the  favour  of  \  itellius  after 
fought  for  Othn. 


SUL 

SUHM,  PETER  FREDERIC,  an  erni- 
Be.it   Danish  historian    and    miscellaneous 


SUK 


471 


History  of  the  District  of  Maine,  and  an 
Essay  <>n  Banks.     His    rank    at    the  bar 


writer,  was  born,  in  1728,  at  Copenhagen;  was  in  the  very  first  class,  and  in  his  pri- 
held  various  important  offices  under  the  vate  character  he  was  distinguished  for 
government,  and  was  appointed  royal  his-  pietv,  patriotism,  and  integrity, 
toriographer;  married  in  Norway,  and!  SULLY,  M  AXIMILIAN  DK  BET1IUNE, 
resided  there  for  fourteen  years,  (luring  duke  of,  a  French  warrior  and  statesman, 
which  period  he  was  indefatigable  in  co1  : 


lee-ting  historical  materials  relative  to  the 
northern  nations ;  returned  to  Copenhagen 
in  1765;  and  was  a  liberal  patron  of  learn- 
ing till  his  decease  in  1798.  Ilia  Miscel- 
lanies form  fifteen  volumes;  and  his  valua- 
ble Histories  of  Denmark  occupy  sixteen 
volumes  4to. 

S UIDAS,  a  Greek  lexicographer.  When 
and  where  lie  was  born  and  died  are  un- 
known, but  he  is  supposed  to  have  lived  in 
the  latter  end  of  the  ninth  and  the  begin- 
ning of  the  tenth  century.  His  Lexicon, 
faulty  as  it  is  in  many  respects,  is  valuable 
for  the  fragments  it  contains  of  lost  works, 
and  the  information  which  it  affords  res- 
pecting ancient  writers. 

SULLIVAN,  JOHN,  an  officer  in  the 
army  of  the  American  revolution,  was  born 
in  Maine,  and  established  himself  in  the 
profession  of  law  in  New  Hampshire. 
Turning  his  attention  to  military  affairs, 
he  received,  in  1772,  the  commission  of 
major,  and  in  1775  that  of  brigadier  gen- 
eral. The  next  year  he  was  sent  to  Can- 
ada, and  on  the  death  of  general  Thomas, 
the  command  of  the  army  devolved  on  him. 
In  this  year  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank 
of  major  general,  and  was  soon  after 
captured  by  the  British  in  the  battle  on 
Long  Island.  He  commanded  a  di 


equally  brave  in  the  field  and  wise  in  the 
council,  was  born,  in  15GO,  at  the  castle 
of  Rosiiy.  At  an  early  age  he  was  placed 
about  the  person  of  the  king  of  Navm  re, 
afterwards  Henry  IV.,  to  whom  he  ever 
continued  to  be  strongly  attached.  He 
narrowly  escaped  being  one  of  the  victims 
of  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew.  In 
the  majority  of  the  battles  and  sieges  which 
occurred  during  the  struggle  between  Henry 
and  his  enemies,  Sully  bore  a  consplcuoua 
part;  he  commanded  the  artillery  at  the 
battle  of  Coutras,  and  had  two  horses  killed 
under  him,  and  was  dangerously  wounded 
at  the  battle  of  Ivry.  Though  himself  a 
zealous  Calvinist,  it  was  he  who  advised 
the  king  to  secure  the  crown  by  conform- 
ing to  the  catholic  religion.  In  1597  he 
was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  finances, 
which  was  then  in  the  most  dilapidated 
state,  and  by  his  prudent  administration 
he  at  once  increased  the  revenue  and 
lightened  the  burthens  of  the  people.  Af- 
ter the  death  of  Henry  IV.  Sully  retired 
from  public  affairs,  and  he  died  in  1641. 
His  Memoirs,  written  by  himself,  are  high- 
ly interesting. 

SULZER,  JOHN  GEORGE,  a  Swiss 
writer,  was  born,  in  1720,  at  Winterthur ; 
became  mathematical  professor,  and  subse- 
luently  professor  of  philosophy,  to  the  acad- 


of  the  army   at    the   battles   of  Trenton,  I  emy  of  nobles  at  Berlin  ;  and  died  in  1779 


Brandywine  and  Germantown  ;  and  was 
the  sole  commander  of  an  expedition  to 
the  island  of  Newport,  which  failed  through 
want  of  cooperation  from  the  French  fleet. 
In  1779  he  commanded  an  expedition 
against  the  Indians.  He  was  afterwards 
a  member  of  Congress,  and  for  three  years 
president  of  New  Hampshire.  In  1789  he 
was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  district 
court,  and  continued  in  that  office  till  his 
death,  in  1795. 

SULLIVAN,  JAMES,  was  born  atBer- 


His  principal  work,  which  possesses  great 
merit,  is  The  Universal  Theory  of  the  Fine 
Arts. 

SUMAROKOFF,  ALEXANDER  PE- 
TROVITSCH,  a  Russian  poet  and  drama* 
list,  the  son  of  a  general  officer,  was  born, 
in  1718,  at  Moscow;  was  educated  at  the 
Cadet  School;  displayed  an  early  talent 
for  dramatic  writing;  -and  died  in  1778, 
a  counsellor  of  state,  and  director  of  the 
court  theatre.  He  wrote  Tragedies,  Coin- 
Poems;  Dialogues 


.___  ,  edies,    Miscellaneous     ,     0 

wick,  Maine,  in  1744,  and  after  passing1  of  the  Dead;  an  Abridged  Chronicle  of 
the  early  part  of  his  life  in  agricultural  Moscow;  and  some  works  of  less  conse- 
pursuits,  adopted  the  profession  of  the  law.  iquence. 

He  took  an  early  part  in  the  revolutionary j  SURREY,  HENRY  HOWARD,  earl 
struggle,  and  in"l775  was  chosen  a  mem"- 'of,  eldest  son  of  the  duke  of  Norfolk,  was 
her  of  the  provincial  Congress.  In  1776  :  born  about  1515;  studied  at  Christ  Church, 
he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the  superior  Oxford ;  travelled  in  France,  Germany, 
court.  He  was  subsequently  a  member  of  and  Italy,  in  the  last  of  which  countries 
Congress,  a  member  of  the  executive  he  fell  in  love  with  the  Geraldine  whom 
council,  judge  of  probiue,  and  in  1790  was  he  celebrates  in  his  verses;  was  captain 
appointed  attorney  general.  In  1807  be  I  general  of  the  army  at  Boulogne  in  1546; 
was  elected  governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  fell  a  victim,  on  the  scaffold,  to  the 
and  again  in  the  following  year,  in  the  tyranny  of  Henry  VIII.  in  1547.  "He 
December  of  which  he  died.  He  was  the  was  (says  Raleigh)  no  less  valiant  than 
author  of  a  History  of  5  .ancj  Title.«,  a  lemx-.l,  and  of  excellent  hopes;"  aiwd 


472 


SWB 


Warton  considers  him  M  "  th-  first  En- 
glish classical  poet." 

BUTTON,  THOMAS,  was  born,  in 
1532,  at  Knaith,  in  Lincolnshire;  studied 
at  Eton,  Cambridge,  and  Lincoln's  Inn; 
became  a  merchant,  after  having  been  mas- 
ter general  of  the  ordnance  in  the  north ; 
rose  to  be  the  richest  commoner  in  the 
kingdom;  and  died  in  1611.  Sutton  was 
the  founder  of  the  Charter  House,  of  which 
he  intended  to  be  the  first  master,  but  he 
died  in  the  same  year  that  the  work  was 
begun. 

SUVAROFF,  or  SUWARROW, 
Prince  ALEXANDER,  a  celebrated  Rus- 
sian field  marshal,  was  born,  in  1730,  at 
Suskoi,  in  the  Ukraine,  and  was  educated 
at  the  Cadet  School  of  St.  Petersburgh. 
He  distinguished  himself  during  the  seven 
years'  war;  in  Poland,  in  1768,  against 
the  Confederates;  in  1773,  against  the 
Turks;  and,  in  1782,  against  the  Nogay 
Tartars.  For  these  services  he  was  re- 
warded with  the  rank  of  general  in  chief, 
the  government  of  tlte  Crimea,  the  portrait 


SNVI 

Oxford.     For    eom«   years  he  tifed  with 
Sir  William  Temple  as  a  companion,  and 


when  that  statesman  died  he  left  him  * 
legacy  and  his  posthumous  works.  From 
King  William  IK:  entertained  expectations 
of  preferment,  which  were  disappointed. 
Having  accompanied  Lord  Berkeley,  one 
of  the  lords  justices  to  Ireland,  as  chapls*..), 
he  obtained  from  him  the  livings  of  Lara- 
cor  and  Lathbeggan,  on  which  he  went  to 


of  the  empress  set  in  diamonds,  and  several  j  reside,  and  to  which  he  invited  the  lady 
Russian    orders.     In  the  war  against  the 


Turks,  from  1787  to  1790,  he  gained  the 
battle  of  Rymnik,  took  Ismail  by  storm, 
and  obtained  other  important  advantages. 
In  1794  he  defeated  the  Poles  who  were 
struggling  for  freedom,  and  carried  Praga 
by  assault.  When  Russia  joined  the  con- 
tinental coalition,  in  1799,  he  was  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  combined  army  in  Italy, 
and,  after  several  sanguinary  battles,  he 
succeeded  in  wresting  that  country  from 
the  French.  He  was  less  successful  in 
Switzerland,  whence  he  was  obliged  to 
retreat.  He  died  of  vexation,  April  18, 
1800,  soon  after  his  return  to  St.  Peters- 

8W  E  D  E  N  B  O  R  G,  EM  ANUF.L,  the 
founder  of  a  sect  called  The  New  Jerusa- 
lem Church,  was  the  son  of  the  bishop  of 
Skara,  and  was  born,  in  1689,  at  Stock- 
holm. He  was  not  twenty  when  he  pub- 
lished a  volume  of  Latin  poems.  On 
returning  from  his  travels  he  was  appointed 
assessor  extraordinary  to  the  College  of 
Mines,  and,  in  1719,  was  ennobled.  Of 
his  many  works  on  mining  the  principal  is 
his  Opera  Philosophies  et  Mineralogica. 
In  1743  he  imbibed  a  belief  that  he  was 
admitted  to  an  intercourse  with  the  invisi- 
ble wor  d,  and  this  belief  he  retained  till 
his  decease  in  1772.  On  this  subject  he 
published  several  singular  works,  among 
which  is  the  Arcana  Coelestis.  Swedenborg, 
though  labouring  under  a  mental  delusion, 


whom  he  has  celebrated  under  the  name 
of  Stella.  He  eventually  married  her,  but 
would  never  acknowledge  her  as  his  wife. 
His  conduct  to  two  other  ladies,  Miss  Wa- 
ring and  Miss  Vanhornrigh,  with  whom  lie 
coquetted,  was  equally  devoid  of  proper 
feeling.  In  1701  he  took  his  doctor's  de- 
gree, and  on  tlie  accession  of  Queen  Anne 
he  visited  England.  In  the  course  of  the 
nine  ensuing  years  he  published  several 
works,  but  it  was  not  till  1710  that  he 
became  active  as  a  political  writer.  Hav- 
ing gone  over  to  the  tories,  and  become 
intimate  with  Harley  and  Bolingbroke,  he 
exerted  himself  strenuously  in  behalf  of  his 
new  allies.  Among  his  labours  in  this 
cause  were  The  Examiner,  and  The  Con- 
duct of  the  Allies.  It  was  not,  howe\er, 
till  1713  that  he  obtained  preferment,  and 
even  then  he  was  frustrated  in  hi*  hope* 
of  an  English  mitre,  and  received  only  the 
deanery  of  St.  Patriok.  When  he  returned 
to  Ireland  he  was  exceedingly  unpopular; 
but  he  lived  to  be  the  idol  "of  the  Ii  i.-h. 
Of  the  writings  by  which  this  change  was 
produced,  The  Drapier's  Letters,  published 
in  1724,  stand  foremost.  In  1726  he  gave 
Gulliver's  Travels  to  the  world.  A*  he 
advanced  in  years  he  suffered  from  deafness 
and  fits  of  giddiness;  in  1739. his  intellect 
gave  way ;  and  he  expired  in  October,  1745. 
SWIFT,  ZEPHAMAH,  a  learned  law- 
yer, was  graduated  at  Yale  College,  and 
established  himself  in  the  legal  profession 


was  no  impostor,  but  a   learned  and  pious,  in    Windham,   Connecticut.     He    was  for 
Tian.  |  eighteen   years    a   judge    of    the    superioi 

SWIFT,  JONATHAN,  a  celebrated  court  of  that  state.  He  published  a  Digest 
writer,  was  born,  in  1667,  at  Dublin,  and  I  of  the  laws  of  Connecticut,  in  two  vol. 
was  educated  at  Kilkenny  School,  Trinity  I  umes,  on  the  model  of  Blackstone.  Hi* 
College,  Dublin,  and  Hertf  rd  College,  I  deuth  took  place  in  1823. 


TAO 

SWI.NTO.X,  JOHN,  a  divine  and  and. 
quary,  was  born,  in  1703,  at  Bexton,  in 

Cheshire;  was  educated  at  Wadham  Col- 
lege, Oxford ;  was  chaplain  to  the  factory 
at  Leghorn ;  and  died  in  1777,  keeper  of 
the  university  records  at  Oxforn.  He  con- 
tributed largely  to  the  Universal  History; 
and  wrote  many  learned  dissertations  on 
Ph^nician  ami  other  antiquities. 

SYDENHAM,  THOMAS,  an  eminent 
physician,  was  burn,  in  1624,  at  Winford 
Eagle,  in  Dorsetshire;  was  educated  at 
Wadham  College,  Oxford;  studied  medi- 
cine at  Mont  pettier;  and  settled  in  West- 
minster, where  he  deservedly  attained  a 
high  reputation.  He  died  in  1689.  Syden- 
ham  was  an  acute  observer  of  symptoms, 
ind  introduced  very  important  improve- 
ments into  the  treatment  of  smallpox  and 
other  diseases.  His  works  have  been  fre- 
quently reprinted. 

SYDEMIAM,  FLOYER,  an  eminent 
Greek  scholar,  was  born  in  1701,  and  was 
educated  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford.  In 
1739  he  began  a  translation  of  the  works 
of  Plato,  a  part  of  which  he  published; 
but  the  want  of  patronage  involved  him  in 
embarrassments ;  he  was  thrown  into  prison 
for  a  small  debt  which  he  had  contracted 
for  his  frugal  meals ;  and  there  he  perished 


TAL 


471 


in  1788.  His  fate  gave  rise  to  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Literary  Fund. 

SYLLA,  Lucius  CORNELIUS,  a  cele- 
brated Roman,  was  born,  B.  c.  137.  After 
having  spent  a  part  of  his  youth  in  licen- 
tious pleasures,  he  distinguished  himself  in 
Africa,  under  Marius;  in  Pontus,  as  com- 
mander in  chief ;  and  on  various  other 
occasions.  He  rose  to  the  consulship  in 
the  forty-ninth  year  of  his  age.  He  sul>- 
sequently  reduced  Greece,  and  vanquished 
Mithridates;  and,  returning  to  Italy,  over- 
came the  Marian  party,  and  Assumed  tin 
dictatorship.  By  his  merciless  edicts  of 
proscription  he  deluged  Rome  with  blood; 
but,  at  the  very  moment  when  no  one  dareJ 
to  dispute  his  power,  he  retired  into  private 
life.  He  died,  B.  c.  78,  of  the  morbus  pe- 
diculosus,  the  consequence  of  his  debauche- 
ries. 

SZALKAI,  ANTHONY,  a  Hungarian 
poet,  who  is  considered  as  the  founder  of 
the  dramatic  literature  of  his  country. 
He  held  an  office  in  the  household  of  the 
archduke  palatine,  Alexander  Leopold, and 
died,  in  1804,  at  Buda.  His  Pikko  Hcrt- 
zog  was  the  first  regular  drama  composed 
in  the  Hungarian  language.  He  also  wrote 
a  travesty  on  the  Eneid. 


TACITUS,  CAIUS  CORNELIUS,  a 
Latin  historian,  was  born  about  A.  D.  56, 
and  was  of  an  equestrian  family.  The 
place  of  his  birth  is  not  known.  He  early 
cultivated  poetry;  he  became  an  advo- 
cate; and  he  is  supposed  also  to  have 
borne  arm?.  He  was  successively  questor, 
edile,  a<id  pretor,  and,  in  97,  attained  the 
rank  of  consul.  Pliny  the  younger  was 
his  bosom  friend ,  and  Agricola  was  his 
father-in-law.  He  is  believed  to  have 
died  about  A.  D.  135.  Of  his  admirable 
History  and  Annals  a  large  portion  is  un- 
fortunately -het.  Tacitus  also  wrote  The1 
Life  of  Agricofoj  The  Manners  of  the 
Germans;  and  a  Dialogue  on  Eloquence:  I 
the  Ix.st  of  these,  however,  is  by  some  at- 
liibute.l  to  <  in mt  ilian. 

TACITUS,  MARCUS  CLAUDIUS,  a 
Roman  emperor,  who  claimed  descent 
from  the  foregoing,  was  raised  to  the 
throne  by  the  senate,  in  275,  at  the  age 
of  seventy-five,  after  having  been  twice 
consul.  He  reigned  only  six  months,  dur- 
.ng  which  short  period  he  displayed  both 
wisdom  and  vigour.  It  is  not  certain 
whether  ho  was  assassinated  or  died  of  a 
violent  disean--. 

TAGLIACOZZJ, or  TALLACOTIUS, 
GAS  PAR,  a:i  utuineat  Italian  si  -<?eon,  wa* 


born,  in  1546,  at  Bologna;  was  for  many 
years  anatomical  professor  there;  and  died 
in  1599.  He  is  the  author  of  a  work  on 
the  restoring  of  the  nose.  Butler,  in  his 
Hudibras,  has  a  ludicrous  allusion  to 
him. 

TALBOT,  JOHN,  lord,  a  famous  war- 
rior, was  born,  in  1373,  at  Blechmote,  in 
Shropshire;  obtained  various  successes 
against  the  Irish;  distinguished  himself  in 
France  by  his  skill  and  valour  during  the 
reigns  of'Henry  V.  and  VI.,  for  which  he 
was  rewarded  by  the  earldoms  of  Shrews- 
bury, Wexford,  and  Waterford ;  and  was 
killed  at  the  battle  of  Castillon,  in  1453. 

TALBOT,  CATHKRiNK,the  only  child 
of  the  bishop  of  Durham,  was  born  in!720, 
and  died  in  1770  She  was  an  intimate 
friend  of  Mrs.  Carter,  and  wrote  Essays, 
Letters,  Dialogues,  and  Poems;  and  Re- 
flections on  the  Seven  Days  of  the  Week. 

TALLIEN,  JOHN  LA'MBKRT,  one  of 
the  most  prominent  characters  in  th» 
French  revolution,  was  the  son  of  a  no- 
bleman's porter;  was  born,  in  1769,  at 
Paris;  received  a  goo  I  education;  and 
early  in  life  \v:is  Fucces.ively  clerk  t  >  »;n 
attorney,  and  in  a  public  oilire,  and  lure- 
man  to  a  printing  establishment.  On  the 
breaking  out  of  tha  revolution,  b«  took  a 


474 

violent  part  against  the  court,  And  he 
gradually  acquired  considerable  influence. 
As  a  member  of  the  Convention,  he  v>*rd 
for  the  death  of  the  king,  and  for  a  w  ;ile 
he  participated  in  all  the  enormities  of  the 
jacobins.  At  length,  however,  he  became 
more  moderate,  and  it  was  mainly  to  his 
courage  and  eloquence  that  France  was 
indebted  for  the  downfall  of  Robespierre. 
He  conti.iued  to  lx»  an  active  member  of 
the  legislature  till  1798,  when  he  accom- 
panied Bonaparte  to  Egypt.  He  enjoyed 
a  place  under  the  consular  and  imperial 
governments;  remained  unmolested  after 
the  accession  of  Louis  XV1IL;  and  died 
in  1820. 


TALMA,  FRANCIS  JOSEPH,  the  great- 
est of  French  actors,  was  born,  in  1763, 
at  Paris,  and  spent  his  childhood  in  Flap- 
ders  and  England,  where  his  father  was  a 
dentist.  At  the  age  of  nine  years  he  was 
sent  to  France  to  be  educated,  whence  he 
returned  to  England.  The  stage  was  early 
his  delight,  and  he  was  at  one  time  on  the 
point  of  appearing  at  Drury  Lane.  On 
his  settling  in  France,  he  for  eighteen 
months  followed  the  profession  of  his  fa- 
ther; but  in  1787  he  came  out  upon  the 
French  theatre,  in  the  character  of  Seide. 
For  some  tiaie,  however,  he  was  kept  in 
the  background;  but  at  length  he  attained 
the  highest  r<nk  as  a  tragedian.  Talma 
also  accomplisned  in  France  a  complete 
reformation  of  theatrical  costume.  He 
died,  at  Paris,  Oct.  19,  182C.  Talma  was 
highly  esteemed,  both  as  an  actor  and  a 
man,  by  Napoleon. 

TAMERLANE,  TIMUR  LENC,  or 
TIMUR  BEG,  one  of  the  scourges  of 
mankind,  was  born,  B.  c  1336,  in  the 
province  of  Kersch,  the  ancient  Sog- 
diana,  where  his  father  was  the  chief  of 
a  tribe.  He  attained  the  sovereign  au- 
thority at  Samarcand,  in  1730.  lie  snb- 
fequently  conquered  Persia,  India,  Syria, 
and  many  other  countries;  made  prisoner 
Bajazet,  the  Turkish  sultan;  and  was  on 
the  point  of  tnvadvag  China,  when  he  died 
in  1405. 

TANSILLO,  ^ouis,  an  Italian  poet, 
was  boru,  aboi.:  1510,  at  Venosa,  and 


TAS 

died  iu  1568,  judge  of  Gueta.  Among 
his  poems  are  The  Vintager,  and  Th« 
Nurse,  the  laKer  of  which  has  been  trans- 
lated by  Rose,  e. 

TART  AC  LI  A,  NICHOLAS,  an  eminent 
geometrician,  was  born,  ID  tlie  beginning  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  at  Venice.  Though, 
at  the  age  of  six  vears,  he  was  left  an  or- 
phan, and  in  distress,  lie  overcame  every 
impediment  in  the  acquisition  of  learning, 
and  rose  to  be  one  of  the  most  celebrated 
mathematicians  of  his  time.  He  died  in 
1557.  Among  his  works  are,  A  Tieuise 
on  Gunnery;  Various  Questions  and  In- 
ventions; and  A  Commentary  on  Euclid. 

'7ARTINI,  JOSEPH,  an  "eminent  vio- 
linist and  composer,  was  born,  in  1692,  at 
Pirano,  in  Istria;  was  educated  for  the 
law,  but  devoted  himself  to  music;  ob- 
tained celebrity  as  a  consummate  violin 
player;  and  died  in  1770.  He  wrote  A 
Treatise  on  Music,  and  other  works;  and 
composed  many  pieces.  His  finest  compo- 
sition is  The  Devil's  Sonata,  so  called, 
localise  he  dreamt  that  it  was  played  to 
him  by  his  Satanic  majesty. 

TASMAN,  ABEL  JANSSEN,  a  great 
navigator,  a  native  of  Holland,  was  born 
at  Hoorn,  but  in  what  year  is  not  known. 
In  1642  and  1644  he  was  employed  on 
exploratory  voyages  by  Van  tfiemen,  the 
Dutch  governor  general  in  the  East,  and 
he  made  many  important  discoveries  in 
Australia,  and  the  surrounding  islands. 
The  time  of  his  death  is  not  recorded. 

TASSIE,  JAMES,  a  modeller,  was 
born,  in  the  first  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  near  Glasgow,  and  was  originally 
a  stone  mason,  but  acquired,  from  Dr. 
Quin,  the  art  of  imitating  gems  in  col- 
oured pastes,  and  was  so  successful  that 
he  gained  both  reputation  and  fortune.  He 
likewise  modelled  in  wax.  Tassie  died  in 
1799.  The  descriptive  catalogue  of  his 
gems  forms  two  volumes  quarto. 

TASSO,  BERNARDO,  an  Italian  poet, 
was  born,  in  1493,  at  Bergamo;  was  suc- 
cessively in  the  service  of  the  prince  of 
Salerno  and  the  dukes  of  Urbino  and 
Mantua;  and  died  in  1569.  Of  his  poems 
the  principal  is  Amadis  de  Gaul,  in  a 
hundred  cantos. 

TASSO,  TORCIUATO,  one  of  the  great- 
est of  the  Italian  poets,  was  the  son  of 
Bernardo,  and  was  born,  in  1544,  at  Sor- 
rento. He  may  almost  be  said  to  havo 
"  lisped  in  numbers;"  and  at  twelve  years 
of  age  he  had  acquired  extensive  know- 
ledge. After  having  been  educated  at 
Rome,  he  went  to  Padua,  to  study  law,  ii 
compliance  with  the  wishes  of  his  father. 
It  was  while  he  was  there,  and  in  hi* 
eighteenth  year,  that  he  published  the 
poem  of  Rinaldo.  In  1565  Duke  Alphon- 
so  of  Ferrara  invited  him  to  his  cjirt, 
and,  with  the  exception  of  the  time  occu- 


TAY 

pied  br  a   journey  to  France,   Tasso   re- 
sided Jute  till  1577.     During  this  period, 


besides  many  minor  pieces,  he  produced 
bis  Aminta,  and  completed  the  Jerusalem 
Delivered.  In  1577  he  secretly  quitted 
Ferrara;  having,  it  has  been  supposed,  in- 
curred the  anger  of  the  duke  by  his  pas- 
sion for  the  Princess  Leonora  of"  Este,  his 
patron's  sister.  He  returned,  however, 
but  his  intellects  being  now  in  some  de- 
gree affected,  he  was  ungenerously  shut  up 
in  a  madhouse  by  Alphonso,  where  for 
seven  years  he  experienced  the  most  un- 
worthy treatment.  The  remonstrances  of 
several  Italian  princes  at  length  procured 
his  release.  In  1592  he  settled  at  Naples, 
and  began  to  write  a  new  poem  on  the 
subject  of  his  Jerusalem.  This  poem  he 
finished  to  his  owi:  satisfaction,  but  pos- 
terity has  not  ratified  his  partiality  for  it. 
He  died  April  25,  1595,  at  Rome,  while 
preparations  were  making  to  confer  on 
him  the  laureate  crown  in  the  capitol. 

TASSOXI,  ALEXANDER,  an  Italian 
poet,  was  born,  in  1565,  at  Modena;  was 
successively  in  the  service  of  several  prin- 
ces; and  died  in  1635,  counsellor  to  the 
duke  of  Modena.  He  was  a  man  of  exten- 
sive literary  and  scientific  knowledge,  and 
wrote  various  works;  but  it  is  to  The 
Rape  of  the  Bucket,  a  heroi-comic  poem, 
that  he  owes  his  reputation. 

TAVERNIER,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  a  trav- 
eller, was  born  in  1605;  visited  Turkey, 
Persia,  and  the  East  Indies,  several  times, 
as  a  dealer  in  diamonds  and  precious 
stones;,  was  ennobled  by  Louis  XIV.; 
and  died,  about  1686,  at  Moscow.  His 
account  of  his  Travels  in  the  East,  which 
has  often  been  reprinted,  forms  three  vol- 
umes quarto. 

TAYLOR,  J ERF.  MY,  a  prelate  and  elo- 
quent writer,  was  the  son  of  a  barber ; 
was  born,  in  1613,  at  Cambridge;  and 
wai  educated  at  the  grammar  school  of  his 
native  place,  and  at  Caiu»  College.  He 
became  chaplain  to  Archbishop  Land,  and 
•ubvequently  to  Charles  I.,  and  obtained 
the  rectory  of  Uppingham.  During  the 
Civil  war  he  gained  a  subsistence  by  keep- 
tag  a  school,  till  he  was  interdicted  from 


TEM  479 

teaching.  Lord  Carbery  then  appointed 
him  his  chaplain,  and  it  was  while  he  re- 
sided with  that  nobleman  that  he  wrote 
most  of  his  pieces.  He  was  twice  impris- 
oned by  the  republican  government.  At 
the  Restoration  lie  was  made  bishop  of 
Down  and  Connor;  along  with  which  see 
he  held  that  of  Dromore,  and  the  vice- 
chancellorship  of  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 
He  died  in  1667.  His  works,  which  stand 
high  among  those  of  British  theologians, 
have  been  repeatedly  reprinted. 

TAYLOR,  BROOK,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, WAS  born,  in  1685,  at  Edmonton, 
in  Middlesex;  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
College,  Cambridge;  became  a  fellow  and 
secretary  of  the  Royal  Society,  to  the 
Transactions  of  which  body  he  largely 
contributed;  and  died  in  1731.  Among 
his  works  are,  Methodus  Incrementorum; 
New  Principles  of  Linear  Perspective, 
and  Contemplatio  Philosophica.  Taylor 
invented  the  analytical  formula  which 
bears  his  name,  and  which  Lagrange  has 
made  the  basis  of  his  theory  of  analytical 
functions. 

TAYLOR,  GEORGE,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence,  was 
born  in  Ireland  in  1716.  Emigrating  to 
America,  he  became  the  proprietor  of  ex- 
tensive iron  works  at  Durham  on  the  river 
Delaware.  He  was  for  some  years  a  rep- 
resentative for  Northampton  County  to  the 
provincial  assembly,  and  in  1776  was  elect- 
ed to  the  continental  congress.  He  died 
in  1781. 

TEKELI,  EME  RIC,  Count,  a  Hungarian 
nobleman,  was  born  in  1658,  and  headed 
his  countrymen  in  their  struggle  against 
Austrian  tyranny.  He  defeated  the  Im- 
perialists in  several  battles,  and  even  pen- 
etrated in  Moravia  ;  but,  after  many 
vicissitudes,  he  was  at  length  obliged  to 
seek  an  asylum  in  Turkey,  where  he  died 
in  1705. 

TELL,  WILLIAM,  one  of  the  champions 
of  Swiss  liberty,  was  born,  in  the  latter 
part  of  the  thirteenth  century,  at  Burglen, 
in  the  canton  of  Uri.  Some  doubt  exists 
as  to  the  truth  of  the  story,  that  he  was 
compelled  to  shoot  at  an  apple  on  the  head 
of  his  child,  and  that  he  shot  the  Austrian 
governor  Gessler;  but  there  is  no  doubt 
that  he  contributed  to  emancipate  his  coun- 
try, and  that  he  fought  at  the  battle  of 
Morgarten.  He  died  in  1354. 

TEMPLE,  Sir  WILLIAM,  an  eminent 
statesman  and  writer,  was  born,  in  1628, 
in  London,  and  was  educated  at  Bishop 
Stortford  Grammar  School,  and  at  Ema- 
nuel  College,  Cambridge;  Cudwoilh  wa« 
his  college  tutor.  In  his  nineteenth  year 
he  began  his  travels,  in  the  course  of 
which  he  resided  for  two  years  in  France, 
and  visited  Flanders,  Holland,  and  Cier* 
many.  On  his  return  be  obtained  a  tea* 


476 


TEN 


in  tlte  Irish  parliament.     Charles  11.  em- 
ployed   him    us    a    diplomatist,    in    which 


Capacity  Temple  displayed  abilities  of  no 
common  kind.  He  was  twice  dispatched 
on  a  secret  mission  to  the  bishop  of  Mini- 
ster; as  envoy  extraordinary  to  the  Hague 
he  concluded  within  the  short  space  of  five 
da\ s  the  treaty  of  triple  alliance;  he  was 
one  of  the  negotiators  at  the  congress  of 
Aix  la  Chapeile;  he  signed  the  peace  of 
1673;  was  appointed  ambassador  to  the 
Hague  in  1674,  and  contributed  to  bring 
about  the  marriage  of  the  prince  of  Orange 
with  the  princess  Mary;  and,  lastly,  was 
one  of  the  negotiators  at  IXimeguen.  In 
1679  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  king's 
new  council,  but  was  soon  displaced  for  his 
freedom  of  speech.  After  this  he  retired 
into  private  life,  and  never  again  took  part 
in  public  affairs.  He  died  in  1698.  His 
work?  form  four  octavo  volumes. 

TENCIN,  CLAUDINE  ALEXANDRINA 
GUERIN  DE,  a  French  writer,  was  born, 
in  1681,  at  Grenoble,  and  died  in  1749. 
She  was  early  bound  by  monastic  vows, 
from  which  she  succeeded  in  obtaining 
her  release,  and  she  subsequently  spent 
many  years  in  political,  and  especially  in 
love  intrigues;  in  the  course  of  which  she 
was  imprisoned,  unjustly,  however,  on  a 
charge  of  having  murdered  one  of  her 
lovers.  D'Alembert  was  her  son.  At 
length  she  adopted  a  more  regular  mode 
of  living,  and  her  house  became  the  resort 
of  wits  and  men  of  letters.  Of  her  novels 
The  Count  de  Commingcs  is  that  which  is 
most  esteemed;  but  theyallhavegreatmerit. 

TEMERS,  DAVIU,  the  elder,  an  emi- 
nent painter,  was  burn,  in  1582,  at  An- 
twerp; studied  under  Rubens,  and  at 
Rome  under  EUheimer;  and  died  in  1649. 
His  pictures  of  rural  festivities,  conversa- 
tions, fairs,  fortunetellers,  and  similar  sub- 
jects, are  usually  of  a  small  size,  and  are 
much  valued. 

TE.NIERS,  DAVID,  the  younger,  a  son 
of  the  foregoing,  was  born,  in  1610,  at 
Brussels,  and  was  instructed  fn  painting 
by  his  father,  and  by  Adam  Biomver 
nnd  Rubens'.  In  his  youth  such  was  his 
far.iliiy  of  imitating  the  Mtyles  of  various 


YB-B 

masters  that  he  was  called  the  Pro  toot 
and  the  Ape  of  Painting.  He  soon,  how 
ever,  had  the  good  sense  to  choose  nature 
as  his  model,  and  he  rose  into  high  repu- 
tation.  He  was  patronised  by  the  arch- 
duke Leopold  William,  the  king  of  Spain, 
Christina  of  Sweden,  and  other  distin- 
guished personages.  Teniers  died  in  1694. 
The  subjects  of  his  pictures  are  such  as 
employed  his  father's  pencil,  and  likewise 
landscapes.  His  works  are  numerous  and 
of  great  price. 

TENNANT,  SMITHSOPT,  an  eminent 
chemist,  was  born,  in  1761,  at  Selhy,  in 
Yorkshire ;  studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh, 
and  took  his  degree  at  Cambridge  in  179(>, 
but  never  practised ;  became  a  member  of 
the  Royal  Society  in  his  twenty-fourtn 
year;  was  chosen  professor  of  rhemi.-'try 
at  Cambridge  in  1813;  and  was  killed,  by 
a  fall  from  his  horse,  at  Boulogne,  1Y)>. 
22,  1815.  He  contributed  many  valuable 
papers  to  the  Philosophical  Transactions. 
Among  his  discoveries  are,  the  mode  of 
effecting  a  double  distillation  bv  the  same 
heat;  the  true  nature  of  carbonic  acid  gas, 
and  of  the  diamond;  and  two  new  metals, 
indium  and  osmium. 

TERENCE,  or  TEREIS'TIUS,  PUB- 
LIUS,  a  Latin  comic  writer,  is  believed  to 
have  been  a  native  of  Carthage,  and  to 
have  been  Vorn  aoout  B.  c.  192.  Being 
taken  a  captive  to  Rome,  he  was  sold  to 
Terentius  Liu-anus  \\lio  gave  him  a  good 
education,  and  enfranchised  him.  lie  was 
in  his  twenty-fifth  year  when  he  brought 
out  his  fii\-t  play.  His  talents  acquire*!  for 
him  illustrious  friends,  among  whom  were 
Scipio  and  Lxlius.  He  quitted  Rome 
when  he  was  thirty-five,  and  is  supposed 
to  have  perished  at  sea  in  a  storm.  Of 
his  admirable  comedies  only  six  are  ex- 
tant. 

TERRASSON,  JOHN,  a  French  writer, 
was  born,  in  1670,  at  Lyons;  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  French  Academy  and  the  Acad- 
emy of  Sciences;  and  died  in  1750.  Of 
his  works  the  principal  are,  the  philoso 
pineal  romance  of  Sethos,  some  parts  of 
which  are  lauded  by  Voltaire;  and  a 
translation  of  Diodorus. 

TERTULLIAN,  QUINTUS  SEPTIMUS 
FLORENS,  one  of  the  most  learned  men  of 
the  primitive  church,  was  born,  about  160, 
at  Carthage.  Originally  a  bitter  enemy 
of  the  Christian  faith,  he  was  converted 
by  witnessing  the  firmness  of  the  martyrs, 
became  a  priest,  and  was  thenceforth  one 
of  the  most  eloquent  defenders  of  the  doc- 
trines which  he  had  despised.  Late  in 
life  he  adopted  the  opinions  of  the  Mon- 
tanists,  and  afterwards  formed  a  sect  of 
his  own.  He  died  about  245.  Among  his 
woiks  arc,  An  Apology  lor  the  Christians; 
a  Treatise  against  the  Jew*;  nod  the  five 
books  Hgaintt  Murciou 


THE 

TEST!,  FULVIO,  a  celeb.-ateii  Italian 
poet,  was  born,  in  1593,  at  Ferrara;  held 
various  important  offices  under  the  dukes 
Alphonso  and  Francis;  but  was  thrown 
into  prison,  in  consequence  of  having  en- 
tered into  a  correspondence  with  Cardinal 
Mazarin;  and  is  believed  to  have  been 
pul  to  death  there,  in  1646.  His  lyric 
pieces  rank  with  those  of  Chiabrera,  Guidi, 
and  Filicaja. 

THAARUP,  THOMAS,  a  Danish  poet, 
was  born,  in  1749,  at  Copenhagen;  was 
professor  of  history,  geography,  and  belles 
ettres  at  the  marine  ca.let  academy,  and 
me  of  the  managers  of  the  royal  theatre; 
ind  died  in  1821.  His  works  consist  of 
Dramas  and  Sacred  Songs. 

THALES,  one  of  the  seven  sages  of 
Greece,  was  born,  B.  c.  639,  at  Miletus,  in 
Jo:iia,  or,  as  s.Hno  affirm,  was  a  native  of 
Phenicia;  he  travelled  in  Egypt  and  other 
countries;  a:ul  died  in  the  ninety-sixth 
year  of  his  age.  Thales  \vas  the  founder 
of  the  Ionian  school  of  philosophy,  and 
was  an  admirable  astronomer  and  geome- 
trician. He  was  the  first  who  accurately 
calculated  a  solar  eclipse. 

THEMISTOCLES,  an  illustrious  Athe- 
nian, was  born,  B.  c.  535,  at  Phreus.  Li- 
centious in  his  youth,  he  was  reclaimed 
from  his  follies  by  the  love  of  glory.  He 
bore  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  battle  of 
Marathon,  and  the  trophies  gained  there 
by  Miltiades  were  a  stimulus  to  the  ambi- 
tion of  Theraistucles.  When,  after  the 
banishment  of  his  rival  Aristides,  he  ac- 
quired the  management  of  the  Athenian 
a:fairs,  he  displayed  splendid  talents.  It 
was  by  his  persuasion  that  his  countrymen 
were  induced  to  confide  their  safety  to  j 
their  navy,  and  to  him  were  the  Greeks  I 
indebted  for  the  glorious  victory  of  Salamis.  j 
He  rebuilt  the  walls  of  Athens,  fortified 
the  Pirneus,  and  prevented  the  Spartans 
from  gaining  an  ascendancy  in  the  Am- 
phictyonic  council.  The  popular  favour, 
however,  was  at  length  withdrawn  from' 
him,  and  he  was  banished  for  five  years. 
Further  proceedings  being  meditated 
against  him,  he  sought  an  asylum  at  the 
court  of  Artaxerxes,  and  was  hospitably 
received.  He  died  B.  c.  470.  Some  at- 
tribute his  death  to  poison  taken  by  him- 
self, rather  than  assist  the  Persian  monarch 
against  Athens,  while  others  aflirm  that  he 
died  a  natural  death. 

THEOBALD,  LEWIS,  a  dramatist  and 
commentator,  was  born  at  Sittingbourne, 
in  Kent,  and  was  brought  up  to  his  father's 
profession,  that  of  a  lawyer,  but  quitted  it 
for  literature.  Having  offended  Pope,  by 
editing  a  rival  edition  of  Shakspeare,  that 
poet  made  him  the  hero  of  the  Dunciad. 
Vet,  in  spite  of  the  wit  of  the  satirist, 
Theobald  is  not  despicable  as  a  commen- 
tator on  the  hard  of  Avon.  He  died  in 


THE 


477 


1744.  Among  nis  works  are  twelve  plays, 
four  of  which  are  translated  from  the 
Greek ;  some  poems ;  and  The  Gentleman'a 
Library  The  tragedy  of  The  Fata4  False- 
hood he  brought  forward  as  a  composition 
by  Shakspeare. 

THEOCRITUS,  a  celebrated  Greek 
pastoral  pT.et,  was  born  at  Syracuse,  and 
flourished  in  the  third  century  B.  c.  Ptol- 
emy Philadelphia  invited  him  to  his  court, 
and  treated  him  munificently.  It  is  said, 
that  he  was  strangled  by  Hiero,  tyrant  of 
Syracuse,  for  having  written  satires  upon 
him;  but  there  is  little  or  rather  no  e\i- 
dence  in  support  of  the  assertion. 

THEODOR,  JAMES,  a  physician  and 
botanist,  generally  known  by  the  name 
of  TABERN^EMONTANUS,  was  born 
about  1520,  at  Bergzal>ern,  in  the  dutchy 
of  Deux  Ponts,  and  died  in  1590.  He 
published,  in  1588,  the  first  volume  of  a 
New  Complete  Herbal,  which  was  the  re- 
sult of  thirty-six  years'  labour,  but  deatli 
prevented  the  completion  of  it. 

THEODOSIUS,  FLAVIUS,  surnamed 
the  Great,  a  Roman  emperor,  was  born, 
in  346,  in  Spain.  In  his  eighteenth  year 
he  defeated  the  barbarians,  and  drove  them 
across  the  Danube.  Gratian  rewarded  him 
with  the  purple,  and  the  sway  over  the 
eastern  provinces.  In  the  course  of  his 
reign  Theodosius  triumphed  over  the  Goths, 
and  various  other  enemies  of  the  empire. 
He  vanquished  Arbogaste,  in  394,  and 
added  the  western  provinces  to  his  domin- 
ions; and  died  shortly  after,  at  Milan, 
in  395. 

THEODOSIUS  II.,  surnamed  the 
Younger,  emperor  of  the  East,  grandson 
of  the  great  Theodosius,  was  born  in  400, 
and  succeeded  to  the  throne  at  the  age  of 
eight  years.  The  early  part  of  his  reign 
was  marked  by  some  success  against  the 
Persians;  the  remainder  of  it  was  not 
fortunate.  The  code  which  bears  his  name 
was  formed  by  his  order,  and  was  the  \vork 
of  seven  lawyers.  He  died  in  450. 

THEOPllRASTUS,  a  celebrated  Grecli 
philosopher,  was  born,  B.  c.  371,  at  Eresus, 
in  Lesbos.  He  was  a  disciple  of  Plato 
and  of  Aristotle,  the  latter  of  whoir  h« 
succeeded,  and  with  splendid  success,  n 
the  Lyceum.  Twice  he  was  persecuted  by 
/'i is  enemies.,  but,  in  both  instances,  :.e 
eventually  triumphed.  He  died  i:.  nil 
eighty-fifth  year.  Of  all  his  numerous 
works  time  has  spared  only  a  Treatise  on 
Stones;  parts  of  his  Characters,  and  of  a 
History  f  Animals;  and  some  fragment* 
quoted  by  other  authors. 

THESPIS.aGreek  poet, born  at  Icaria, 
in  Attica,  flourished  B.  c.  576.  He  is  con- 
sidered as  the  inventor  of  tragedy,  from 
his  having  introduced  actors  in  addition 
to  the  chorus.  His  ftage  is  said  to  have 
l-een  a  cart,  and  the  fact*  of  the  performer* 


*78  THO 

were  smeared  with  wine  lees,  or,  accord- 
ing to  Suici.i3,  with  white  lead  and  ver- 
million! 

THEVKNOT,  JOHN,  a  Frem  h  trarel- 
lei.  <vas  l>orn,  in  1633,  at  Paris.  His  for- 
tune  enabling  him  to  gratify  his  lo\e  of 
travelling,  he  visited  severarpnrt*  of  Eu- 
rope,  and  afterwards  explored  many  coun- 
tries of  tlie  east.  He  died  in  Persia,  in 
1667,  as  he  was  returning  from  Hindustan. 
His  Voyage*  ami  Travels  have  been  often 
reprinted. 

TIH 'MAS,  AvnioNY  LEONARD,  an 
erninent  French  miscellaneous  writer  and 
poet,  was  l)oi  n,  in  1732,  at  Clermont  Fer- 
rand.  He  was  brought  up  as  an  attornev, 
but  he  quitted  the  law  to  become  a  teacher 
in  one  of  the  colleges  at  Paris.  His  literary 
productions  having  at  length  brought  him 
into  reputation,  he  became  a  member  of 
the  French  Academy,  and  obtained  a  pi. ice 
under  government  which  raised  him  above 
the  fear  of  want.  He  died  in  1785.  Among 
his  best  works  are  his  Eulogies;  and  his 
Essay  on  the  Character,  Manners,  and 
Talents  of  Women. 

THOMON,  THOMAS  JOHN  THOMAS 
DE,  a  French  architect,  was  born,  in  1759, 
at  Paris;  was  a  pupil  of  Leroi,  and  after- 
wards studied  at  Rome;  emigrated  in  1791 ; 
nettled  in  Riifsia,  in  1798;  and  died  at 
St.  Petersburg!!,  in  1813.  He  embellished 
the  Russian  capital,  Odessa,  and  other 
places,  by  the  erection  of  many  fine  edifices, 
and  wrote  a  Treatise  on  Painting. 

THOMPSON,  WILLIAM,  a  poet  and 
divine,  was  born  at  Brough,  in  Westmore- 
land ;  was  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford;  and  died,  about  1766,  dean  of 
Raphoe,  in  Ireland.  His  poems  have  been 
deservedly  admitted  among  the  collected 
works  of  "the  British  Poets.  His  poern  on 
Sickness  contains  many  fine  passages,  and 
his  Hymn  to  May  breathes  more  of  the 
tpirit  of  Spenser  than  most  modern  imita- 
lions  of  him.  Thompson  also  wrote  Gon- 
dibert  and  Bertha,  a  tragedy;  and  pub- 
lished an  edition  of  Bishop  Hall's  Satires. 


THOMSON,  JAMES,  one  of  the  most 
popular  of  English  poets,  was  the  son  of  a 
Scotch  clergyman ;  was  born,  in  1700,  at 


THO 

Ednam  in  Roxburghshire;  and  w»s  ed«« 
rated  at  Jcdhurgh  and  at  Edinburgh.  Relin- 
quishing his  views  in  the  church,  he  went 
to  London,  where,  in  1726,  he  published 
liis  Winter.  The  three  other  Seasons  ap- 
|  eared  in  172*,  172<>,  and  17oO.  During 
(lie  same  period  lie  also  produced  the  tra- 
il 'dy  ol'St>|>hoiii.-l;a,  the  poem  of  Hritannia, 
and  a  p<  em  on  Sir  Isaac  .Newton.  Among 
the  friends  whom  he  gained  by  these  splen- 
did proofs  of  his  genius  was  lord  chancellor 
Talbot,  who  chose  him  as  a  proper  com- 
panion to  accompany  his  son  on  the  grand 
tour.  Thomson  was  thus  occupied  for 
three  years,  in  the  course  of  which  lie  visited 
most  of  the  European  courts.  After  his 
return  he  was  made  secretary  of  bk  iefs  by 
the  chancellor,  but  the  death  of  his  patron 
soon  deprived  him  of  that  place.  For  this 
loss,  however,  he  was  indernnilied  by  the 
oHice  of  surveyor  general  of  the  Leeward 
Islands,  and  a  pension  from  the  prince  of 
Wales.  His  peif.  meanwhile,  was  not  idle. 
He  wrote  the  tragedies  of  Agamemnon, 
Edward  and  Eleonora,  Taucred  and  Sigis- 
munda,  and  Coriolanus;  the  masque  of 
Alfred,  in  conjunction  with  Mallet;  and 
the  poems  of  Liberty,  and  The  Castle  of 
Indolence.  He  died,  at  Richmond,  Au- 
gust 27,  1748. 

THOMSON,  WILLIAM,  an  industrious 
writer  and  compiler,  was  born,  in  1746,  at 
Burrtside,  in  Perthshire;  was  educated  at 
St.  Andrew's;  and  quitted  the  clerical 
profession  in  Scotland,  to  become  an  author 
and  master  of  an  academy  in  the  metropo- 
lis. He  died  in  1817.  Thompson  was  not 
without  abilities  and  learning,  but  he  was 
a  hasty  and  slovenly  writer.  He  was  con 
nected  with  various  newspapers  and  peri 
odicals ;  prepared  for  the  press  many  work* 
of  other  authors;  and  wrote,  among  othei 
thing*,  Mammoth;  The  Man  in  the  Moon; 
and  Memoirs  of  the  War  in  Asia. 

THORNHILL,  Sir  JAMES,  a  painter, 
was  born,  in  1676,  in  Dorsetshire,  and, 
after  his  return  from  his  travels  in  Hol- 
land, Flanders,  and  France,  rose  into  con- 
siderable reputation  as  an  artist.  He  wa« 
employed  to  paint  the  dome  of  St.  Paul's, 
the  refectory  and  saloon  at  Greenwich 
Hospital,  and  some  of  the  apartments  ul 
Hampton  Court.  He  died  in  1734.  Thorn- 
hill  was  also  occasionally  employed  aa  an 
architect. 

THORNTON,  BONNEL,  a  witty  mis- 
cellaneous writer  and  poet,  was  born,  in 
1724,  in  London;  was  educated  at  West* 
minster  School,  and  at  Christ  Church,  Ox- 
ford ;  took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of  medi- 
cine, but  never  practised;  was  in  habits 
of  friendship  with  many  of  the  wits  of  that 
period;  and  died  in  1768.  The  Connois- 
seur \vis  the  joint  production  of  him  and 
Colman.  He  translated  a  part  of  Plautus; 
and  wiote  a  burlesque  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia '• 


TIB 
Day,  The  Battle  of  the  W.gs,  and  a  varitty 


of  humorous  pieces. 

THORNTON,  MATTHEW,    was 


born 


in  Ireland  in  1714,  and  when  about  two  or 

three  years  old    his    father    emigrated    to   at  the  head  of  the  elegiac  poets. 


America,  and  finally  Fettled  in  Worcester, 
Massachusetts.  Young  Thornton  pursued 
the  study  of  medicine,  and  commenced  the 
practice  of  his  profession  in  Londonderry, 
New  Hampshire.  In  1776  he  was  chosen 


Rome. 


TIL 

He  was  the  friend  of  Hor.  ce, 


of  many  other  eminent  contemporaries,  and 
is  believed  to  have  died  shortly  after  Virgil 
His  four  books  of  Elegies  have  placed  him 


TICKELL,  THOMAS,  a  poet,  was  bornt 
in  1686,  at  Mridekirk,  in  Cumberland;  was 
educated  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford;  was 
the  friend  of  Addison,  who  made  him  under 
secretary  of  state  ;  was  appointed,  in  1724, 


a  delegate  to  the  continental  congress,  and  |  secretary  to  the  Lords  Justices  in  Irehu 
affixed  his  name  to  the  declaration 


of  in- 
dependence. He  was  afterwards  chief 
justice  of  the  court  of  common  pleas,  and 
judge  of  the  superior  court,  of  his  adopted 
state.  He  died  in  1803. 

THOU,  JAMES  AUGUSTUS  DK,  emi- 
nent as  a  magistrate  and  an  historian,  was 
born,  in  1553,  at  Paris.  After  having 
studied  the  law  at  Orleans  and  Valence, 
and  travelled  in  Italy,  he  entered  into 
public  life,  and  was  successively  clerk  of 
the  parliament,  master  of  requests,  and 
president  ft  mortier.  Henry  IV.  he  served 
with  zeal,  and  was  much  esteemed  by  him. 
He  died  in  1617.  His  History  of  his  own 
Times,  in  Latin,  has  been  often  reprinted. 

THUCYDIDES,  a  Greek  historian, 
descended  from  the  kings  of  Thrace, 


born,  B.C.  469,  at  Ath 


Having  failed 


to  relieve  Amphipolis,  which  was  besieged 
by  the  Lacedemonians,  he  was  banished  by 
his  countrymen,  and  he  retired  into  Thrace, 
where  he  had  large  possessions.  Nothing 
certain  is  known  of  the  remainder  of  his 
life;  but  he  is  supposed  to  have  died  about 
B.  c.  400.  As  an  historian  he  ranks  high 
among  the  writers  of  ancient  times. 

THUNBERG,  CHARLKS  PETER,  an 
eminent  Swedish  naturalist  and  traveller, 
was  born  in  1743,  and  was  the  pupil  of 
Linmeus,  and  his  successor  at  the  universi- 
ty of  Upsal.  In  his  ardent  zeal  to  improve 
the  science  of  botany,  he  visited  various 
parts  of  the  globe.  He  died  in  1828.  Be- 
sides his  Travels  in  Europe,  Africa,  and 
Asia,  which  were  translated  into  English, 
he  wrote  several  valuable  works  on  natural 
history. 

TIBERIUS,  CLAUDIUS  DRUSUS  NK- 
RO,  a  Roman  emperor,  was  born,  B.  c.  34, 
at  Rome.  During  the  reign  of  Augustus,  he 
was  successful  at  the  head  of  the  armies  in 
Spain,  Armenia,  Germany,  and^other  prov- 
inces, but,  falling  into  disgrace,  he  resided 
for  some  years,  as  an  exile,  at  Rhodes.  He 
was,  however,  restored  to  favour,  and  he  was 
again  victorious  a?  the  leader  of  the  legions 
in  Germany.  On  his  accession  to  the  throne, 
his  ac's  gave  promise  of  a  beneficent  sover- 
eign; but  he  soon  became  licentious  and 
sanguinary,  and,  after  a  reign  of  nearly 
twenty-three  years,  he  died,  universally 
bated^  at  Misneum,  A.  D.  37. 

T1BULLUS,  AULUS  ALBIUS,  a  Latin 
poet-  «»f  an  equestrian  family,  was  born  at 


and  held  that  oflice  till  his  death,  in  1710. 
His  Poems,  which  have  much  sweetness  and 
elegance,  form  a  part  of  the  collected  worka 
of  the  British  Poets.  His  translation  of  the 
first  book  of  the  Iliad  occasioned  the  rup- 
ture'between  Pope  and  Addison. 

TICKELL,  RICHARD,  a  grandson  of 
the  foregoing,  was  born  at  Bath;  obtained 
a  pension  and  a  place  in  the  stamp  oflice; 
and  was  killed,  in  1793,  by  throwing  him- 
self in  a  fit  of  phrenzy  from  the  window  of 
his  apartments  in  Hampton  Court  Palace. 
He  wrote  two  poems,  The  Project,  and  The 
Wreath  of  Fashion  ;  Anticipation,  and  oth 
er  political  pamphlets;  and  the  Carnival  of 
Venice,  a  comic  opera. 

TILGHMAN,   WILLIAM,  an   eminent 
jurist,  was  born,  in  1756,  in  Talbot county, 


on  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryla 


1772 


he  began  the  study  of  law  in  Philadelphia, 
but  was  not  admitted  to  the  practice  of  the 
profession  till  1783.  In  1788,  and  for  some 


successive  years,  he  was  elected  a 


rep re- 


sentative  to  the  legislature  of  Maryland. 
In  1793  l>e  returned  to  Philadelphia,  and 
pursued  the  practice  of  the  law  in  that  city 
till  1S01,  when  he  was  appointed  chic'f 
judge  of  the  circuit  court  of  the  United 
States  for  the  third  circuit.  After  the  abo- 
lition of  this  court,  he  resumed  his  profes- 
sion, and  continued  it  till  1805,  when  he 
was  appointed  president  of  the  courts  of 
common  p!e:is  in  the  first  district  of  Penn- 
sylvania. In  the  following  year  he  was 
commissioned  as  chief  justice  of  the  su- 
preme court  of  that  state.  He  died  iu 
1827. 

T1LLEMONT,  SEBASTIAN  LE  NA1N 
DE,  a  French  ecclesiastical  writer,  wja 
born,  in  1637,  at  Paris;  was  educated  at 
the.  seminary  of  Port  Royal,  where  Nico/e 
was  his  preceptor  in  logic;  look  orders,  on 
which  occasion  he  assumed  the  name  of 
Tillemont,  his  family  name  being  Le  Nain; 
and  died,  generally  respected,  in  1698.  He 
wrote  a  History  of  the  Emperors ;  and  Me- 
moirs for  the  Ecclesiastical  History  for  the 
first  six  centuries. 

TILLI,  JOHN  TZERCLAES,  count  de, 
a  celebrated  German  general,  was  born  at 
Brussels,  of  an  illustrious  family,  towards 
the  close  of  the  sixteenth  century".  Origin- 
ally he  was  a  Jesuit,  but  he  quitted  that 
order  to  take  arms.  He  first  Hgnalurd 
himself  in  Hungary  against  the  Turk*. 


4*»  TIL 

Subsequently  he  rose  to  high  jommanu  in 
ihe  Bavarian  service,  and  next  in  the  Im- 
perial, nnd  gained  several  victories  between 
1620  and  1631 ;  in  which  last  year  he  eter- 
nally disgraced  himself  by  his  rrnelty  at  the 
storming  of  Magdeburgh.  Gustavus  Adol- 
plr.is  dcfi-ated  him  at  Lutzen  in  1631,  and 
again  at  the  passing  of  the  Lech,  in  1632, 
in  which  action  Tilli  was  mortally  wound- 
ed. 

TILLOCH,  ALEXANDER,  was  born,  in 
1757,  ai  Glasgow,  where  he  received  a 
liberal  education.  While  resident  at  his 
Dative  place  he  invented  stereotype  print- 
ing; but,  after  having  joined  with  Mr. 
Foulis  to  carry  it  on,  and  taken  out  a  pa- 
tent, he  had  the  mortification  to  find  that 
the  process  had  been  previously  discovered 
by  Ged.  Settling  in  London,  he  became 
editor  and  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the  Star 
newspaper,  and,  in  1797,  he  established  the 
Philosophical  Magazine.  He  died  Janua- 
ry 26, 1825.  Tilloch  made  some  improve- 
ments on  the  steam  engine. 


TILLOTSON,  JOHN,  an  eminent  pre- 
late, was  born,  in  1630,  at  Sowerhy,  in 
Yorkshire,  and  was  educated  at  Clare  Hall, 
Cambridge.  He  was  of  a  puritan  family, 
and  was  brought  up  in  their  religious  prin- 
ciples, but. he  conformed  to  the  church  in 
1662.  Between  that  period  and  1669  he 
was,  successively,  curate  of  Cheshunt,  rec- 
tor of  Keddington,  preacher  in  Lincoln's 


T1R 

deoeaee  look  place  n  1694.  Fie  died  poor 
the  copyright  of  his  Posthumous  Sermon*, 
which  sold  for  two  thousand  five  hundred 
guineas,  being  all  that  his  family  in!u  i  itrd. 
His  works  f.irm  three  folio  vt.l:nncs. 

TI.NDAL,  MATTHF.W,  a  dcistic-.il  wii- 
U-r,  \\as  born,  about  1657,  at  Hrrr  Feners, 
in  Devonshire;  was  educated  at  Liiic<>la 
(  'olh'gc,  Oxford,  ami  obtained  a  fellowship 
in  All  Souls;  and  died  in  17o3.  Anu.ng 
his  works  are,  The  rights  of  the  C'hrit-.tiu:i 
Church  asserted;  and  Christianity  as  old 
as  the  Creation. 

TLXDAL,  NICHOLAS,  nephew  of  th- 
foregoing,  was  born,  in  1687,  in  Devon- 
shire; was  educated  at  Oxford;  uhtainvd 
arious  livings,  and  the  chaplains-hip  i.f 
Greenwich  Hospital;  and  died  i,i  1774. 
He  wrote  a  continuation  of  Rapin;  ti  uns- 
tated Calmet  and  Cantemir;  and  abridged 
Spence's  Polvmetis. 

TINTORETTO,  a  celebrated  painU-r, 
whose  real  name  was  JAMES  ROJsl  S'i'I, 
was  the  son  of  a  dyer,  from  which  ctrcrui- 
stance  he  derived  his  pictorial  appellation. 
Hie  was  born,  in  1512,  at  Venice,  and  was 
a  pupil  of  Titian,  who  became  jealous  of 
talents,  and  dismissed  him  from  his 
school.  He  rose  to  high  reputation,  and 
was  employed  by  the  Venetian  goveinment 
o  paint  a  picture  of  the  victory  gained  o\rr 
the  Turks  in  1571.  Most  of  his  finest  com- 
positions are  at  Venice,  where  he  died,  in 
1594. 

TIPPOO  SAHEB,  or  SAID,  sultan  of 
Mysore,  was  born  in  1749,  and  suc.ce; -de.-' 
.o  the  throne  in  1782,  on  the  death  of  I!\- 
der  Ali,  his  father.  In  1784,  he  concluded 
a  peace  with  the  East  India  Company  ;  but 
ic  never  for  a  moment  ceased  to  cherish  the 
lope  of  expelling  the  British  from  Hiudos- 
an.  His  attack,  in  1790,  upon  our  ally, 
he  rajah  of  Travaucore,  brought  on  a  war 
vith  the  Company,  in  the  third  campaign 
>f  which  he  was  invested  in  his  capital,  and 
compelled  to  purchase  a  peace  at  the  price 
af  one  half  ol  his  dominions.  Still  impla- 
cable, he  continued  his  plots  against  the 


Inn,  lecturer  at  St.  Lawrence  Jewry,  and!  English.     The   result   was   a   f-ec.ond    and 
gained  reputation  both  as  a  preacher  and  a  final  war,  which  terminated  Mav  4,  1799, 

•      ••     -  T          i  f*~r\    i  l  l          .1  f  o  "    *l          J         .L 


controversial ist.  In  1670  he  was  made  a 
prebendary,  and,  two  years  afterwards,  dean 
of  Canterbury.  In  1683  he  attended  Lord 
Russet  on  the  scaffold,  and  laboured,  but, 
of  course,  in  vain,  to  draw  from  him  a  dec- 
laration in  favour  of  passive  obedience. 
This  blot  in  his  character  is  to  be  regretted. 
At  the  Revolution,  he  was  appointed  clerk 
of  the  closet  to  his  majesty,  and  in  the  fol- 


by  the  storming  of  Seringapatam,  the  death 
of  Tippoo,  who  fell  in  the  assault,  and  the 
political  extinction  of  the  descendants  of 
Hyder. 

TIRABOSCHI,  JEROME,  an  Italian 
writer,  was  born,  in  1731,  at  Bergamo,  and 
died  in  1794,  counsellor  and  librarian  to  the 
duke  of  Modena.  His  works  are  numerous 
and  valuable.  Among  them  are,  Memoirs 


lowing  year  he  exchanged  his  deanery  for  of  Modenese  writers;  and  Notices  of  Paint- 
that  of  St.  Paul's.  In  1691,  after  fruitless! ere,  Sculptors,  &c. ;  but  his  great  produc- 
attcmpts  to  avoid  the  honour,  he  accepted,  tion  is  The  History  of  Italian  Literature, 
with  unfeigned  reluctance,  the  see  of  Can-  sixteen  vols.  quarto. 

terbury,  which  was  become  vacant  by  the  TISSOT,  SIMON  ANDREW,  an  emi 
deprivation  of  Sancroft.  This  promotion,  nent  Swiss  physician,  was  born,  in  1728, 
kow«T«r,  he  did  not  long  mrvivr,  as  hi*  at  Granry,  in  the  Pays  de  Vaud ;  «tudi«d 


•JOB 

m«n«iae  at  Montpellier;  tattled  at  Lav- 
•anne,  where  IIP  became  celebrated,  partic- 
ularly for  bis  now  method  of  treating  the 
smallpox;  was  for  three  years  medical  pro- 
fessor at  Pavia ;  and  died,  in  1797,  at  Lau- 
sanne. His  works  were  collected  by  him 
•elf  in  ten  volumes  12mo. 


TOC 


431 


TITIAN,  whose  name  was  TIZIANO 
VECELLI,  the  greatest  painter  of  the 
Venetian  school,  was  born,  in  1477  or 
1-180,  at  Pieve  de  Cadore,  in  Friuli;  was 
a  pupil  of  Zuccati  and  Bellini;  and  im- 
proved his  original  stylo  by  observing  the 
works  of  Giorgione.  He  was  patronised 
and  highly  honoured  by  Charles  V.,  Phil- 
ip II.,  and  other  princes.  His  powers 
continued  undiminislvod  till  almost  the 
latest  period  of  his  existence,  and,  as  he 
was  indefatigable  in  his  art,  and  lived  to 
the  age  of  nearly  a  hundred,  his  works  are 
numerous.  They  still  retain  their  rank 
among  the  highest  efforts  of  pictorial  skill. 
Titian  died  of  the  plague,  in  1576. 

TITUS  SABINUS  VESPASIANUS, 
FLAVIUS,  a  Roman  emperor,  the  son  of 
Vespasian,  was  born  A.  i>.  40.  After  hav- 
ing distinguished  himself  in  arms,  particu- 
larly at  the  siege  of  Jerusalem,  he  ascended 
the  throne  A.  D.  79.  His  early  licentious- 
ness inspired  fears  as  to  his  future  conduct, 
but  he  discarded  hi*  vices,  and  acted  in 
such  a  manner  as  to  be  denominated  the 
delight  of  the  human  race.  He  was  the 
father  of  his  people.  On  one  occasion, 
having  within  the  twenty-four  hours  per- 
formed no  act  of  kindness,  he  e ^claimed, 
"  My  friends,  I  have  lost  a  day!"  He 
reigned  little  more  than  two  years 

TOBIN,  JOHW,  a  dramatic  writer,  wan 
born,  in  1770,  at  Salisbury;  was  educated 
at  private  schools  at  Southampton  and 
Bristol ;  and  was  brought  up  as  a  solicitor. 
He  had  an  irresistible  propensity  to  dra- 
matic composition,  and  at  the  age  "of  twen- 
ty-four had  written  several  plays ;  and  he 
continued  his  labours  till  the  close  of  his 
existence.  In  his  applications  to  theatri- 
cal managers,  however,  he  was  uniformly 
unsuccessful;  little  to  the  credit  of  their 
judgment.  It  was  not  till  he  was  sinking 
tat*  the  frave  from  consumption  that  bis 

mm  ' 


Hooey  Moon  was  accepted,  and  lie  did  n  »t 
live  to  witness  its  success.  He  died  De- 
cember 8,  1804.  The  Curfew,  and  Toe 
School  for  Authors,  were  subsequently 
represented. 

TOFINO  DE  SAN  MIGUEL,  VIN- 
CENT, a  Spanish  astronomer  and  hydro- 
grapher,  was  born,  in  1740,  at  Carthagena 
or  Mexico  ;  entered  the  naval  service,  and 
rose  to  be  brigadier  of  marines;  was  em- 
ployed in  surveying  the  Spanish  coast  ; 
and  died  in  1806.  He  is  the  author  of  a 
Compendium  of  Geometry;  Astronomical 
Observations;  and  an  excellent  Atlas  of 
the  Coasts  of  Spain. 

TOLAND,  JOHN,  a  deistical  writer, 
was  born,  in  1669,  near  Londonderry  ;  was 
originally  a  Roman  Catholic,  but  became 
a  dissenter,  and,  lastly,  a  sceptic  ;  was 
educated  at  Glasgow,  Edinburgh,  and  Ley- 
den  ;  was  employed  in  secret  missions  to 
the  German  courts;  and  died  in  1722 
Among  hid  works  are,  Christianity  not 
mysterious  ;  Nazarenus  ;  Pant  heist  icon  ; 
Tetradymus;  Amyntor  ;  and  a  Life  of 
Milton. 

TOMLINE,  GEORGE,  whose  family 
name  was  PRETTY  MAN,  a  prelate  and 
writer,  was  born,  about  1750,  at  Bury  St. 
Edmund's,  where  his  father  was  a  trades- 
man. He  was  educated  at  Bury  School, 
and  at  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge,  and 
was  senior  wrangler  in  1772.  Mr.  Pitt, 
to  whom  he  had  been  academical  tutor, 
made  him  his  private  secretary,  gave  him 
the  living  of  Sudbury,  and  a  prebend  of 
Westminster,  and,  in  1787,  raised  him  to 
the  see  of  Lincoln,  whence,  in  1820,  Dr. 
Tomline  was  translated  to  that  of  Win- 
chester. He  died  November  8,  1827.  Hi« 
principal  works  are,  Elements  of  Chris- 
tian Theology;  Refutation  of  the  Charge 
of  Calvinism  against  the  Chur  :h  of  Eng- 
land ;  and  a  Life  of  Mr.  Pitt. 


TOOKE.JoHN  HORNE,  a  polit  etaat 
and  philologist,  who  for  many  years  *a* 
known  By  his  family  name  of  Home,  waa 
born,  in  1736,  in  Westminster;  was  edu- 
cated at  Westminster  and  Eton  school*, 
and  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  nn<i 
in  1760  was  i»d»cte  1  to  the  rbapclry  r<f 


TOR 


TCU 


New  Brentford.  The  clerical  profession, '  Dominic  ;  became  inquisitor  general  IV 
however,  was  little  suited  to  his  habits  i  1483;  and  died  in  1498.  In  the  course  of 
and  feelings,  and  he  took  an  active  part  in  sixteen  years  he  jjave  lo  the  (lames  no  lest 
politics.  The  cause  of  Wilkes  he  warmly  than  eight  thousand  eight  hundred  victims, 
espoused  for  a  considerable  time,  but  at  besides  executing  nearly  as  many  in  effigy, 
length  they  became  enemies.  In  1771  he  condemning  ninety  thousand  to  perpetual 
\vas  attacked  by  Junius,  but  he  defended  imprisonment  and  other  severe  punit-h- 
himeelf  with  spirit  and  success  against  incuts,  and  expelling  from  Spain  above 
that  formidable  writer.  Resigning  his  eight  hundred  thousand  Jews, 
living  at  Brentford,  he  studied  law  at  the  i  TORRICELLI,  EVANGELISTA,  a  eel- 
Temple,  but  his  ecclesiastical  character  ebrated  Italian  geometrician,  was  born,  in 
proved  an  obstacle  to  his  being  admitted  1608,  at  Modighana,  or.  as  some  assert, at 
to  the  bar.  In  1775  he  wa?  sentenced  to  ,1'iancaldoli  ;  began  hu  education  under 


imprisonment  on  a  charge  of  having  libel- 
led the  king's  troops  in  America.  Out  of 
this  circumstance  arose  his  Letter  to  Dun- 
ning, which  formed  the  basis  of  his  subse- 


the  Jesuits  at  Faenza,  and  completed  it  at 
Rome;  was  invited  to  Florence  by  Gali- 
leo; and  succeeded  that  eminent  man  a* 
professor  of  mathematics.  The  grand 


qnent  philological  work,  The  Diversions  duke  also  appointed  him  his  muthemati- 
of  Purley,  published  in  1786.  In  1790, }  cian.  Torricelli  died  in  1647.  His  geo- 
and  1796,  he  stood,  ineffectually,  as  can-  metrical  works  form  a  quarto  volume.  To 
Hidate  for  Westminster;  and  in  1794  he  him  science  ia  indebted  for  the  invention 
was  one  of  the  persons  who  were  tried  at  of  the  barometer. 


the  Old  Bailey,  and  acquitted,  on  a  charge 
of  treason.  In  1801  he  was  returned  to 
parliament  for  Old  Sarum;  but  he  sat 
only  during  that  session,  a  bill  being  pass- 
ed to  prevent  individuals  in  orders  from 
sitting  in  future.  He  died  March  19, 
1812. 

TOOKE,  WILLIAM,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born,  in  1744,  at  Islington. 
He  was  originally  a  printer,  but  took 
orders  in  1771,  and  went  to  Russia,  where 
he  became  chaplain  to  the  factory  at  St. 
Petersburgh.  He  returned  to  England  in 
1792,  and  died  in  1820.  Among  his  works 
are  translations  of  Lucian,  and  ZoJlikof- 
fer's  Sermons  and  Prayers;  and  A  History 
of  Russia;  A  View  of  the  Russian  Em- 
pire; A  Life  of  Catherine  II.;  and  other 
productions  relative  to  Russia. 

TOPLADY,  AUGUSTUS  MONTAGUE, 
an  eminent  Calvinistic  divine,  was  born, 
in  1740,  at  Farnham,  in  Surrey  ;  was 
educated  at  Westminster  School,  and  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin;  and  died  in  1778, 
vicar  of  Broad  Hembury,  in  Devonshire. 
Toplady  was  a  strenuous  opponent  of 
Wesley.  His  works  form  six  volumes 
octavo. 

TORDENSKIOLD,  PETER,  a  cele- 
brated Danish  admiral,  was  born,  in  1691, 
at  Drontheim,  in  Norway,  and  was  killed 
in  a  duel,  in  1720.  His  family  name  was 
WESSEL,  but,  for  his  exploits  his  sover- 
eign gave  him  the  name  of  Tordenskiold, 
compounded  from  words  signifying  thun- 
der and  shield.  Among  his  achievements 
were  the  capturing  of  a  Swedish  squadron 
in  the  port  of  Dynekiln,  and  the  taking  of 
the  town  of  Marstrand  and  the  citadel  of 
Carlnlein. 

TORQUEMADA,  THOMAS  UE,  the 
first  inquisitor  general  of  Spain,  a  man 
infamous  for  his  barbarity,  was  born  in 
1426;  wa*  x  ruonU  of  the  ord*r  of  St. 


TORRINGTON,  GEORGE  BYNG 
viscount,  a  British  admiral,  was  born,  in 
1668,  in  Kent;  became  a  rear  admiral  in 
1703;  and,  during  the  reign  of  Queen 
Anne,  distinguished  himself  at  the  taking 
of  Gibraltar,  the  battle  of  Malaga,  and 
the  relieving  of  Barcelona.  In  1718  he 
defeated  the  Spanish  fleet  off  Sicily;  in 
1721  he  was  created  a  viscount;  and*  wa* 
afterwards  appointed  first  lord  of  the  admi- 
ralty. He  died  in  1733. 

TORSTEJNSON,  1  EONARP,  count,  a 
celebrated  Swedish  gei*ral,  was  born,  in 
1595,  at  the  castle  of  Forstena;  commenc- 
ed his  career  as  page  t  -  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus;  was  rapidly  promote' lor  his  military 
talent  by  that  monarch;  and  distinguished 
himself  on  numerous  occasions  during  the 
thirty  years'  war,  particularly  by  gaining 
the  battles  of  Breitenfclt  and  Jankovitz. 
destroying  great  part  of  the  army  of  Gat- 
las,  and  conquering  Holstein,  Sleswick, 
and  Jutland.  He  died  in  1654. 

TOTT,  FRANCIS,  baron  de,  a  French 
negotiator  and  officer,  the  son  of  a  Hun- 
arian  gentleman,  was  born,  in  1733,  at 


gar 
Ch; 


hamigny,  near  la  Ferte-sous-Jouarre,  and, 
after  having  served  in  the  army,  was  em- 
ployed  in  the  French  embassy  at  Constan- 
tinople. In  1767  he  was  appointed  coiieul 
in  the  Crimea.  He  subsequently  went 
back  to  Constantinople,  and  was  charged 
by  the  grand  seignor  to  cany  into  cflect 
various  important  reforms  in  the  military 
department.  He  was  pronged  on  hit 
return  to  France,  but  emit  afjd  in  1790, 
and  died  in  Hungary,  in  11. OS.  He  wrote 
Memoirs  on  the  Turks  an  '  Tartars. 

TOURNKFORT,  JOSEPH  PITTON 
DF,  an  eminent  botanist,  was  born,  in 
1656,  at  Aix,  in  Provence;  manifested  at 
a  very  early  age  a  love  of  ootaiu  ;  studied 
medicine  and  anatomy  a'  Jdontpelliet  ; 
travelled  in  various  part*  of  Enr<«j-.e  ,\n>\ 


TRA 


TRR 


and  died  in  1705,  professor  of  physic]  wai  born,  A.  D.  52,  at  Italica,  in  Spain, 
in  the  royal  college,  and  of  botany  in  the  After  having  distinguished  himself  at  the 
king's  garden  at  Paris.  Tournefort  has  head  of  the  legions  in  Lower  Germany,  he 
been  called  the  first  restorer  of  botanical  was,  at  the  age  of  forty-two,  adopted  by 
science.  Amungliis  works  are,  Voyages  Nerva.  On  the  death  of  that  monarch, 
in  the  Levant;  Elements  of  Botany;  and  A.  I).  98,  Trajan  was  invested  wit:  wie 
a  History  of  Plants  in  the  Environs  of  imperial  purple.  The  adoption  of  Nerva, 
Paris.  !  and  the  choice  of  the  senate,  were  justified 

TOUSSAINT  LOUVERTURE,  a  ne-  by  the  conduct  of  the  emperor.  In  his 
gro  of  great  talents,  was  born,  in  1743,  in  civil  capacity  he  ruled  for  the  welfare  of 
St.  Domingo.  His  early  years  were  spent!  his  people;  in  his  military  character,  he 
in  slavery  on  the  estate  of  Count  Noe. ;  sustained  the  glory  of  Rome,  by  defeating 
When  the  blacks  threw  off  the  yoke,  the:  the  Dacians,  Parthians,  Arabians,  A rme- 
abilkies  and  courage  of  Toussaiat  soon'nians,  and  Persians.  The  column  which 
raised  him  to  the  highest  rank  among!  bears  his  name  was  raised  in  the  Roman 
them.  By  hia  wise  measures  lie  succeed-  capital  to  commemorate  his  victories.  He 
ed  in  expelling  the  English,  reducing  the  died  A.  D.  117. 


Spanish  part  of  the    island,  and   restoring 
peace  and  order  in    the  colony;    for  which 

the  central  assembly  of  St.  Domingo  voted 
,  .       .      i  •     •..       f  j          •  i 


TRAPP,  JOSEPH,  a  divine  and  poet, 
was  born,  in  1679,  at  Cherrington,  in 
Gloucestershire;  was  educated  at  Wad- 


him  the  dignity  of  governor  and  president  ham  College,  Oxford,  at  which  university 
for  life.  Anxious  to  recover  so  valuable  a 'he  was  professor  of  poetry;  and  died,  in 
possession,  Bonaparte,  in  1801,  dispatched  j  1747,  rector  of  Harlington,  Middlesex. 
General  Leclerc  with  a  large  army.  A '  His  principal  works  are,  A  Translation  of 
desperate  contest  ensued,  in  which  "Tous-!  Virgil;  Praelectiones  Poeticae;  Sermons; 

Poems;    and  Abramule,  a  tragedy. 

TREMBLEY,  ABRAHAM,  a  natural- 
ist, was  born,  in  1700,  at  Geneva.     After 


paint  was  overcome.     He  was  sent  a 


pris- 


oner to  France,  and  the  sable  hero  died  in 
the  fort  of  Joux,  April  27,  1803. 


TOWERS,  JOSEPH,  a  miscellaneous' having  been  tutor  to  the  families  of  Lord 
writer,  was  born,  in  1737,  in  South wark;  Beotinck  and  the  duke  of  Richmond,  he 
was  successively  a  printer,  a  bookseller,  returned,  in  1757,  to  his  native  city,  where 
and  a  preacher  among  the  Unitarians;  re-  he  became  one  of  the  members  of  the  great 
ceived  the  degree  of  doctor  of  laws  from  council.  He  died  in  1784.  By  his  Me- 


the  university  of  Edinburgh;  and  died  in 
1799.  Among  his  works  are,  British  Bi- 
ography; a  Life  of  Frederic,  King  of 
Prussia  ;  and  many  political  and  other 
tracts.  He  a.so  contributed  to  Dr.  Kip- 
pis'a  edition  of  the  Biographia  Britan- 
nic*. 

TOWNSEND,  JOSEPH,  a  divine  and 
writer,  was  born  about  1740;  was  educat- 
ed at  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge  ;  studied 
physic  under  Dr.  Cullen,  at  Edinburgh, 
but  became  chaplain  to  Lady  Huntingdon, 
and  was  satirised  by  Graves  in  The  Spir- 
itual Quixote;  obtained  the  living  of  Pew- 
Bey,  in  Wiltshire;  and  died  in  1816.  He 
was  eminent  as  a  scholar,  mineralogist, 
and  conchologist.  Of  his  works  the  chief 
are,  Travels  in  Spain;  The  Physician's 
Vade  Mccum;  Sermons;  and  The  Charac- 
ter of  Mo.*-s  as  an  Historian  established. 

TRADESCANT,  JOHN,  a  Dutch  natu- 
ralist, who,  after  visiting  various  parts  of 
Europe,  settled  in  England,  established  at 
Lambeth  a  garden  of  exotics,  and  was  ap- 
pointed gardener  to  Charles  I.  He  died 
about  1652. — His  son,  JOHN,  who  died  in 
1662,  published,  with  the  title  of  Museum 
Tradescantium,  a  description  of  his  father's 
collection  of  curiosities.  The  flower  called 
Tradescantia  was  brought  from  Virginia 
by  the  latter. 
TRAJAN,  MARC  ;s  ULPIUS  CRISITUS, 


moirs  on  Fresh  Water  Polypes  he  ac- 
quired reputation,  and  admiss'ion  into  the 
Royal  Society  and  other  learned  bodies. 
He  also  wrote,  Instructions  from  a  Father 
to  his  Children  on  Nature  and  Religion ; 
Instructions  on  Natural  and  Revealed  Re- 
ligion; and  Inquiries  info  the  Principle  of 
Virtue  and  Happiness. 

TRENCHARD,  JOHN,  a  political  wri- 
ter of  the  whig  party,  was  born,  in  1669, 
in  Somersetshire  ;  quitted  the  bar,  and 
was  appointed  commissioner  of  forfeited 
estates  in  Ireland;  and  died  in  1723.  He 
wrote  various  pamphlets,  and,  in  conjunc- 
tion with  Gordon,  The  Independent  Whig; 
and  Cato's  Letters. 

TRENCK,  FREDERIC,  baron  de,  a 
Prussian  officer,  celebrated  for  his  adven- 
tures, was  born,  in  1726,  at  Koenigsberg, 
and  made  such  rapid  progress  in  his  stud- 
ies, that,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  waa 
presented  to  the  king,  as  the  most  remark- 
able student  in  the  university.  Frederic 
rapidly  advanced  him  in  the  army,  and 
manifested  much  regard  for  him;  but  t.ia 
personal  and  mental  accomplishments  of 
Trenck  having  won  the  heart  of  the  Prin- 
cess Amelia,  the  monarch,  her  brother,  ie- 
solved  to  punish  him.  Trenck  was  con- 
fined at  Glatz,  but  contrived  to  escape. 
He  then  visited  the  north  of  Europe,  Aus- 
tria, and  Italy.  .  In  1758,  he  was  seized 
a  Roman  emperor,  tin-named  OpTiMU«,'at  Dantzick,  and  was  conveyed  to  Mafd» 


«M  TRO 

burgh,  where,  loaded  with  iron*,  he  was 
incarcerated  for  nearly  ton  years  in  a  hor 
rible  dungeon.  After  his  "  lil>eration  In 
withdrew  to  Vienna.  He  was  subsequent 
Ij  a  wine  merchant  at  Aix  U  Chape  lie 
and  a  cultivator  of  his  rotate  in  Hungary 
In  1791  he  settled  in  France,  and  in  !?!>! 
he  closed  his  eventful  career  under  the  axe 
of  the  guillotine.  He  wrote  his  own  M 
moirs,  and  some  other  works  of  considera- 
ble merit. 

TRESIIAM,  HENRY,  a  painter  and 
poet,  was  born  in  Ireland,  and  imbibed 
the  principles  of  art  from  West,  of  Dub- 
lin. He  accompanied  Lord  Cuwdor  t 
Italy,  and  resided  for  fourteen  years  in 
that  country.  On  his  return  to  England 
he  became  a  royal  academician.  He  died 
in  1814.  Tresham  wrote  three  poems, 
The  Seasick  Minstrel;  Rome  at  Uie  close 
of  the  Eighteenth  century;  and  Britamii- 
cus  to  Bonaparte. 

TRESSAN,  Louis  ELIZABKTH  DE 
LA  VERGNE,  count  de,  a  distinguished 
French  officer  and  writer,  was  born,  in 
1705,  at  MODS;  signalized  his  valour  in 
the  army  during  several  campaigns,  par 
ticulai  ly  at  the  battle  of  Fontenoy ;  was 
appointed  grand  marshal  of  the  court  of 
Stanislaus  at  Lorraine  in  1730;  was  ad- 
mitted into  the  French  Academy  in  1781 ; 
and  died  in  1783.  His  select  works  form 
twelve  volumes,  and  contain  his  miscella- 
neous pieces,  and  his  translations  of  Ama- 
dis  de  Gaul,  The  Orlando  Furioso,  and 
several  old  French  romances.  Tressan 
did  not  confine  himself  to  subjects  of  mere 
amusement;  as  early  as  1749  he  wrote  a 
Treatise  on  Electricity,  which  was  not 
published  till  more  than  thirty  years  af- 
terwards. 

TREVETT,  SAMUEL  R.,  a  surgeon 
in  the  army  of  the  Uni ted  States,  was  burn 
at  Marblehead,  Massachusetts ^  in  1783, 
and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College. 
After  studying  the  profession- of  medicine, 
he  commenced  practice  in  Boston,  but  be- 
ing naturally  of  a  chivalrous  cast  of 
character,  he  sought  and  obtained  an  ap- 
poiut:nea'  in  the  medical  department  of 
the  navy  He  was  in  the  Constitution 
during  her  cruise  before  the  last  war,  on 
board  the  United  States  when  she  captured 
the  Macedonian,  and  was  in  the  President 
when  she  was  captured  by  the  British 
fleet.  He  distinguished  himself  very  much 
by  hi.-  intrepid  conduct  when  a  passenger 
in  the  steam  boat  Phoenix,  which  was 
burned  on  Lake  Champlain,  in  September 
1819.  After  the  war  he  had  been  ap- 
pointed Burgeon  of  the  Navy  Yard  at 
Charlestown,  and  in  1822  he  was  stationed 
as  surgeon  on  board  the  sloop  of  war  Pea- 
cock, bound  on  a  summer  cruise  to  the 
West  Indies.  He  waa  seized  with  the 
fev«r,  and  died  at  Norfolk  in  No- 


TYL 

vcmbcr  of  that  year.  For  some  time  be- 
fore sailing  on  his  last  cruise  he  had  been 
engaged  in  collecting  materials  for  the  bi- 
ographv  of  American  physicians. 

TRIBOMAN,  a  celebrated  jurisconsult, 
was  born,  alx>ut  the  beginning  of  the  sixth 
century,  at  Sida,  in  Pamphylia;  obtained 
reputation  at  the  bar,  and  rose,  through  a 
succession  of  state  offices,  to  those  of  pre- 
torian  prefect  and  consul.  Justinian  in- 
trusted to  him  the  superintendence  of  live 
compiling  of  his  new  code  of  laws.  This 
ta>k  was  begun  i.i  530  and  completed  in 
534.  Tribonian,  whose  rapacity  and  ve- 
nality were  at  least  equal  to  his  talents, 
died  about  547. 

TRIMMER,  SARAH,  an  active  and  in- 
telligent female,  the  daughter  of  Kirby, 
who  wrote  on  Perspective,  was  born,  in 
1741,  at  Ipswich,  and  died  December  15, 
1810.  She  wrote  several  useful  works  to 
promote  the  diffusion  of  education. 

TRISSINO,  JOHN  GEORGE,  an  Ita  - 
ian  poet,  was  born,  in  1478,  at  Vicenza; 
was  educated  at  Rome  and  Milan,  and  had 
Chalcondyles  for  one  of  his  tutors ;  was 
employed  by  Leo  X.  and  his  successor 
Clement  on  various  diplomatic  missions; 
nd  died  in  1550.  Among  his  works  are, 
The  Deliverance  of  Italy  from  the  Goth*, 
an  epic  poem ;  and  the  tragedy  of  Sopho- 
nisba. 

TROMP,  MARTIK  HERBERTSON,  a 
celebrated  Dutch  admiral,  was  born,  in 
1597,  at  Brill;  began  his  naval  career  at 
an  early  age;  defeated  the  Spaniards  in 
1637  and  1639;  fought  with  great  gallan- 
try against  the  English,  during  the  war 
which  began  in  1652;  and  was  killed  in 
an  engagement  in  1653. — His  son,  NICH- 
OLAS, who  was  born  in  1629,  and  died  in 
1697,  emulated  the  fame  of  his  father, 
)articularly  in  the  four  days'  action  in  the 
Downs,  in  1666. 

TRONCHIN,  THEODORE,  an  emi- 
nent physician,  was  born,  in  1709,  at 
jJeneva;  was  educated  at  Cambridge;  and 
studied  medicine  under  Boerhaave  at  Ley- 
den.  He  first  settled  at  Amsterdam,  and 
afterwards  at  his  native  city  but  subse- 
quently removed  to  Paris  on  being  ap- 
>ointed  physician  to  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
ie  died  in  1781.  Tronchin  was  a  man 
of  consummate  skill  in  his  profession,  and 
of  great  benevolence.  He  was  the  friend 
f  Voltaire,  Rousseau,  and  many  other 
celebrated  characters. 

TROVVBRIDGE,  EDMUND,  a  learned 
uris-t,  was  born  at  Newton,  in  1709,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  College.  He 
Mirsued  the  profession  of  the  law,  ro»*e  to 
listinction,  in  1749  was  appointed  attor- 
ney general,  and  a  judge  of  the  supreme 
:ourt  of  Massachusetts  in  1767.  In  1772 
le  resigned  his  seat  on  ;he  bench,  and  died 
n  retirement  in  1793. 


TSC 

TRUMBULL,  JOHS,  the  author  of 
McFingal,  was  born  in  Connecticut  in 
1730,  anil  was  educated  at  Yale  College, 
.vlieiv  lie  entered  at  a  very  early  age.  In 
1 772  he  published  the  first  part  of  his  poem, 
Tliu  Progress  of  Dulness.  In  the  follow- 
ing year,  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
Connecticut,  and,  removing  to  Boston,  con- 
tinued his  legal  studies  in  the  office  of  John 
Ad.im.-s.  He  returned  to  his  native  state 
in  1774,  and  commenced  practice  at  New 
H.ivcn.  The  first  part  of  McFingal  was 
published  at  Philadelphia,  in  1775:  the 
poem  was  completed  an  i  published  in  1782 
it  Hartford,  where  the  auth-jr  at  that  time 
lived.  More  than  thirty  editions  of  this 
work  have  been  printed.  In  1789  he  was 
appointed  state  attorney  for  the  county  of 
Hertford,  and  in  1801  was  appointed  a 
j.uige  of  the  superior  court  of  errors  and 
tic-Li  this  appointment  till  1819.  In  1820 
a  collection  of  his  poems  \\as  published  in 
two  vols.  8vo.  In  1825  he  removed  to 
Detroit,  where  he  died,  in  May  1831. 

TRUXTO.X,  THOMAS,  an  officer  in  the 
Ameri-tan  navy,  was  born  on  Long  Island 
in  1755.  In  1775  he  commanded  a  vessel, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  his  depreda- 
tions on  British  commerce  during  the  rev- 
olution. He  subsequently  engaged  in  com- 
merce, till  the  year  1794,  when  he  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  frigate  Constitution.  In 
1799  he  captured  the  French  frigate  L'ln- 
Burgente;  and  in  the  following  year  he 
obtained  a  victory  over  the  La  Vengeance. 
On  the  close  of  the  French  war  he  retired 
from  the  navy,  and  died  at  Philadelphia 
in  1822. 

TRYPHIODORUS,  a  Greek  poet  and 
grammarian,  is  believed  to  have  been  an 
Egyptian,  and  to  have  lived  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  sixth  century.  All  his  works 
are  lost,  with  the  exception  of  nearly  sev- 
en hundred  verses  on  the  destruction  of 
Troy. 

TSCllIRNLR,  HENRY  THF.OPHILUS, 
an  eminent  German  theologian,  and  high- 
ly esteemed  as  a  pulpit  orator,  was  born, 
in  1778,  in  the  vicinity  of  Chemnitz;  was 
professor  of  theology  at  Wittenberg;  and 
died  February  17,  1828.  He  wrote  The 
Fall  of  Paganism;  Christian  Apolo- 
getics; A  Treatise  on  Catholicism  and 
Protestantism,  considered  in  a  political 
point  of  view;  The  System  of  Reaction; 
and  other  works. 

TSCHIRNHAUSE.EHRENFRED 

WALTHER  I>E,  a  German  geometrician 
and  experimental  philosopher,  was  born, 
in  1651,  in  Lusatia,  and  was  lord  of  Kil- 
lengswald  and  SlaUenberg  in  that  country. 
He  studitvl  at  Leyden,  and,  after  having 
•ervctl  in  the  army  and  travelled,  he  de- 
voted himself  to  scientific  pursuits.  He 
died  in  1708.  -He establish!  several  glass 
loupes  tn  improve  the  girts.  wed  for  optical 


TTJI, 


489 


instrument*;  constructed  an  enormous  burn* 
ing  mirror;  gave  rise  to  the  manufacture 
of  Saxon  porcelain;  and  discovered  a  par- 
!  ticular  kind  of  curve,  which  now  bears  his 
name.  He  wrote  De  Medicina  Mentis 
et  Corporis;  and  some  philosophical  pa- 
pers. 

TUCKER,  ABRAHAM,  a  metaphysical 
writer,  born,  in  1705,  in  London,  was  the 
son  of  a  merchant,  and  was  educated  at 
Bishop  Stortford  School,  and  Merton  Col- 
lege, Oxford.  He  studied  for  a  while  a* 
the  Inner  Temple,  but  was  not  called  to  the 
bar.  He  died  in  1774.  His  great  work  is, 
The  Light  of  Nature  pursued,  in  seven  vol. 
umes  octavo,  of  which  the  first  half  was 
published  by  himself,  under  the  fictitious 
name  of  Edward  Search. 

TUCKER,  JOSIAH,  an  acute  writer  on 
politics  and  political  economy,  was  born, 
in  1712,  at  Langharn,  in  Caermarthen- 
shire;  was  educated  at  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford;  and  was,  successively,  curate  of 
All  Saints,  Bristol,  rector  of  St.  Stephens, 
in  the  same  city,  minor  canon  and  preben- 
dary in  the  cathedral,  and  dean  of  Glou- 
cester. During  the  American  war  he  pub- 
lished many  pamphlets,  and  strenuously  re- 
commended the  separation  of  the  colonies 
from  the  mother  country.  In  his  Treatise 
on  Civil  Government  he  controverts  the 
doctrines  of  Locke.  He  died  in  1799 
Among  his  works  are,  Sermons ;  Elements 
of  Commerce;  and  An  Apology  for  the 
Church  of  England. 

TUCKEY,  JAMES  HINGSTON,  a  nau- 
tical writer,  was  born,  in  1778,  at  Green- 
hill,  in  the  county  of  Cork;  entered  the 
navy  at  early  age,  and  went  to  India;  was 
employed  in  surveying  the  coast  of  New 
South  Wales;  was  taken  prisoner  bv  the 
French  in  1805,  and  remained  in  captivity 
till  1814;  and  died  in  September,  1816, 
while  commanding  the  expedition  of  dis- 
covery on  the  Congo  river.  He  wrote 
Maritime  Geography. 

TUDOR,  WILLIAM,  a  man  of  letters, 
was  born  in  the  state  of  Massachusetts,  and 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  Oollege  in  1796. 
He  soon  after  visited  Europe  and  passed 
several  years  there.  After  having  been 
some  time  a  member  of  the  legislature  of  his 
native  state,  he  was  appointed,  in  1823,  con- 
sul at  Lima  and  for  the  ports  of  Peru.  In 
1827  he  was  appointed  charge  d'affaires  of 
the  United  States  at  the  court  of  Brazil 
He  died  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  in  1830.  Mr. 
Tudor  was  the  founder,  and  for  two  yeara 
the  sole  editor  of  the  North  American  Re- 
view. He  was  the  author  of  Letters  on 
the  Eastern  States,  and  a  Life  of  James 
Otis,  and  left  a  number  of  volumes  in 
manuscript,  nearjy  prepared  for  the 
press. 

TULL,  JETHRO,  an  agricultural  writer 
wan  burn  nbout  1630:  studied  at  one  of  th« 


TUK 


TV  I. 


•m rer«itiea  and  the  Temple,  and  was  ad-  general  of  the  finances;  but  h)?>  bc«  «<v  tenl 
milted  a  barrister;  but,  on  returning  from  views  were  thwarted  by  intrigues,  and  h« 
his  travels,  he  settled  on  his  estate,  and  was  removed  in  1776.  "  He  died  in  17SL 
t!e\<>ic,l  h  mst-'if  to  agriculture.  He  died  His  works  form  nine  \ohiines  octavo. 
in  1740.  Tull  is  the  inventor  of  the  horse-  Tl'R.NKR,  WU.I.IAM,  an  English  nat- 
hor  ing  system  of  husbandry,  on  which  he  uralist  of  the  sixteenth  century,  was  born 
wrote  an  Essay,  in  folio,  and  some  smaller  ;  at  Morphet,  in  iNortluur.bei  laud  ;  was  edit 
tiarts.  'rated  at  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge;  and 

TtKK.VNE,  HENRY    DF.   LA   TOUR  i  died,  in  1568,  dean  of  Wells.     He  wrote, 
D*AUVERGNE,  YMCOOnt    de,  a   consum-    aiming  other  things,  A    H  istr.ry  of  Plants, 


Tiiate  general,  second  son  of  the  duke  of 
Bouillon,  was  born,  in  1611,  at  Sedan; 
had  from  hi.s  childhood  an  irresistible  pro- 


which  is  the  earliest  English  herbal. 

TUSSER,  THOMAS,  one  of  <.ur earliest 

agricultural  writers,  was  horn,  about  1515, 

priisity  to  a  military  life;  and  was  initia-  at  Rivenhull,  in  Essex,  und,  after  having 
ted  in  the  art  of  war  by  five  years'  hard  been  a  singing  boy  at  St.  Paul's,  was  edu- 
eervice  under  his  uncles,  Maurice  of  Nas-  catedat  Eton,  and  at  King's  College,  Cain- 
•au  and  Prince  Frederic  Henry.  On  his  bridge.  He  spent  ten  years  at  com  t,  under 
returning  to  France,  a  regi.nent  was  given  the  patronage  of  Lord  Vaget,  nnd  then  be- 
to  him.  He  displayed  such  talent  in  Lor-  came  a  farmer  in  Suffolk.  Tusser,  who 
raine,  Germany,  Italy,  and  Roussillon,  that,  died  about  1580,  is  the  author,  in  homely 

•  +        a       |T  •     _     •     *  l    :      '      .  .  .         \I-___.'  i»w-»«  T¥  i         in'.  r    r*         '• 


anxious  to  fix  him  inhis  interests,  Mazarin 
gave  him  the  marshal's  staff  in  1644.  In 
1645  he  was  defeated  at  Mariendahl,  but 
wus  soon  amply  avenged  by  the  victory  of 
Nordlingen.  During  the  war  of  the  Fronde, 


burb  of  St.  Antoine. 
the    Spaniards,    from 


In  the   war  against 
1654    to    1659,    he 


gained  the  battle  of  the  Downs,  and  a  va- 
riety of  oilier  advantages.  He  now  en- 
joyed some  years  of  repose,  during  which 
he  abandoned  the  faith  of  his  fathers,  and 
became  a  catholic.  In  the  campaign  of 
3672  all  the  other  marshals  employed  were 
placed  under  his  orders.  Between  tlvat 
period  and  1675  he  compelled  the  elector 
of  Brandenburg  to  sign  a  peace,  gained 
the  battle  of  Sintzheim,  and,  by  a  move- 
ment of  the  most  masterly  kind,  expelled 
the  Imperialists  from  Alsace,  and  drove 
them  over  the  Rhine.  He  sullied  his  glory, 
nowever,  by  his  barbarous  conduct  in  the 
Palatinate,  which  country  he  utterly  devas- 
tated bv  fire  and  sword.  In  1675  he  was 
opposed  to  Montecuculi,  and  the  game  of 
wur  was  never  played  with  greater  skill 
than  by  the  two  generals.  furenne  be- 
fieved  that  he  had  at  length  found  a  favour- 
able opportunity  of  attacking  his  enemy, 
when  he  was  killed,  July  27,  1675,  bv  a 
cannon  b-ill,  and  the  consequence  of  his 
death  was  the  immediate  retreat  of  the 
French 

TURGOT,  ANNE  ROBERT  JAMES,  a 
French  statesman,  was  born,  in  1727,  at 
Paris.  He  studied  at  the  Soibonne,  and 
was  intended  for  the  church,  but  relin- 
quished the  clerical  profession,  and  was 
made  master  of  requests.  In  1761  he  was 
appointed  intendant  of  Limoges,  which  of- 
fi'.-e  he  held  for  twelve  years,  greatly  to  the 
advantage  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Li- 
•aoiuiu.  In  1774  be  wax  mrxde  comptroller 


verse,   of  Five   Hundred  Points    of  Gooi 
Husbandry. 

TWEDDEL,   JOHN,   a   highly   giftec 
scholar,    was    born,    in    1769,  at  'Threep- 


he  at  first  espoused  the  cause  of  the  princes,  I II 
and  was  beaten  at  Rhetel;  but,   having  re- 
joined the  royal   party,  he    was  more  suc- 
cesst'ul  in  the    battles  of  Gien  and  the  su- 


wood,    near    Hexham;    was     educated    at 


forth  School,  Yorkshire,  next  under 
Dr.  Parr,  and  lastly  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge;  gained  several  prfzes  at  the 
university;  began  his  travels  in  1795;  and 
died  suddenly,  at  Athens,  in  1799.  The 
manuscripts  of  the  observation*  which  he 
made  in  his  journey  were  unfortunately  lost. 
A  volume  of  his  Correspondence  was  pub- 
lished in  1815.  His  Juvenile  Prolusions 
appeared  in  1794. 

TWISS,  RICHARD,  an  English  traveller, 
was  born,  in  1747,  at  Rotterdam.  He  wan 
a  man  of  fortune,  and  spent  several  years 
in  visiting  various  parts  of  the  continent. 
He  died  in  1821,  at  an  advanced  age. 
Among  his  works  are,  Travels  through 
Spain  and  Portugal;  A  Tour  in  Ireland; 
A  Trip  to  Paris  in  1792;  Anecdotes  of 
Chess;  and  Miscellanies.  His  illiberal 
attack  on  the  natives  of  Ireland  drew  on 
him  a  severe  literary  chastisement  from  the 
Irish  poet  Preston. 

TYCHSEN,  OLAUS  GERHARD,  a  cel- 
ebrated Danish  oriental  scholar,  was  born, 
in  1734,  at  Tondern,  and  died,  December 
30,  1815,  professor  of  oriental  kutgMffes 
and  librarian  at  Rostock.  Among  hi* 
works  are,  Introductio  in  rein  nummarium 
Muhammedanorum  ;  Physiologus  Syruo  , 
Tentamen  de  variis  Codicurn  Hebraicorum ; 
and  Arabic  and  Syriac  Grammars. 

TYLER,  ROYALL,  a  lawyer  and  mis- 
cellaneous writer,  was  born  in  Boston, 
and  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1776. 
In  1790  he  removed  his  residence  to  Ver- 
mont, and  soon  distinguished  himself  in  his 


profi 


f  law.      For  HX    years  he  was 


an  associate  judge  of  the  supreme  court  ol 


that    state,   and 


more  chief 


justice.     He  was  the  author  of  several  dra* 
matic  piece*  <.f  contidcruble  mark ;  a  novel 


ULP 

•ailed  Tha  Algetme  Captive;  and  uunter- 
o«is  pieces  in  prose  and  verse  published  in 
the  Farmer' A  Museum,  when  edited  by 
Dennie.  ti:  addhi.m  to  these  he  published 
two  volumes  entitled  Vermont  Reports. 
He  die;!  at  Bruttleboro',  in  1825. 

TYRREL,  JVMES,  an  historian  and 
political  writer,  was  born,  in  1642,  in 
London;  was  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
Oxford;  studied  in  the  Inner  Temple,  and 
was  called  to  the  bar,  but,  being  possessed 
of  an  independent  fortune,  did  not  prac- 
tice. He  died  in  1718.  He  is  the  author 
of  A  History  of  England;  A  Refutation  of 
FiLner;  Political  Dialogues;  and  other 
works. 

TYKTJ2US,  a  Greek  poet,  who  flour- 
ished about  B.  c.  684,  is  said  to  have  been 
a  native  of  Miletus,  and  to  have  settled  at 
Athens.  He  was  lame,  and  blind  of  one 
eye.  Defeated  by  the  Messenians,  the 
Spartans  applied  fora  general  to  the  Athe- 
nians, who,  in  derision,  sent  Tyrtaeiis,  to 
them.  The  bard,  however,  so  inspired  the 
Spartans  by  his  warlike  songs  that  they 
•were  victorious.  Some  fragments  of  his 
battle  strains  are  extant. 

TYftWHITT,  THOMAS,  a  judicious 
critic,  was  born  in  1730,  and  was  educated 
at  Eton,  and  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford. 
In  1756  he  was  under  secretary  of  state ; 
and,  in  1762,  clerk  to  the  house  of  com- 
mons; but  he  resigned  his  situation  in 
1763,  in  order  to  devote  himself  to  study. 


40? 

He  wus  u  fellow  of  the  Royal  and  Anti 
quarh.ii  Societies,  and  a  curator  of  the 
Hi -itish  Museum.  He  died  in  1786.  Among 
his  works  are,  editions  of  Chaucer's  Can- 
terbury Tales,  and  the  pseudo  Rowley'* 
poems,  the  latter  of  which  he  proves,  to  I* 
the  composition  of  ChaUerton;  Dissertatio 
de  Babrio;  notes  on  Euripides;  and  Con- 
jectune  in  Strabonem. 

TYTLER,  WILLIAM,  an  historical  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  was  born,  in  1711, 
at  Edinburgh;  was  educated  at  the  gram- 
mar school  and  university  of  his  native 
city;  followed  the  profession  of  a  solicitor; 
and  died  in  1792.  His  principal  work  is. 
An  Historical  and  Critical  Inquiry  into  the 
Evidence  produced  agaiust  Mary  Queen  of 
Scots. 

TYTLER,  ALEXANDER  FRASER,son 
of  the  foregoing,  was  born,  in  1747,  at  Ed- 
inburgh, in  which  city  he  was  educated. 
After  having  been  professor  of  universal 
history,  at  the  university,  and  deputy  judge 
advocate  for  Scotland,  ne  was  appointed  a 
senator  of  the  college  of  justice  in  1802, 
on  which  occasion  he  took  the  title  of  Lord 
Woodhouselee.  In  1811  he  was  appointed 
a  commissioner  of  justiciary.  He  died  in 
1813.  Among  his  works  are,  Decisions  of 
the  Court  of  Sessions;  A  Treatise  on  Mil- 
itary Law ;  Elements  of  General  History ; 
An  Essay  on  Translation;  An  Essay  on 
the  Life  of  Petrarch;  and  Memoirs  of  Lord 
Kames. 


u 


ULLOA,  Don  ANTHONY  DE,  an  able 
Spanish  nava!  officer  and  mathematician, 
was  born,  in  1716,  at  Seville;  entered  the 
navy  in  1733;  and  at  the  age  of  only  nine- 
teen was  chosen  as  one  of  the  scientific 
characters  who  were  appointed  to  measure 
a  degree  of  the  meridian  in  Peru.  He  was 
ten  years  a  resident  in  South  America. 
After  his  return  he  rose  to  high  rank  in 
the  navy,  and  was  employed  in  various  im- 
portant offices  by  the  government.  Spain 
is  indebted  to  hiiv  for  many  important 
improvements.  He  died  in  1795.  He  pub- 
lished his  Travels;  and  a  Physico-Histor- 
ical  work  on  South  America. 

ULPHILAS,  or  WULFILAS,  a 
Gothic  bishop,  who  flourished  about  the 
middle  of  the  fourth  century.  He  was 
deputed  by  the  Goths,  in  377,  to  obtain 
leave  from  the  Emperor  Valens  to  settle 
in  one  of  the  Roman  provinces.  His  de- 
cease is  supposed  to  have  taken  place  in 
llie  following  year.  He  translated  the 
Gospels,  and  s.mie  other  parts  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, into  the  Gothic  language. 

ULPIAN,  n<>MiTius,    in  eminent  Ro- 


man civilian,  was  tutor  to  the  Emperor 
Alexander  Severus,  who  made  him  his 
secretary,  and  afterwards  pretorian  pre- 
fect. Having  disobliged  the  soldiery  by 
his  reforms,  Ulpian  was  murdered  by  fheJi 
in  228.  Some  fragments  of  his  works  are 
extant. 

ULUGH  BEIGH,  or  OLEG  BEK,  a 
Tartar  prince,  celebrated  for  his  astrono- 
mical knowledge,  was  a  grandson  of  Taw- 
erlane,  and  was  born  in  1393.  His  real 
name  was  Mohammed  Taragai.  He  formed 
a  seminary,  and  constructed  an  observatory, 
at  Samarcand,  and  was  a  patrc  n  of  learn- 
ing. He  was  slain,  in  1449,  by  one  of  hia 
sons  who  had  rebelled  against  him.  He 
made  a  series  of  observations  on  the  fixed 
stars.  His  works  have  been  published  by 
Greaves, and  Dr.  Hyde. 

UNDERHILL,  JOHN,  one  of  the  ear 
liest  settlers  of  Massachusetts,  was  sent  by 
Sir  Henry  Vane  to  command  the  troops  at 
Savbrook  in  1637.  He  was  engaged  in  the 
expedition  against  the  Pequots,  and  dis- 
greatvalourandontei-pri.se.  In  164] 

was  elected  governor  <;f  Kxoter  Do*»«- 


m  TAI 

Remorinf  to  Kew  York,  he  di*U  at  Med- 
lord. 

URFE,  HONORIUS  D',  a  French  writer, 
was  born,  in  1557,  at  Marseilles;  distin- 
guished himself  as  a  soldier  during  the 
wars  of  the  league,  and  as  a  negotiator  at 
Turin  and  Venice;  and  died  in  1625.  He 
is  the  author  of  the  romance  of  Astrea, 
which  was  once  exceedingly  popular  in 
France,  but  is  now  completely  forgotten. 
— His  brother,  the  count  de  Lyon,  wrote 
a  volume  of  sonnet?,  with  the  title  of 
Diana. 

USHER,  JAMES,  a  divine  and  histori- 
an, was  born,  in  1580,  at  Dublin,  and  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  in  that  city. 
In  1601  he  took  orders;  in  1620  he  was 
made  bishop  of  Meath;  and,  in  1624,  was 
rai»«d  to  the  archbishopric  of  Armagh. 


Th»  rebellion  rn  Ireland  drove  bhn  from 
his  see,  and  deprived  him  of  every  thing 
but  his  library.  To  the  cause  of  Charles  I. 
he  was  warmly  attached.  He  died,  in 
1656,  at  Ryegate,  in  Surrey.  Ushe~  is  the 
author  of  many  learned  works ;  among 
which  may  be  mentioned,  De  Ecclesiarum 
Christianarum  Successione  et  Statu;  Bri- 
tannicarum  Ecclesiarum  Antiquitates;  An- 
nals of  the  Old  and  New  Testament;  and 
Chronologia  Sacra. 

USTARIZ,  JEROME,  the  first  Spanish 
writer  who  distinguished  himself  by  a 
knowledge  of  political  economy,  was  born, 
in  Navarre,  towards  the  end  of  the  seven- 
teenth  century,  and  died  about  the  middle 
of  the  eighteenth.  His  Theory  and  Prac- 
tice of  Commerce  and  Navigation  h^i 
been  translated  into  English  and  French 


VADE,  JOHN  JOSEPH,  a  French  wri- 
ter of  broad  farcei  and  songs,  was  born, 
in  1720,  at  Ham,  in  Picardy.  His  career 
was  cut  short,  in  1757,  by  the  consequen- 
ces of  the  dissipation  in  which  he  had 
spent  his  early  youth.  He  was  the  first 
who  introduced  on  the  stage  the  coarse  but 
emphatic  slang  language  of  the  Parisian 
mob.  His  works  form  six  volumes. 

VAHL,  MARTIN,  a  Norwegian  natu- 
ralist and  botanist,  was  born,  in  1749,  at 
Bergen  ;  studied  natural  history,  at  Copen- 
hagen and  Upsal,  under  Stroem  and  Lin- 
naeus; was  sent  to  travel,  at  the  king's 
expense,  over  various  parts  of  Europe  and 
the  African  coast;  and  died,  in  1804,  pro- 
fessor of  botany  and  inspector  of  the  botanic 
garden  at  Copenhagen.  Among  his  works 
are,  Symbols;  Botanicae ;  Eclogae  Ameri- 
oanae  ;  Enumeratio  Plantarum ;  and  a  part 
of  the  Danish  Zoology. 

VAILLANT,  JOHN  Foi,  a  celebrated 
French  numismatist,  was  born,  in  1632,  at 
Beauvai?,  and  was  brought  up  as  a  physi- 
cian. To  the  study  of  medals  he  was  first 
led  by  a  farmer  bringing  him  some  which 
he  had  found;  and  he  pursued  it  eagerly 
and  successfully.  Employed  by  Colbert  to 
collect  medals  for  the  king's  cabinet,  Vail- 
lant  made  numerous  visits  to  Italy,  Sicily, 
and  Greece.  In  one  of  his  voyages,  being 
pursued  by  an  Algerine  pirate,  he  swal- 
lowed twenty  scarce  gold  medals,  to  save 
them  from  the  pursuers.  He  died  in  1706. 
His  works  on  the  medallic  scier.cw  are 
numerous. — His  son,  JOHN  FRANCIS  Foi, 
trod  in  hid  footsteps. 

VAILLANT,  SKBASTIAN,  an  eminent 
botanist,  was  born,  in  1669,  at  Vi«j:)v,  near 
Pontoise.  Under  his  father,  who  was  an 
9rg*ni«t,  h*  wix-u  n  child  acquired  a  pn  - 


ficiency  in  music;  but  he  quitted 
for  the  study  of  surgery.  The  lectures  of 
Tournefort,  at  Paris,  revived  Vaillant's 
early  predilection  for  botany,  and  to  that 
science  he  devoted  himself.  He  died,  in 
1722,  director  and  professor  of  the  royal 
garden.  His  great  work  is  the  Botanicon 
Parisiense,  on  which  he  was  thirty-eighr. 
years  occupied. 

VALCKENAER,  Louis  CASPAR,  one 
of  the  most  abla  of  modern  philologists  am 
critics,  was  born,  in  1715,  at  Leenwarden, 
in  Friesland ;  and  studied  at  Franeker  and 
Levden,  at  which  latter  university  he  died, 
in  1785,  professor  of  natural  history,  and 
of  the  Greek  language  and  antiquities. 
Among  his  works  are  editions  of  various 
classical  productions.  His  Opuscula  were 
published  in  1809,  in  two  volumes. 

VALDO,  PETER,  the  founder  of  the 
sect  called  the  Vaudois,  or  Waldenses,  war 
born,  in  the  twelfth  century,  at  Vaux,  i 
Dauphiny,  and  acquired  a  considerable 
fortune  as  a  merchant  at  Lyons.  The 
sudden  death  of  a  friend  produced  such  an 
effect  upon  his  mind,  that  he  distributed 
all  his  property  to  the  poor,  and  began  to 
translate  the  B'ible,  and  explain  it  to  them. 
He  also  taught  that  the  laity  had  the  same 
right  as  the  clergy  to  preach  and  adminis- 
ter the-sacramentp.  The  general  council 
of  Lateran,  in  1179,  condemned  his  doc- 
trines, and  he  and  his  followers  were 
obliged  to  take  refuge  in  the  mountains 
of  Dauphiny  and  Piedmont,  where,  for  a 
long  period,  they  were  brutally  persecuted. 
A  remnant  of  them  still  exists  in  Piedmont. 

VAI.H.XS,  SLAVICS, a  Roman  cm;  eror, 
(he  son  of  (Jratian,  count  c;f  AV-'a,  <vas 
born,  about  328,  \n  Panmmia.  '  *T«  '«« 
'  hv  hi*  brother  V  .•  •»«•«• 


VAL  VAL  489 

to  a  share  m  the  imperial  authority,  and  ter  of  Malta.  The  city  was  attacked  by  a 
he  took  the  government  of  the  East.  After  formidable  force  in  1565;  but  after  a  cfes- 
having  defeated  the  Persians  and  Goths,  perate  struggle  of  four  months,  the  valour 
he  sulfeied  the  latter  to  settle  in  Lower  j  of  Li  Valette  and  his  knights  compelled 
MoRsia.  They,  however,  revolted,  and  the  besiegers  to  retire  with  a  loss  of  thirty 
Viil.-ns  was  defeated  by  them,  in  378, !  thousand  men.  He  died  in  1568  La  Va- 
nt-ar  Adrianople.  A  house,  to  which  the  j  lette  founded  the  new  city,  which  ttars  his 
r  was  conveyed,  was  set  name. 

VALLA,  LAURENCE,  one  of  tixj  most 
eminent  philologists  of  the  fifteenth  con 
tury,  who  contributed  greatly  to  the  diffu- 
sion of  classical  literature,  was  born,  in 
1406,  at  Rome ;  was  a  celebrated  professor 
at  several  Italian  universities;  was  liber- 


wounded emperor  was  conveyed,  was  set 
on  fire  by  the  victors,  and  he  perished  in 
the  (lames. 

VALENTINE,  BASIL,  an  alchemist 
and  chemist,  of  whose  life  little  is  record- 
ed, is  said  to  have  been  born,  in  1394,  at 
Erfurth,  and  to  have  been  a  Benedictine 
monk.  The  properties  of  anatomy  were 
discovered  by  him.  His  Currus  Trium- 
phalis  Antimonii  has  been  translated  into 
English. 

VALENTINIAN  I.,  FLAVIUS,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  the  eldest  son  of  Count 
Gratian,  was  born,  in  321,  in  Pannonia; 
was  chosen  successor  to  Jovian,  in  364; 
was  victorious  over  the  Alemani  and  the 
Quadi;  and  died  in  375. 

VALENTIN! AN  II.,  FLAVIUS,  the  son 
of  the  foregoing,  was  born  in  371;  suc- 
ceeded to  the  empire,  in  375.  with  his 
brother  Gratian,  and  had  Italy  for  his  por- 
tion; was  dispossessed  by  Maximus,  but 
was  restored  in  338;  and  was  found  dead 
in  his  palace,  in  392,  supposed  to  have 
been  strangled  by  some  of  his  domestics. 

VALENTINIAN  III.,  FLAVIUS  PLA- 
cimus,  emperor  of  the  West,  was  born,  in 
419,  at  Ravenna;  and  was  assassinated  in 
455,  in  revenge  for  his  having  dishonoured 
the  patrician  Maximus,  by  intriguing  with 


his  \vife. 

VALERI4N, 


PUBLIUS     LlCINIUS, 


riaved  alive. 

VALERIUS 


Roman  emperor,  was  raised  to  the  imperial 
dignity  in  254.  After  having  reigned 
•even  years,  he  was  defeated  and  taken 
prisoner,  near  Edessa,  by  Sapor,  king  of 
Persia.  The  imperial  captive  is  said  to 
have  been  treated  with  the  utmost  indignity 
bv  the  vicVir,  and  to  have  been  at  length 

MAXIM  US,  a  Roman 
historian,  was  born  in  the  reign  of  Augus- 
tus. After  hiving  served  in  Asia,  under 
Sextus  Pompey,  he  settled  at  Rome,  and 
withdrew  from  public  affairs  that  he  might 
devote  himself  to  literature.  He.  is  the 
author  of  a  valuable  work,  De  Dictis 
Factisque  Memorabilibus,  in  nine  books, 
which  he  dedicated  to  Tiberius ;  and  which 
was  one  of  the  first  books  that  was  pub- 
lished after  the  invention  of  printing. 

VALETTE,  JOHN  PARTSOT  WE  LA, 
the  forty-seventh  grand  master  of  the  order 
of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  was  born,  in 
1494,  of  an  ancient  Toulousan  family,  and 
succeeded  to  the  grand  masteiship  in  1557. 
His  activity  and  success  against  the  infi- 
dels so  irritated  Soli-nan,  the  Turkish  sul- 
tan, that  be  resolved  to  make  himself  inas- 
Ht 


in  the  Spanish  fleet,  disap- 
him  to  assume  a  pilgrim's 


ally  patronised  by  Alphonso,  king  of  Arra- 
gon  and  Naples;  and  died  in  1457.  Valla 
was  of  a  contentious  disposition,  and  had 
several  violent  literary  disputes  with  Poggio 
and  others.  His  attack  on  the  pretensions 
of  the  Holy  See  exposed  him  to  danger 
from  the  Inquisition.  One  of  his  princi- 
pal works  is  A  Treatise  on  the  Elegancies 
of  the  Latin  Language. 

VALLANCEY,  CHARLES,  an  anti- 
quary, whose  real  name  was  Vallance,  was 
born,  in  1721,  in  England;  entered  the 
military  service  at  an  early  period ;  roce 
to  the  rank  of  general  of  engineers;  re- 
sided in  Ireland  during  the  greatest  part 
of  his  life;  and  died  in  1812.  Among  his 
works  are,  The  Field  Engineer;  The  An- 
cient History  of  Ireland;  and  several  pro- 
ductions relative  to  Irish  antiquities. 

VALLE,  PETER   DELLA,  a  traveller, 
was  born  in  1586.     After   having   made  a 
naval  campaign 
pointed  love  led 

habit.  He  began  his  travels  in  1614,  in 
the  course  of  which  he  visited  Asiatic 
Turkey,  Persia,  and  India.  On  his  return, 
in  1626,  he  obtained  an  office  in  the  pope's 
household.  He  died  in  1652.  The  narra- 
tive of  his  peregrinations  forms  three  quarto 
volumes. 

VALLI,  EUSEBIUS,  an  eminent  and  en- 
terprising Italian  physician,  was  born,  in 
1762,  at  Pistoia,  and  studied  at  Pisa.  For 
ten  years  he  was  a  military  physician. 
He  visited  Smyrna  and  Constantinople  to 
make  observations  on  the  plague;  and 
Spain  and  the  Havannah  to  perform  the 
same  task  with  respect  to  the  yellow  fever. 
In  both  instances  he  voluntarily  «ul>j<vted 
himself  to  the  disease.  From  the  plague 
he  escaped,  but  he  died  of  the  yellow  fever, 
in  1816.  Among  his  works  are,  Treatise* 
on  the  Plague;  on  Phthisis;  and  on  Chro- 
nic Diseases. 

VALLISNIERI,  ANTHONY,  an  Italian 
naturalist,  was  born,  in  1661,  at  Tresilico, 
in  the  duchy  of  Modeaa;  was  appointed 


professor  of  practical  medicine  at  Padua, 
in  1700;  and  died  in  that  city  in  1730 
The  complete  edition  of  his  works  forma 
three  folio  volumes.  Among  them  are,  A 
History  of  G« iteration  ;  and  maw  treat ue« 


400  VAN 

on  injects.     Vallianieri  has  a  just  claim  to 

rank  high  among  natural  philosophers  and 
tue.iical  practitioner*. 

YALMIKI,  the  oldest  a-id  most  cele- 
brated of  the  epic  poets  of  India,  is  the 
author  of  Raymayani,  which  narrates  the 
exploits  of  Rama  against  the  giant  Ra- 
vnnna.  He  is  said  to  have  existed  at  a 
^ cry  reunite  period,  and  the  stories  which 
are  told  of  him  are  manifestly  fabulous. 
Two  books  of  the  Sanscrit  text  of  the 
Rumayann,  with  a  literal  version,  have 
been  published  by  Carey  and  Marslnnan. 

VALMONT  "DE  BOMARE,  JAMES 
CHRIS TOPHKR,  an  eminent  naturalist, 
was  born,  in  1731,  at  Rouen.  He  was  in- 
tended f>r  the  law,  but  chose  the  medical 
profession.  The  French  government  ap- 
pointed him  its  travelling  naturalist,  and 
lie  made  an  extensive  tour  on  the  conti- 
nent, whence  he  returned,  in  1756,  with  a 
rich  collection,  especially  of  minerals.  For 
many  years  he  wai  exceedingly  popular,  at 
Paris,  as  a  lecturer  on  natural  history. 
He  died  in  1807.  His  principal  works 
are,  A  Treatise  o-.i  Mineralogy;  and  A 
Dictionary  of  Natural  History. 

VALPERGA  DI  CALUSO,  THOMAS 
DESCOMTES  MASINO,  an  Italian  mathe- 


matician   and    author,  was  b< 


1737, 


at  Turin;  was  for  a  while  in  the  Maltese 
naval  service;  and  afterwards  entered  the 
church.  Settling  at  Turin,  he  became  pro- 


VAJ1 

ami  architect,  of  whom  it  was  raid  that, 
though  he  wanted  grace,  he  never  wanted 
wit,  was  born,  about  1672,  in  London 

lit-  \\us  early  in  the  army,  but  does  not 
appear  to  have  remained  in  it  long.  His 


th>t    coined 
in  1697.     It 


The  Relapse,  was  produced 
was    followed    by    the    Pro- 


voked Wife  and  /Ksop.  In  1707  he  joined 
Betterton  and  Congreve  in  establishing  the 
Haymaiket  Theatre,  on  which  occasion  he 
brought  out  The  Confederacy.  In  1704 
he  was  appointed  clarencieux  king  at  arms; 
in  1714  he  was  knighted;  and,  soon  after, 
was  made  comptroller  of  the  board  of  work* 
and  surveyor  of  Greenwich  Hospital.  He 
died  in  1726.  Though  his  licentiousness 
as  a  dramatist  must  be  condemned,  his 
talent  is  undeniable.  As  an  architect  much 
ridicule  has  been  cast  on  him  by  ignorant 
or  tasteless  critics,  but  against  such  puny 
attacks  the  splendid  piles  of  Blenheim  and 
Castle  Howard  are  alone  sufficient  to  de 
fend  his  fame. 

VANCOUVER,  GEORGE,  a  British 
navigator,  was  born  about  1750;  entered 
early  into  the  naval  service;  and  served,  as 
midshipman,  under  Captain  Cook,  in  his 
second  and  third  voyages.  In  1790,  he  was 
appointed  to  command  an  expedition,  to 
explore  the  western  coast  of  North  Amer- 
ica, to  ascertain  whether  any  communica- 
tion by  water  exists  between  the  Atlantic 
and  the  Pacific.  On  this  service,  which 


fessor  of  Greek  and  the  oriental  languages  i  he  performed  skilfully,  he  was  five  years 
n  the  university,  and  president  and  direc-  employed.  He  died  in  1798,  when  he  had 
tor  of  one  of  the  classes  of  the  Academy  nearly  completed  for  the  press  the  Account 


of  Sciences  and  Literature.     He  died 


of  his  Voyage. 


1815.  Of  his  numerous  works,  the  mathc-j  VANDALE,  ANTHONY,  a  Dutch  phy- 
matical  were  published  with  his  own  name;  sician  and  author,  was  born,  in  1638,  at 
the  poetical,  under  that  of  Euforbo  Mele- ;  Haerlem;  was  physician  to  the  hospital 
itigeneo;  and  those  on  the  eastern  languages  j  of  that  city;  and  died  in  1708.  He  is  the 
under  that  of  Didvmus  Tauiinensis.  |  author  of  several  learned  but  ill  written 

VALSALVA,  "ANTHONY  MARIA,  ajwoiks,  one  of  the  principal  of  which  it 
celebrated  Italian  anatomist,  was  born,  in: Two  Dissertations  on  Oracles,  to  which 
1666,  at  Imola ;  was  professor  of  anatomy  '.  Fontenelle  is  much  indebted  for  his  History 
in  the  university  of  Bologna,  and  surgeon  :  of  the  same  subject. 

»f  the  hospital  of  Incurables;  and  died  in!  VANDERVELDE,  WILLIAM,  called 
1723.  Among  the  services  which  he  ren- 1  the  Old,  a  celebrated  painter,  was  born,  in 
dered  to  surgery  are  the  simplifying  of  i  1610,  at  Leyden,and  was  bred  to  the  sea, 
«>any  instruments,  and  the  abolition  of  but  (juitted  it  for  painting.  He  was  in- 
1ie  practice  of  cauterising  the  aiteries  of  vited  to  England,  with  his  son,  by  Charles 
an  amputated  limb.  He  had  several  emi-jthe  Second;  lived  there  many  years;  aim 
nent  pupils,  among  whom  was  Morgagni.  died,  in  London,  in  169.'>.  lie  excelled  in 
His  principal  work  is  the  Anatomy  <,f  the  \  marine  subjects  and  battles;  and  was  so 
Ear,  which  was  the  result  of  sixteen  years'  anxious  to  be  correct  in  his  representations 
Inoour.  ;tliat  he  would  sail,  in  a  light  vessel,  close 

VALVASONE,  ERASMUS  DI,  an  Ital- j  to  the  fleets  while  they  were  hotly  engaged, 
i-an  poet,  was  born,  in  1523,  in  Friuli;!  VANDERVELDE,  WILLIA'M,  called 
resided  upon  the  lordship  which  belonged  the  Young,  the  5on  of  the  foregoing,  was 
to  him  and  bore  his  name;  spent  his  time  i  born,  in  1633,  at  Amsterdam;  accompa  lied 
in  literature  and  in  hunting;  and  died  in  his  father  to  England,  where  his  wjrks 
1593.  His  principal  work  is  The  Chase,  j  became  exceedingly  popular ;  and  died  in 
a  poem  in  five  cantos,  which  is  considered  1707.  He  surpassed  even  the  elder  Van- 


' 


or.e  of  the  best  didactic  poems   in  the 


8u  JOHB,  a  dramati* 


MBfM 

dervelde  in  marine  painting.  Walpole 
denominates  him  the  Raphael  of  this  branch 
of  art 


VAK 

VANDERVELDE,  ADRIAN,  ant  admi- 
rable landscape  painter,  was  horn,  in  1639, 
at  Amsterdam;  was  a  pupil  of  Wynants; 
and  died  in  1672  Though  landscape  was 
the  peculi:ir  department  of  Adrian,  yet  he 
was  no  me:in  historical  painter,  and  he 
drew  figures  with  such  excellence  that  his 
assistance  was  often  sought  for  by  his  own 
master,  and  by  Ruysdael,  Hobbema,  and 
other*. 

VANDERWERF,  ADRIAN,  in  emi- 
nent painter,  was  born,  in  1659,  at  Am- 
hafh*.  nrar  Rotterdam;  was  a  pupil  of 
Picolel  and  Vandermeer;  was  patronised 
by  the  Elector  Palatine,  for  whom  he  exe- 
cuted many  of  his  best  works;  and  died  in 
1718.  His  small  history  pieces  are  much 
esteemed. — H;s  brother,  PETER,  who  was 
born  at  Rotterdam  in  1663,  ami  died  in 
1718,  acquired  fame  as  a  painter  of  por- 
trait* and  conversation  pieces. 


VANDYCK,  Sir  ANTHONY,  one  of  the 
g« fatest  of  portrait  painters,  was  born, 
March  22,  1598-9,  at  Antwerp,  and  was 
the  son  of  a  merchant.  His  mother  dis- 
tinguished herself  as  a  dower  painter. 
Henry  Van  Balens  and  Rubens  were  his 
tutors  in  tne  pictorial  art;  the  latter,  with 
whom  ha  was  a  favourite,  cultivated  his 
talents  with  great  care,  and  advised  him 
to  visit  Italy.  After  having  resided  for 
»ome  time  at  Rome,  and  other  Italian  cities, 
Vandyck  returned  to  Antwerp,  whence  he 
passed  over  to  England.  Charles  I.  was  a 
liberal  patron  to  nim.  He  knighted  and 
pensioned  him,  and  obtained  for  him  in 
marriage  the  daughter  of  Lord  Gowrie. 
Van  lyi-k  died  in  1641.  His  works  are 
numerous,  and  are  deservedly  held  in  the 
highest  estimation. 

V \\  DYK,  HARRY  STOE,  a  poetical 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born,  in 
1798,  in  London,  and  died  June  5,  1828. 
He  is  the  author  of  Theatrical  Portraits; 
The  Gondola;  Songs  of  the  Minstrels; 
contributed  to  the  first  series  of  The  Lon- 
don Magazine?  and  joined  with  Mr.  Bow- 
ing in  translating  the  Batavian  Anthology. 

VANE,  Sir  HENRY,  the  younger,  the 
•on  of  Sir  Henry  Vane,  was  born,  in  1612, 
ami  was  educated  at  Westminster  School 


and  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford.  Having  inv. 
bibed  the  principles  of  the  puritans,  he 
emigated  to  America,  and  was  elected 
governor  of  Massachusetts.  Returning  to 
England,  he  was  chosen  member  for  Hull, 
and,  during  the  struggle  between  the  king 
and  the  parliament,  he  took  an  active  part 
on  the  side  of  the  latter.  He  had,  how- 
ever, no  part  in  the  trial  or  death  of 
Charles.  To  the  authority  of  Cromwell 
he  was  steadily  hostile,  and,  after  the 
death  of  the  protector,  he  laboured  strenn- 
uously  to  establish  a  republican  govern- 
ment. He  was  executed  for  high  treason, 
in  June,  1662,  in  violation  of  justice,  and 
of  the  king's  plighted  word.  Vane  was  a 
man  of  talent,  and,  though  he  was  an 
enthusiast  in  religion  and  politics,  there 
seems  to  be  no  valid  reason  to  doubt  bit 
sincerity. 

VAN'IERE,  JAMES,  a  French  poet,  a 
member  of  the  society  of  Jesuits,  was  born, 
in  1664,  at  Gausses,  in  Languedoc;  was 
professor  of  languages  and  rhetoric  in 
various  colleges;  and  died  in  1739.  His 
principal  work  is  a  Latin  poem,  the  Prae- 
dium  Rusticum,  in  sixteen  books,  describ- 
ing, in  elegant  verse,  the  various  labours 
of  a  farm. 

VANINI,  LUCILIUS,  a  philosopher,  was 
born,  in  1585,  at  Taurosano,  in  the  king? 
dom  of  Naples;  studied  philosophy  and 
theology  at  Rome ;  entered  into  the  eccle- 
siastical state ;  travelled  in  various  parts 
of  Europe ;  and  was  at  last  burnt,  in  1619, 
at  Toulouse,  on  a  charge  of  atheism,  which 
appears  to  have  been  unfounded.  He  is 
the  author  of  Amphitheatrum^Eternae  Pro- 
videntiae;  De  Admirandis  Naturae;  Dia- 
logues; and  other  works. 

VANNUCCHI,  a  celebrated  painter, 
generally  known  under  the  namfe  of  AN- 
DREA DEL  SARTO,  was  born,  in  1488,  at 
Florence,  in  which  city  he  died  in  1530, 
in  a  state  of  abject  poverty.  Among  his 
finest  pieces  are,  The  Preaching  of  Saint 
John;  a  Virgin  and  Child;  and  a  Flight 
into  Egypt. 

VAN  SWIETEN,  GERARD,  an  erai- 
nent  physician,  was  born,  in  1700,  at  Ley- 
den  ;  studied  at  the  university  of  that  city, 
and  of  Louvain,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Boer- 
haave ;  became  medical  professor  at  Lcyden, 
but  lost  his  office  in  conseauence  of  being 
a  catholic;  and  was  invited  to  Vienna,  in 
1745,  by  the  empress,  who  made  him  her 
principal  physician,  director  general  of 
medicine  in  Austria,  imperial  librarian,  a 
professor,  and  a  baron.  He  died  in  1772. 
Among  his  works  are,  Commentaries  on 
the  Aphorisms  of  Boerhaave;  Aphorisms 
of  Surgery ;  and  Treatises  on  Epidemics, 
and  on  Diseases  of  the  Army. 

VAX  VITELLI.or  VAN  VITE,Loci», 
!  a  celebrated  architect,  the  son  of  a  paint*! , 
was  Ixirn  in  1700  at  XapV",  and  die!  •»! 


YAH  TAV 


CaserU,  In  1773.     Among  hi*  treat  and 


fCase 


numerous  worka  are,  the  palace  of  Caserta, 
the  Public  buildings  at  the  port  of  Ancona* 
an'",  the  churches  of  St.  Francis  and  St. 


i»    regarded    a*    the  most   learned  <    ..-« 
ancient  Romans,    was  born    B.   c.    \\ti  j 
studied  philosophy  under  Stilo  and 
chils  of  Ascalon;  filled  the  offices  of  t 


Vominic  at  Urbino.  vir  and  tribune  of  the  people;  espoused  the 

VARCHI,  BENEDICT,  a  poet  and  his- 'cause  of  Pompey,  but  afterwards  became 
torian,  was  born,  in  1502,  at  Florence, and  the  friend  of  Caesar,  who  confided  to  him 
studied  at  Parma  and  Pisa.  Having  taken  the  formation  of  a  public  library;  nar- 
a  part  against  the  Medici  family,  he  was  rowly  escaped  proscription  by  the  triumvi- 
banished,  but  his  literary  reputation  in-  rate;  and  died  B.  c.  27.  He  is  said  to 
duced  Cosmo  I.  to  recal  and  pension  him,  have  written  between  four  and  five  hundred 
and  to  confide  to  him  the  task  of  writing  volumes,  of  which  only  a  Treatise  on 
the  History  of  the  Florentine  Republic. 'Agriculture,  part  of  a  Treatise  on  the 
In  his  latter  days  he  entered  into  the  cler-  Latin  Language,  and  some  fragments,  are 
ical  state.  He  died  in  1565.  Among  hid  extant. 

works  are,  The  Florentine  History;  VASARI,  GEORGE,  a  Florentine  artiit 
Poems;  and  A  Dialogue  on  the  Tuscan  and  author,  was  born,  in  1512,  at  Arezzo; 
Language.  'studied  under  Michael  Angelo  and  other 

VAREN,  or  VARENIUS,  BERNARD,  great  masters;  acquired  a  profound  km-w- 
a  geographer,  was  born,  about  the  begin-  ledge  of  architecture  as  well  as  of  paint* 
ning  of  the  seventeenth  century,  at  Am-  ing;  was  employed  by  Cosmo  I.  to  stij/tr- 
cterdam  ;  followed  the  profession  of  a  intend  the  public  buildings  which  he 
physician;  and  died  about  1680.  He  is  erected;  and  died  in  1574.  As  a  pai^tei 
the  author  of  a  well  executed  System  of  he  has  merit,  but  he  is  best  known  by  hi* 
Geography,  on  which  Newton  did  not  dis- 1  valuable  work,  The  Lives  of  the  n>osl 
dain  to  comment;  and  A  Description  of 'excellent  Painters,  Sculptor*,  and  Ar  'n- 
Japan  and  Siam.  jtects. 

VARGAS  Y  PONCE,  Don  JOSEPH,  a  i  VASI,  JOSEPH,  a  designer  and  engrrv- 
Spanish  geographer  and  navigator,  was  er,  was  born,  in  1710,  in  Sicily;  spent  he 
born,  about  1755,  at  Cadiz  or  Seville;  ! greatest  part  of  his  life  at  Rome,  and  win 
assisted  Tofino  in  forming  the  Atlas  of  the  patronised  by  Benedict  XIV.  and  vy 
Spanish  Coasts;  and  died,  in  1821,  at  Charles  III.  of  Naples ;  ami  died  in  1782 
Madrid,  a  member  of  the  Cortes.  He  His  two  great  works,  the  one  in  ten  folio 
wrote,  among  other  works,  A  Description  volumes,  the  other  in  two,  represent  nil 
of  the  Pityusae  and  Balearic  Isles;  and  A  the  remarkable  objects  in  Rome  and  it» 
Relation  of  the  last  Voyage  in  the  Straits  environs.  He  was  the  instructor  of  J.  B. 
of  Magellan.  jPiranesi. 

VARIGNON,  PETER,  an  eminent  geo-  VATER,  JOHN  SKTERINCS,  an  emi- 
metrician,  the  son  of  an  architect,  was'nrnt  philologist,  was  born,  in  1771,  at 
born,  in  1654,  at  Caen,  in  Normandy;  was :  Altenburg,  in  Saxony;  and  died,  in  1826, 
intended  for  the  church,  but  became  pro-  'professor  of  the  oriental  languages  at  Halle, 
fessor  of  mathematics  at  Mazarin  College,  j  after  having  filled  the  theological  chair  at 
and  afterwards  at  the  College  of  France ;  j  Kosnigsberg.  He  is  the  author  of  varioui 
and tlied  of  apoplexy,  in  1722.  Varignon  j  works  on  the  eastern  tongues;  the  Con 
was  one  of  the  first  to  cultivate  the  science  jtinuation,  of  Adelung's  Mithridates;  Syn- 
of  infinitesimals.  Among  his  works  are,  j  chronistic  Tables  ol  Ecclesiastical  Histo- 
New  Conjectures  on  Gravity;  New  Me-jry;  and  a  Universal  and  Chronological 
chanics  or  Statics ;  and  Elements  of  Math-  History  of  the  Christian  Church, 
•raatic*.  VATTAL,  EMMERICK,  a  celebrated 

VARILLAS,  ANTHONY,  a  French  his-  Swiss    publicist,    was  born,    in    1714,   M 

Couret,  in  the  principality  of  Neufchatel; 
became  envoy  from  Saxony  to  Berne,  and 


torian,    was    born,    in    1624,   at   Gueret. 
After  having  been   a  private  tutor   in   his 


native  province,  be  went  to  Paris,  where 


afterwards    privy    counsellor  to    Auguptua 


he  was  made  historiographer  to  the  duke  III.  of  Saxony;  and  died  in  1767.  Th 
of  Orleans,  and  assistant  librarian  at  the  work  on  which  his  fume  rests  is,  The  Law 
Royal  Library.  The  last  of  these  places,! of  Nations,  or  Principles  of  Natural  Law 
however,  he  lost,  in  consequence  of  the  applied  to  the  Conduct  and  Affairs  of 
careless  manner  in  which  he  collated  some  Nations  and  Sovereigns.  It  has  been 
manuscripts.  His  historical  works  were!  translated  into  various  languages,  and  haf 
popular  for  a  time,  but,  after  his  gross  j  partly  superseded  the  productions  of  Uro- 
errors  in  The  History  of  Heresies  had  been  tins  and  Pufiendorf. 
detected  by  Burnet  and  Larroque,  no  book-  VAUBAN,  SEBASTIAN  LE  PRES- 


teller  would  purchase  his  productions.  He 
died  in- 1696.  Hi«  principal  work  is  A 
History  of  France. 


TRE  DK,  a  French  nvirshal,  the  grratert 
of  military  engineers,  \vifs  born,  in  1633, 
at  Saint  Leger  dc  Foucheret,  in  Buit  mdy 


VARRO,  MAMCUS  TrHEsncs,  who  He  SntMrrad  in  the  S  punish  armj 


VAf? 

Conde,  but,  being  taken  prisoner  by  die 
French  troops,  Mazarin  gave  him  a  lieu- 
tenancy. The  sieges  of  Ypres,  Gravelines, 


YEN  4it8 

VEGETIUS   RENATUS,    FI.AVIU*, 

the  most  celebrated  Roman  writer  on  the 
military  art,  flourished  about  the  end  of 


find    Oudenarde,   in    1653,   were   his    first  [  the  fourth   century,   under  Valentinian   II. 
essays    in    the    science    of  attack.     From  !  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  an  inhabitant 


that  per 


the  peace  of  Ryswick  he 


was  m-essantly  employed,  either  in  erect- 
ing fortresses  for  the  defence  of  France,  or 
in  reducing  those  which  belonged  to  her 
enemies;  and  in  both  cases  his  matchless 
skill  was  equally  displayed.  In  1703  he 
reluctantly  accepted  the  marshal's  staff. 
The  siege  of  Brisach  was  his  last  operation. 
He  died  in  1707.  Vauban  left  a  MS.  col- 
lection, in  twelve  folio  volumes,  containing 
his  ideas  and  projects  on  various  branches 
of  government.  He  also  wrote  various 
other  works,  principally  on  fortification. 
All  contemporary  writers  agree  in  giving 
the  highest  praise  to  his  private  character. 

VAUCANSON,  JAMES  DE,  an  eminent 
mechanist,  was  born,  in  1709,  at  Grenoble, 
and  died  in  1732.  Among  his  automatical 
performances  were  a  flute  player,  and  a 
pipe  and  tabor  player.  But  even  these 
were  surpassed  by  two  ducks,  which  dab- 
bled with  their  beaks,  ate  grain,  and  voided 
it  after  it  had  undergone  a  sort  of  digestive 
process. 

VAUGELAS,  CLAUDE  FAVRE  DE,  a 
celebrated  grammarian,  was  born,  about 
1535,  at  Chambery,  and  died,  at  Paris,  in 
1650.  His  critical  knowledge  of  the  French 
language  caused  him  to  be  admitted  into 
ths  Academy,  and  to  be  chosen  to  superin- 
tend the  execution  of  the  Dictionary.  He 
wrote  Remarks  on  the  French  Language; 
and  translated  Quintus  Curtius. 

VAUVENARGUES,  LUKE  DE  CLA- 
PIERS,  marquis  of,  an  eminent  French 
writer  on  moral  philosophy,  was  born,  in 
1715,  at  Aix,  in  Provence,  and  entered 
the  army  at  the  age  of  seventeen.  The 
fatigue  which  he  endured  in  the  retreat 
from  Prague  undermined  his  constitution, 
a-ul  the  small  pox  completed  the  ruin  of 
his  health.  To  soothe  his  continual  suffer- 
ings he  resorted  to  meditation  and  com- 
position. He  died  in  1747.  Voltaire  was 
one  of  his  warmest  friends.  The  works  of 
Vauvenargues  form  three  volumes,  and 
consist  of  Thoughts,  Reflections,  and  Max- 
ims, Dialogues,  Characters,  &c. 

VAUVILLIERS,  JOHN  FRANCIS,  an 
eminent  hellenist,  was  born,  in  1737,  at 
Paris;  succeeded  his  father  as  Greek  pro- 
fessor at  the  university  of  that  city ;  and 
died,  IN  1801,  in  Russia,  in  which  country 
he  had  taken  refuge,  after  being  condemned 
to  transportation,  as  a  royalist,  in  1797. 
Among  his  works  are,  An  Essay  on  Pin- 
dar; An  Examination  of  the  Government 
Of  Sparta;  and  Summary  Ideas  on  Politi- 
cal Societies.  The  last  of  these,  on  which 
he  was  occupied  duri  <g  fifteen  years,  is 
fei  unpublished. 


jf  Constantinople,  and  of  a  noble  familv. 
His  work  on  Military  Affairs  consists  of 
five  books,  and  has  been  commented  upon 
by  Turpin  de  Cris?*". 

"VELASQUEZ, JAMES  RODERICK  os 
SILVA  v,  a  celebrated  Spanish  pa-ate;-, 
was  born,  in  1599,  at  Seville;  was  a  pupil 
of  Herrera  the  Elder  and  Pacheco;  was 
patronised  and  highly  esteemed  by  Philip 
III.  and  IV.;  and  died  in  16GO  Among 
his  greatest  works  are,  The  Expulsion  of 
the  Moors;  The  Crucifixion;  Joseph's 
Coat;  and  several  portraits. 

VELDE,  CHARLES  FRANCIS,  VAN 
DER,  a  romance  writer,  who  has  been  call- 
ed the  German  Sir  Walter  Scott,  was 
born  in  1799,  at  Bj-e.slau,  and  died  in  1824. 
He  began  his  career,  in  1809,  by  writing 
short  pieces  for  the  journals ;  was  after- 
wards a  dramatist,  in  which  he  was  not 
successful;  and,  lastly,  became  a  popular 
novelist.  His  works  form  eighteen  vol- 
umes. Among  them  are,  Arwed  Gyllen- 
stierna ;  The  Patricians ;  The  Anabaptists ; 
The  Hussites;  Christina  and  her  Court; 
and  Tales  and  Legends. 

VELLY,  PAUL  FRANCIS,  a  French 
historian,  was  born,  in  1711,  or  1709,  at 
Crugny,  near  Rheitns;  was  at  one  period 
a  Jesuit,  but  quitted  the  order,  and  became 
a  private  tutor;  and  died  in  17.59.  He  is 
the  author  of  a  History  of  France,  of  which 
he  completed  eight  quarto  volumes,  and 
which  was  continued  by  Villaret  and  Gar- 
nier.  Velly  is  impartial,  and  accurate  as 
far  as  his  knowledge  extends,  but  his  in- 
formation is  n  >t  drawn  from  the  fountain 
head. 

VENDOME,  Louis  JOSEPH,  duke  ot, 
a  great  general,  and  a  profligate  man,  th« 
grandson  of  Henry  IV.,  was  born  in  1654, 
and  made  his  first  campaign  in  1672,  at 
the  invasion  of  Holland.  After  having 
distinguished  himself  in  Flanders  and  Italy, 
was,  in  1695,  appointed  to  command 
the  army  in  Catalonia,  where  he  reduced 
Barcelona  with  extraordinary  celerity. 
From  Italy,  where,  in  the  war  of  the  suc- 
cession, he  was  opposed  to  Prince  Eugene, 
be  was  recalled,  in  1708,  to  remedy  the 
disasters  which  the  incapacity  of  Villeroi 
had  occasioned  in  the  Netherlands.  H« 
failed,  however,  to  accomplish  this,  and 
was  defeated  at  Oudenarde.  In  1709  h<* 
was  sent  into  Spain,  where  he  gained  the 
decisive  victory  of  Villa  Viciosa,  and  es- 
tablished Philip  on  the  throne.  He  died 
suddenly  in  1712.  Vendome  possessed 
abilities,  but  he  was  dirty  in  his  habits, 
and  depraved  in  his  morals. 

VE\TENAT    STIPHCK  P«TEE,  a* 


4§4  VKR 

•mi  ne  nt  French  botanist,  waa  born,  in 
1757,  at  Limoges;  was  a  regular  canon  of 
Saint  (iiviex  i:-\e.  hut  qui'ted  tin*  order 
during  UK-  revolution,  am  married;  ler.- 
tured  on  hotany  at  the  Lyceum;  became 
chief  librarian  of  the  Pantheon,  and 
member  of  the  Institute ;  and  died  in  1803. 
Besides  it  any  papers  in  scientific  Transac- 
tions, he  published  The  Garden  of  Mal- 
maison,  in  two  folio  volumes;  A  Selection 
of  1' ants;  A  Dissertation  on  Mosses;  and 
other  works. 

VENTUKI,  JOHN  BAPTIST,  an  Italian 
natural  philosopher,  was  born,  in  1746,  at 
Bibiano,  in  the  duchy  of  Reggio;  was 
successively  professor  of  metaphysics  and 
geometry  at  Reggio,  engineer  and  professor 
of  philosophy  at  Modena,  member  of  the 
legislative  body  of  the  Cisalpine  republic, 
professor  of  physics  at  Pavia,  and  envoy 
from  the  kingdom  of  Italy  to  Berne.  Na- 
poleon  gave  him  the  cross  of  the  legion  of 
honour  and  of  the  iron  crown.  Venturi 
died  in  1S22.  Among  his  works  are, 
Commentaries  on  the  History  and  Theory 
of  Optics;  On  the  Origin  and  Progress  of 
Artillery;  and  An  Essay  on  the  Physico- 
M  ithcm.itical  Works  of  Leonardo  da 
Vinci. 

VERE,  Sir  FRANCIS,  an  English  gen- 
eral, the  grandson  of  the  earl  of  Oxford, 
was  born,  in  1554,  and  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  Netherlands,  under  the  rarl 
of  Leicester,  Lord  Willoughby,  and  Prince 
Maurice,  and  also,  as  lord  marshal,  in  the 
expedition  against  Cadiz.  Bergenopzoom, 
Zutphen,  Deventer,  Nieuport,  and  Ostend 
were  the  principal  scenes  of  his  exploits. 
He  died  in  1608.  He  wrote  Commenta- 
ries on  the  wars  in  which  he  had  been 
engaged. — His  younger  brother,  HORACE, 
was  also  a  gallant  officer. 

VERNET,  CLAUDIUS  JOSEPH,  an  em- 
inent French  painter,  was  born,  in  1714, 
at  Avignon,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  he 
v'uited  Rome,  where  he  studied  under 
Fergioni.  His  voyage  to  Italy  turned  his 
genius  to  marine  painting,  in  which  he 
acquired  almost  unrivalled  reputation. 
After  an  absence  of  twenty-two  yean  !:? 
returned  to  France.  On  his  homeward 
passage  a  storm  arose,  during  which  he 
ordered  himself  to  be  tied  to  the  mast, 
that  he  might  make  a  faithful  sketch  of 
the  scene.  On  his  return  he  was  employed 
py  Louis  XV.  to  delineate  the  principal 
ports,  a  task  which  occupied  him  for  ten 
years.  He  died  in  1789. 

VERNIER,  PETER,  a  French  mathe- 
matician, was  born,  about  1&80,  at  Ornans, 
in  Burgundy,  and  died  in  1637.  He  in- 
vented the  astronomical  instrument  which 
bears  his  name,  but  which  has  sometimes 
been  erroneously  attributed  to  Nonius. 

VER.N'ON,  ED  WARD,  a  British  admiral, 
lescemled  from  i  Staffordshire  family,  way 


VER 

born,  in  1684,  at  Westminster,  and  cho«c 

the  naval  profession,  in  opposition  to  tlu: 
wishes  of  his  father,  who  was  secretary  of 
state  to  William  III.  After  having  served 
miilcr  llopson,  Rouke,  and  other  com- 
manders, he  rose,  in  173.9,  to  the  rank  of 
vii-e.  admiral  of  the  blue.  In  that  year  he 
took  the  town  of  Porto  Hello,  and  destroyed 
the  fortifications,  lie  was  less  fortunate"  in 
1741,  when,  in  conjunction  with  Went- 
worth,  he  failed  at  Carthagena.  He  died 
in  1759. 

YKKRI,  PKTF.R,  an  Italian  *tate.«ma« 
and  author,  was  born,  in  1728,  at  Milan; 
quitted  the  military  service  for  the  civil, 
and  held  several  important  offices  under 
the  Milanese  government;  and  died  in 
1797.  His  advice  had  considerable  influ- 
ence in  inducing  Beccaria  to  write  the 
famous  treatise  on  crimes  and  punishments. 
His  principal  work  is,  Meditations  on  Po- 
litical Economy. 

VERRI,  Count  ALEXANDER,  a  brother 
of  the  foregoing,  was  born,  in  1741,  at 
Milan;  was  brought  up  to  the  bar,  but 
quitted  it  to  devote  himself  to  literatnre; 
and  died  in  1816.  Among  his  works  are, 
A  Life  of  Erostratus;  the  romance  of  Sap- 
pho; An  Essay  on  the  General  History  of 
Italy;  Analyses  of  and  Criticisms  upon 
the  principal  Grecian  Orators;  and  The 
Roman  Nights;  the  last  of  which  has  been 
translated  into  several  languages. 

VERROCHIO,  ANDREW,  a  sculptor, 
was  born,  in  1422,  at  Florence,  and  died 
in  1488.  In  bronze  works  he  surpassed 
all  his  contemporaries.  Among  his  chief 
productions  are,  a  Christ  and  St.  Thomas, 
and  an  equestrian  statue  of  Bartholomew 
Colleoni.  Verrochio  was  also  an  able  pain- 
ter, and  one  of  the  best  musicians  of  his 
period.  He  invented  the  method  of  taking 
the  features  in  a  plaster  mould. 

VERSTEGAN,  RICHARD,  an  antiqua- 
ry, was  born  in  London,  and  waa  educated 
at  Oxford.  Being  a  catholic,  he  settled  at 
Antwerp,  where,  in  1592,  he  published 
iiis  Theatrura  Crudelitatum  Hapreticorum, 
which  gained  him  little  credit,  and  was  the 
cause  of  his  being  imprisoned  when  he 
subsequently  visited  Paris.  As  an  anti- 
quary he  was  more  fortunate.  His  most 
valuable  work  is  The  Restitution  of  de- 
ayed  Intelligence,  which  has  been  more 
than  once  reprinted.  He  died  in  1635. 

VERTOT,  RENE  A u BERT,  abbe  de,m 
French  historian,  was  born,  in  1655,  at 
Benetot,  in  Normandy,  and  was,  succes- 
sively, a  capuchin  friar,  a  Premonstraten- 
sian,  a  secular  ecclesiastic,  prior  of  Joy- 
enval,  and  a  parish  minister.  lie  was  also 
secretary  to  the  duchess  of  Orleans,  histo- 
riographer of  Malta,  and  an  associate  of 
the  academy  of  belles  lettres.  He  died  in 
1735.  The  principal  woi  ks  of  Vertot  aie 
A  History  of  the  Conspiracy  of  Portufal 


VES 


VIE 


493 


jf  the  serious  historical 
fault  of  facrificfog  correctness  to  dramatic 
effect. 

VERTUE,  GEORGE,  an  able  engraver, 
was  b:>rn,  in  1684,  in  Westminster;  was 
apprenticed  to  a  plate  engraver,  and  after- 
wards worked  for  seven  years  under  Van- 
dergucht.  In  1709  he  began  business  fur 
himself.  He  was  patronise.)  by  Sir  God- 
frey Kneller,  the  earls  of  Oxford  and  Bur- 
lington, and  the  prince  of  Wales.  He 
died  in  1756.  Among  his  engravings, 
which  amount  to 
heads  for  Ripin's 


•—of  the  Revolutions  of  Sweden — of  the  '  however,  by  the  honour  which  Columbia 
Revolutions  of  the  Roman  Republic — and  had  acquired,  Vespucci  quitted  traliic, 
of  Malta.  The  style  of  Vertot  is  pleading,  about  1499,  to  enter  on  the  careet  of  dis- 
but  he  M  deficient  in  research,  and  is  oc- j  covery.  He  subsequently  made  several 

voyages   in   the  Spanish    and    Portuguese 
services,  and  explored   a   considerable  ex- 
iuth    American    coast.     He 
By  an  act  of  flagrant  in- 


fi\e    hundred,  are    the 
England,  twelve  heads 
of  distinguished    poets,  and    portraits   of 


died 


of  the  Si 
in  1516. 


justice  to  Columbus,  the  name  of  one  who 
was  only  his  imitator  was  given  to  the  ne«r 
world. 

VICENTE,  Git,  the  earliest  and  most 
eminent  of  the  Portuguese  comic  poets, 
was  born,  about  1480,  at  Guimaraens,  or 
at  Barcellos;  studied  jurisprudence  at  the 
university  of  Lisbon ;  became  a  popular 
dramatist,  and  brought  the  drama  of  his 
country  to  a  much  more  perfect  state;  and 
died  in  1557.  His  works  were  published 


Archbishop   Tillotson  and  George   I.      li.  j  by  his  son;   but   complete  copies  of  them 

was   principally   from    the   materials    col- j  are  now  unattainable. 

lected    by    Vertue    that    Horace    Walpole       VICQ    D'AZYR,     FELIX,     an     able 

J L-4  _  J     .  f    r»     •      .  • 


drew  his  Anecdotes  of  Painting. 

VERUS,  Lucius  AURELIUS, a  Roman 
emperor,  was  born  in  130,  and,  with  Mar- 
cus Aurelius,  was  adopted  by  Antoninus 
Pius.  He  filled  the  offices  of  questor  and 
consul,  and,  after  the  death  of  Antoninus, 
Marcus  Aurelius  associated  him  in  the 
government.  Verus  obtained  a  triumph, 
and  the  surname  of  Parthicus,  for  the  suc- 
cesses of  his  generals  against  the  Parthi- 
ans.  He  died  in  169.  His  manners  were 
dissolute,  but  bis  disposition  was  not 
cruel. 

VESALIUS,   ANDREW, 


French  anatomist  and  physician,  wax 
born,  in  1748,  at  VaUrjne;  lectured  at 
Paris  with  great  success  upon  anatomy; 
became  principal  phy?ici*n  to  the  queen; 
and  died  in  1794.  Among  his  works  are, 
A  Treatise  on  Anatomy  and  Physiology; 
An  Anatomical  System  of  Quadrupeds; 
and  A  Treatise  on  the  Curing  of  Horned 
Cattle.  The  whole  of  his  productions 
have  been  collected  in  six  volumes. 

VIDA,  MARK   JEROME,   one   of  the 
most  eminent  of  modern  Latin  poets,  was 


anatomist,  was  born,  in  1514,  at  Brussels; 
was  educated  at  Louvain  and  Paris;  was 
professor  of  anatomy  at  various  Italian 
universities;  and  afterwards  chief  physi- 
cian to  Charles  V.  and  Philip  II. ;  and  died 
of  huayer  and  fatigue,  in  1563,  in  Zante, 
on  which  island  he  had  been  shipwrecked 
as  he  was  returning  from  a  pilgrimage  to 
Jerusalem.  Vesalius  displayed  an  extra- 
ordinary predilection  for  the  science  of 
anatomy  at  a  very  early  period,  and  his 
treatise  on  The  Formation  of  the  Human 
Rudy  was  comp  ^»ed  when  he  was  only 
fligh'teen. 

VESPASIAN,  TITUS  FLAYIUS,  a  Ro- 
man emperor,  was  born,  at  Rieti,  towards 
the  close  of  the  reign  of  Augustus;  and, 
sifter  having  beenedile,  pretor,  commander 
of  a  le^icn,  consul,  and  proconsul  of  Afri- 
ca, and  having  distinguished  himself  in 
Germany,  Britain,  and  Palestine,  was 
raised  to  the  empire,  A.  D.  69.  He 
reigned  ten  years,  and  died,  in  79,  gene- 
rally regretted. 

VESPUCCI,  or  VESPUCIUS,  AME- 
RIGO, an  eminent  navigator,  was  born,  in 
1451,  at  Florence;  \viis  liberally  educated  : 


born,   in    1490,    at    Cremona;  studied    at 
eminent  |  Padua,  Bologna,  and  Mantua;  was  raised 


to  the  bishopric  of  Alba  by  Clement  VII. 
as  a  reward  for  having  written  The 
Christiad;  and  died  in  1566.  His  works 
form  two  quarto  volumes.  Among  them 
are,  The  Art  of  Poetry  ;  Chess  ;  The 
Christiad;  The  Silkworm;  Hymns;  and 
other  poems. 

VIEL,  CHARLES  FRANCIS,  an  archi- 
tect, was  born,  in  1745,  at  Paris,  and 
died  there  in  1857.  He  erected  several 
splendid  edifices  in  the  French  capital; 
and  wrote  a  Letter  on  Ancient  and  Mod- 
ern Architecture;  Principles  of  the  Ar- 
rangements and  Construction  of  Buildings; 
and  other  works. 

VIEN,  JOSEPH  MART,  an  eminent 
French  painter,  was  horn,  in  1716,  at 
Moulpellier;  studied  at  Paris,  under  Na- 
toire,  and  at  Rome;  was  received  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Academy,  in  1745,  and  became 
successively  professor,  rector,  and  direc- 
tor; a:id  died  in  1809.  Among  his  b«9t 
works  are,  St.  Denis 


is  preaching;    a  Sleep- 
Parting of  Hector  ai.d 


ing  Hermit;    the 

Andromache;  and  Hector  exhorting  Paris 
to  ann  himself.  David  and  Vincent  were 
pupils  of  Vien. — His  wife,  31  ARIA,  who 


and  was  brought  up  to  c  uninerce.  In  1490  j  died  in  1S05,  aged  seventy-seven,  was  an 
he  was  sent  by  his  father  to  conduct  his  ;  excellent  painter  of  bird?,  e\u I IU.  at»J 
•Ottwerckil  affair*  u>  Sj>ai*  Simulated, !  (lowers. 


vn. 


V1L 


VIETA,  FRANCIS,  a  celebrated  French  j  Moulin? .  Fie  served  his  ai^renticeehta. 
mathematician,  was  born,  in  1540,  at' to  the  art  of  war  under  Turenne,  Conde, 
Fontenai  le  Comte,  in  Lower  Poiton,  and  Luxembourg,  and  Crequi.  Soon  after  the 
died  at  Paris,  in  1603.  He  is  considered '  peace  of  Nimr^ucn,  he  was  sent  ambassa- 
as  one  of  the  principal  founders  of  mathe-  j  dor  to  Vienna.  In  the  war  which  was 
malical  analysis,  and  made  many  improve- ,  terminated  by  the  treaty  of  Ryswick,  he 
ments  in  algebra,  among  whu'h  is  the  use  distinguished  himself,  and  particularly  at 


of  letters  as  the  symbols  of  quantities. 
Vieta  was  also  celebrated  as  a  decypherer. 
His  works  were  edited,  in  a  folio  volume, 
by  Schooten,  with  the  assistance  of  Golius 
an-J  Mrrsnme. 

VIGEE,  Louis  WILLIAM  BERNARD 


the  combat  of  Leuze.  In  lb'99,  he  was 
again  appointed  ambassador  at  Vienna, 
and  in  this  situation  he  displayed  infinite 
diplomatic  skill.  During  the  war  of  the 
succession  he  was  commander  in  chief  in 
tarious  quarters,  and  by  numerous  splendid 


8TCFHEK.  a  French  poet  and  dramatist, [achievements  acquired  a  right  to  be  con- 
was  born,  in  1755,  at  Paris,  and  died  there  j  sidered  as  one  of  the  greatest  generals  of 
in  1820,  reader  to  Louis  XVIII.  He  is  |  the  age.  He  closed,  in  1732,  his  military 
the  author  of  many  poems;  a  Course  of  career,  by  the  conquest  of  the  Milanese 
Literature,  delivered  at  the  Athenaeum;  and  the  M'antuan.  He  died  in  1734. 
three  coined ie>-;  and  the  Pro  and  Con,  a  VILLARS,  MONTFAUCON  DE,  a  French 
religious,  moral,  political,  and  literary  abb",  was  born,  in  1635,  in  the  neighbour- 
dial-jgnt;.  I  hood  of  Toulouse;  and  acquired  great 

VIGNOLA,  JAMES,  whose  real  name!  reputation  at  Paris  as  a  preacher,  but  waa 
was  BAROZZIO,  a  celebrated  architect,1  prohibited  from  preaching  inconsequence 
was  born,  in  1507,  at  Vignola,  in  the  Mo- !  of  his  publishing  The  Count  de  Gabalis, 
denese  territory,  and  relinquished  paint-:  which  his  enemies  pretended  to  be  an 
ing  for  architecture.  He  constructed  va-  irreligious  work.  He  was  assassinated  in 
rious  magnificent  edifices  at  Bologna,  Par-  1675.  The  idea  of  the  sylphid  machinery 
nvi,  Perugia,  and  Rome  ;  but  his  master-' of  the  Rape  of  the  Lock  is  borrowed  from 


piece  is  the  Caprarola  palace,  and  he 
was  intrusted  with  the  management  of  the 
works  at  St.  Peter's  after  the  death  of 
Michael  Angelo.  For  the  king  of  Spain 
he  drew  the  designs  of  the  Escurial ;  and 
in  this  instance  his  plans  were  preferred  to 
those  of  twenty-two  other  artists.  He  died 
in  1573.  He  wrote  treatises  on  Perspec- 
tive, and  on  the  Five  Orders. 

VILLAM,  JOHN,  a  celebrated  Italian 
historian,  was  burn,  before  the  close  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  at  Florence;  travelled 
on  various  parts  of  the  continent;  filled 
several  important  offices  in  his  native 
country ;  and  died  of  the  plague  in  1348. 
His  History  of  Florence  was  continued  by 
hi*  brother  MATTHEW  and  his  nephew 
PHILIP,  the  latter  of  whom  is  also  the  au- 
thor of  Lives  of  Illustrious  Florentines. 

yiLLARET,  CLAUDIUS,  a  French  his- 
torian, was  born,  about  1715,  at  Paris, 


Count  de  Gabalis. 

VILLARS,  DOMINIC,  a  French  botan- 
ist, was  born,  in  1745,  in  a  hamlet  of  the 
Gapen^'ois;  received  a  scanty  education, 
but  improved  it  by  study  ;  became  eminent 
as  a  physician  and  botanical  lecturer;  and 
died  in  1814.  Among  his  works  are,  A 
Natural  History  of  the  Plants  of  Dauphiny ; 
and  Memoirs  on  Topography  and  Natural 
History. 

VILLEHARDOUrV.GEOFFRY  DE,  a 
French  chronicler,  was  born,  in  1167, 
near  Arcis  sur  Aube;  held  the  office  of 
marshal  of  Champagne;  took  a  part  in 
the  crusade  of  1198,  and  was  present  at 
the  capture  of  Constantinople;  was  ap- 
pointed marshal  of  Romania;  and  died  in 
Thessaly,  about  1213.  He  wrote  a  His- 
tory of  the  Events  from  1198  to  1207. 

VILLERS,   CHARLES  FRANCIS  Do 
MINIC,  a  French  writer,  was  born,  in  1767, 


and  was  brought  up  to  the  bar,  but  quitted!  at  Boulay,  in  Lorraine;  served  as  a  cap 
it  for  literature,  and  then  we ^  upon  the!  tain  of  artillery,  but  emigrated  in  1792, 
•tage,  on  which  he  remained  till  1756.  and  joined  the  army  of  Conde;  subse- 
He  subsequently  obtained  a  place  in  thejquently  abandoned  miPtary  for  literary 
Chamber  of  Accounts,  and  was  intrusted  pursuits,  settled  in  Germany,  and  became 


will:  tke  arrangement  of  the  archives  of 
that  office — a  task  which  led  him  to  ex- 
amine into  the  sources  of  French  history. 
In  consequence  of  this,  he  was  employed 
to  continue  the  work  of  Velly,  and  he  is 
allowed  to  have  surpassed  his  predecessor. 
His  portion  of  the  History  extends  from 
1329  to  1469.  His  other  productions  are 
forgotten.  He  did  in  1766. 

VILLARS,  Louis  HECTOR,  marshal, 
duke  of,  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  the 
Preach  g«n«rmU,  was  born,  in  1658,  at 


professor  of  French  literature  at  Gottingen  ; 
and  died  in '1815.  His  principal  work  is 
An  Essay  on  the  Spirit  and  Influence  of 
the  Reformation  brought  about  by  Luther. 

VILLIERS.     See  BUCKINGHAM. 

VILLIERS  DE  L'ISLE  ADAM,  PHI- 
LIP  DE,  the  forty-third  grand  master  of 
the  order  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem,  was  a 
Frenchman,  born  in  1464.  He  was  re- 
siding in  France,  as  ambassador  from  his 
order,  when,  in  1521,  he  was  raised  to  the 
yrand-raa«ter«hip,  and  he  instantly  hastened 


rm 

back  to  Rhodes,  which  (U  knew  to  be 
threatened  by  the  Turks.  In  the  follow- 
ing year  lie,  for  several  months,  defended 
the  islan  :  with  desperate  valour  against 
the  numerous  forces  of  SoKmanj  but  was 
at  length  obliged  to  accept  an  honourable 
capitulation.  After  having  remained  for 
gome  tiin :  with  his  knights  at  Viterbo,  he 
took  possession  of  M.ika,  which  was  ceded 
(o  the  order  by  Charles  V.  He  died  in 
1534. 

VILLOISON,  JOHN  BAPTIST  D'ANSSE 
!>E,  a  celebrated  French  hellenist,  was 
)>rn,  in  1750,  at  Corbeil,  and  at  the  ag-e 
jf  niiv.-teen  had  read,  and  made  critical 
notes  on,  all  the  Latin  authors  and  many 
of  the  Greek,  Hebrew,  Syriac,  and  Arabic, 
he  learned  in  a  few  months  to  read.  Vil- 
loison  travelled  in  Germany,  Holland,  Italy, 
and  the  Levant,  in  search  of  manuscripts. 
He  died,  in  1S05,  professor  of  ancient  and 
modern  Greek  at  the  college  of  France. 
Among  his  works  are,  Anecdota  Graeca; 
and  Epistola  Vimarienses. 

VI\CE,  SAMUEL,  an  eminent  mathe- 
matician, was  born,  of  humble  parentage, 
at  Fressin^field,  in  Suffolk;  was  educated 
at  Gains  College,  Cambridge;  became  Plu- 
mian  professor  of  astronomy  and  experi- 
mental philosophy  at  Cambridge,  a  fellow 
of  the  royal  society,  rector  of  Kirkby  Be- 
d  •>:),  vicar  of  South  Creek,  and  archdeacon 
of  Bedford;  and  died  in  1821.  His  prin- 
cipal works  are,  A  Complete  System  of 
Astronomy;  The  Principles  of  Fluxions; 
The  Principles  of  Hydrostatics;  Elements 
of  Conic  Sections;  and  A  Treatise  on 
Trigonometry- 

VINCENT,  WILLIAM,  an  able  critic 
and  divine,  was  born,  in  1739,  in  London j 
was  educated  at  Westminster  School,  and 
at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  was  suc- 
cessively usher,  second  master,  and  head 
master,  of  the  former  seminary,  and  pre- 
bend and  dean  of  Westminster;  and  died 
in  1815.  His  principal  works  are,  The 
Commerce  ami  Navigation  of  the  Ancients 
in  the  Indian  Ocean;  Sermons;  The  Con- 
jugal ion  of  the  Greek  Verb;  and  A  Defence 
of  Public  Education. 

VI \CE\T  DE  PAUL,  ST.  a  French 
divine  and  philanthropist,  was  born,  in 
1576,  at  ttanquines,  and  closed  in  1660  a 
life  which  h  id  been  devoted  to  acts  of  be- 
nevolr nee.  He  was  considered  as  "  the 
father  of  the  poor  and  the  steward  of  Pro- 
vidence." France  is  indebted  to  him  for 
the  institution  of  the  Daughters  of  Charity, 
and  of  various  other  establishments  to 
alleviate  the  sufferings  of  his  fellow  crea- 
tures. He  was  canonized  in  1737. 

VINCI,  LEONARDO  DA,  a  celebrate:! 
Italian  painter,  tlie  natural  sun  of  a  not  iry, 
was  born,  in  14-32,  at  a  castle  near  Flo- 
lencc,  w  le  ice  he  derived  his  name.  To 
.he  persi  sial  gift*  which  be  received  from 


nature  were  joined  the  advantage*  of  an 
excellent  education,  and  he  early  acquired 
an  extensive  knowledge  of  mathematics 
and  other  branches  of  science.  Verocchio 
was  his  preceptor  in  painting,  and  da  Vinci 
soon  surpassed  him.  In  1489  he  was  in- 
vited to  Milan,  by  duke  Louis  Sforza,  and 
he  resided  there  for  many  years,  acting  at 
once  ag  engineer,  mechanist,  sculptor,  ar- 
:hitect,  and  painter.  During  the  period 
of  his  abode  there  he  executed  his  great 
work,  the  Last  Supper,  and  formed  the 
canal  of  Martesana.  He  was  subsequently 
employed  at  Florence  and  at  Rome.  In 
1515  he  accepted  an  invitation  from  Fran- 
cis I.  to  visit  France,  and  he  died  in  that 
country  in  1519.  The  story  that  he  ex- 
pired in  the  arms  of  Francis  appears  to  bo 
a  fiction.  Da  Vinci  is  the  author  of  a 
Treatise  on  Painting,  and  of  some  unpub- 
lished works. 

VINER,  CHARLES,  an  English  law 
writer,  was  born,  about  1680,  at  Aldershot, 
in  Hampshire;  spent  a  considerable  part 
of  his  life  in  compiling  the  well  known 
General  Abridgment  of  Law  and  Equity; 
endowed  several  fellowships  and  scholar- 
ships, and  founded  the  law  professorship, 
at  Oxford;  and  died  in  1756. 

VIRGIL,  or  PUBLIUS  VIRGILTUS 
MARO,  the  greatest  of  the  Roman  poets, 
was  born,  B.  c.  70,  at  Andes,  near  Man- 
tua, and  studied  at  Cremona,  Milan,  and 
Naples.  It  appears  to  have  been  in  his 
thirtieth  year  that  he  first  visited  Rome. 
His  object  was,  to  obtain  restitution  of  his 
lands,  of  which  the  soldiers  of  Octavius 
had  taken  possession  after  the  battle  of 
Philippi.  Through  the  interest  of  Varus 
and  Pollio  he  obtained  from  Augustus  the 
desired  order;  but,  when  he  returned  with 
it,  the  military  usurper  compelled  him  to 
save  his  life  by  swimming  over  the  Mincio. 
A  second  mandate,  however,  had  the  wished 
for  effect.  The  rest  of  his  life  was  devoted 
to  literature,  and  was  cheered  by  the  friend- 
ship of  Augustus,  Maecenas,  and  all  .the 
other  eminent  men  of  the  age.  The  fame 
which  he  acquired  by  his  Eclogues,  and 
The  Georgics,he  crowned  by  The  ^Eneid  ; 
to  which  last  work,  however,  he  did  not 
live  to  put  the  finishing  touches.  On  hit 
return  from  meeting  Augustus,  at  Athens, 
he  died  at  Brundusium,  B.  c.  19,  and  was 
buried  at  Naples. 

VIRIATHUS,  an  illustrious  Lusitanian 
chief,  who  was  originally  a  shepherd,  ani- 
mated his  countrymen  to  throw  off  the  yoke 
of  Rome.  He  repeatedly  defeated  the  Ro- 
man armies,  and  for  fourteen  years  suc- 
cessfully defended  the  liberty  of'Lusitania 
and  a  part  of  Spain.  He  was  at  last  mur- 
derel  by  his  servants  (B.  c.  40),  wha  had 
been  bribed  by  Cicpio,  the  Rom  in  general. 

VISCONTI,  JOHN  BAPTIST  ANTIIO. 
*T,  a  learned  Itnlia:i  antiquary,  WJM  both, 


la  17M,  at  Vernazza,  in  the  Genoese  terri-  j 
tory;  was  educated  at  Rome;  succeeded! 
Winckclman  as  commissary  of  MtM|uitM> 
there;  hail  a  large  share  in  tne  form.ition 
of  tlic  Pio-Clt'inonline  Museum;  and  died 
in  1784.  He  wrote  \arious  essays  upon 
antiquarian  subjects. 

V1SCOXTI,  EN.NIUS  QUIRINUS,  the 
eldest  son  of  the  foregoing,  and  more  than 
his  equal  in  archaeological  knowledge,  was 
burn,  in  1751,  at  Koine;  displayed  un- 
coinm  ui  precocity  of  talent;  was  appointed 
conservator  of  the  innseuin  of  the  Capitol 
by  Pius  VI.;  was  minister  of  the  home 
department,  and  subsequently  one  of  the 
consuls,  of  the  shortlived  Roman  republic; 
was  in  consequence  compelled  to  seek  an 
asylum  in  France;  became  there  u  member 
of  the  Institute,  professor  of  archaeology, 
and  administrator  of  the  museum  ;  and 
died  in  ISIS.  Among  his  numerous  works 
are,  The  Description  of  the  Pio-Clemen- 
tine  Museum;  Grecian.  Iconography;  ami 
Roman  Iconography. 

VITELLIUS,  Aui.us,  one  of  the  most 
oontemplible  of  the  Roman  emperors,  was 
born,  A.  v.  15,  at  Rome;  rose  to  greatness 
by  being  subservient  to  the  vices  of  his 
imperial  masters;  was  at  the  head  of  the 
legions  in  Lower  Germany  when  Galba 
died;  was  raised  to  the  throne  by^ his  sol- 
diers, apd  obtained  full  possession  of  it  on 
the  fall  of  Otlio;  and  was  put  to  death, 
A.  r>.  69,  after  a  disgraceful  reign  of  only 
eight  months.  His  inordinate  gluttony  was 
bis  least  vioe. 

VITRUVIUS  POLLIO,  MARCUS,  a 
celebrated  Roman  writer  on  architecture, 
is  supposed  to  have  been  born  at  Formia, 
in  Campania  ;  to  have  flourished  under 
Julius  C*sar  and  Augustus;  and  to  have 
lived  to  a  very  advanced  age.  He  wrote 
an  able  work,  \n  ten  books,  on  Architec- 
ture. 

VIVARES,  FRANCIS,  an  eminent  en- 
graver, was  born,  in  1709,  in  France,  at 
St.  Jean  de  Breul,  a  village  of  Rouergue; 
came  to  London  in  1729,  and  was  appren- 
ticed to  his  uncle,  a  tailor;  but  left  the 
•hopboard,  was  instructed  in  engraving  by 
Amiconi,  and  rose  to  eminence,  particu- 
larly in  landscape.  He  died  in  1780. 

V1VIA.M,  VINCENT,  a  celebrated  Ital- 
ian mathematician,  was  born,  in  1622,  at 
Florence;  was  the  last  pupil  of  Galileo, 
and  was  also  instructed  by  Torricelli ; 
became  geometrician  aid  chief  engineer  to 
the  duke  of  Tuscany,  and  a  member  of 
various  learned  bodies,  and  died  in  1703. 
He  restored  a  part  of  the  lost  works  of 
Aristeus  and  Apollonius;  and  wrote  some 
valuable  mathematical  treatises. 

VOET,  or  VOETIUS,  GISBF.RT, 
Dutch  theologian,  was  born,  in  1593,  at 
lleusden ;  became  professor  of  theology 
End  the  oriental  language*  at  Utrecht;  and 


VOL 

distinguished  himself  by  his  intolerance 
against  the  Arminians,  and  Ins  hostility  tc 
Cocceius  and  Descartes,  the  latter  of  whom 
le  accused  of  being  a  disguised  Jesuit  and 
in  atheist.  His  partisans  were  called 
Voetians,  in  opposition  to  die  Cocceians, 
\\h'.»  espoused  the  cause  of  Cocceius.  He 
died  in  1677.  His  numerous  works  are 
low  nearly  forgotten. 

.VOISENON,  CLAUDIUS  HENRY  FU- 
SEE DE,  a  French  dramatist  and  miscella- 
neous writer, was  born,  in  1708, near  Melun  ; 
was  educated  for  the  church,  and  became 
grand  vicar  to  the  bishop  of  Boulogne,  on 
vhose  decease  he  very  properly  refused 
he  bishopric  because  he  deemed  himself 
in  lit  for  the  episcopal  office;  spent  his  life 
in  literary  pursuits,  in  conviviality,  and  in 
licentiousness;  and  died  in  1775.  Among 
lis  works  are,  Comedies;  and  Fugitive 
Poetry. 

VOITURE,  VINCENT,  a  French  wit 
and  poet,  was  the  son  of  a  winemerchant, 
and  was  born,  in  1598,  at  Amiens.  Hia 
manners  and  talents  conciliated  to  him  the 
kindness  of  the  great,  and  he  became  a 
favourite  at  the  hotel  de  Rambouillet  and 
it  court.  Gaston,  duke  of  Orleans,  was 
much  attached  to  him,  and  made  him  his 
master  of  the  ceremonies.  Under  the  ad- 
ministration of  Cardinal  Mazarin,  Voiture 
was  in  the  zenith  of  his  reputation,  and 
enjoyed  large  pensions  ;  but  women  and 
gambling  kept  him  poor.  In  private  life 
tiis  character  was  amiable.  His  best  poem 
is  an  Epistle  to  the  Prince  of  Conde.  Hig 
Letters,  which  were  once  considered  ai 
inimitable,  are  now  almost  wholly  neg- 
lected. 

VOLNEY,      CONSTANTINE      FRANCIS 

CHASSEBCEUF,  count  de,  an  eminent 
French  writer,  was  born,  in  1757,  at 
Craon,  in  Britanny.  He  was  educated  at 
Angers,  and  for  three  years  studied  medi- 
cine at  Paris;  but  coming  into  possession 
of  a  small  estate  he  was  enabled  to  indulge 
his  ardent  desire  of  Travelling.  He  spent 
three  years  in  Syria  and  Egypt;  and  on 
his  return  published,  in  1787,  his  Travels, 
which  established  his  reputati  MI.  He  was 
elected  a  member  of  the  stutes  general; 
was  confined  for  ten  months  during  the 
reign  of  terror;  was  appointed  professor 
of  history  at  the  Normal  school  in  1794; 
and  in  1795  made  a  voyage  to  the  United 
States,  whence  he  did  not  return  till  1798. 
Napoleon  created  him  a  senator  and  a 
count.  In  all  circumstances,  however, 
Volney  was  a  friend  of  freedom.  He 
died  April  25,  1820.  Among  his  principal 
works  are,  The  Ruins;  Lectures  on  His- 
tory; and  New  Researches  on  AncieiU 
History. 

VOLPATO,  JOHN,  an  em  inert  Italian 
engraver,  was  born,  in  1733,  at  Bassano. 
Till  he  was  wen ty -one  ha  followed  UM 


VOL 

ttade  of  au  embroiderer,  but  he  lubse- 1  he  lived  for  short  periods  at  Geneva  and 
quently,  by  his  own  unaided  efforts,  ac- jollier  places,  and  at  length  purchased  an 
quired  such  perfection  in  engraving  as  estate  at  Ferney,  in  the  Pays  de  Gex,  on 


ranked  him  among  the  best  modenf  artists. 
He  died  in  1802.  Volpato  ia  the  author 
of  The  Principles  of  Design.  Raphael 
Morghen  was  his  pupil  and  son-in-law. 

VOLTA,  ALEXANDER,  a  celebrated 
experimental  philosopher,  who  contributed 
largely  to  the  progress  of  science,  was  of 
a  noble  family,  and  was  born,  in  1745,  at 
Como;  was  for  thirty  years  professor  of 
natural  philosophy  at  Pavia;  was  made  an 
Italian  count  and  senator  by  Napoleon: 
was  a  member  of  many  learned  bodies; 
and  died  March  6,  1826.  Electricity  was 
the  first  object  to  which  Volta  turned  his 
attention ;  and  he  invented  the  perpetual 
electrophorus  and  the  condenser.  But  the 
great  invention  which  immortalizes  his 
name  is  the  Voltaic  pile,  to  which  we  are 
indebted  for  so  many  important  philosoph- 
ical and  chemical  discoveries.  His  works 
form  five  octavo  volumes. 

VOLTAIRE,  MARIE  FRANCIS  AROU- 
ET  DE,  the  most  universal  of  French 
writers,  was  born,  February  20,  1694,  at 


which  he  finally  settled.  There,  in  pos- 
session of  a  large  fortune,  and  surrounded 
by  friends,  he  gave  free  scope  to  his  inde- 
fatigable pen.  In  April,  1778,  he  went 
once  more  to  Paris,  after  an  absence  of 
nearly  thirty  years.  He  was  received  with 
enthusiasm,  his  bust  was  crowned  on  the 
stage,  and  was  placed  by  the  Academi- 
cians next  to  that  of  Corneillc;  but  he  did 
not  long  enjoy  these  honours,  for  he  expir- 
ed on  the  30th  of  May,  and  his  death  ia 
supposed  to  have  been  hastened  by  an 
overdose  of  laudanum,  which  he  took  to 
calm  the  pain  occasioned  by  strangury; 
and  to  procure  sleep,  of  which  he  had  long 
been  deprived.  His  collected  works,  in 
tlie  edition  of  Beanmarchais,  form  seventy 
volume*.  "  He  was,"  says  a  French  au- 
thor, "  one  of  our  greatest  poets;  the  most 
brilliant,  the  moat  elegant,  the  most  fertile, 
of  our  prose  writers.  There  is  not,  in  the 
literature  of  any  country,  either  in  verse 
or  in  prose,  an  author  who  has  written  on 
many  opposite  kinds  of  subjects,  and 


Chatenay,  near  Sceaux,  and  was  educated  i  has  so  constantly  displayed  a  superiority 
with  great  care  at  the  Jesuits'  College  at 
Paris.  One  of  his  tutors  predicted  that  he 
would  be  the  Coryphaeus  of  deism  in  France  ; 
and  the  society  which  the  youthful  poet 
frequented,  elegant,  but  licentious  and 
irreligious,  did  not  tend  to  falsify  the  pre- 
diction. His  father  destined  him  for  the 
magistracy,  but  the  literary  propensity  of 
the  son  was  unconquerable.  In  his  twen- 
ty-second year  he  was  sent  to  the  Bastile, 
by  the  regent,  on  an  unfounded  suspicion 
of  his  being  the  author  of  a  libel,  and, 
while  he  was  in  prison,  he  formed  the  plan 
of  The  Henriade,  and  completed  the  trag- 
edy of  (Edipns.  The  tragedy  wag  repre- 
sented in  1718  with  distinguished  success. 
Two  ethers,  by  which  it  was  succeeded, 
weie  less  fortunate.  A  second  unjust  con- 


in  all  of  them.' 
VONDEL,  JUSTUS  VANDEN,  a  Dutch 

Koet,  was  born,  in  1587,  at  Cologne,  but 
is  parents  settled  in  Holland  while  he  was 
a  child.  He  was  by  trade  a  hosier,  but  he 
left  business  almost  wholly  to  his  wife,  that 
he  might  cultivate  poetry,  and  at  length  he 
obtained  an  office  under  government.  He 
died  in  1697.  He  wrote  thirty-two  trage- 
dies, and  many  poems  ;  and  translated 
Virgil,  Horace,  and  Ovid. 

VON  VISIN,  DENIS  IVANOVITSCH,  a 
Russian  dramatist  and  miscellaneous  wri- 
ter, was  born,  in  1745,  at  Moscow;  and 


and 
He 


died    in    1792,    counsellor   of  state, 
member  of   the    Russian   Academy, 
wrote   Comedies;    Poems;    Letters;    and 
Callisthenes,  a  Greek  tale;  and  translated 


finement  in  the  Bastile  induced  him  to  takes  various    works    from    the    German    ana 


up 


residence    in    England    for   three 


years,  where  he  was  favourably  received  by 
many  illustrious  characters,  and  obtained 
a  large  subscription  for  The  Henriade.  In 
1728  lie  returned  to  France,  and  between 
that  year  and  1749  he  produced  his  trage- 
dies of  Zara,  Alzira,  Mahomet,  Meropf , 
and  many  other  works;  was  admitted  into 
the  French  Academy;  and  was  appointed 


French. 

VOSS,  JOHN  HENRY,  a  German  poet 
and  critic,  was  born,  in  1751,  at  Sommers- 
dorf,  and  was  educated  at  Gottingen.  In 
1775  he  began  to  edit  the  Almanac  of  the 
Muses,  and  he  conducted  it  till  1800.  He 
was  appointed  rector  of  the  college  of  Ot- 
tendorf,  in  1778,  whence  he  was  removed 
to  fill  the  same  office  at  Eutin.  At  the 


atter    place    he    remained    for    three  and 
twenty  years.     The  grand  duke  of  Baden 


gentleman  of  the  king's   chamber  in  ordi 

it.iry,  and   historiographer  of  France.     In 

1750  he  accepted  the  invitation  of  the  king  invited  him,  in   1805,  to   Heidelburg,  and 

of  Prussia    to   Berlin.     For   a    while    the  i  he  diet!  there  in  1826.    Voss  wrote  Louisa, 

sovereign  and  the  poet  were  on  the  most!  a    poem;     Idylls;     Miscellaneous   Poems, 

amicable  terms ;  but  in   1753  tlu-ir  friend-'  Letters  on  Mythology;   and  other  works; 

ihip  was  broken,  and  Voltaire  quitted   the  and  translated  Homer,  Hesiod,  Theocritus, 

Prussian    dominions.       Paris,     in     COMSO-  Virgil,  Horace,  and  several  other   Greek 

quanee    of  the   intrigues    of  his    enemies,  and  Roman  poets. 

oeing  no  longer  an  eligible  aboda  for  him,       VOSSIU8,  GERARD  JOHN,  tin  emiiwnl 


600  WA* 

critic  and  philologist,  was  born,  hi  1577, 
near  Heidelberg;  studied  at  Dort  and 
Leydcn ;  was  removed  from  the  professor- 
ship of  rhetoric  and  chronology  at  Leyden, 
in  consequence  of  his  favouring  the  Re- 
monstrants; obtained  a  pretend  in  Can- 
terbury Cathedral,  through  the  influence  of 
Laud,  with  a  dispensation  from  residence 
in  England ;  and  Jied,  in  16S3,  professor 
of  history  at  Amsterdam.  His  works  form 
six  volumes  folio. 

VOSSIUS,  ISAAC,  son  of  the  foregoing, 
was  born,  in  1618,  at  Leyden,  and  acquired 
reputation  by  publishing,  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one,  an  edition  of  the  Periplus  of 
Scylax,  with  a  Latin  version  and  notes. 
After  having  resided  for  some  time  at 
Stockholm,  to  which  capital  he  was  in- 
vited by  Christina,  and  subsequently  in 


WAR 

bis  own  country,  he  settled  in  Englnd,  ffe 
1670,  and  was  made  canon  of  Windsor. 
He  died  in  1688.  His  works  are  numer- 
ous, and  bear  ample  testimony  to  hit 
learning.  He  was  rude  in  his  manners, 
sceptical  as  to  religion,  but  of  boundless 
credulity  in  all  other  matters.  Charles  II. 
said  of  him  that  he  believed  every  thing 
but  the  Bible. 

VOUET,  SIMON,  a  French  painter,  was 
born,  in  1582,  at  Paris;  learned  the  rudi- 
ments of  art  from  his  father,  \vho  was  also 
a  painter;  resided  for  several  years  in 
Italy;  was  recalled  by  Louis  XIII.,  who 
employed  him  in  the  Louvre  and  Luxem- 
burgh  palaces;  and  died  in  1649.  Lebrun, 
Le  Sueur,  Mignard,  and  other  eminent 
artists,  were  his  pupils. 


WADHAM,  NICHOLAS,  the  founder  of 
the  college  which  bears  his  name  at  Ox- 
ford, was  born,  about  1536,  in  Somerset- 
shire, and  was  educated  at  Christ  Church 
College.  He  died  in  1610;  and  the  semi- 
nary to  the  establishment  of  which  he 
devoted  a  large  part  of  his  fortune  was 
completed  in  1613. 

WAILLY,  NOEL  FRANCIS  DE,  a 
French  lexicographer  and  grammarian, 
was  born,  in  1724,  at  Amiens;  settled  at 
Paris  as  a  teacher;  became  a  member  of 
the  Institute;  and  died  in  1S01.  He  pub- 
lished an  Abridgment  of  the  Dictionary 
of  the  Academy:  General  and  Particular 
Principles  of  the  French  Language;  and 
other  works;  and  edited  various  classical 
authors. 

WAILLY,  CHARLES  DK,  an  eminent 
architect,  was  born,  in  1729,  at  Paris; 
studied  his  art  under  Blondel,  Lejay,  and 
Servandoni,  and  at  Rome;  was  a  member 
of  the  Institute,  and  the  founder  of  the 
society  of  the  Friend?  of  the  Arts;  and 
died  in  1798.  His  principal  woiks  are, 
the  Spinola  palace  at  Genoa,  the  mansion 
of  Ormcs  in  Touraine,  and  the  hotel  of 
Argenson,  and  the  Odeon  at  Paris.  The 
Odeon  was  the  joint  production  of  Wailly 
and  Peyre. 

WAKE,  WILLIAM,  a  learned  and  pious 
prelate,  was  born,  in  1627,  at  Bland  ford, 
in  Dorsetshire ;  and  was  educated  at  Christ 
Church,  Oxford.  After  leaving  college, 
lie  was  successively  chaplain  to  the  P>i  iii>h 
embassy  at  Paris,  preacher  at  Gray's  Inn, 
king's  chaplain  to  William  III.,  and  dep- 
uty clerk  of  the  closet,  rector  of  St  Jaine.-'^ 
Westminster,  and  dean  of  Exeter.  He  also 
distinguished  himself  as  a  controversialist 
against  tb«  Catholic*,  particularly  in  teply 


to  Bossuet,  and  had  the  rare  merit  ot  con- 
troverting without  acrimony.  In  1705  he 
was  raised  to  the  see  of  Lincoln,  whence, 
'  in  1716,  he  was  translated  to  Canterbury, 
j  He  died  in  1737.  Wake  endeavoured  to 
;  promote  a  union  of  the  English  and  Gal- 
i  lican  churches;  a  well-meant  measure,  for 
j  which  he  was  grossly  calumniated.  Among 
;  his  works  are,  Sermons;  an  Exposition  of 
!  the  Catechism  ;  and  a  version  of  the  Epis- 
tles of  the  Apostolical  Fathers. 


WAKEFIELD,  GILBERT,  a   scholar 

and  critic,  was  born,  in  1756,  at  Notting- 
ham, and  was  educated  at  Jesus  College, 
Oxford.  After  having  been  a  curate  at 
Stockport,  and  also  near  Liverpool,  he 
quitted  the  church,  and  became  classical 
tutor  at  the  Warrington  Dissenting  Acad- 
emy. In  1790  he  was  appointed  to  the 
same  office  in  Hackney  College,,  but  held 
it  only  a  year.  Being  a  warm  friend  to 
the  French  revolution,  and  as  warmly  hos- 
tile to  the  war  against  the  republic,  he 
took  a  decided  part  in  the  angrv  politic! 
of  that  disturbed  period.  In  179S  he  wa» 
prosecuted  for  i»  Uet.lv  to  the  Bwbop  of 


WAL 

LlandafPs  Address  to  the  People  of  Great 
Britain,  and  was  sentenced  to  an  impris- 
onment of  two  years  in  Dorchester  Gaol. 
During  his  captivity  a  subscription  amount- 
ing to  five  thousand  pounds  was  raised  for 
him.  He  died  in  1801,  soon  after  his 
liberation.  Among  his  works  are,  his  own 
Memoirs;  a  translation  of  the  New  Tes- 
tament; Silva  Critica;  a  Reply  to  Paine's 
Age  of  Reason ;  and  editions  of  various 
classics,  and  of  Pope's  Homer. 

WALES,  WILLIAM,  a  mathematician 
and  astronomer,  was  born  about  1734; 
went  to  Hudson's  Bay  in  1769  to  observe 
the  transit  of  Venus;  accompanied  Captain 
Cook  in  two  voyages  round  the  world ; 
and  died,  in  1798,  mathematical  master 
at  Christ's  Hospital,  and  secretary  to  the 
board  of  longitude.  Among  his  works  are, 
Astronomical  Observations  in  the  Southern 
Hemisphere;  a  treatise  on  the  Discovery 
of  the  Longitude  by  means  of  Timepieces; 


WAL 


601 


and   an    Inquiry    into   the    Population    of 
England  and  Wi 


rales. 


WALKER,  CLEMENT,  a  political  wri- 
ter of  the  seventeenth  century,  was  born  at 
ClilTe,  in  Dorsetshire;  was  educated  at 
Christ  Church,  Oxford ;  and  became  M.  P. 
for  Wells.  Being  a  zealous  presbyterian, 
he  was  violently  hostile  to  the  Indepen- 
dents, against  whom  he  published,  in  1648, 
A  History  of  Independency.  He  also  at- 
tacked the  protector  in  a  treatise  called 
Cromwell's  Slaughter  House.  He  was  com- 
mitted to  the  Tower,  and  died  therein  1651. 

WALKER,  GEOKGK,  an  Irish  divine, 
was  born,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  in 
the  county  of  Tyrone;  was  educated  at 
the  university  of  Glasgow;  and  became 
rector  of  Donoghmore.  When  James  II. 
invaded  Ireland,  Walker  raised  a  regi- 
ment, and  successfully  defended  London- 
derry against  him,  alter  the  governor  had 
abandoned  his  pos...  He  was  nominated 
bishop  of  Derry,  but  was  killed  soon  after 
at  the  battle  of"  the  Boync.  He  wrote  an 
Account  of  the  Siege. 

WALKER,  ADAM,  an  astronomical 
lecturer  ami  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
born,  in  1731,  in  Westmoreland,  and  very 
early  displayed  a  turn  for  mechanics. 
While  following  his  father's  business  of  a 
woollen  manufacturer,  he  used  to  amuse 
himself  with  making  models  of  mills.  He 
was,  in  succession,  an  usher,  a  mathemati- 
cal teacher,  a  tradesman,  and  the  master 
of  an  academy ;  and  at  last  became,  and 
continued  through  life,  a  highly  popular 
ecturer  on  astronomy.  He  died  February 
11, 1821.  Among  his  works  are,  A  System 
}f  Familial  Philosophy;  Lectures  on  Ex- 
perimental Philosophy;  A  Treatise  on 
Geography;  and  two  Tours. 

WALKER,  JOHN, a  lexicographer,  was 
born,  in  1732,  at  Friern  Barnet,  in  Hert- 
fordshire ;  was,  at  first,  muter  of  an 


academy,  and,  subsequently,  *  lecturer  ua 
elocution;  and  died  in  1807.  His  princi- 
pal works  are,  A  Pronouncing  Dictionary; 
a  Rhyming  Dictionary;  Elements  of  Elo- 
cution ;  and  a  Rhetorical  Grammar. 

WALKER,  JOHN,  a  physician  and  geo- 
graphical writer,  was  born,  in  1759,  at 
Cockermouth,  and  died  June  23,  1880V 
This  singular  character  passed  through  the 
various  occupations  of  engraver,  smith , 
one  of  the  crew  of  a  privateer,  school- 
master, and  medical  practitioner  In  the 
latter  capacity  he  contributed  greatly  to 
diffuse  vaccination,  and  at  the  time  of  his 
decease  he  was  at  the  head  of  the  Vaccine 
Institution.  He  published  a  Gazetteer 
and  Atlas. 

WALL,  JOHN,  a  physician,  was  born, 
in  1708,  at  Powick,  in  Worcestershire; 
was  educated  at  Worcester  Grammar 
School,  and  at  Merton  College,  Oxford; 
settled  at  Worcester  as  a  medical  practi- 
tioner; and  died  in  1776.  Wall  first  made 
known  the  virtues  of  the  Malvern  waters, 
and  he  contributed"  to  establish  the  porce- 
lain manufactory  at  Worcester. 

WALLACE,  Sir  WILLIAM,  a  Scottish 
patriot  and  hero,  the  younger  son  of  Sir 
Malcolm  Wallace  of  Ellerslie,  in  Renfrew- 
shife,  was  born  in  1276.  Indignant  at 
seeing  his  country  enslaved  by  Edward  I. 
he  resolved  to  undertake  its  liberation. 
His  success  at  the  head  of  a  small  band  of 
followers  induced  many  of  the  barons  to 
join  him,  and  he  gained  a  splendid  victory 
over  Earl  Warenne,  at  Cambuskenneth. 
He  was  appointed  regent,  but  his  elevation 
having  excited  jealousy  among  the  nobles, 
he  resigned  the  office.  The  defeat  of  the 
Scots,  at  Falkirk,  compelled  Wallace  to 
resort  to  his  original  system  of  predatory 
warfare,  and  for  seven  years  he  continued 
to  harass  the  invaders;  but,  in  1305,  he 
was  betrayed  into  the  hands  of  Edward  bj 
Sir  John  Monteith,  and  the  monarch  stained 
his  character  by  executing  his  captive  as  a 
traitor. 

WALLEIVSTEIN,  WALSTEIN,  :' 
WALDSTEIN,  ALBKRT  VKNCK 'LAUS 
EUSKBIUS,  duke  of  Friedland,  a  celebra- 
ted German  general,  was  born,  in  1583,  in 
Bohemia,  and  began  life  as  page  to  the 
margrave  of  Burgau,  son  of  the  archduke 
Ferdinand.  After  having  travelled  over 
nearly  the  whole  of  Europe,  he  married  a 
widow  possessed  of  immense  riches,  who 
left  him  a  widower  at  the  end  of  four  years. 
At  the  head  of  a  formidable  army  raised  by 
him  for  the  service  of  the  emperor,  and 
paid  from  his  own  resources  and  from  un- 
limited plunder,  he,  for  several  years,  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  successes  in  Mor- 
avia, Bohemia,  and  Northern  Germany, 
and  was  rewarded  with  the  dukedoms  of 
Mecklenburgh  and  Friedland.  His  ene- 
mies at  length  succeeded  in  procuring  hit 


102 


WAL 


WAL 


dismission,  and  he  retired  to  Prague,  where  WALLERIUS,  JOHIC  GOTTSCHALK, 
he  lived  with  all  the  state  of  a  soxerrign.  A  Swedish  naturalist,  was  born,  in  1709, 
The  progress  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  o»m-  in  the  district  of  Aecke,  and  died,  in  1905, 
polled  the  emperor,  in  1632,  to  place  Wai-  professor  of  chemistry,  metallurgy,  and 
lenstein  again  in  command  of  his  force?,  pharmacy,  at  the  university  of  Upsaf.  His 
with  i-linust  regal  authority.  He  foiled  countrymen  consider  him  to  have  been  one 
Gustavus  at  Nmeml>erg,  but  was  defeated  of  those  who,  in  the  eighteenth  century, 
at  Leipsie.  At  length  he  was  accused  of  contributed  the  most  to  the  diffusion  of 
treason,  and  his  commission  was  revoked;  science  and  literature  among  them.  He 
and,  while  he  was  meditating  projects  of  wrote  several  works  on  mineralogy,  me- 
rcvenge,  he  was  assassinated,  in  1634,  by  tallurgy,  chemistry,  and  agriculture. 
some  of  his  own  officers.  WALLIS,  JOHN,  an  eminent  mathema- 

WALLER,  Sir  WILLIAM,  an  eminent!  tician  and  divine,  was  born,  in  1616,  at 
parliamentary  general,  was  born,  in  1597,  Ashford,  in  Kent;  was  educated  at  Ema- 
in  Kent,  und  was  educated  at  Magdalen  j  nuel  College,  Cambridge;  obtained,  in 
College  and  Hart  Hall,  Oxford.  On  his1  1643,  the  living  of  St.  Gabriel,  Fenchurch 
returning  from  serving  as  a  volunteer  in  (Street;  was  chosen,  in  1649,  Savilian  pro- 
Germany,  against  the  emperor,  he  was'fessor  of  geometry  at  Oxford;  was  made 
elected  "for  Andover  as  a  member  of  the  I  keeper  of  the  archives  there,  in  1658;  re- 
Long  Parliament.  He  opposed  the  court,,  tained  his  offices  at  the  Restoration,  and 
and,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  war,  was]  was  appointed  one  of  the  royal  chaplains; 


made  second  in  command  under  the  earl  of 
Essex.      He   fought  chiefly  in  the  west  of 


was   one  of  the  earliest   members   of  the 
Royal  Societ    ;   and  died  in  1703.     Wallis 


England,  and  with  varied  fortune.  The  j  had  consummate  skill  in  the  art  of  deci- 
felf-denying  ordinance  excluded  him  from  phering,  and  his  talents  were  much  called 
service,  and  he  became  so  much  an  object!  into  use  by  the  republican  and  succeeding 
of  suspicion  to  the  republicans,  that  he  was!  regal  governments.  He  WHS  also  one  of 
twice  imprisoned.  He  died  in  1668.  Hej  the  first  who  gave  the  power  of  speech  to 
wrote  Divine  Meditations;  and  a  Vindica-  the  deaf  and  dumb.  As  a  mathematician 


tion  of  his  conduct. 


his  fame  stands  high  both  in  England  and 


WALLER,  EDMUND,   an  elegant  poet,]  on  the  continent.     His  mathematical  works 
the  son   of  a  Buckinghamshire   gentleman  |  form   three   volumes,  and   his  theological  a 
of  large   fortune,  was    born,    in    1603,  at  fourth. 
Coleshill,  in  Warwickshire,  and  was  edu-        WAL\,  ROBERT,  a  miscellaneous  wri- 


cated  at  Eton,  and  at  King's  College, 
Cambridge.  In  his  sixteenth  or  seven- 
teenth year  he  sat  in  parliament,  and  in  his 
eighteenth  he  began  to  display  his  poetical 
talent*.  His  already  large  fortune  he  in- 
creased by  a  marriage  with  a  rich  heiress, 
who  soon  left  him  a  widower,  and  lie  then 
unsuccessfully  paid  court  to  Lady  Dorothea 
Sidney,  the  Sacharissa  of  his  verses.  In 
the  Long  Parliament  he  was  a  moderate 
opponent  of  the  court,  and  he  was  one  of 
the  commissioners  appointed  to  treat  with 
the  king  at  Oxford.  He  was  either  already 
a  secret  royalist,  or  was  converted  by  his 
:1tercourse  with  the  monarch;  for,  soon 

jter  his  visit  to  Oxford,  he  entered  into  a 
Conspiracy  against  the  house  of  commons, 
.t  was  discovered;  but  Waller  saved  his 
life :  though  at  the  expense  of  such  cow- 
»rdice,  treachery,  and  cunning,  as  tho- 

•oughly  disgraced  him.  He  was  fined  tea 
thousand  pounds,  and  banished.  Cromwell, 
however,  permitted  him  to  return,  and 
treated  him  with  favour;  and  the  gratitude 
of  the  poet  was  displayed  by  a  splendid 
panegyric,  and,  rubsequently,  by  the  less 
'jiiestionable  tribute  of  an  elegy 

leatli  of  the  protector.     During  the  reigi 
of  Charles  II.  and  James  II.  he  was  highly 


elegv   on    the 


distinguished   at   court,  und   was  generally 


admired  for  hi*  abilities  and  his  wit. 
died  in  16*7. 


ter,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  and  was 
liberally  educated,  but  adopted  no  profes- 
sion. He  was  the  author  of  The  Hermit 
in  Philadelphia,  a  satire;  The  American 
Bards,  a  satire;  Sisyphi  Opus,  or  Touches 
at  the  Times;  a  History  of  China;  some 
of  the  lives  in  the  Biography  of  the  Signers 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence ;  a  Life 
of  Lafayette ;  and  an  account  of  the  Quaker 
Hospital  at  Frankford,  near  Philadelphia. 
He  died  in  1824,  at  the  age  of  thirty-one. 
WALPOLE,  ROBERT,  earl  of  Oxford, 
a  statesman,  was  born,  in  1676,  at  Hough* 
tf\n,  his  father's  seat,  in  Norfolk,  and  was 
educated  at  Eton,  and  at  King's  College, 
Cambridge.  He  first  sat  in  parliament, 
in  1701,  as  member  for  Castle  Rising;  but 
in  the  following  year  he  was  elected  for 
Lynn,  which  he  thenceforth  continued  to 
re'present.  A?  a  senator  he  soon  distin- 
guished himself  among  the  whigs.  In  1708 
he  was  appointed  secretary  at  war;  in 
1709,  treasurer  of  the  navy;  and  in  1710 
one  of  the  managers  of  Sacheverell's  trial; 
but,  on  the  triumph  of  the  lories,  he  lost 
his  offices,  and  was  expelled  the  house,  and 
committed  to  the  Tower,  on  an  unproved 
charge  of  breach  of  trust  und  corruption. 
The  accession  of  George  I.  restored  the 
ascendancy  of  Walpole's  party,  and  he 


He!  was   made   paymaster  of  the   forces,  and, 
'subsequently,    primp    minister.      Dispute* 


WAI. 

with  his  colleagues,  however,  induced  him 
to  resign,  in  1717,  and  he  remained  in  op- 
position till  1720,  when  he  once  more 
became  paymaster  of  the  forces.  On  the 
retirement  of  Lord  Sundcrland,  Walpole 
was  again  raised  to  the  high  situation  of 
premier,  and  that  situation  he  retained  for 
two  and  twenty  years,  in  spite  of  incessant 
attacks  from  political  enemies  of  splendid 
talents.  To  maintain  peace  was  one  of  the 
main  objects  of  his  administration.  In 
1742  he  resigned,  and  was  created  earl  of 
Orford.  He  died  in  1745.  "  The  pru- 
dence, steadiness,  and  vigilance  of  that 
man,  joined  to  the  greatest  lenity  in  his 
character  and  politics  (says  Burke),  pre- 
served the  crown  to  this  royal  family;  and 
with  it,  their  laws  and  liberties  to  this 
country." 

WALPOLE,  HORATIO,  lord,  brother 
of  the  foregoing,  was  born  in  1678;  held 
various  offices  under  the  government;  was 
employed  as  ambassador  to  France  and 
Holland;  was  created  a  peer  in  1756;  and 
died  in  1757.  He  wrote  an  answer  to 
Bolingbroke's  Letters  on  History;  and 
some  political  pamphlets. 

WALPOLE,  HORACE,  earl  of  Orford, 
the  youngest  son  of  Sir  Robert,  a  man  of  j 
varied  and  brilliant  talents,  was  born  in 
1718,  and  was  educated  at  Eton,  and  at 
King's  College,  Cambridge.  In  1741  he 
entered  parliament  as  member  for  Calling- 
'on,  and  he  afterwards  represented  Castle 
Rising  and  Lynn.  He  was  a  steady  whig 
and  an  independent  senator,  but  took  no  j 
active  part  in  the  business  of  the  legisla- 
ture; and  in  1768  retired  wholly  from  it. 
Literature  and  v  irtu  were  the  great  occu- 
pations of  his  life;  and  much  of  his  exist-  j 
ence  was  dedicated  to  embellishing  his 
villa  at  Strawberry  Hill,  near  Twickeiv- 
im:n,  and  forming  a  collection  there.  At  j 
Mat  place  he  also  established  a  private 
press,  and  printed  several  works.  In  1791 
he  succeeded  to  the  eaildom;  an  accession  | 
of  dignity  which  he  would  ha\e  been  glad 
to  have  avoided.  He  died  in  1797.  His 
works  form  several  volumes  in  quarto,  j 
independent  of  his  numerous  Letters. 

\VAl.SL\GHAM,  Sir  FRANCIS,  an! 
eminent  statesman,  was  born,  in  1536,  at 
Chiselhurst,  in  Kent;  was  educated  at 
King's  College,  Cambridge ;  and  acquired 
a  knowledge  of  men  and  modern  languages  ; 
bv  foreign  travel.  After  having  been  am- 
bassador to  France,  he  was,  in  1573,  ap- 
pointed one  of  the  secretaries  of  state,  and 
was  knighted.  In  1581  he  was  a  se.-ond 
time  «ent  to  France,  and  in  1583  to  Scot- 
land As  a  minister  he  was  active  and 
vigilrii.t,  but  his  policy  was  of  the  Machi- 
avelian  character,  which  cannot  honestly 
be  pi  rsed.  In  the  final  proceedings  against 
Mar)  jneen  of  Scots  he  acted  a  conspicu- 
ous j*rt  He  died  poor  in  15,90.  The 


WAL 


603 


paper?  relatire  to  kis  second  negotiation* 
in  France  were  published  by  Sir  Dudley 
Digges,  in  1665,  with  the  title  of  The  Com- 
plete Ambassador. 

WALTER,  JOHN  THEOPHILUS,  a 
celebrated  German  anatomist,  was  born,  in 
1734,  at  Koenigsberg;  studied  at  Frankfort 
on  the  Oder;  l>ecame  professor  of  anatomy 
and  midwifery  at  Berlin;  and  died  in 
1818.  He  performed  more  than  eight 
thousand  dissections,  and  formed  a  cabinet 
consisting  of  nearly  three  thousand  highly 
interesting  anatomical  subjects.  Among 
his  works  are,  Anatomical  Observations; 
and  Treatises  on  Myology,  Osteology,  and 
Neurology. 


WALTON,  IZAAK,  was  born,  in  1593, 
at  Stafford,  and  kept  a  linen  draper's  shop 
in  London,  first  in  the  Royal  Exchange, 
and  lastly  in  Fleet  Street,  at  the  corner  of 
Chancery  Lane.  About  1643  he  quitted 
the  metropolis,  and  he  died  at  Winchester 
in  1683.  His  Complete  Angler  has  long 
afforded  delight  not  only  to  those  who  are 
fond  of  angling,  but  to  general  readers  of 
taste,  and  has  passed  through  numerous 
editions.  His  Lives  of  Hooker,  Sanderson, 
Wotton,  Donne,  and  Herbert,  exhibit  him 
in  a  highly  favourable  light  as  a  biogra- 
pher. Wordsworth  says  of  them, 

The  feather  whence  the  pen 
Was  shaped  that  traced  the  lives  of  these 

good  men 
Dropped  from  an  angel'*  wing. 

At  a  very  advanced  age  Walton  published, 
under  the  name  of  Chalkhill,  Thealma  and 
Clearchus,  a  Pastoral  History. 

WALTON,  BRIAN,  a  divine  and  orien- 
tal scholar,  was  born,  in  1600,  at  Seymour 
in  Cleveland,  Yorkshire;  was  educated 
at  Peter  House,  Cambridge ;  obtained  con- 
siderable ecclesiastical  preferment,  ot  which 
he  was  deprived  during  the  civil  wars; 
published  in  1657  his  Polyglott  Bible;  and 
was  made  bishop  of  Chester  at  the  Restor- 
ation, but  died,  shortly  after,  in  1661. 
He  wrote  Introductio  ad  Lectionem  Lin- 
guaruin  Orientalium;  a  Defence  of  th« 
Polyglott  Bible;  nnd  a  pamphlet  on  litht* 


ifc4  WAR 

W ALTON,  GEOROK,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  hern  in  Frederick  county,  Virginia, 
about  the  year  17-10.  He  was  early  ap- 
prenticed to  a  carj>enter,  but  at  the  expira- 
tion of  his  apprenticeship  lie  removed  to 
Georgia  and  entered  the  office  of  an  attor- 
ney at  law.  In  1776  he  was  elected  to  the 
cont  nental  congress.  At  the  siege  of 
Savannah  he  was  wounded  and  taken  pris- 
oner, but  was  exchanged  in  September, 
1779.  In  the  following  month  he  was 
appointed  governor  of  the  state,  and  in  the 
succeeding  January  was  elected  a  member 
of  congress  for  two  years. 

WAKBURTON,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent 
prelate  and  writer,  was  born,  in  1698,  at 
Newark.  After  having  been  educated  at 
Okeham  and  Newark  schools,  he  served 
his  clerkship  to  an  attornev,  and  was 
admitted  to  practice.  Tiring,  however,  of 
the  law,  he  turned  to  the  church,  and  took 
deacon's  orders  in  1723.  In  1726  he  ob- 
tained the  vicarage  of  Greasley,  and  in 
1729  the  rectory  of  Brant  Broughton. 
Between  1723  and  1729  he  published  Mis- 
cellaneous Translations,  An  Inquiry  into 
the  Causes  of  Prodigies  and  Miracles,  and 
a  Treatise  on  the  Legal  Judicature  of 
Chancery.  These  were  preludes  to  his 
great  works,  The  Alliance  between  Church 
and  State,  which  appeared  in  1738,  and 
the  first  volume  of  his  Divine  Legation, 
which  was  given  to  the  world  in  1738. 
His  Vindication  of  Pope's  Essay  on  Man 
acquired  for  him  the  friendship  of  that 
poet,  who  introduced  him  to  Mr.  Allen, 
of  Bath,  and  thus  laid  the  foundation  of 
his  fortune.  He  rose  successively  to  be 
king's  chaplain,  prebend  of  Durham,  dean 
of  Bristol,  and  bishop  of  Gloucester;  to 
the  last  of  these  dignities  he  attained  in 
1759.  He  died  in  1779.  His  original 
works  were  collected  in  six  quarto  volumes 
by  his  friend  Bishop  Hurd.  The  talents 
of  Wai  burton  were  great;  his  erudition 
was  still  greater;  and  his  vanity  and  arro- 
gance were  in  full  proportion  to  his  abili- 
ties and  learning. 

WARD,  SETH,  a  prelate  and  mathema- 
tician, was  born,  in  1618,  at  Buntingford; 
was  educated  at  Sidney  College,  Cam- 
bridge; became  Savilian  professor  of  as- 
tionomy;  was  made  bishop  of  Exeter  in 
1662,  whence,  in  1677,  he  was  translated 
to  Salisbury;  and  died  in  1689.  He  wrote 
various  mathematical  works;  Sermons;  a 
Treatise  against  Hobbes;  and  a  Philoso- 
phical Essay  on  the  Being  and  Attributes 
of  God,  the  Immortality  of  the  Soul,  fee. 

WARE,  Sir  JAMES, an  Irish  antiquary, 
was  born,  in  1604,  at  Dublin;  and  was 
educated  at  Trinity  College,  in  that  city; 
succeeded  his  father,  in  1632,  as  auditor 
general,  and  secretary  to  the  lords  justices; 
VM  elected  representative  for  hi»  native 


WAR 

place,  and  made  one  of  the  privy  council; 
was  an  active  partisan  or  the  earl  of 
Strafford  and  of  Charles  I.;  was  twice  a 
captive  to  the  parliament;  resided  in 
France  for  some  years  after  his  lilieration  ; 
accompanied  Charles  II.  to  England,  aim 
was  restored  to  his  posts;  and  died  in 
1666.  Among  his  principal  work."  are, 
De  Scriptoribus  Hibernia;;  De  Hibernia 
et  ejus  Antiqnitatibus  Disquisitiones;  Re- 
ruin  Hibernicarum  Annales;  and  De  Praes- 
ulibus  Hibernhe. 

WARE,  JAMES,  an  eminent  surgeon 
and  oculist,  was  born,  about  1756,  at  Ports- 
mouth, and  was  apprenticed  to  Mr.  Karr, 
surgeon  of  the  king's  dockyard  at  that 
place.  After  having  been  demonstrator 
under  Dr.  Collignon,  professor  of  anatomy 
at  Cambridge,  he  formed  a  partnership, 
in  the  metropolis,  with  Mr.  Wathen,  which 
continued  till  1791.  Subsequent  to  that 
period  he  practised  on  his  own  account, 
and  ranked  high  among  British  surgeons. 
He  died  in  1815.  Among  his  works  are, 
Observations  on  Opthalmy;  Remarks  on 
Fistula  Lachrymalis;  and  Chirurgical  Ob- 
servations. 

WARING,  EDWARD,  a  mathematician, 
was  born,  in  1734,  at  Fitz,  in  Shropshire ; 
was  educated  at  Shrewsbury  free  school, 
and  at  Magdalen  College,  Cambridge; 
was  chosen  Lucasian  professor  at  the  age 
of  twenty-five;  became  a  fellow  of  the 
Royal  Society,  and  member  of  the  board 
of  longitude;  and  died  in  1798.  lie  wrote 
Miscellanea  Analytica;  Meditationes  An- 
alytica);  Meditationes  Algebraicte ;  and 
An  Essay  on  the  principles  of  Human 
Knowledge. 

WARREN,  Sir  JOHN  BORLASE,  an 
eminent  naval  officer,  was  born,  in  1754, 
in  Cornwall;  entered  the  naval  service  at 
an  early  age  from  Winchester  school ;  and 
completed  his  education  subsequently  at 
Emanuel  College,  Cambridge.  During  the 
American  war  he  performed  several  gal- 
lant actions,  and  rose  to  the  rank  of  post 
captain.  In  the  two  wars  of  the  French 
revolution,  he  equally  distinguished  him- 
self; particularly  in  capturing  the  Hoche 
and  six  frigates;  and  he  attained  the  rank 
of  admiral  in  1810.  After  the  peace  of 
Amiens,  he  was  appointed  ambassador  to 
Russia,  in  which  post  he  remained  till 
1805.  He  sat  in  parliament  in  1774  and 
1780  for  Great  Marlow,  and  in  1796  and 
1802  for  Nottingham.  He  died  February 
27,  1822.  Sir  J.  B.  Wawen  is  the  author 
of  A  View  of  the  Naval  Force  of  Great 
Britain. 

WARREN,  CHARLES,  an  eminent  en- 
graver, died  suddenly,  of  an  enlargement 
of  the  heart,  April  21,  1823.  To  Wan*D 
the  art'  arc  indebted  for  having  brought 
to  perfection  the  process  of  engraving  or 
•teel. 


WAR 

WARREN,  JOSEPH,  a  patriot  of  the 
American  revolution,  was  horn  in  Roxbury, 
near  Boston,  in  1741,  and  was  graduated 
•  t  Harvard  College  in  1759.  He  p 
the  profession  of  medicine,  and  soon  after 
commencing  the  practice,  distinguished 
nimself  by  nis  successful  treatment  of  the 
small  pox.  Early  engaging  in  politics, 
he  obtained  great  influence,  and  rendered 
efficient  service  by  his  writings  and  ad- 
dresses. He  was  twice  elected  to  deliver 
the  oration  in  commemoration  of  the  mas- 
sacre on  the  fifth  of  March.  In  June  1775, 
he  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts, 
of  which  he  was  at  this  time  president, 
made  him  a  major-general  of  their  iorces. 
At  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  he  fought  as 
a  volunteer,  and  was  slain  within  a  few 
yards  of  the  breast  work  as  he  was  among 
the  last  slowly  retiring  from  it.  He  was 
a  man  of  the  most  generous  and  intrepid 
spirit,  much  elegance  of  manners,  and  of 
commanding  eloquence.  His  loss  was 
deeply  felt  and  regretted.  In  1776  his 
remains  were  removed  from  the  battle 
ground,  and  interred  in  Boston. 

WARREN,  JAMES,  was  born  at  Plym- 
outh in  1726,  and  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard College  in  1745.  He  took  an  early 
and  active  part  in  tne  cause  of  the  colonies 
against  the  aggressions  of  the  mother 
country,  was  a  member  of  the  general 
court,  proposed  the  establishment  of  com- 
mittees of  correspondence,  and  after  the 
death  of  general  Warren,  was  appointed 
president  of  the  provincial  congress.  He 
was  afterwards  appointed  a  major  general 
of  the  militia.  On  the  adoption  'of  the 
constitution  of  Massachusetts,  he  was  for 
many  years  speaker  of  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives. He  died  at  Plymouth  in  1808. 

WARREN,  MERCY,  the  wife  of  general 
James  Warren,  was  the  author  of  a  valu- 
able History  of  the  American  Revolution ; 
The  Adulator,  and  the  Group,  two  political 
pieces  before  the  revolution ;  and  a  volume 
of  poems.  She  died  at  Plymouth,  in 
1814. 

WARREN.  JOHN,  a  celebrated  phy- 
sician, was  born,  in  1753,  at  Roxbury, 
Massachusetts,  and  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard College.  He  delivered  the  first  course 
of  lectures  on  anatomy,  ever  giv°u  in  New- 
England,  and  was  appointed  professor  on 
the  foundation  of  Dr.  Hersey.  Through 
life,  he  enjoyed  a  very  high  reputation,  as 
a  physician  and  anatomist.  He  died  in 
1S15. 

WARTON,  JOSEPH,  a  poet  and  critic, 
was  born,  in  172-2,  at  Dunsfold,  in  Surrey; 
was  educated  at  Winchester  school,  and  at 
Oriel  College,  Oxford  ;  took  his  degree  of 
D.  D.  in  1763;  held,  at  various  periods, 
the  living  >  of  Winslade,  Tain  worth,  Thor- 
ley,  Easton.  and  Wick  ham,  and  prebends 
•<  St.  Paul's  and  Winchester,  and  was 
22 


hen  i  i.m-otcr  o:'  Winchester  school  iron; 
1760  tu  1793.  lie  died  iu  isoo.  Me  wrott 
Poems;  and  An  Essay  on  Pope;  contrib- 
uted to  the  Adventurer;  translated  the 
Eclogues  and  G< ••  ,  Baited  the 

works  of  Dryden  and  Pope. 

WARTON,  THOMAS,  a  poet,  critic,  and 
miscellaneous  writer,  brother  of  the  fore- 
going, was  born,  in  1723,  at  Bassingstoke; 
and  was  educated  at  Winchester  "school, 
and  at  Trinity  College,  Oxford.  His  first 
poetical  work  was  The  Triumph  of  Ibis ; 
the  next,  The  Progress  of  Discontent.  As 
a  poet  he  was  much  superior  to  his  brother. 
In  1757  he  was  chosen  poetry  professor  at 
Oxford;  m  1771  obtained  the  living  of 
Kiddington  ;  in  1731  that  of  Hill  Farrance ; 
and  in  1785  was  appointed  Camden  pro- 
fessor of  history  and  poet .  laureat.  He 
died  in  1790.  tiis  principal  works  are, 
Poems  ;  Observations  on  the  Faery  Queen  ; 
and  The  History  of  English  Poetry.  Of 
the  last  work  an  elegant  and  enlarged 
edition  was  published  a  few  years  since  bf 
Mr.  Price. 


WASHINGTON,  GEORGE,  the  illu«. 
trious  founder  of  American  independence, 
was  born,  in  1732,  in  the  county  of  Fair- 
fax, in  Virginia,  where  his  father  was  pos- 
sessed of  great  landed  property.  He  was 
educated  under  the  care  of  a  private  tutor, 
and  paid  much  attention  to  the  study  ol 
mathematics  and  engineering.  He  was 
first  employed  officially  by  General  Din- 
widdie,  m  1753,  in  remonstrating  to  the 
French  commander  on  the  Ohio,  for  the 
infraction  of  the  treaty  between  the  tvro 
nations.  He  subsequently  negotiated  a 
treaty  of  amity  with  the  Indians  on  the 
back  settlements,  and  for  his  honourable 
services  rece-ved  the  thanks  of  the  British 
government.  In  the  unfortunate  expedi- 
tion of  general  Braddock  he  served  as  aid- 
de-camp,  and  on  the  fall  of  that  brave  but 
rash  commander,  he  conducted  the  retreat 
to  the  corps  under  colonel  Dunbar  in  a 
manner  that  displayed  great  military  talent. 
He  retired  from  trie  service  with  the  rank 
of  colonel;  but  while  engaged  in  agricul- 
ture at  his  favourite  seat  of  Mount  Ver- 
non,  he  was  elected  senator  in  the  national 


il  lor  Frederic  county,  and  afterwards 
for  Fairfsx.  At  the  commencement  of  the 
revolutionary  war.  he  was  selected  as  the 
most  proper  person  to  take  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  provincial  troops.  From  the 
moment  of  taking  upon  himself  this  im- 
portant office,  in  June,  1775,  he  employed 
the  great  powers  of  his  mind  to  his  favour- 
ite object,  and  by  his  prudence,  his  valour, 
and  presence  oi  mind  he  deserved  and 
obtained  the  confidence  and  gratitude  of 
his  country,  and  finally  triumphed  over  all 
opposition.  The  record  of  his  services  is 
the  history  of  the  whole  war.  He  joined 
the  army  at  Cambridge  in  July,  1775.  On 
the  evacuation  of  Boston  in  March,  1776, 
he  proceeded  to  New- York.  The  battle 
of  Long  Island  was  fought  on  the  27th  of 
August,  and  the  battle  of  White-plains  on 
the  23th  of  October.  On  the  25th  of 
December  he  crossed  the  Delaware,  and 
soon  gained  the  victories  at  Trenton  and 
Princeton.  The  battle  of  Brandywine  was 
fought  on  September  llth,,  1777;  of  Ger- 
mantown,  October  4th;  of  Monmouth, 
February  23th,  1778.  In  1779  and  1780 
he  continued  in  the  vicinity  of  New- York, 
and  closed  the  important  military  opera- 
tions of  the  war  by  the  capture  of  Corn- 
wallis,  at  Yorktown,  in  1781.  When  the 
independence  of  his  country  was  establish- 
ed by  the  treaty  of  peace,  Washington 
resigned  his  high  office  to  the  congress, 
and,  followed  by  the  applause,  and  the 
grateful  admiration  of  his  fellow  citizens, 
retired  into  private  life.  His  high  charac- 
ter and  services  naturally  entitled  him  to 
the  highest  gifts  his  country  could  bestow, 
and  on  the  organization  of  the  government 
he  was  called  upon  to  be  the  first  president 
of  the  states  which  he  had  preserved  and 
established.  It  was  a  period  of  great 
difficulty  and  danger.  The  unsubdued 
spirit  of  liberty  had  been  roused  and  kind- 
led by  the  revolution  of  France,  and  many 
Americans  were  eager  that  the  freedom 
and  equality  which  they  themselves  enjoy- 
ed should  be  extended  to  the  subjects  of  the 
French  monarch.  Washington  anticipated 
the  plans  of  the  factious,  and  by  prudence 
and  firmness  subdued  insurrection,  and 
silenced  discontent,  till  the  parties  which 
the  intrigues  of  Genet  the  French  envoy 
had  roused  to  rebellion,  were  convinced  of 
the  wildness  of  their  measures  and  of  the 
wisdom  of  their  governor.  The  presi- 
dent completed,  in  1796,  the  business  of  his 
office  by  signing  a  commercial  treaty  with 
Great  "Britain,  and  then  voluntarily  re- 
signed his  power  at  a  moment  when  all 
hands  and  all  hearts  were  united,  again  to 
confer  upon  nim  the  sovereignty  of  the 
country.  Restored  to  the  peaceful  retire- 
ment o'f  Mount  Vernon,  he  devoted  himself 
lo  the  pursuits  of  agriculture;  nnd  though 
be  aeo^pted  the  command  of  the  army  in 


1798,  it  was  merely  to  uiiilt  the  titfeu- 
tions  of  his  fellow  citizens  to  the  general 
good,  and  was  one  more  sacrifice  to  hi? 
high  sense  of  duty.  He  died  after  a  short 
illness  on  the  14th  of  December  1799.  He 
was  buried  with  the  honours  due  to  the 
noble  founder  of  a  happy  and  prosperous 
republic.  History  furnishes  no  parallel  to 
the  character  of  Washington.  He  stands 
on  an  unapproached  eminence  ;  distinguish- 
ed almost  beyond  humanity  for  self  com- 
mand, intrepidity,  soundness  of  judgment, 
rectitude  of  purpose,  and  deep  ever-active 

WASHINGTON,  BUSHROD,  an  emi- 
nent judge,  was  born  in  Westmoreland 
county,  Virginia,  and  was  educated  at 
William  and  Mary's  College.  He  pursued 
the  study  of  the  law  in  the  office  of  Mr. 
Wilson  of  Philadelphia,  and  commenced 
its  practice  with  great  success  in  his  native 
county.  In  1781  he  was  a  member  of  the 
house  of  delegates  of  Virginia.  He  after- 
wards removed  to  Alexandria,  and  thence 
to  Richmond,  where  he  published  two  vol- 
umes of  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Virginia.  In  1798  he  was  ap- 
pointed an  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  and  continued 
to  hold  this  situation  till  his  death  in 
November,  1829.  He  was  the  favourite 
nephew  of  President  Washington,  and  was 
the  devisee  of  Mount  Vernont 

WATELET,  CLAUDIUS  HEKRY,  a 
French  writer,  was  born,  in  1718,  at 
Paris;  was  receiver  general  of  the  finan- 
ces ;  patronised  and  understood  the  arts, 
being  himself  a  proficient  in  painting, 
engraving,  and  sculpture ;  was  a  member 
of  the  French  Academy,  and  of  other 
bodies  connected  with  literature  and  the 
arts  ;  and  died  in  1786.  Among  his  works 
are,  The  Art  of  Painting,  a  poem;  Essay 
on  Gardens ;  and  A  Dictionary  of  Painting, 
Engraving,  and  Sculpture. 

WATERLAND,  DANIEL,  a  learned 
divine  and  controversialist,  was  born,  in 
1633,  at  Wasely,  iu  Lincolnshire,  and  was 
educated  at  Lincoln  free  school  and  at 
Magdalen  College,  Cambridge,  of  the  last 
of  which  seminaries  he  became  master. 
He  died,  in  1740,  chancellor  of  York, 
archdeacon  of  Middlesex,  canon  of  Wind- 
sor, and  vicar  of  Twickenham.  Among 
his  works  are,  A  History  of  the  Athanasian 
Creed;  Scripture  Vindicated;  A  Defence 
of  Christ's  Divinky;  A  Review  of  the 
Doctrine  of  the  Eucharist ;  and  Remarks 
on  Dr.  Clarke'?  Exposition  of  the  Church 
Catechism. 

WATSON,  ROBERT,  an  historian,  was 
born,  in  1730.  at  St.  Andrews;  was  edu- 
cated at  thai  university,  and  at  Glasgow 
and  Edinburgh  ;  became  professor  of  logic, 
rhetoric,  and  belles  lettres  at  St.  Andrew's, 
and  subsequently  principal  5  and  died  in 


WAT 


WAT 


He  wrote  The  History  of  Philip  II.  j  capacity  he  was  employed  by  the  uuiver- 
»f  Spain;   and  left  unfinished  A   History  sity  of  his  native  place  Yrorn  1757  to  1763. 


of  Philip  III. ;  which  was  completed  by 
Dr.  Thompson. 

WATSON,  HENRY,  a  celebrated  en- 
gineer, the  son  of  a  grazier,  was  born, 
about  1737,  at  Holbeach,  in  Lincolnshire; 
was  one  of  the  most  remarkable  mathemat- 
ical contributors  to  the  Lady's  Diary  at 
the  age  of  sixteen  ;  completed  his  educa- 
tion at  the  Royal  Academy  at  Woolwich  ; 
and  obtained  a  commission  in  the  corps  of 
engineers.  He  so  much  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  sieges  of  Belleisle  and  the 
Havannah,  that  Lord  Clive  took  him  to 
Bengal,  as  chief  engineer.  Among  the 
works  which  Watson  executed  are  the 
fortifications  of  Fort  William,  and  those 
at  Budge  Budge  and  Melancholy  Point. 
He  died  in  1786,  soon  after  his  return  to 
England. 

WATSON,  RICHARD,  an  eminent  pre- 
late and  writer,  was  born,  in  1737,  at 
Haversham,  in  Westmoreland.  He  com- 
menced his  education  under  his  father, 
who  was  master  of  the  free  grammar 
school  at  his  native  place,  and  he  com- 
pleted it  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
where  he  studied  with  unremitting  appli- 
cation. In  1764  he  was  chosen  professor 
of  chemistry,  and,  in  1771,  regius  profes- 
sor of  divinity.  In  politics  he  was  of  the 
liberal  sehpolj  and  he  made  a  full  avowal 
of  his  opinions  in  a  sermon,  called  The 
Principles  of  the  Revolution  vindicated, 
which  he  preached  before  the  university  in 
1776,  and  which  excited  much  comment. 
In  the  same  year  he  published  his  Apelogy 
for  Christianity,  in  answer  to  Gibbon.  In 
1732  he  was  made  bishop  of  LlandafF}  but 
George  HI.  having  imbibed  a  prejudice 
against  him,  he  obtained  no  further  promo- 
tion. He  died  July  4,  1816.  Among 
his  other  works  are,  Chemical  Essays ; 
Apology  for  the  Bible ;  and  his  own  Me- 
moirs. 


WATT,  JAMES,  a  celebrated  natural 
philosopher  and  engineer,  the  son  of  a 
tradesman,  was  born,  in  1736,  at  Green- 
•ck,  in  Scotland,  and  began  life  as  a 
mathematical  instrument  maker.  In  that 


It  was,  in  1764,  wnile  he  was  engaged  in 
repairing  the  model  of  a  steam  engine, 
that  the  idea  of  improving  the  construction 
arose  in  his  mind.  His  first  discovery  was 
that  of  the  mode  of  avoiding  the  enormous 
loss  of  power  occasioned  by  cooling  the 
cylinder  ;  his  next  was  the  substitution  of 
the  expansive  power  of  steam  instead  of 
the  almospneric  pressure.  To  these  he 
subsequently  added  many  others,  which 
brought  the  steam  engine  to  its  present 
state  of  perfection.  In  1774  he  entered 
into  partnership  with  Mr.  Boulton,  of  Bir- 
mingham. His  subsequent  life  was  cheer- 
ed by  extensive  fame  and  ample  fortune. 
He  died  August  23,  1819.  Among  his 
other  inventions  are  a  micrometer,  a  copy- 
ing machine,  and  a  machine  for  making 
drawings  in  perspective.  Watt  possessed 
an  extraordinary  memory,  a  more  than 
superficial  acquaintance  with  many  sciences 
and  arts,  and  a  knowledge  of  several 
modern  languages.  Some  of  his  chemical 
papers  are  printed  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions. 

WATT,  ROBERT,  a  physician  and  bib- 
liographer,  was  born,  in  1774,  in  Ayrshire ; 
became  president  of  the  faculty  o'f  physi- 
cians and  surgeons  at  Glasgow ;  and  died 
in  that  city,  March  12,  1819.  He  compil- 
ed the  Bibiiotheca  Britannica ;  and  wrote 
a  Treatise  on  Chinrough  ;  and  some  medi- 
cal tracts. 

WATTEAU,  ANTHONY,  a  French  ar- 
tist, was  born,  in  1684,  at  Valenciennes. 
He  received  little  instruction,  and  began  by 
being  a  scene  painter  at  Paris,  but  his 
admirable  genius  soon  raised  him  above 
that  humble  occupation.  He  gained  the 
prize  of  the  Academy  for  a  picture,  and 
thenceforth  continued  to  increase  in  fame. 
He  died  in  1721.  The  engravings  from 
his  compositions,  to  the  number  of  five 
hundred  and  sixty-three,  form  three  vol- 
umes. Comic  conversations,  movements 
of  armies,  landscapes,  and  grotesques,  are 
his  principal  subjects. 

WATTS,  Dr.  ISAAC,  a  pious  and  highly 
gifted  nonconformist  divine,  was  born  in 
1674,  at  Southampton,  and  was  educated 
at  the  free  school  there,  and  also  at  a  dis- 
senting academy  in  London.  In  his  twen- 
ty-second year  he  became  tutor  to  the  son 
of  Sir  John  Hartopp,  and  in  1702  he  suc- 
ceeded Dr.  Chauncey  as  minister  of  a  con- 
gregation in  the  metropolis.  Nearly  the 
last  forty  years  of  his  blameless  life  "were 
spent  in  the  family  of  his  friend,  Sir 
Thomas  Abney,  at  Stoke  Newington.  His 
theological  and  miscellaneous  works  lorm 
six  quarto  volumes,  and  many  of  them  are 
still  popular.  His  poems  have  a  place 
in  the  collections  of  the  standard  BhUftO 
poet*. 


.8  WEB 

WATTS,  JANE,  an  accomplished  fe- 
male, whose  maiden  name  was  Waldie, 
was  horn,  in  1792,  at  Hendersyde  Park, 
iu  Koxburgshire  ;  displayed  precocious  tal- 
ents ;  acquired  music,  French,  Italian, 
Spanish,  and  Latin,  without  assistance, 
and  painting  witii  very  little ;  gave  proof 
of  superior  literary  powers  in  her  Sketches 
of  Italy,  Journal  ol  a  Tour  in  Flanders, 
and  many  smaller  pieces;  and  died  July 
6,  1826.  Several  of  her  pictures  were 
exhibited  at  the  Royal  Academy  and  the 
British  Gallery,  and  were  admired  even  by 
the  most  fastidious  judges. 

WAYNE.  ANTHONY,  major  general  in 
the  army  of  the  United  States,  was  born, 
in  1745,  in  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania. 
Hi  entered  the  army  as  colonel  in  1775, 
served  under  Gates  at  Ticonderoga,  and 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier 
general.  He  was  engaged  in  the  battles 
of  Brandywine,  Germantown,  and  Mon- 
niouth,  in  1779  captured  the  fortress  at 
Stony  Point,  and  rendered  other  important 
services  during  the  war.  In  1787  he  was 
a  member  of  the  Pennsylvanian  convention 
which  ratified  the  constitution  of  the  Unit- 
ed States.  In  1792  he  succeeded  St.  Clair 
in  the  command  of  the  western  army,  and 
gained  a  complete  victory  at  the  battle  of 
the  Miamis  in  1794.  He  died  at  Presque 
Isle  in  1796. 

WAYNFLETE,  WILLIAM  of,  a  muni- 
ficent prelate  of  the  fifteenth  century,  whose 
real  name  was  PATTEN,  derived  his  adopt- 
ed name  from  the  place  of  his  birth  in 
Lincolnshire ;  and  was  educated  at  Win- 
chester school,  and  at  Oxford.  He  was 
made  provost  of  Eton,  in  1442  ;  bishop  of 
Winchester  in  1447  ;  and  lord  chancellor 
in  1456;  and  died  in  1486.  Magdalen 
College  at  Oxford,  and  a  free  school  at 
Wainfleet,  were  founded  by  him. 

WEBBE,  SAMUEL,  an  eminent  musician, 
particularly  celebrated  for  his  glees,  was 
born  in  1740.  His  mother  being  left  desti- 
tute, he  was  bound  apprentice  to  a  cabinet- 
maker, but,  when  his  term  of  servitude 
expked,  he  ihandoned  his  trade,  and  gained 
a  subsistence  by  copying  music.  By  dint 
of  incessant  study  he  became  an  excellent 
composer,  and  also  acquired  several  lan- 
guages and  elegant  accomplishments.  He 
died  in  1816.  His  glees  and  part  songs 
form  three  volumes. 

WEBBER,  SAMUEL,  president  of  Har- 
*  \rd  College,  was  born  in  Byfield,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  was  educated  at  the  college 
of  which  he  afterwards  became  thf  head. 
His  displayed  an  early  fondness  for  mathe- 
matics, and  in  1789  became  professor  of 
mathematics  and  natural  history.  In  1S06 
he  was  raised  to  the  presidency  of  Harvard 
College,  and  discharged  the  duties  of  this 
office  till  his  death  in  1810.  He  published, 
in  1801,  B  system  of  mathematics,  in  two 


WKI 

vols.  &VO.,  intended  us  u  text  book  for  ih« 
university. 

WKBER,  HENRY  WILLIAM,  tin  ar- 
chaeologist and  editor,  was  bora,  in  1783, 
at  Saint  Petersburg!!,  of  German  parents  ; 
studied  medicine  at  Edinburgh  and  at 
Jena  ;  settled  in  Scotland,  and  devoted 
himself  to  literary  pursuits ;  and  died  in 
1818,  after  having  for  some  lime  \\f<cr 
disordered  in  his  intellect.  Among  his 
publications  are,  Metrical  Roman. 
the  Thirteenth,  Fourteenth,  and  Fifteenth 
Centuries}  The  Battle  of  Flodrien  Field, 
poem  of  the  sixteenth  century  ;  and  edi- 
tions of  Ford  and  Beaumont  and  Fletcher ; 
of  which  the  last  two  subjected  him  to  se- 
vere criticism. 

WEBER,  CARL  MARIA  von,  one  of 
the  most  eminent  of  modern  coin] 
was  born,  in  1786.  at  Eutin,  in  Hoku-in, 
and  was  liberally  educated.  To  music  he 
displayed  the  warmest  attachment  at  an 
early  age.  His  instructors  in  the  science 
were  Heuschel,  Michael  Haydn,  Valesi, 
Kalcher,  and  the  Abbe  Vogler.  For  a 
while,  however,  he  abandoned  his  favour- 
ite art  to  practise  that  of  lithography,  but 
he  soon  returned  to  it.  His  first  ope- 
ras were  Das  WaMmunchen,  and  Peter 
Schmoll,  the  first  of  which  was  produced 
in  1800.  He  made  professional  tours 
through  various  parts  of  Germany,  and 
was,  successively,  chapel  master  at  Bres- 
lau  and  at  Carlesruhe,  and  conductor  of 
the  opera  of  Prague.  In  1816  he  was  in 
vited  to  Dresden  by  the  elector  of  Saxony, 
to  form  a  national  opera,  and  was  appoint- 
ed director  of  music  to  the  court.  His 
Freischntz  was  brought  out  in  1821,  a 
Berlin,  and  rapidly  became  popular  through 
out  Europe.  In  1826  he  visited  London 
and  brought  out  the  opera  of  Oberon  ;  but 
his  health  was  now  completely  broken,  and 
he  died  suddenly,  on  tne  third  of  June. 
Weber  left  a  prose  work  in  manuscript, 
called  Lives  of  Artists,  which  possesses 
considerable  merit. 

WEDGEWOOD,  JOSIAH,  an  eminent 
manufacturer  of  pottery,  was  born  in  1730. 
He  succeeded  to  the  business  of  his  father, 
and,  in  1760,  began  his  improvements  iu 
porcelain  and  earthenware,  which  have 
changed  the  current  of  trade  in  those  arti- 
cles, and  rendered  England  an  extensive 
exporting  instead  of  an  importing  country. 
He  invented  the  ware  which  "bears  h* 
name  of  the  queen,  and  various  otuer 
kinds.  Wedgewood  was  also  the  inventor 
of  the  pyrometer,  and  the  projector  of  tha 
Grand  Trunk  Canal.  He  died  in  1795. 

WEISSE,  CHRISTIAN  FELIX,  a  Ger- 
man poet  and  dramatist,  was  born,  iu 
1726.  at  Annaberg,  in  Saxony;  was  edu- 
cated at  Altenberg  and  Leipsic ;  estab- 
lished and  conducted  two  periodicals 
named  the  Library  of  elegant  Literature 


WES 

and  The  Children's  Friend,  from  which 
latter  work  Berquin  borrowed  his  plan 
and  part  of  his  materials;  succeeded  in 
1790  to  a  good  estate;  and  died  in  1804. 
His  original  works  consist  of  tragedies, 
comedies,  comic  operas,  and  lyrical  po- 
ems; and  he  translated  no  less  than  one 
hundred  and  forty  volumes  from  the  Eng- 
lish and  French  languages. 

WELLS,  EDWARD,  a  theologian  and 
scholar,  was  born,  in  1663,  at  Corsham, 
in  Wiltshire ;  was  educated  at  Winchester, 
and  at  Christchurch,  Oxford;  became 
Greek  professor,  and  rector  of  Cotesbach, 
in  Leicestershire;  and  died  in  1727.  His 
principal  works  are,  A  Paraphrase  with 
Annotations  on  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment; Historical  Geography  of  the  Old 
and  New  Testament;  and  The  Young 
Gentleman's  Mathematics. 

WELLS,  WILLIAM  CHARLES,  a  phy- 
sician, was  born,  in  1753,  at  Charleston, 
in  South  Carolina.  His  parents  were 
Scotch,  and  he  was  educated  at  Dumfries 
and  Edinburgh,  after  which  he  returned 
to  his  native  province.  Being  a  loyalist, 
he  quitted  America  at  the  close  of  the  war, 
nnd  settled  in  London,  where  he  died  in 
1817.  He  is  the  author  of  an  Essay  on 
single  Vision  with  two  Eyes,  and  of  some 
valuable  papers  «m  the  formation  of  dew, 
for  which  he  received  the  gold  and  silver 
medals  of  the  Royal  Society. 

WERNER,  ABRAHAM  TnEOPHiLus,one 
of  the  most  eminent  of  modern  mineralo- 
gists, was  born,  in  1750,  at  Wehlau,  in 
Upper  Lusatia.  He  studied  at  the  min- 
eralogical  school  of  Freyberg,  in  Saxony, 
and  at  Leipsic ;  and,  in  his  twenty-fourth 
year,  he  published  an  excellent  Treatise 
on  the  Characters  of  Minerals.  In  1775 
he  was  appointed  lecturer  on  mineralogy 
at  Freyberg,  and  inspector  of  the  cabinet 
of  mines.  His  lectures  soon  extended  his 
reputation  throughout  Europe.  He  died 
in  1817.  Among  nis  works  are,  A  New 
Theory  of  Veins,  with  its  application  to 
the  art  of  working  mines ;  Classification 
and  distribution  of  Mountains ;  and  a  trans- 
lation of  Cronstadt's  Mineralogy.  His 
system  is  now  very  generally  received. 

WERNER,  FREDERICK  Louis  ZACH- 
ARIAH,  a  German  poet  and  dramatist, 
was  born,  in  1768,  at  Koenigsberg,  in  Prus- 
sia ;  held  for  some  years  an  employment 
under  the  Prussian  government ;  abjured 
protestantism,  and  went  to  Vienna,  where 
be  became  a  popular  preacher;  and  died 
in  the  Austrian  capital  in  1823.  Among 
his  works  are,  Confessions ;  Poems ;  and 
Tragedies. 

WESLEY,  SAMUEL,  a  divine  and  po- 
et, was  born,  in  1662,  at  Whitchurch,  in 
Dorsetshire;  was  educated  at  Exeter  Col- 
lege, Oxford;  obtained  the  living  of  South 
Ormesby,  and  subsequently  the  rectories 


WES  509 

of  Epworth  nnu  Wroot;  mid  died  in  »735. 
He  wrote  a  volume  of  poems,  with  iho  title 
of  Maggots  ;  The  Life  of  Christ,  in  verse; 
The  Histories  of  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
ment, in  verse;  Elegies  on  Queen  Mary 
and  Archbishop  Tillotson;  and  Disserta- 
tions on  the  Book  of  Job. 

WESLEY,  JOHN,  second  son  of  the 
foregoing,  the  founder  of  the  sect  of  the 
Methodists,  was  t>orn,  June  17,  1703,  at 
Epworth.  He  was  educated  at  the  Char- 
terhouse, and  Christchurch,  Oxford,  and 
was  ordained  in  1725.  Naturally  of  a  se- 
rious disposition,  he  was  rendered  still 
more  so  by  the  reading  of  devotional  trea- 
tises ;  and,  in  conjunction  with  his  brother 
Charles  and  some  friends,  he  formed  a  re- 
ligious society;  to  the  members  of  which, 
with  reference  to  a  sect  of  Roman  phy- 
sicians, his  gay  fellow  collegians  gave  the 
name  of  Methodists.  In  1 735,  with  C  harles 
Wesley  and  other  missionaries,  he  went 
to  Georgia  to  convert  the  Indians ;  hut, 
after  a  residence  of  less  than  two  years 
in  the  colony,  during  which  he  was  ex- 
tremely unpopular,  he  returned  to  Eng- 
land. In  1738  he  began  those  public  la- 
bours which  ultimately  produced  such  a 
mighty  effect,  and  in  1739  the  first  meet- 
inghouse was  built  at  Bristol.  For  some 
time  he  acted  in  conjunction  with  White- 
field,  but  the  radical  difference  in  their 
tenets  at  length  produced  a  separation. 
Over  the  sect  which  he  had  founded,  Wes- 
ley obtained  an  unbounded  influence ;  and 
it  must  be  owned  that  he  earned  it  by  his 
zeal  and  his  unwearied  and  astonishing  ex- 
ertions. Two  sermons  he  usually  preached 
every  day,  and  often  four  or  five.  In  the 
course  of  his  peregrinations  he  is  said  to 
have  preached  more  than  forty  thousand 
sermons,  and  to  have  travelled  three  hun- 
dred thousand  miles,  or  nearly  fifteen 
times  the  circumference  of  the  globe !  On 
the  17th  of  February  1791,  he  took  cold, 
after  preaching  at  Lambeth.  For  some 
days  he  struggled  against  an  increasing 
fever,  and  continued  to  preach  until  the 
Wednesday  following,  when  he  delivered 
his  last  sermon.  From  that  time  he  be- 
came daily  weaker  and  more  lethargic. 
He  died  on  the  second  of  March,  1791, 
being  in  the  eighty-eighth  year  of  his  a»e, 
and  the  sixty-fifth  of  his  ministry.  His 
works  are  published  in  sixteen  volumes, 
8vo.  He  also  published  the  "Christian 
Library;  or,  Extracts  and  Abridgments, 
&c.,  from  various  Writers,"  fifty  vols. 
12mo.;  "The  Arminian  Magazine,"  a 
monthly  publication,  now  continued  under 
the  title  of  "The  Methodist  Magazine;" 
&c.  &c. — His  brother  and  fellow  labourer, 
CHARLES,  was  born,  in  1708,  at  Epworth: 
was  educated  at  Westminster  school  ana 
at  Christchurch;  and  died  in  1788.  Hi 
wrote  Hymns  ;  Poems;  and  Seimon*. 


510 

WEST,  GILBERT,  a  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  born  in  1 706 ;  was 
educated  et  Eton  and  at  Christcnurch, 
Oxford ;  obtained,  through  the  influence 
of  his  friend  Mr.  Pitt,  the  offices  of  clerk 
to  the  privy  council,  and  treasurer  of 
Chelsea  College;  and  died  in  1736.  Be 
wrote  Poems;  and  Observations  on  the 
Resurrection ;  and  translated  Pindar. 


WEST,  BENJAMIN,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, was  born,  in  1733,  at  Springfield,  near 
Philadelphia,  of  quaker  parents.  At  the 
age  of  seven  years  he  began  to  manifest 
his  pictorial  talents  by  sketching  with  pen 
and  ink  an  infant  sleeping  in  a  cradle. 
From  some  Indians  he  obtained  red  and 
yellow,  and  his  mother  gave  him  a  piece 
of  indigo ;  and  as  camel's  hair  pencils 
were  wanting,  he  supplied  the  want  by 
clipping  the  fur  of  the  cat.  Improving  as 
he  advanced  in  years,  he  became  a  portrait 
painter  of  considerable  repute,  and  pro- 
duced some  meritorious  historical  pictures. 
In  his  twenty-second  year  he  visited  Italy, 
where  he  remained  for  some  time.  In 
1763  he  settled  in  England,  where  he  soon 
acquired  reputation.  Among  his  patrons 
was  Archbishop  Drummond  of  York,  by 
whose  means  he  was  introduced  to  George 
the  Third,  who  immediately  gave  nim  a 
commission  to  paint  The  Death  of  Regulus, 
and  continued  ever  afterwards  to  employ 
him.  In  1791  he  was  chosen  president  of 
the  Royal  Academy.  Among  nis  last  and 
perhaps  his  best  works  are,  Death  on  the 
Pah  Horse,  and  Christ  healing  the  Sick 
He  'ied  March  18,  1820. 

WETSTEIN,  JOHN  JAMES,  a  learned 
Swiss,  was  born,  in  1693,  at  Basil;  was  a 
pupil  of  the  younger  Bernouilli ;  entered 
the  church,  but  was  compelled  by  persecu- 
tion to  quit  his  country  ;  settled  in  Holland, 
where  he  became  professor  of  theology  and 
ecclesiastical  history  at  Amsterdam ;  and 
died  there  in  1754.  Among  his  works  is 
an  edition  :f  the  New  Testament,  in  two 
folio  volumes,  with  the  various  readings 
which  he  collected  from  numerous  manu- 
scripts: 

WHARTON,  PHILIP,  duke  of,  whom 
Pope  has  so  udmiraMv  characterised  in 


WH1 

his  Epistle  on  the  Knowledge  and  Charac- 
ters of  INicn,  was  born  in  1669,  and  very 
early  gave  signs  of  those  talents  which  he 
afterwards  displayed  and  disgraced.  After 
having,  during  his  travels,  accepted  the 
title  of  duke  from  the  Pretender,  he  re- 
turned  to  England,  and  became  a  warm 
champion  of  the  existing  government. 
Having  dissipated  his  fortune,  he  changed 
his  politics  again,  retired  to  the  continent, 
intrigued  with  the  Stuarts,  entered  into 
the  Spanish  service,  and  died,  in  indi- 
gence, in  Spain,  in  1731.  His  poems  and 
miscellaneous  works  form  two  octavo  vol- 
umes. 

WHEELOCK,  JOHN,  was  born  at  Le- 
banon, Connecticut,  in  1754.  During  the 
revolution  he  held  the  commission  of  lieu- 
tenant colonel,  and  obtained  some  military 
refutation.  In  1779  he  became  president 
of  Dartmouth  College,  New  Hampshire, 
and  in  1732  visited  fiurope  to  obtain  con- 
tributions for  that  seminary.  He  remained 
in  that  office  for  thirty-six  years.  Hi» 
death  took  place  in  1517". 

WHELER,  Sir  GEORGE,  a  divine  and 
traveller,  (sometimes  erroneously  called 
Wheeler),  was  born,  in  1650,  at  Charing, 
in  Kent ;  was  educated  at  Lincoln  Hall, 
Oxford  ;  travelled  into  Greece  and  Asia 
Minor;  became  a  prebendary  of  Durham, 
vicar  of  Basingstoke,  and  rector  of  Hough- 
ton  le  Spring;  and  died  in  1723-4.  Besides 
his  Travels,  he  wrote  the  Protestant  Mo- 
nastery; and  An  Account  of  the  Churches 
of  the  Primitive  Christians. 

WHIPPLE,  WILLIAM,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  born  in  Maine  in  1730,  and!  engaged 
in  commercial  pursuits.  He  took  an  early 
part  in  the  controversy  with  Great  Britain, 
and  in  1776  was  sent  as  a  delegate  from 
New  Hampshire  to  the  continental  con- 
gress. He  was  afterwards  brigadier-tren- 
eral  of  the  troops  of  that  state,  and  held 
several  civil  offices  of  importance.  He  died 
in  1785. 

WHISTON,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent 
divine  and  mathematician,  was  born,  in 
1667,  at  Norton,  in  Leicestershire,  and 
was  educated  at  Tamworth  school,  and  at 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge.  In  1693  he  ob- 
tained the  living  of  Lowestoffe,  in  SutFoik, 
which  he  resigned,  in  1703,  when  he  sue 
ceeded  Sir  Isaac  Newton  in  the  mathe 
matical  professorship  at  Cambridge.  At 
length  he  adopted  Arian  principles,  in 
consequence  of  which  he  was  expelled 
from  the  university  in  1710,  lost  his  offices 
of  professor  and  catechetical  lecturer,  and 
was  even  prosecuted  as  a  heretic.  Lai* 
in  life  he  became  a  baptist.  He  died  in 
1752.  Among  his  works  are,  A  Theory 
of  the  E-mh;  Sermons;  Primitive  Chris 
tianity  revived;  and  a  translation  of  Jo 


JVHi 

WHITAKER,  JOHN,  a  dmne,  critic, 
antiquary,  and  historian,  was  born,  in  1735, 
at  Manchester;  was  educated  at  the  free 
school  ot  that  place,  and  at  Corpus  Christi 
College,  Oxford;  and  died  in  1808,  rector 
of  Ruan  Lanyhorne,  in  Cornwall.  His 
principal  works  are,  The  History  of  Man- 
chester; A  Vindication  of  Mary,  Queen 
of  Scots ;  The  Course  of  Hannibal  over 
the  Alps ;  Criticisms  on  Gibbon's  History ; 
The  Ancient  Cathedral  of  Cornwall ;  and 
The  Origin  of  Government.  He  also  con- 
tributed largely  to  The  British  Critic,  and 
the  English  and  Antijacobin  Reviews. 

WHITAKER,  THOMAS  DUNHAM,  an 
antiquary  and  historian,  was  born,  in  1759, 
at  Uainham,  in  Norfolk ;  was  educated  at 
St.  John's  College,  Cambridge;  obtained 
the  vicarages  of  Whalley  and  Blackburne ; 
and  died  in  1821.  His  principal  works 
are,  Histories  of  Yorkshire, — the  Deanery 
of  Craven, — Richmondshire  and  Lunedale, 
—the  Parish  of  Whalley,— and  the  Rebel- 
jion  in  1745. 

WHITE  BREAD,  SAMUEL,  an  able  sen- 
ator, son  of  the  eminent  porter  brewer  in 
Chiswell  Street,  was  born  there,  in  1758; 
w,is  educated  at  Eton  and  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge;  travelled  on  the  conti- 
nent, accompanied  by  Mr.  Coic  the  his- 
torian ;  was  elected  member  for  Steyning 
in  1790,  but  subsequently  represcnted'Bed- 
ford ;  and  put  an  end  to  his  existence,  in 
a  temporary  fit  of  insanity,  July  6,  1815. 
He  was  one  of  tl.e  most  active  itiid  intelli- 
gent of  the  whig  party,  and  to  him  was  in- 
trusted the  management  of  Lord  Melville's 
impeachment. 

WHITBV,  DAVID,  a  learned  divine, 
was  born,  in  1638,  at  Rushden,  in  North- 
amptonshire, and  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Oxford.  His  controversial  zeal 
•gainst  the  catholics  gained  for  him  the 
patronage  of  Bishop  Ward,  who  gave  him 
a  prebend  of  Salisbury  and  the  rectory  of 
St.  Edmund  in  that  city,  with  the  pre- 
centorship.  In  his  latter  days  he  became 
an  Arian.  He  died  in  1726.  His  great- 
est work  is  a  Paraphrase  and  Commenta- 
ry on  the  New  Testament. 
"  WHITE,  Sir  THOMAS,  a  native  of  Read- 
Ing,  was  born  in  1492  ;  acquired  a  fortune 
by  trade  in  London,  and  served  the  office 
of  lord  mayor ;  was  knighted  for  his  con- 
duct on  Wyatt's  Rebellion;  and  died  in 
1566.  He  is  the  founder  of  St.  John's 
College,  Oxford,  the  patent  for  which  ho 
obtained  in  1557. 

WHITE,  THOMAS,  a  divine,  was  born, 
in  the  sixteenth  century,  at  Bristol,  and 
•waH  educated  at  Magdalen  Hall,  Oxford  ; 
obtained  considerable  church  preferment, 
among  which  were  a  prebend  of  St.  Paul's, 
and  canon  ries  of  Chnstchurch  and  Wind- 
Bor ;  and  died  in  1623.  He  founded  Sion 
f  in  the  metropolis,  and  a  hospital 


WH1  . 

at  Bristol,  and  was  a  benefactor  to  Magda- 
len College,  Oxford. 

WHITE,  GILBERT,  a  naturalist  and 
antiquary,  was  born,  in  1720,  at  S^bt, ru- 
in Hampshire ;  and  was  educated  a  has 
singstoke  school,  and  at  Oriel  C'«  j!eg« 
Oxford.  After  having  taken  a  n  ss;cr « 
degre.6,  and  been  senior  proctor  «».'  ih^ 
university,  he  retired  to  reside  i  j  tn> 

Kroperty  in  his  native  village ;  nor  <-t  uic 
e  be  tempted  to  quit  it  by  tl/e  olft  r  <>.' 
valuable  church  preferment.  He  d  to  ir 
1793.  He  wrote  the  Natural  History  ar.d 
Antiquities  of  Selborne,  one  of  the  mos* 
amusing  of  books ;  The  Naturalist's  CaJ 
endar  ;  and  Miscellaneous  Observations. 

WHITE,  JOSEPH,  an  eminent  divine  a;» 
oriental  scholar,  the  son  of  a  weaver,  w* 
born,  in  1746,  at  Stroud,  in  Gloucestershi'tj 
and  received  his  education  at  Gloucester 
school  and  Wadham  College,  Oxford,  ii 
1755  he  was  appointed  Laudian  profess<i 
of  Arabic,  and  in  1783  he  delivered  tL< 
Bampton  lecture.  In  the  composition  y 
the  lectures  he  was  assisted  by  Dr.  Par 
and  Mr.  Badcock.  He  obtained  a  prebcr/ 
of  Gloucester,  and  the  rectory  of  Melton 
in  Suffolk;  and  died  in  1814.  Among  Jr.* 
works  are,  ./Egyptiaca ;  Diatessaron ;  ar  n 
editions  of  the  Philoxenic  Syrian  version* 
of  the  four  Gospels,  and  of  Griesbach'« 
Greek  Testament. 

WHITE,  HENRY  KIRKE,  a  poet,  wa/ 
born,  in  1785,  at  Nottingham,  and  wa> 
the  son  of  a  butcher.  His  delicate  health 
protected  him  from  being  brought  up  to 
his  father's  trade,  and  he  was  placed  with 
a  stocking  weaver,  but  was  subsequently 
removed  to  an  attorney's  office.  He  pro- 
duced several  prose  and  verse  compositions 
at  an  early  age,  and  devoted  his  leisure 
hours  to  reading,  and  to  the  study  of 
Greek  and  Latin.  To  obtain  a  universi- 
ty education,  for  the  purpose  of  entering 
into  the  church,  was  the  main  object  of 
his  wishes.  By  the  generosity  of  Mr. 
Wilberforce  and  some  other  friends,  he 
was  at  length  enabled  to  become  a  stu- 
dent at  St.  John's  College,  Cambridge. 
His  progress  was  rapid,  but  his  intense 
application  destroyed  the  vital  powers, 
and  he  died  October  19,  1806.  He  pub- 
lished Clifton  Grove,  with  other  poems ; 
and  his  Remains  were  edited  by  Southev 
WHITEFIELD,  GEORGE,  a  celebrated 
divine,  the  founder  of  the  Calvinistic 
Methodists,  was  born,  in  1714,  at  Glou- 
cester, where  his  father  kept  the  Bell  inn. 
He  was  educated  at  the  Crypt  school  of 
his  native  city,  and  at  Pembroke  College, 
Oxford.  At  the  university  he  was  one  of 
the  members  of  the  society  formed  by 
Wesley,  and  inflicted  on  himself  many 
ascetic  privations.  He  was  ordained  a 
deacon  in  1736,  and  his  pulpit  eloquence 
soon  became  highly  popnlnr.  In  17S7  1  « 


M2 


\VHI 


•ailed  to  Georgia,  and  he  remained  In  the 
colony  for  nearly  two  years.  He  returned 
to  America  in  1739,  made  a  tour  through 
several  of  the  provinces,  and  resided  in 
Georgia  till  1741  ;  and  he  subsequently 
made  five  visits  to  that  quarter  of  the 
globe.  The  foundation  of  the  orphan 
house  was  one  of  the  benefits  which  White- 
field  conferred  on  Georgia.  In  England 
he  first  introduced,  in  1739,  the  practice  of 
preaching  in  the  open  air,  and  the  effect 
of  his  oratory  was  astonishing.  The  Taber- 
nacles in  Moorfields  and  Tottenham  Court 
Road  were  erected  by  his  followers,  and 
among  his  converts  was  the  countess  of 
Huntingdon.  In  1741  the  breach  took 

glace  between  him  and  Wesley.  He  died 
eptember  30,  1770,  at  Newburyport,  in 
New  England.  Under  the  name  of  Leu- 
tonomuSj  the  character  of  Whitefield  is 
well  delineated  by  Cowper.  His  works 
ibrm  six  volumes. 

WHITEHEAD,  GEORGE,  one  of  the 
early  preachers  among  the  quakers,  was 
born,  in  1636,  at  Orton,  in  Westmoreland, 
and  was  educated  at  Blenclow  free  school, 
in  Cumberland.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he 
began  to  propagate  those  religious  doc- 
trines which  he  had  embraced,  and  he  con- 
tinued his  labours,  in  various  parts  of  Eng- 
land, in  spite  of  the  severest  persecution. 
After  the  Revolution,  his  exertions  pro- 
cured from  the  legislature  the  admission  of 
a  quaker's  affirmation  instead  of  an  oath. 
He  died,  generally  respected,  in  1722-3. 
He  wrote  his  own  Memoirs ;  and  some 
other  works. 

WHITEHEAD,  PAUL,  a  poet,  was 
born,  in  1710,  in  Holborn;  was  apprenticed 
to  a  mercer,  but  quitted  trade  to  study  law 
in  the  Temple ;  acquired  considerable  popu- 
larity as  a  satirist ;  was  appointed  deputy 
treasurer  of  the  exchequer ;  and  died  in  1 774. 
He  wrote  the  State  Dunces ;  Manners ; 
Honour;  The  Gymnasiad ;  and  other  poems. 

WHITEHEAD,  WILLIAM,  a  poet  and 
dramatist,  was  born,  in  1715,  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  \vas  the  son  of  a  baker.  He 
was  educated  at  Winchester  school,  and  at 
Clare  Hall,  Cambridge ;  became  travelling 
tutor  to  Lord  Nuneham  and  the  earl  of 
Jersey's  son  ;  obtained  the  registrarship  to 
the  order  of  the  Bath ;  and,  on  the  death  of 
Clbber,  was  appointed  poet  laureat.  He 
died  iu  1765.  Among  his  works  are  the 
tragedies  of  the  Roman  Father  and  Creusa ; 
The  School  of  Lovers,  a  comedy ;  Poems, 
and  some  miscellaneous  pieces. 

WHITEHEAD,  JOHN,  a  physician  and 
Wesleyan  minister,  was  originally  a  lay 
preacher  among  the  methodises ;  then  be- 
came a  linendrapt.T  r<t  Bristol ;  next  es- 
poused the  tenets  of  the  quakers,  and 
opened  a  school;  subsequently  studied  at 
Leyden,  and  took  a  medical  "degree ;  and 
finally,  returns!  to  the  methorlisls.  »n«l  oc 


W1C 

quired  popularity  among  them  as  a  pulph 
orator  ana  physician.  ^Whitebead  attend- 
ed John  Wesley  in  liis  last  illness,  preached 
his  funeral  sermon,  and  wrote  his  Life,  in 
two  volumes.  He  died  in  1M>4. 

WHITKHURST,  JOHN,  an  eminent 
engineer,  was  born,  in  1713.  nt  Congle- 
ton;  was  brought  up  to  his  father's  I  usi- 
ness  of  a  watchmaker  ;  followed  that  busi- 
ness at  Derby,  and  also  became  celebrated 
for  constructing  philosophical  instruments 
and  hydraulic  machines;  was  appointed,  in 
177.",  stamper  of  the  money  weights  in  ths 
Mint ;  and  died  in  17S3.  lie  wrote  an  In- 
quiry into  the  Original  State  and  Forma- 
tion of  the  Earth;  A  Treatise  on  C'him 
neys  ;  An  Attempt  towards  obtaining  in 
variable  Measures  of  Length.  Capacity 
and  Weight,  from  the  Mensuration  o!  time, 
and  some  papers  in  the  Philosophical 
Transactions. 

WHITELOCKE,  BULSTHODE,  son  of  a 
judge,  was  born,  in  1605,  in  London,  and 
studied  at  Merchant  Taylors'  School.  St. 
John's  College,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle 
Temple.  He  was  a  member  of  the  long 
parliament,  and  espoused  the  popular 
cause,  but  was  moderate  in  his  conduct. 
In  1648  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  coun- 
cil of  state,  and  in  1653  was  eeiit  on  an 
embassy  to  Sweden.  He  died  in  1676. 
He  wrote  Memorials  of  English  Afiairs ; 
Notes  on  the  King's  Writ ;  An  Account 
of  his  Swedish  Embassy;  and  Lahourf 
remembered  in  the  Annales  of  Life. 

WHITGIFT,  JOHN,  a  prelate,  was  born, 
in  1530,  at  Great  Grimsby,  in  Lincoln- 
shire; was  educated  at  Queen's  College, 
and  Pembroke  Hall,  Cambridge ;  was 
successively,  made  Margaret  professor  of 
divinity,  queen's  chaplain,  master  of  Pem- 
broke Hall  and  of  Trinity  College,  and 
dean  of  Lincoln.  In  1577  he  became 
bishop  of  Worcester,  and  vice-president  of 
the  Welch  marches,  and,  in  15>3,  was 
translated  into  the  archbishopric  of  Canter- 
bun-.  As  primate,  he  distinguished  him- 
self by  persecuting  the  catholics  and  puri- 
tans. He  died  in  1603. 

WHITWORTH,  CHARLES,  earl,  an 
able  diplomatist,  was  born,  in  1754,  at 
Seaburnegrange,  in  Kent,  and  was  educated 
at  Tunbridge  grammar  school,  .n  17S6  he 
was  appointed  ambassador  to  1-oland  ;  and, 
in  1788,  to  Russia,  at  the  last  of  which 
courts  he  resided  for  twelve  years.  In  1901 
he  negotiated  a  treaty  with  Denmark,  and 
in  1802  was  sent  as  plenipotentiary  to 
Paris.  Iu  1814  he  was  created  an  Eng- 
lish baron,  and  was  made  viceroy  of  Ire- 
land ;  and  he  was  subsequently  raided  to 
the  rank  of  earl.  He  dier  May  13,  \^:>. 

WICKLIFFE,  WYCLIFFE,  or  WIC- 
LEF,   JOHN,   a   divine   anc1    °ccIesiasticaJ 
reformer,  who  has  been  relic      '  the  morn- 
ling  star  of  OM  refomwtwr,"  •»,     l^rn,  rt 


W1L 

1334,  at  a  village  of  the  same  name  in 
Yorkshire.  He  studied  at  Queen's  and 
Merlon  Colleges,  Oxford,  and  early  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  opposing  the  mendi- 
cant friars,  and  by  his  proficiency  in  schoel 
divinity  and  the  works  of  Aristotle.  His 
exertions  against  the  friars  were  rewarded 
by  the  mastership  of  Baliol  College,  and 
the  wardenship  of  Trinity.  Of  the  latter 
he  was  deprived  by  ArchFiishop  Langham, 
and  the  sentence  was  ratified  by  the  pope. 
Having  gained  the  favour  of  John  of  Gaunt, 
Wicklitle  was  made  king's  chaplain,  and 
rector  of  Lutlerworth.  He  now  began  vig- 
orously to  attack  papal  usurpation  and  the 
abuses"  of  the  church;  nor  aid  he  slacken 
his  efforts  till  he  ceased  to  exist.  The 
pope  insisted  on  his  being  brought  to  trial 
as  a  heretic,  but  he  was  effectually  protect- 
ed by  his  patron,  the  duke  of  Lancaster. 
He  died  in  1334.  His  works  are  very 
numerous.  Among  them  are,  Trialogus ; 
Wicklifi's  Wicket;  and  a  version  of  the 
Old  and  New  Testament. 

WICQUEFORT,  ABRAHAM  DE,  a  Dutch 
diplomatist  and  writer,  was  born,  in  1598, 
at  Amsterdam;  served  the  elector  of  Bran- 
denburgh  and  the  duke  of  Brunswick  Lu- 
nenberg  in  a  diplomatic  capacity';  was  im- 
prisoned in  France,  on  suspicion  of  having 
conveyed  intelligence  to  Holland ;  and  in 
Holland,  on  a  charge  of  corresponding  with 
the  enemies  of  his  country  ;  and  died  about 
1682.  He  wrote  A  History  of  the  United 
Provinces  ;  The  Ambassador  and  his  Func- 
tions ;  and  some  other  works. 

WIELAND,  CHRISTOPHER  MARTIN,  a 
German  writer,  who  rivals  Voltaire  in 
universality  of  talent  and  literary  fertility, 
was  born,  in  1733,  at  Holtzheim,  near 
Biberach,  in  Suabia.  He  was  educated 
by  his  father,  a  clergyman,  and  completed 
his  studies  at  Klosterbergen  and  Tubingen. 
In  his  thirteenth  year  he  began  to  compose 
Latin  and  German  verses.  His  first  pub- 
lished work  was  The  Nature  of  Things,  in 
six  cantos,  which  appeared  in  1751.  In 
the  following  year  he  went  to  reside  in 
Switzerland,  whence,  in  1700,  he  returned 
to  Biberach,  where  he  was  appointed  to  a 
municipal  office.  His  productions  in  prose 
and  verse,  which  rapidly  succeeded  each 
other,  raised  him  to  the  summit  of  literary 
reputation.  The  elector  of  Ment/  r.^mi- 
nated  him  professor  of  philosophy  and 
belles  lettres  at  Erfurt;  and,  in  1772,  the 
duchess  Dowager  of  Saxe  Weimar  gave 
him  the  tuition  of  her  two  sons.  He  died 
January  20,  1813.  His  original  works 
,fonn  forty-two  volumes  quarto;  and  he 
translated'  Lucian,  Shakspeare,  Cicero's 
Epistles,  and  Horace's  Satires. 

W1LFORD,  FRANCIS,  an  eminent  ori- 
entalist, was  born,  about  1760,  at  Hanover; 
was  for  many  years  in  tae  service  of  the 
East  India  Company  in  Hindoata  ^ ;  and 


WIL 


513 


died   in    1823.      Many   of  his   paper*  art 
printed  in  the  Asiatic  Researches. 

WILKES,  JOHN,  a  celebrated  political 
character,  was  born,  in  1717,  in  Clerken- 
well,  and  was  the  son  of  a  rich  distiller. 
His  studies,  which  he  commenced  under 

Sivate  tutors,  he  completed  at  Leyden. 
e  began  his  public  career  as  meml>er  for 
Aylesbury,  and  lieutenant  colonel  of  the 
Buckinghamshire  militia.  By  some  pam- 
phlets which  he  wrote  against  the  Bute  ad- 
ministration, in  1762,  he  gained  reputation  ; 
but  it  was  to  his  periodical  paper,  The 
North  Briton,  and  especially  to  No.  45  of 
it,  that  he  was  indebted  for  his  popularity. 
That  number  the  government  determined 
to  prosecute,  and,  accordingly,  a  general 
warrant  was  issued  against  the  author, 
printer,  and  publisher.  Wilkes  contended 
that  the  warrant  was  illegal ;  obtained  a 
decision  to  that  effect  in  the  court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas,  and  large  damages  from  the 
secretary  of  state  and  his  subordinate  myr- 
midons. Still  bent  on  his  ruin,  the  min- 
istry renewed  the  prosecution  in  a  regular 
manner,  and  commenced  another  for  an  ob- 
scene poem.  He  was  also  dangerously 
wounded  in  a  duel  with  Mr.  Martin,  one 
of  their  partisans.  Giving  way  to  the 
storm,  he  retired  to  France ;  upon  which 
he  was  outlawed,  and  expelled  from  his 
seat.  In  1768,  being  elected  for  Middle- 
sex, he  returned,  and  was  condemned  to  a 
fine  of  one  thousand  pounds,  and  twenty- 
two  months  imprisonment,  and  was  subse- 
quently expelled  a  second  time  for  a  libel. 
Again"  he  was  chosen,  but,  in  utter  con- 
tempt of  all  right,  the  house  declared 
him  ineligible  to  sit  in  that  parliament, 
and  seated  Colonel  Luttrell,  who  had  but 
a  small  number  of  votes.  This  infamous 
vote  was  afterwards  expunged  from  the 
Journals.  In  1770  he  was  chosen  an  alder- 
man of  London,  in  which  capacity  he  set 
at  defiance  the  mandates  of  the  House  ;  in 
1772  he  was  sheriff;  in  1774,  lord  mavor ; 
and  in  1779  he  became  chamberlain  of"  the 
city.  In  1775  he  was  once  more  sent  to 
parliament  by  Middlesex,  and  he  was  a 
steady  opponent  of  the  American  war. 
He  died  Dec.  26,  1797.  Two  collections 
of  his  Correspondence  have  been  published 
s^""  hi-  Jeafh.  The  purity  of  Wilkes's 
political  motives  has  been  doubted ;  but 
there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  beneficial 
effect  produced  by  his  persevering  strug- 
gles against  the  encroachments  of  power. 

W1LKINS,  JOHN,  a  prelate  and  mathe- 
matician, was  born,  in  1614,  at  Faw&ley, 
in  Northamptonshire,  and  was  educated  at 
New  Inn  Hall,  and  Magdalen  Hall,  Ox- 
ford. Having  espoused  the  popular  cause, 
and  being  married  to  Cromwell's  sister,  he 
was  mad*  warden  of  Wad  ham  College; 
and,  by  Richard  Cromwell,  was  appointed 
master  of  Trinity  ColVge.  The  Restore- 


\Vlj 


6on   deprived   him   of  these   pr 
but  he  soon  obtained  ntlu-rs,  iv.i  1.  i;, 

.'.sod  to  the  biMioprie  of  Chester. 
He  dk-d  in  If. 7 -2.  ll<-  \v;is  the  founder  of 
that  association  which  afterwards  became 
the  Royal  Society.  Besides  his  mathe- 
matical" works,  reprinted  in  two  volumes, 
he  wrote  an  Essay  towards  a  real  Charac- 
ter and  Philosophical  Language  ;  and  vari- 
ous theological  pieces. 

WILKINSON,  JEMIMA,  a  bold  and  art- 
ful religious  impostor,  was  born  in  Cumber- 
land, Rhode  Island,  about  the  year  1753. 
Recovering  suddenly  from  an  apparent  sus- 
pension of  life  in  1773,  shn  gave  out  that 
she  had  been  raised  from  the  dead,  and 
laid  claim  to  supernatural  power  and 
authority.  Making  a  few  proselytes,  she 
removed"  with  them  to  the  neighbourhood 
of  Crooked  Lake  in  New- York,  where  she 
died  in  1S19. 

WILLAN,  ROBERT,  an  able  physician 
and  medical  writer,  was  born,  in  1757,  at 
Hill,  in  Yorkshire;  studied  medicine  at 
Edinburgh ;  and  settled  as  a  physician  at 
Darlington,  whence  he  removed  to  Lon- 
don, where  he  was  appointed  physician  to 
the  Carey  Street  Dispensary.  He  was 
brought  up  a  quaker,  but  quitted  the  socie- 
ty. He  died  in  1812.  Among  his  works 
are,  A  Treatise  on  Cutaneous  Diseases ; 
A  Treatise  on  Vaccination ;  Reports  on 
the  Diseases  of  London  ;  and  The  Life  of 
Christ. 

WILLARD,  SAMUEL,  an  eminent  di- 
line,  was  born  in  Massachusetts,  and  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Harvard  College, 
•«here  he  was  graduated  in  1650.  He  was 
settled  over  the  old  south  church  in  Bos- 
ton, and  became  the  rr.js1"  celebrated  among 
his  contemporaries  in  the  ministry.  In 
1701  he  wus  made  vice  president  of  Har- 
vard College,  and  continued  in  this  oflice 
till  his  death  in  1707.  He  published  a 
large  number  of  sermons,  and  a  folio  vol- 
ume of  divinity.  ** 

WILLDENOW,  CHARLES  Louis,  an 
eminent  botanist,  was  born,  in  1765,  at 
Berlin  ;  studied  at  Halle  and  Langensalza ; 
became  professor  of  natural  history  and 
botany,  and  superintendent  of  the  botanic 
garden,  at  his  native  city ;  and  died  in 
IS  12.  He  was  an  associate  of  four  and 
twenty  scientific  bodies.  His  principal 
works  are,  Elements  of  Botany;  Hist. 
Amaranthorum ;  and  Species  Plantarum. 

WILLIAMS,  JOHN,  a  divine  and 
statesman,  was  born,  in  1582.  at  Abercon- 
way,  in  Wales,  and  was  educated  at  St. 
John's  College,  Cambridge.  After  having 
held  several  minor  but  valuable  preferments, 
he  was  made  bishop  of  Lincoln,  and  keep- 
er of  the  great  seal,  in  1621.  Of  the 
office  of  lord  keeper  he  was  deprived  by 
Charles  I.  on  his  accession.  He  was  sub- 
•eouentlir  orosecuted  in  the  star  -chamber 


WIL 

and  sentenced  to  a  fine  of  ten 
pounds  and  imprisonment  in  the  Tower, 
riif  proceedings  were,  however,  rescinded 
in  Hi  JO,  and  in  the  following  year  he  was 
translated  to  the  see  of  York.  During  the 
civil  war  he  made  an  ineffectual  attempt 
to  hold  out  Conway  Castle  against  the 
parliament.  He  died  in  1650.  'Williams 
•-trenuous  opponent  to  Laud. 

WILLIAMS,  Sir  CHARLES  HASBC- 
RY,  a  poet  and  diplomatist,  was  born  in 
1709;  was  educated  at  Eton;  was  for  a 
considerable  period  one  of  the  member* 
for  the  county  of  Monmouth  ;  held  the  pay- 
mastership  of  the  marines  ;  was  employed 
as  ambassador  to  Dresden  and  St.  Peters- 
burgh  ;  and  died  insane  in  1759.  His 
poems  are  spirited  and  witty,  but  licen- 
tious. 

WILLIAMS,  DAVID,  a  miscellaneous 
writer,  was  born,  in  1738,  in  Cardigan- 
shire ;  was  educated  at  a  dissenting  acad- 
emy ;  and  became  a  dissenting  minister. 
Changing  to  a  deist,  he  opened  a  chapel  to 
diffuse  his  newly  adopted  opinions,  and  for 
some  time  his  hearers  were  numerous. 
The  subsequent  part  of  his  life  was  dedi- 
cated to  literary  pursuits  and  to  private 
teaching. .  The  Literary  Fund  was  founded 
by  him.  He  died  June  29,  1816.  Among 
his  chief  works  are,  Lectures  on  the  Prin- 
ciples and  Duties  of  Religion  and  Morali- 
ty ;  Lectures  on  Education ;  Lectures  on 
Political  Principles ;  and  a  History  of 
Monmouthshire. 

WILLIAMS,  HELEN  MARIA,  a  poet 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born,  in 
1762,  in  the  north  of  England,  and  was 
ushered  into  public  notice,  when  she  was 
eighteen,  by  Dr.  Kippis.  Between  1782 
and  1783  she  published  Edwin  and  Eltru- 
da,  a  poem ;  Peru,  a  poem ;  and  othei 
pieces,  which  were  afterwards  collected  in 
two  volumes.  In  1790  she  settled  in  Paris. 
There  she  became  intimate  wkh  the  most 
eminent  of  the  Girondists,  and,  in  1794, 
was  imprisoned,  and  nearly  shared  their 
fate.  She  escaped,  and  took  refuge  in 
Switzerland,  but  returned  to  the  French 
capital  in  1796,  where  she  continued  to 
reside  till  her  decease,  December  15,  1827. 
Among  her  numerous  works  may  be  men- 
tioned, Julia,  a  novel ;  Letters  from  France ; 
Travels  in  Switzerland ;  A  Narrative  of 
Events  in  France ;  and  a  translation  of 
Humboldt  and  Bonpland's  Personal  Narra- 
tive. 

WILLIAMS,  ROGER,  one  of  the  found- 
ers of  Rhode  Island,  was  born  in  Wales, 
in  1599,  and  received  his  education  at 
Oxford.  He  was  for  some  time  a  minister 
of  the  established  church,  but  dissenting, 
he  removed,  in  1631,  to  Ne\i  England,  ana 
preached  till  1636  at  Salem  and  Ply. 
mouth.  Being  banished  from  the  colony 
on  nccomit  of  hi*  religious  opinions,  h« 


WIL 

lemovel  with  several  others  fo  Rhode  Isl- 
and, and  laid  the  foundation  of  Providence. 
They  there  established  the  first  society  in 
which  was  enjoyed  perfect  liberty  of  con- 
science. For  several  years  Williams  was 
president  of  the  colony.  He  died  iu 
1633. 

WILLIAMS,  OTHO  HOLLAND,  an  officer 
in  the  American  army,  was  born  in  Mary- 
land in  1748,  served  in  various  capacities 
during  the  revolutionary  war,  and  fought 
tt  the  battles  of  Guilford,  Hobkirk's  Hill 
and  the  Eutaws.  Before  ^the  disbanding 
of  the  army  he  was  made  brigadier  general. 
For  several  years  he  was  collector  at  Bal- 
timore. He  died  in  1794. 

WILLIAMS,  WILLIAM,  a  signer  of  the 
declaration  of  American  independence,  was 
born  at  Lebanon,  Connecticut,  in  1731, 
and  was  educated  at  Harvard  College. 
From  the  university  he  returned  home,  and 
for  some  time  devoted  himself  to  the  study 
of  theology.  At  an  early  period  of  the 
revolution,  he  embarked  in  the  cause  of  his 
country,  and  was  a.  delegate  from  his  na- 
tive state  to  the  continental  Congress.  He 
died  in  1311. 

WILLIS,  BROWNE,  an  eminent  anti- 
quary, was  born,  in  1632,  at  Blandford, 
in  Dorsetshire ;  studied  at  Westminster 
School,  and  at  Christ  Church,  Oxford; 
was  elected  M.  P.  for  Buckinghamshire 
in  1705  ;  became  a  member  of  the  society 
of  antiquaries  in  1717;  and  died  in  1760. 
Willis  was  a  man  of  an  eccentric  charac- 
ter. Miss  Talbot,  wno  gives  a  ludicrous 
description  of  him,  declares,  that  "  with 
one  of  the  honestest  hearts  in  the  world  he 
has  one  of  the  oddest  heads  that  ever  drop- 
ped out  of  the  moon."  His  principal 
works  are,  Notitia  Parliamentaria ;  A 
Survey  of  the  Cathedrals  of  England ; 
History  of  the  Mitred  Parliamentary  Ab- 
bies  ;  and  a  History  of  Buckingham. 

WILLIS,  FRANCIS,  a  physician,  cele- 
brated for  his  skill  in  cases  of  insanity, 
was  bcrn,  about  1718,  in  Lincolnshire, 
and  was  educated  at  Brazennose  College, 
Oxford.  He  was  brought  up  to  the  church, 
and  obtained  a  college  living  in  the  metro- 
polis ;  but  subsequently  took  the  degree  of 
M.  D.  and  practised  as  a  physician.  He 
restore!  (korge  III  to  sanity,  and  was 
amply  rewaided  by  a  parliamentary  grant. 
ile  died  in  i807. 

WILLUGHBY,  FRANCIS,  an  eminent 
naturalist,  was  born,  in  1635,  in  Lincoln- 
shire, and  was  educated  at  Trinity  College, 
Cambridge.  Ray  was  his  tutor,  and  was 
subsequently  his  fellow  traveller  on  the 
.•ontinent,  his  frequent  guest,  and  his  exe- 
cutor. In  161V2  he  became  a  member  of 
tho  Royal  Sm-ioty.  He  died  in  1674.  He 
rroto  "a  Latin  treatise  on  Ornithology; 
mother otf Ichthyology;  and  some  paw'rs 
in  t!»c  Philosophical  Transaction*.  Thr 


WIL 


515 


treatises  were  edited,  after  Willughby's 
death,  by  Ray. 

WILMOT.     See  ROCHESTER. 

WILSON,  ALEXANDER,  the  celebrated 
ornithologist,  was  born  at  Paisley,  Scot- 
land, and  came  to  Delaware  in  1794. 
Removing  to  Philadelphia  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  Mr.  Bartram,  the  naturalist, 
and  devoted  himself  to  the  cultivation  of 
natural  history.  His  great  work  is  the 
American  Ornithology  m  seven  volumes, 
quarto,  splendidly  executed,  and  very  ac- 
curate and  comprehensive.  He  possessed 
considerable  taste  for  literature,  and  pub- 
lished several  small  poems  of  much  beauty. 
He  died  in  1813. 

WILSON,  JAMES,  a  signer  of  the  de- 
claration of  American  independence,  was 
bora  in  Scotland,  about  the  year  1742. 
He  was  well  educated,  and  after  complet- 
ing his  studies  emigrated  to  America. 
Settling  at  Philadelphia,  he  received  an 
offer  to  enter  the  office  of  Mr.  John  Dick- 
inson and  pursue  the  study  of  the  law.  Ha 
soon  distinguished  himself,  and  was  ap- 
pointed a  delegate  to  the  continental  Con- 
gress, where  he  continued  from  1775  to 
1777.  He  was  a  member  of  die  conven- 
tions which  framed  the  constitution  of 
Pennsylvania  and  that  of  the  United  States, 
and  in  1789  was  appointed  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  In  1797  he  was  made  professor  of 
law  in  the  university  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
in  this  capacity  delivered  a  course  of  lec- 
tures, afterwards  published  in  three  volumes 
8vo.  He  died  in  1793. 

WILSON,  THOMAS,  a  prelate  eminent 
for  piety,  was  born,  in  1663,  at  Barton,  in 
Cheshire.  He  was  educated  at  Trinity 
College,  Dublin.  The  earl  of  Derby,  to 
whom  he  was  chaplain,  and  whose  son  he 
accompanied  to  the  continent  as  tutor, 
nominated  him,  in  1697,  bishop  of  the  isle 
of  Man.  He  held  the  see  during  fifty-eight 
years,  and  though  his  annual  income  was 
only  three  hundred  pounds,  he  refused  to 
accept  an  English  bishopric.  Scanty  as 
were  his  means,  he  was  benevolent  to  thq 
poor,  built  a  new  chapel  at  Castleton] 
founded  parochial  libraries,  and  introduc- 
ed important  improvements  in  the  agricul- 
ture of  the  island.  He  died  in  1755,  Hi$ 
works  form  two  vols.  folio. 

WILSON,  RICHARD,  a  celebrated  pain- 
ter,  was  born,  in  1714,  at  Penegos,  ifi 
Montgomeryshire.  He  received  a  liberal 
education,  and,  having  manifested  a  genius 
for  painting,  he  was  placed  under  an  ob- 
scure portrait  painter  named  Wright.  He 
himself  began  nis  career  in  the  same  branch 
of  art.  Qn  his  visiting  Italy,  however,  he 
was  advised  by  Zuccarelli  to  devote  him- 
self to  landscape,  and,  fortunately,  he  fol- 
lowed that  advico.  His  picture  of  Niob* 
was  exhibited  in  i~fift.  Ho  attained  greet 


reputation,  but,  nevertheless,  the  latter  part 
*t  his  life  was  clouded  by  poverty.  He 
died  in  1732.  Fuseli  declares  that  "  Wil- 
son's taste  was  so  exquisite,  and  his  eye  so 
chaste,  that  whatever  came  from  his  easel 
bore  the  stamp  of  elegance  and  truth." 

WINCHESTER,  ELHANAN,  an  Amer- 
ican divine,  who  visited  England  about 
Attempted  to  found  a  Philadelphia!! 
society,  and  disseminated  his  peculiar  te- 
n^ts  by  means  of  preaching,  and  of  a 
Philadelphian  magazine.  He  succeeded  in 
establishing  a  sect  called  Winchestarians, 
or  Universalists,  which  is  still  in  existence. 
Hi;  distinguishing  tenet  was  the  ultimate 
redemption  of  all  mankind,  and  even  of 
the  devils.  He  returned,  in  1792,  to  his 
native  country,  and  died  there.  Among 
his  works  aref  Lectures  on  the  Prophecies"; 
The  Universal  Restoration ;  and  an  heroic 
poem  on  Christ. 

WINCKELMAN,  JOHN  JOACHIM,  a 
celebrated  German  antiquary,  was  born,  in 
1717,  at  Steindall,  in  Brandenburg.  After 
having  been  professor  of  the  belles  lettres 
at  Seehausen,  and  librarian  to  Count  Bu- 
nau,  he  became  a  catholic,  and  wetit  to 
Rome,  where  the  pope  appointed  him 
president  of  antiquities,  and  librarian  of 
the  Vatican.  He  was  murdered,  in  1768, 
at  Trieste,  while  on  his  return  from  Ger- 
many to  Italy.  His  principal  works  are, 
A  History  of  Art  among  the  Ancients  ; 
Ancient  inedited  Monuments;  Reflections 
on  the  Imitation  of  the  Productions  of  the 
Greeks  in  Painting  and  Sculpture ;  On 
Allegory  ;  and  Letters  on  Herculaneum. 

WINDER,  WILLIAM  H.  an  officer  in 
the  American  army,  was  born  in  Mary- 
land in  1775,  was  educated  for  the  bar, 
end  pursued  his  profession  in  Baltimore 
with  great  success.  In  1812  he  received  a 
colonel's  commission,  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  brigadier  general,  and  served  with 
rsputation  during  the  war  with  Great 
Britain.  He  commanded  the  troops  at  the 
battle  of  Bladensburg.  On  the  declara- 
tion of  peace  he  resumed  the  practice  of 
his  profession.  He  died  in  1824. 

WINDHAM,  WILLIAM,  a  statesman, 
was  born,  in  1750,  at  Felbrig,  in  Norfolk, 
and  was  educated  at  Eton,  Glasgow,  and 
University  College,  Oxford.  In  1782  he 
was  elected  M.  P.  for  Norwich,  and  for  a 
short  time  secretary  to  the  viceroy  of 
Ireland.  He  continued  to  act  with  the 
whigs  till  1793,  when  he  adopted  the  sen- 
timents of  Burke ;  and,  in  the  following 
year,  he  was  appointed  secretary  at  war, 
with  a  seat  in  the  cabinet.  In  1801  he 
resigned.  To  the  peace  of  Amiens  he  was 
•trenHously  hostile.  During  the  brief  pos- 
tession  of  power  by  the  whigs  in  1806,  he 
held  his  former  office.  He  died  in  1310. 
His  speeches  have  been  published  in  three 
volumes  octavo  Wind  ham  wag  a  man  of 


extensive  reading,  and  no  menu  /i:achem* 
tician. 

WINGATE,  EDWARD,  a  lawyer  and 
mathematician,  was  born,  in  1593,  in  York- 
shire ;  studied  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford, 
and  at  Gray's  Inn  ;  was  sent  to  France  to 
instruct  Honrietta  Maria  in  the  English 
language;  took  the  popular  side  in  the 
civil  war ;  and  died  in  1656.  Among  hin 
works  are,  Natural  and  Artificial  Arith- 
metic; The  Exact  Surveyor;  Ludus  Ma- 
thematicus ;  Maxims  of  Reason  ;  and  an 
Abridgment  of  the  Statutes. 

WINSLOW,  EDWARD,  was  born  in 
Worcestershire  in  1594.  He  was  among 
the  first  settlers  of  New  England,  in  1620, 
and  was  repeatedly  electca  governor  01 
the  colony  they  founded  at  Plymouth.  He 
went  several  times  as  an  agent  to  Eng- 
land, and  in  1655  was  appointed  a  com- 
missioner to  superintend  the  expedition 
against  the  Spaniards  in  the  West  Indies. 
He  died  near  Jamaica  in  the  May  of  thnt 
year. 

WINSLOW,  JAMES  BENIGN™,  a  eel- 
ebrated  Danish  anatomist,  was  bon,  in 
1669,  at  Odensee;  settled  in  France  ;  and, 
in  1699,  became  a  catholic.  In  17^3  he 
succeeded  M.  Hunald  as  professor  of  ana- 
tomy and  physiology  at  the  Royal  B«  '.anic 
Garden.  He  died  in  1760.  Winslo*  was 
a  member  of  several  learned  bodies.  His 
principal  work,  which  still  preserves  its 
reputation  undiminisbed,  is  An  Anatomical 
Exposition  of  the  Structure  of  the  Human 
Body. 

WlNTHROP,  JOHN,  first  governor  of 
Massachusetts,  was  born  at  Groton,  Eng 
land,  in  1587.  He  arrived  with  the  co.'o 
nists  in  Salem  in  1630,  having  a  commis- 
sion as  their  governor,  and  held  this  office, 
with  the  exception  of  six  or  seven  years, 
till  his  death  in  1649.  He  kept  a  minute 
journal  of  the  affairs  of  the  colony,  which 
has  been  published,  and  possesses  much 
value. 

WlNTHROP,  JOHN,  son  of  the  fore- 
going, was  born  in  England,  in  1605,  and 
received  his  education  at  Cambridge.  He 
came  to  Massachusetts  in  1633,  and  sub- 
sequently  visiting  England,  returned  pnd 
established  a  colony,  at  Saybrook,  Con- 
necticut. In  1657  he  was  chosen  gov-naor 
of  that  colony,  and  remained  so  till  his 
death  in  167C.  He  was  distinguishe  1  for 
his  love  of  natural  philosophy,  and  was  jn« 
of  the  founders  of  the  Royal  Society  ot 
London. 

WlNTHROP,  JAMES,  a  man  of  Idlers, 
was  born  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  in 
1752,  and  was  graduated  at  Harvard  Col- 
lege. He  was  for  twenty  years  lib<ariau 
of  that  institution.  His  acquiremetits  iu 
the  exact  sciences,  the  ancient  ajid  moderr 
languages,  and  in  biblict  I  in'l  polite  litera- 
ture were  extensive.  H  '  in  1S21. 


WIT 

WIN  WOOD,  Sir  RALPH,  a  statesman, 
WAS  born,  about  1565,  at  Aynhoe,  in  North- 
amptonshire ;  was  educated  at  St.  John's 
and  Magdalen  Colleges,  Oxford  ;  was  twice 
sent  as  envoy  to  Holland ;  and  was  secre- 
tary of  state  from  1614  till  his  decease  in 
161*7.  Memorials  of  Affairs  of  State,  three 
volumes  folio,  were  published  from  his 
papers  in  1723. 

WISHART,  GEORGE,  a  Scotch  pro- 
iestant  martyr,  was  born  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  sixteenth  century.  Little  is 
known  of  his  early  life ;  but  he  is  said  to 
have  embraced  the  protestant  faith  while 
travelling  in  Germany ;  to  have  resided 
for  some  years  at  Cambridge ;  and  to  have 
taught  at"  Benet  College.  In,  1544  he  re- 
turned to  his  native  land,  and  exerted  him- 
self zealously  in  preaching  the  doctrines  oT 
the  Reformation.  In  1546  he  was  seized 
by  Cardinal  Beaton,  was  brought  <o  trial, 
and  was  mercilessly  condemned  to  the 
Barnes. 

WISTAR,  CASPAR,  a  celebrated  physi- 
cian, was  born  in  Philadelphia,  in  1761. 
He  studied  medicine  under  Dr.  John  Red- 
man, and  completed  his  professional  course 
at  the  schools  in  London  and  Edinburgh. 
Returning  in  1787  to  his  native  city,  he 
soon  distinguished  himself  in  his  profes- 
sion, and  in  1789  was  elected  professor  of 
chemistry  in  the  college  of  Philadelphia. 
In  1792  he  became  adjunct  professor  of 
anatomy,  midwifery,  and  surgery,  with  Dr. 
Shipper" ;  and  on  the  decease  of  that  gen- 
tleman, in  1803,  sole  professor.  His  ac- 
quirements in  professional  knowledge  were 
very  extensive,  and  he  obtained  much  pop- 
ularity as  a  lecturer.  He  died  in  1818. 
His  chief  work  is  a  valuable  System  of  An- 
atomy, in  two  volumes. 

WITHER,  GEORGE,  a  poet,  was  bora. 
in  1533,  at  Bentworth,  in  Hampshire,  and 
was  educated  at  Magdalen  College,  Ox- 
ford. He  studied  law  at  Lincoln's  Inn, 
but  did  not  practise.  In  1613  he  was  com- 
mitted to  prison  for  his  satires,  called 
Abuses  Stript  and  Whipt.  In  the  civil 
war  he  espoused  the  popular  cause,  and 
rose  to  the  rank  of  major  general.  After 
the  Restoration  he  was  again  incarcerated 
for  his  writings,  and  remained  for  more 
than  three  years  in  durance.  He  died  in 
16G7.  Of  Jus  numerous  works  many  are 
hasty  and  incorrect,  but  in  his  Shepherds 
.Hunting,  and  some  of  his  other  pieces, 
there  is  much  of  genuine  poetry. 

WITHERING,  WILLJAM,  a  physician, 
was  born,  in  1741,  at  Wellington,  in  Shrop- 
ihire ;  studied  at  Edinburgh ;  practised 
successfully,  first  at  Stafford?  and  after- 
wards at  Birmingham;  and  died  in  1799. 
His  c!u«:f  work  is  a  Systematic  Arrange- 
ment of  British  Plants.  The  native  car- 
bonate of  barytes  was  discovered  and  first 
described  by  him. 


TYOt  i'17 

WITHERSPOON,  JOHN,  a  sigutr  ol 
the  declaration  of  American  independence, 
was  born  in  Scotland,  in  1722,  and  was 
educated  at  the  university  of  Edinburgh. 
He  studied  divinity,  and  became  one  of  the 
most  influential  and  distinguished  of  the 
Scottish  clergy.  Being  induced  to  accept 
the  presidency  of  the  college  at  Princeton, 
he  removed  to  New  Jersey  with  his  family 
in  1763.  In  1776  he  was  appointed  a  dele- 
gate to  the  continental  congress,  and  re- 
tained a  seat  there  during  the  war.  On 
the  return  of  peape  he  resumed  his  duties 
at  the  college.  He  died  in  1794.  His 
works  have  been  collected,  in  four  volumes 
octavo. 

WOODHULL,  MICHAEL,  a  poet,  was 
born,  in  1740,  at  Thenford,  in  Northamp- 
tonshire ;  was  educated  at  Winchester 
School,  and  at  Bruzennose  College,  Ox- 
ford ;  lived  on  his  paternal  estate,  and 
amused  his  leisure  hours  with  literature  ; 
and  died  in  1816.  He  wrote  Poems,  which 
have  a  considerable  portion  of  merit ;  and 
translated  the  tragedies  of  Euripides. 

WODROW,  ROBERT,  a  Scotch  histo- 
rian, was  born,  in  1679,  at  Glasgow; 
studied  at  the  university  of  that  city,  of 
which  he  afterwards  became  librarian ; 
and  died  in  1734,  minister  of  the  parish  of 
Eastwood.  He  wrote  a  valuable  out  prolix 
History  of  the  Sufferings  of  the  Church  of 
Scotland  ;  and  left  unfinished  a  Biography 
of  the  principal  Persons  concerned  in  intro- 
ducing the  Reformation  of  Religion  into 
Scotland. 


WOLCOTT,  JOHN,  a  poet,  better 
known  by  the  name  of  Peter  Pindar,  wa» 
born,  in  173S,  at  Dodbrook,  in  Devonshire: 
was  educated  at  private  seminaries;  aim 
was  apprenticed  to  his  uncle,  an  apothe- 
cary at  Truro,  who  ultimately  left  him  the 
bulk  of  his  property.  Having:  taken  a  de- 
gree, he  accompanied  Sir  William  Tre- 
lawney  to  the  government  of  Jamaica,  as 
physician.  While  residing  in  that  island 
he  took  orders,  and  was  presented  to  a  liv- 
ing. On  his  return  to  England  he  settled 
at  Truro,  whence  he  removed  to  Helstone. 
It  was  while  he  was  living  in  Cornwall 
that  b«  drew  from  obscurity  the  painter 


318 


WOf. 


Opie;  and  in  1780  he  went  with  him  to 
settle  in  London.  Wolcott's  first  publica- 
tion, An  Epistle  to  the  Reviewers,  ap- 
peared in  177S.  After  his  arrival  in  the 
metropolis,  his  productions  rapidly  suc- 
ceeded each  other,  and  wore  highly  popular. 
Among  his  most  finished  works  are,  Lyric 
Odes  to  the  Royal  Academicians ;  and  The 
Lousiad.  In  the  decline  of  life  he  became 
Mind,  and  he  died  January  14,  1819.  His 
works  form  fire  octavo  volumes.  Wolcott 
also  possessed  considerable  talents  m  draw- 
in?  and  music. 

WOLCOTT,  OLIVER,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, was  born  in  1727,  and  received 
his  education  at  Yale  College.  He  served 
as  captain  in  the  French  war,  and  studied 
medicine  though  he  never  practised.  He 
was  a  delegate  to  the  congress  of  1776, 
signed  the  declaration  of  independence  and 
the  articles  of  confederation,  and  remained 
a  member  till  1785.  In  1785  he  was  elected 
deputy  governor,  and  was  re-elected  till 
1796,  when  he  was  made  governor.  He 
died  in  1797. 

WOLF,  FREDERIC  AUGUSTUS,  an  emi- 
nent German  philologist,  was  born,  in  1759, 
at  Haynrode,  in  Holstein;  was  educated 
at  Gottingen  ;  was  appointed  professor,  in 
1783,  at  the  university  of  Halle,  where  he 
remained  for  twenty-three  years ;  had  a 
considerable  share  in  founding  and  organ- 
izing the  new  university  at  Berlin,  in  1803, 
and  became  professor  of  it ;  and  died  in 
1824.  He  edited,  and  added  notes  and 
dissertations  to,  many  Greek  and  Roman 
classics ;  and  wrote  A  History  of  Roman 
Literature  ;  and  other  works. 

WOLFE,  JAMES?  a  distinguished  gen- 
eral, the  son  of  a  lieutenant  general,  was 
born,  in  1726,  at  Westerham,  in  Kent, 
and  distinguished  himself,  before  he  was 
twenty,  at  the  battle  of  Laffeldt.  He  in- 
creased his  reputation  so  much  by  his  con- 
duct at  Minden  ond  Louisburgh,  that  Pitt 
selected  Lim  to  command  the  expedition 
against  Quebec.  Wolfe  overcame  all  ob- 
stacles, scaled  the  heights  of  Abraham, 
and  compelled  the  enemy  to  risk  the  pro- 
vince on  the  issue  of  a  battle.  In  the  mo- 
ment of  victory  he  fell,  mortally  wounded. 
Cries  of  "  th'ey  run !"  struck  his  ear. 
Rousing  himself  from  the  faintness  of  death, 
he  inquired,  "  who  run  ?"  and  being  told 
that  it  was  the  French,  he  exclaimed, 
"  Thank  God,  then  I  die  contented!"  and 
immediately  expired.  He  died  September 
13.  1759. 

WOLFE,  CHARLES,  an  Irish  divine 
and  poet,  was  born,  in  J791,  at  Dublin; 
was  educated  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin  ; 
obtained  the  curacy  of  Ballyclog,  which  he 
exchanged  for  that  of  Castle  Caulfield  ;  and 
died  of  consumption  in  February,  1823. 
He  wrote  the  wen  known  Ode  on  the  Death 
•f  Sir  John  Moore,  beginning  with  "  Not 


WOL 

a  drum  was  heard ;"  and  the  praise  which 
after  his  decease,  was  bestowed  upon  thai 
piece,  induced  his  friends  to  publish  a 
volume  of  his  Remains. 

WOLFF,  or  WOLFIUS,  JOHN  CHRIS- 
TIAN, a  celebrated  German  philosopher 
and  mathematician,  was  born,  in  1079,  at 
Breslaw,  in  Silesia;  studied  at  Jena  and 
Leipsic ;  and  gave  early  indications  of 
talent.  By  the  advice  of  Leibnitz,  he  de- 
clined becoming  a  preacher,  and  dedicated 
himself  to  philosophy.  In  1707  he  was 
appointed  professor  of  mathematics  and 
natural  philosophy  at  Halle ;  and  he  filled 
this  office  with  high  reputation  for  several 
years,  till,  in  1732,  his  enemies,  by  repre- 
senting his  doctrines  as  dangerous,  suc- 
ceeded in  prevailing  on  the  king  of  Prussia 
to  order  Wolff  to  quit  his  territories  in 
two  days,  on  pain  of  death.  He  was  sub- 
sequently professor  at  Marpurg.  Frederic 
the  Great  recalled  him  to  Halle,  made  him 
professor  of  the  law  of  nature  and  nations 
as  well  as  of  mathematics;  and  pensioned 
him,  and  the  elector  of  Bavaria  created 
him  a  baron.  He  died  in  1754,  chancellor 
of  the  university.  It  was  Wolff  who  ac- 
complished the  expulsion  of  the  Aristotelian 
philosophy  from  the  German  schools.  His 
philosophical,  metaphysical,  and  mathe- 
matical works  are  numerous ;  the  Latin 
philosophical  productions  alone  forming 
twenty-three  volumes  quarto. 

WtfLLASTON,  WILLIAM,  an  ethical 
and  theological  writer,  Avas  born,  in  1653, 
at  Cotton  Clanford,  in  Staffordshire ;  was 
educated  at  Sidney  College,  Cambridge ; 
took  orders  ;  but  obtained  an  independence 
which  turned  his  views  from  church  pre- 
ferment; and  died  in  1724.  His  principal 
work  is,  The  Religion  of  Nature  Deline- 
ated. 

WOLLASTON,  WILLIAM  HvnE.a  phy- 
sician and  experimental  philosopher,  the 
great-grandson  of  the  foregoing,  was  bora 
in  1766,  and  was  educated  at  Caius  Col- 
lege, Cambridge.  Fortunately  for  the  in- 
terests of  science,  his  want  of  patronage- 
as  a  physician,  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds  ami 
London,  induced  him  to  give  up  the  medi- 
cal profession  in  disgust,  and  devote  him- 
self to  scientific  pursuits.  The  result  was 
that  he  became  one  of  the  most  eminent 
chemists  and  experimentalists  of  modern 
times.  Among  his  discoveries-  are  th« 
two  metals,  palladium  and  rhodium,  and 
the  method  ot  rendering  platina-mallcablej 
by  the  last  of  which  he  is  said  to  hay« 
gained  thirty  thousand  pounds.  Amonj 
his  inventions- are,  a  sliding  scale  of  chem- 
ical equivalents,  a  goniometer,  and  the 
camera  lucida.  His  papers  in  the  Philo« 
sophical  Transactions  are  numerous.  He 
died  December  22,  182S. 

WOLSEY,  THOMAS,  cardinal,  an  em- 
inent prelate  and  statesman,  the  sou  f»C  » 


woo 

butcher,  was  born,  in   1471,  at  Ipswich. 
He  was  educated  at  Magdalen  College, 


WOO 


519 


Oxford.  His  first  preferment  of  impor- 
tance was  that  of  chaplain  to  Henry  VII., 
who  gave  him  the  deanery  of  Lincoln,  as 
a  reward  for  his  expeditious  execution  of 
some  diplomatic  business.  Being  intro- 
duced to  Henry  VIII.  by  Fox,  bishop  of 
Winchester,  he  made  a  rapid  progress  in 
the  royal  favour,  till  at  length  he  reached 
the  highest  pitch  of  power  to  which"  a 
subject  can  aspire.  Between  1510  and 
1515,  besides  several  other  valuable  but 
less  important  offices  and  honours,  he  ob- 
tained the  bishoprics  of  Tournay  and  Lin- 
coln, the  archbishopric  of  York,  the  chan- 
cellorship, the  legantine  authority,  and  the 
dignity  of  cardinal.  He  lived  in  princely 
stale;  and  his  train  consisted  of  eight 
hundred  persons,  of  whom  many  were 
knights  and  gentlemen.  Charles  V.  and 
Francis  I.  were  suitors  for  his  influence 
with  his  master,  and  bought  it  by  pensions 
and  professions  of  respect.  His  great  am- 
bition was,  to  fill  the  papal  chair,  but  in 
this  he  was  disappointed.  At  length  his 
capricious  sovereign  became  his  enemy. 
The  conduct  of  Wolsey  relative  to  the 
divorce  from  Catherine  of  Arragon  was 
the  first  cause  of  offence.  In  1529  he  was 
deprived  of  the  seals,  a  part  of  his  property 
was  seized,  and  he  was  impeached.  A 
full  pardon,  ho-vever,  was  granted  to  him, 
and  in  1530  he  ratired  to  Cawood  Castle. 
There,  in  the  autumn  of  that  year,  he  was 
a^ain  arrested,  on  a  charge  of  high  treason, 
and  he  died  at  Leicester,  on  his  way  to 
London,  on  the  23th  of  November.  With 
all  his  faults,  Wolsey  was  a  munificent 
patron  of  learning.  He  founded  a  colle-. 
giate  school  at  Ipswich,  and  the  college  of 
Christ  Church,  and  several  lecturesnips, 
at  Oxford. 

WOOD,  ANTHONY,  a  biographer  and 
antiquary,  was  born,  in  1632,"  at  Oxford, 
and  was  educated  at  Merlon  College. 
The  perusal  of  some  works  on  heraldry, 
and  of  Dugdale's  Warwickshire,  inspired 
in  him  a  taste  for  antiquarian  lore.  His 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Oxford,  which 
ras  translated  into  Lntin  by  Dr.  Frll, 


appeared  in  1G74,  and  his  Athena  Oro, 
menses  was  published  in  1691.  An  attack 
upon  Lord  Clarendon,  in  the  last  of  thcsfl 
works,  subjected  him  to  a  sentence  of 
expulsion,  and  his  jacobitical  prejudices 
rendered  him  an  object  of  hatred  to  the 
whit*  party.  He  died  in  1G95. 

WOOD,  ROBERT,  a  scholar  and  a  man 
of  taste,  was  born,  in  1716,  at  Iliverstown, 
in  the  Irish  county  of  Meath ;  made  the 
tour  of  Greece,  Egypt,  and  Palestine,  in 
1751 ;  was  appointed  under  secretary  of 
state  in  1759  ;  and  died  in  1771.  He  wrote 
a  Description  of  the  Ruins  of  Balhec  ;  The 
Ruins  of  Palmyra;  and  an  Essay  on  the 
Life  and  Writings  of  Homer. 

WOODDESON,  RICHARD,  an  eminent 
civilian,  was  born,  in  1745,  at  Kings- 
ton, in  Surrey ;  was  educated  at  Kingston 
Grammar  School,  and  at  Pembroke  and 
Magdalen  Colleges,  Oxford;  was  chosen 
Vinerian  professor,  on  the  resignation  of 
Sir  Robert  Chambers;  and  died  in  1822. 
He  wrote  Elements  of  Jurisprudence ;  A 
Systematic  View  of  the  Laws  of  England  ; 
and  a  Brief  Vindication  of  the  Rights  of 
the  British  Legislature,  in  reply  to  Mr. 
Reeves. 

WOODFALL,  WILLIAM,  a  printer  and 
parliamentary  reporter,  was  born  about 
1745,  and  was  the  son  of  a  printer  who 
was  proprietor  of  The  Daily  Advertiser. 
He  was  brought  up  to  his  father's  occupa- 
tion, but  was  so  fond  of  the  stage  that  for 
a  short  time  he  was  an  actor,  and,  to  the 
close  of  his  life,  never  missed  being  present 
at  the  coming  out  of  a  new  piece.  He  was 
successivelv  editor  of  The  London  Packet, 
and  The  Morning  Chronicle,  and  editor 
and  owner  of  the  Diary.  Wood  fall  had  an 
astonishingly  retentive  memory,  and  was 
the  first  who  gave  a  full  and  immediate 
detail  of  the  proceedings  of  the  legislature. 
He  died  in  1803. 

WOODHOUSE,  ROBERT,  an  eminent 
mathematician,  was  educated  at  Cam- 
bridge ;  was  a  fellow  of  Caius  College ; 
took  his  degree  of  B.  A.,  and  was  senior 
wrangler,  and  Smith's  first  prizeman,  io 
1795 ;  was  elected  Lucasian  professor  in 
1820,  Plumian  professor  in  1822,  and 
keeper  of  the  observatory  in  1824 ;  and 
died  December  28,  1827.  "  He  wrote  The 
Principles  of  Analytical  Calculation ;  A 
Treatise  on  Trigonometry ;  A  Treatise  on 
Isoperimetrical  Problems  ;  An  Elementary 
Treatise  on  Plane  Astronomy ;  and  several 
papers  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions. 

WOODVILLE,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent 
physician,  was  born,  in  1752,  at  Cocker- 
mouth,  and,  after  having  been  apprentice 
to  an  apothecary,  took  the  degree  of  M.  D. 
at  Edinburgh  in  1775.  He  settled  in  Lon- 
don, where  he  became  physician  to'  tht 
Middlesex  Dispensary  and  the  Small  pox 
Hospital,  and  died  in  130*.  He  wrote 


/£0  TTOR 

Medical  Botany;  and  The  History  of 
Small  pox  Inoculation. 

WOODWARD,  JOHN,  a  physician  and 
natural  philosopher,  was  born,  in  1665. 
in  Derbyshire,  and  received  a  classical 
education,  but  was  apprenticed  to  a  linen- 
draper.  Dr.  Barwick,  however,  took  him 
into  his  house,  and  instructed  him  in  the 
medical  art,  and  Woodward  became  pro- 
fessor of  physic  at  Gresham  College,  and 
i  fellow  of  the  college  and  the  Royal 
Society.  He  died  in  1728.  His  principal 
works  are,  An  Essay  towards  the  Natural 
History  of  the  Earth ;  a  Defence  of  it ; 
and  Fossils  of  all  Kinds  digested  into  a 
Method  suitable  to  their  Relation  and 
Affinity. 

WOOLLET,  WILLIAM,  an  eminent 
engraver,  was  born,  in  1735,  at  Maid- 
stone ;  was  a  pupil  of  Tinney ;  rose  to  great 
eminence  in  the  graphic  art ;  and  died  in 
1785.  Among  his  finest  works  are,  The 
Battle  of  the  Boyne ;  The  Death  of  Gen- 
eral Wolfe;  The  Fishery;  Niobe ;  Phae- 
ton ;  Ceyx  and  Alcyone ;  and  Celadon  and 
Amelia. 

WOOLSTON,  THOMAS,  a  deistical 
writer,  was  born,  in  1669,  at  Northamp- 
ton, and  was  educated  at  Sidney  College, 
Cambridge.  The  perusal  of  the  writings 
of  Origen  gave  him  a  fondness  for  allego- 
rizing, and  his  first  work,  The  Old  Apology 
for  the  Truth  of  the  Christian  Religion 
revived,  was  meant  to  prove  that  the  ac- 
tions of  Moses  were  typical  of  Christ  and 
the  church.  He  gradually,  became  a  deist, 
and  at  length  his  Six  Discourses  on  Mira- 
cles, and  his  Defence  of  the  Discourses, 
brought  upon  him  a  prosecution  for  blas- 
phemy, and  he  was  fined  and  imprisoned. 
He  died  within  the  rules  of  the  King's 
Bench,  in  1732. 

WORCESTER,  EDWARD  SOMERSET, 
marquis  of,  a  man  of  highly  inventive  tal- 
ents, was  born  about  1597  ;  was  employed 
when  earl  of  Glamorgan  by  Charles  I.  to 
negotiate  with  the  Irish  catholics ;  and 
died  in  1667.  In  1663  he  published  his 
curious  pamphlet  called  The  Scantlings  of 
One  Hundred  Inventions.  Among  those 
inventions  is  the  Steam  Engine,  though 
described,  like  all  the  rest  of  the  articles, 
in  a  somewhat  enigmatical  manner.  He 
afterwards  put  forth  a  tract,  which  he 
called  An  exact  and  true  Definition  of  the 
most  stupendous  water-commanding  En- 
gine. Wai  pole,  who  was  ignorant  upon  the 
subject,  calls  him  "  a  fantastic  mechanic," 
and  some  later  writers  have  endeavoured 
to  depreciate  his  merit ;  but  the  feasibility 
of  many  of  his  projects  has  been  amply 
proved. 

WORLIDGE,  THOMAS,  a  painter  and 
engraver,  was  born,  in  1701,  at  Peter- 
borough, and  died,  in  1766,  at  Hammer- 
unith.  He  was  originally  a  painter  in 


miniature,  and  afterwards  in  oil,  but  laid 
down  the  pencil,  and  devoted  himself  to 
engraving,  in  which  he  adopted,  and  with 
great  success,  the  manner  of  Rembrandt ; 
so  that  he  has  been  called  the  English 
Rembrandt.  His  great  work  is  A  Select 
Collection  of  Drawings  from  carious  An- 
tique Gems. 

WpRMIUS,  OLAUS,  an  able  Danish 
physician  and  antiquary,  was  born,  in 
1588,  at  Aarhuscn,  in  Jutland;  studied  at 
Marpurg,  Strasburgh,  and  Basil ;  w:;s, 
successively,  professor  of  belles  lettres, 
Greek  literature,  and  physic,  at  Copenha- 
gen ;  was  made  a  canon  of  the  cathedral 
ofLunden  by  Christiern  IV.  as  a  reward 
for  his  medical  services;  and  died  in  1054. 
He  wrote  various  works  on  his  profession, 
but  his  principal  productions  relate  to 
Danish  and  Norwegian  history  and  anti- 
quities. 

WOTTON,  Sir  HENRY,  a  diplomatist 
and  miscellaneous  writer,  was  born,  in 
1568,  at  Boughton  Hall,  in  Kent;  and 
was  educated  at  Winchester  School,  and 
at  New  College  and  Queen's  College,  Ox- 
ford. After  having  visited  France,  Ger- 
many, and  Italy,  he  was  appointed  secre- 
tary "to  the  earl  of  Essex,  whom  he  ac- 
companied on  his  expeditions  against  the 
Spaniards,  and  into  Ireland.  On  the  fall 
ot  that  noblemaq,  \Votton  went  to  reside 
at  Florence.  James  I.  employed  him  as 
ambassador  at  Venice,  and  on  various 
missions  to  Italian  and  German  princes. 
He  was  made  provost  of  Eton  College  in 
1624,  and  died  in  1639.  He  wrote~Ele- 
ments  of  Architecture;  The  State  of 
Christendom;  and  Reliquiae  Wottonianaj. 
Some  of  his  poems  are  spirited  and  ele- 
gant. 

WOULFE,  PETER,  an  eminent  chem- 
ist, who  died  in  1S05.  His  character  was 
marked  by  great  eccentricity.  He  was  a 
firm  believer  in  alchemy;  his  apartments 
were  so  filled  with  furnaces  and  the  arti- 
cles of  a  laboratory  that  his  firc-r.iHc  was 
not  easily  reached  ;  he  breakfasted  at  lour 
in  the  morning;  and  his  mode  of  curing  any 
serious  indisposition  was,  to  take  a  place 
in  the  mail  to  Edinburgh,  and  immediate- 
ly return  from  that  city.  He  invented  an 
apparatus  for  experiments  on  gases;  and 
contributed  several  papers  to  the  Philo- 
sophical Transactions. 

WOUVERMANS,  PHILIP,  an  emi- 
nent artist,  the  son  of  an  indifferent  his- 
torical painter,  was  born,  in  1620,  at 
Haarlem,  and  was  a  pupil  of  Wynants; 
but  much  improved  himself  by  an  indefati- 
gable study  of  nature.  Great  as  was  hi* 
merit,  he  was  so  poorly  patronised  as  to 
be  always  in  narrow  circumstances;  and, 
before  his  death,  he  ordered  a  box  filled 
with  his  designs  to  be  burned,  that  his  <on 
might  not  be  allured  to  embrace  "  90  nx»- 


WRE 

set  tain  and  miserable  a  profession."    He 
died  in  1603. 

WRAGG,  WILLIAM,  was  born  in  South 
Carolina,  iu  1714,  and  was  educated  in 
England,  where  he  studied  law  and  enter- 
ed upon  its  practice.  Not  long  afterwards 
he  returned  to  his  native  country,  in  1753 
was  made  one  of  the  king's  council  for  the 
province,  and  in  1769  was  offered  the  seat 
of  chief  justice,  which  he  declined.  When 
the  revolution  commenced  he  maintained  a 
conscientious  opposition  to  the  measures 
of  the  colonies,  and  determined  to  return 
to  England.  He  embarked  for  that  coun- 
try and  was  wrecked  in  a  violent  storm  on 
the  coast  of  Holland,  in  September  1777. 
A  monument  is  erected  to  his  memory  in 
Westminster  Abbey. 


WTC 


521 


WREN,  Sir  CHRISTOPHER,  a  celebrated 
architect  and  mathematician,  son  of  the 
dean  of  Windsor,  was  born,  in  1632,  at 
East  Knoyle,  in  Wiltshire,  and  was  edu- 
:ated  at  Wadham  College,  Oxford.  His 
mathematical  talents  were  precociously 
manifested ;  in  his  thirteenth  year  he  in- 
vented an  astronomical  instrument  and  a 
pneumatic  machine ;  and  at  fifteen  he 
wrote  a  new  System  of  Spherical  Trigo- 
nometry. He  was  one  of  the  earliest  mem- 
bers ol  the  Philosophical  Society  at  Ox- 
ford, which  afterwards  ripened  into  the 
Royal  Society.  In  1657  he  was  chosen 
Gresham  professor  of  astronomy,  and  in 
1661  Saviliau  professor  at  Oxford.  During 
this  period  he  made  many  curious  discov- 
eries in  astronomy,  natural  philosophy, 
and  other  sciences.  It  was  in  1663  that 
his  architectural  talents  were  first  called 
into  action,  when  he  was  commissioned  to 
prepare  designs  for  the  restoration  of  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral.  The  fire  of  London, 
however,  soon  opened  to  him  a  wider 
sphere.  Between  1663  and  1718,  he  built 
St.  Paul's  (which  was  begun  in  1675), 
tiie  Monument,  the  hospitals  of  Chelsea 
and  Greenwich,  various  edifices  at  Oxford 
and  Cambridge,  Winchester  Castle,  the 
new  oart  of  Hampton  Court,  and  nearly 
sixty  churches.  In  1630  he  was  chosen 
.president  of  the  Royal  Society.  In  1718 
intrigue  unworthily  deprived  him 


of  the  surveyor  generalship  of  his  rr  tjesty's 
works,  which  ne  had  held  dunn  •  half  a 
century.  He  died  February  25,  17  :3. 

WRIGHT,  EDWARD,  a  mather  atician, 
was  born  at  Garveston,  in  Norfoll  ,  in  the 
latter  end  of  the  sixteenth  centut  <• ;  was 
educated  at  Caius  College,  Cap  )  ridge ; 
accompanied  the  earl  of  Cumbe  l;uid  in 
his  voyages  :  was  appointed  math  -.natical 
lecturer  to  the  East  India  Coin  pa  1^  ;  and 
died  in  1615.  The  true  method  «1  divid- 
ing the  meridian  line  was  first  di  server* d 
by  him.  He  wrote  The  Correction  of 
certain  Errors  in  Navigation ;  aiU  The 
Haven  finding  Art. 

WRIGHT,  JOSEPH,  an  eminent  pain- 
ter, commonly  known  as  Wright  of  Derby, 
was  born  in  that  town,  in  1734,  and  wai 
a  pupil  of  Hudson,  alter  which  he  studied 
in  Italy.  On  returning  to  England  he  re- 
sided tor  two  years  at  Bath,  and  then  set- 
tled at  Derby,  where  he  di-.-d  in  1797.  He 
displayed  no  common  talents  in  portrait, 
landscape,  and  historical  painting.  Among 
his  principal  works  are,  the  eruption  of 
Vesuvius,  the  head  of  Ulleswater  Lake,  the 
Dead  Soldier,  the  destruction  of  the  Float- 
ing Batteries  afc  Gibraltar,  Belshazzar's 
Feast,  Hero  and  Leandor,  and  the  Lady  in 
Coinus. 

WYAT,  Sir  THOMAS,  a  statesman  and 
poet,  was  born,  in  1503,  at  Allington,  in 
Kent ;  was  educated  at  St.  John's  Col- 
lege, Cambridge,  and  at  Oxford;  was  a 
favourite  of  Henry  VIII.;  was  employed  on 
various  diplomatic  missions  ;  and  died  in 
1541.  His  poems  have  very  considerable 
merit,  and  were  printed  wiln  those  of  his 
friend,  the  accomplished  earl  of  Surrey. 

WYATT,  JAMES,  an  eminent  architect, 
was  born,  about  1743,  at  Burton,  in  Staf- 
fordshire  ;  studied  architecture  and  paint- 
ing at  Rome  ;  succeeded  Sir  William 
Chambers  as  surveyor  of  the  board  of 
works ;  was  for  a  while  president  of  th< 
Royal  Academy ;  and  was  killed,  Septem- 
ber 5,  1313,  by  the  overturning  of  a  car- 
riage. Among  his  works  are,  the  Pan- 
theon, Kew  Palace,  Fonthill  Abbey,  various 
improvements  at  Windsor,  Westminster, 
ana  Salisbury,  and  the  wings  to  the  duke 
of  Devonshire's  villa  at  Chiswick. 

WYCHERLEY,  WILLIAM,  a  wit  and 
dramatist,  was  born,  about  1640,  at  Clove, 
in  Shropshire.  He  studied  at  Queen's 
College,  Oxford,  and  the  Middle  Temple, 
but  paid  little  attention  to  law.  His  Love 
in  a  Wood,  which  was  acted  in  1672,  gave 
him  popularity,  and  he  became  a  favourite 
of  Charles  II.  and  the  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham. His  marriage  with  the  countess  of 
Drogheda,  however,  deprived  him  of  the 
smiles  of  the  sovereign,  and  her  jealousy 
embittered  his  existence.  After  her  death, 
the  succession  to  her  property  involved  him 
in  lawsuits,  and  he  spent  sereml  rears  *» 


922 


XEN 


prison,  till  he  was  released  by  James  II. 
He  died  in  1715.  He  wrote,  besides  the 
comedy  already  mentioned,  The  Gentle- 
man Dancing  Master  ;  The  Country  Wife ; 
The  Plain  Dealer ;  Poems ;  anrt  some 
pieces  which  were  published  after  his  de- 
cease. 

WVKEHAM,  WILLIAM  of,  an  eminent 
prelate,  derived  his  name  from  a  Hamp- 
shire village,  in  which  he  was  born  in  1324. 
His  parents,  though  respectable,  were  poor, 
and  he  was  indebted  for  his  education  to 
Nicholas  Uvedale,  lord  of  the  manor  of 
Wykeham,  and  governor  of  Winchester 
Castle.  Uvedale  not  only  educated  him, 
but  made  him  his  secretary,  and  eventually 
recommended  him  to  Edward  III.  By  the 
monarch  he  was  employed  to  superintend 
the  building  of  Windsor  Castle.  After 
having  held  some  minor  church  preferment, 
he  was  raised,  in  1366,  to  the  see  of  Win- 
chester, and  in  1367  was  made  chancellor 
of  England.  In  1371  the  party  of  the  duke 
of  Lancaster  compelled  him  to  resign  the 
seals,  and  he  was  persecuted  by  it  for  sev- 
eral years.  Richard  II.,  however,  restored 
him  to  his  dignities.  He  died  in  1404. 
New  College,  Oxford,  and  Winchester 
school,  were  founded  by  Wykeham. 

WYTHE,  GEORGE,  "a  signer  of  the  de- 
claration of  American  independence,  was 
born  in  Virginia  in  1726.  His  early  course 


XIM 

was  dissipated,  but  at  the  age  of  thirty  \\t 
reformed,  turned  his  attentioTi  to  literature, 
studied  law  and  commenced  its  piactice! 
At  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution  hf 
was  a  distinguished  leader  of  the  popular 
party.  He  was  for  some  time  speaker  ol 
the  house  of  burgesses,  and  in  1775  was 
elected  a  member  of  congress.  He  was 
one  of  the  committee  to  revise  the  laws  of 
Virginia  in  1776,  and  had  a  principal  share 
in  preparing  the  code  adopted  in  1779. 
Soon  after  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
three  judges  of  the  high  court  of  chancery, 
and  subsequently  sole  counsellor.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  convention  of  Virginia  to 
consider  the  constitution  of  the  United 
States.  His  death,  which  was  attributed 
to  poison,  took  place  in  1806. 

WYTTENBACH,  DANIEL,  a  learned 
philologist,  was  born,  in  1746,  at  Berne  j 
studied  at  Marburg,  and  at  Gottingen,  un- 
der Heyne  ;  and  became  professor  of'phi- 
losophy  and  literature  at  uie  Remonstrant* 
College  at  Amsterdam.  He  was  subse- 
quently appointed  philosophical  professor 
at  the  institution  called  the  Illustrious 
Athenaeum,  in  the  same  city  ;  and,  in  1799, 
he  succeeded  Ruhnken  at  Leyden.  He 
died  in  1820.  Among  his  productions  are, 
an  edition  of  the  moral  works  of  Plutarch; 
Precepta  Philosophize  Logicne ;  and  Epis- 
tola  Critica. 


XAVIER,  ST.  FBANCIS,  denominated 
the  Apostle  of  the  Indies,  was  born,  in 
1506,  at  the  castle  of  Xavier,  in  Navarre  ; 
studied  at  Paris ;  became  one  of  the  first 
and  most  zealous  disciples  of  Ignatius 
Loyola  ;  was  sent  to  the  East  by  John  III. 
of  Portuga,,  to  propagate  the  gospel ;  per- 
formed his  mission  in  Hindoslan,  the  Mo- 
luccas, and  Japan ;  and  was  on  the  point 
cf  landing  in  China,  when  he  died,  in 
1552. 

XENOCRATES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
was  born,  B.  c.  406,  at  Chalcedon ;  was  a 
disciple  of  Plato ;  succeeded  Speusippus 
in  the  Platonic  school ;  and  died  about  B. 
c.  314.  Such  was  his  command  over  his 
passions,  that  the  beautiful  Phyrne  in  vain 
endeavoured  to  rouse  them,  though  she  had 
confidently  wagered  upon  her  success.  His 
works  are  lost,  with  the  exception  of  a 
Treatise  on  Death. 

XENOPHANES,  a  Greek  philosopher, 
was  born  in  the  seventh  century  B.  c.  at 
Colophon,  in  Asia  Minor;  settled  at  Elea 
in  his  eightieth  year  ;  and  died  there  at  the 
age  of  more  tha'n  a  hundred.  He  founded 
the  Elealic  sect,  and  his  doctrines  were 
in  verse. 


XENOPHON,  a  celebrated  philosopher, 
historian,  and  general,  a  native  of  Athens, 
was  born  about  B.  c.  445,  and  was  a  dis- 
ciple of  Socrates.  After  having  borne 
arms  at  the  battle  of  Delium,  and  in  the 
Peloponnesian  war,  he  became  one  of  the 
body  of  Greek  auxiliaries,  who  fought  on 
the  side  of  the  younger  Cyrus  against  Ar- 
taxerxes.  When  the  Grecian  leaders  were 
treacherously  slain,  after  the  battle  of  Cu- 
naxa,  the  arduous  task  of  conducting  the 
retreat  was  intrusted  to  Xenophon.  and  he 
performed  it  with  consummate  skill.  Sub- 
sequently he  served  under  the  banners  of 
Thrace  and  of  Lacedcemon.  He  died  at 
Corinth  B.  c.  360.  Of  his  works,  the 
style  of  which  is  admirable  for  sweetness, 
purity,  and  perspicuity,  the  principal  are, 
the  Anabasis;  tne  Cyropaedia ;  and  Hel- 
lenics, or  Grecian  History. 

XIMENES  DE  CISNEROS.  Cardi- 
nal  FRANCIS,  an  eminent  Spanish  states- 
man, was  born,  in  1437,  at  Torrelaguna 
in  Old  Castile,  and  was  educated  at  Alcala 
and  Salamanca.  After  having  filled  vari 
ous  benefices,  he  became  a  monk  of  the 
Franciscan  order,  and  obtained  great  repu- 
tation as  a  preacher.  In  hi*  fifty-«irtl 


YOU 

rear,  Queen  Isabella  made  him  her  con- 
ibssor,  and,  two-  years  afterwards,  he  was 
raise«i  to  the  archbishopric  of  Toledo.  It 
was  not,  however,  till  he  received  the  ex- 
press injunction  of  the  pope  that  he  would 
accept  the  archiepiscopal  dignity,  and  he 
continued  to  preserve  the  austere  habits  of 
a  Franciscan.  He  subsequently  became 
prime  minister,  and  a  cardinal,  and  Ferdi- 
nand, on  his  deathbed,  appointed  him  re- 
gent till  the  arrival  of  Charles  V.  He 
died  in  1517.  Few  ministers  have  gov- 
erned with  as  much  ability  and  firmness  as 


YOU 


52 1 


Ximcnes.  He  was  also  the  patron  of 
learning;  founded  various  academical  and 
other  establishments ;  and  employed  the 
most  erudite  men  of  all  countries  to  edit 
the  famous'Complutensian  Polyglott  Bible. 
XYLANDER,  WILLIAM,  a  learned  cri- 
tic, whose  real  name  was  HOLTZE.MANN, 
was  born,  in  1532,  at  Augsburgh;  display- 
ed a  profound  knowledge  of  the  classics  at 
an  early  age ;  was  chosen  Greek  professor 
at  Heidelberg,  in  1558  ;  and  died  in  1576. 
He  translated  and  edited  various  Greek 
and  Latin  authors. 


YALDEN,  THOMAS,  a  divine  and  poet, 
was  born,  in  1671,  at  Exeter;  was  edu- 
cated at  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  ob- 
tained, successively,  the  livings  of  Wil- 
loughby,  Chalton,  and  ClanfieTd,  and  the 
preachership  of  Bridewell  Hospital ;  was 
implicated  with  Bishop  Atterbury,  but  was 
soon  released;  and  died  in  1736.  His 
poems  have  been  admitted  into  the  collect- 
e.l  works  of  the  British  poets. 

YEARSLEY,  ANNE,  a  writer  of  poems, 
novels,  and  dramas,  was  born,  about  1756, 
at  Bristol,  and  was  originally  a  milk- 
woman.  Some  of  her  verses  obtained  for 
her  the  patronage  of  Miss  Hannah  More, 
under  whose  auspices  a  volume  of  her  pro- 
ductions was  published  by  subscription,  in 
1735.  The  profits  enabled  her  to  opon 
a  circulating  library  at  the  Hot  Wells. 
She  died  in  1806.  Among  her  works  are, 
Poems ;  Earl  Godwyn,  a  tragedy ;  and 
The  Royal  Captives,  a  Romance. 

YERMAK,  a  Cossack  chief,  who  was 
born  on  the  banks  of  the  Don,  in  the  last 
half  of  the  sixteenth  century.  With  only 
six  thousand  men  he  conquered  Siberia. 
The  subjugated  territory  he  transferred  to 
the  czar  of  Muscovy,  who  loaded  him  with 
honours  and  presents.  He  was  drowned 
in  1533. 

YORK,  FREDERICK,  duke  of,  second 
son  of  George  III.,  was  horn,  in  1763,  at 
Buckingham  House,  Westminster.  In  1784 
he  received  the  title  which  he  bore  till  the 
end  of  his  life,  and  in  1787  he  took  his  seat 
in  the  upper  house.  He  narrowly  escaped 
death,  in  1789,  in  a  duel  with  Colonel 
Lenox.  In  1791  he  married  the  eldest 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Prussia.  He  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  British  army  in 
Flanders  in  1793,  and,  after  alternate  suc- 
cess, was  expelled  from  that  country  by 
the  French.  Nor  was  he  more  fortunate, 
in  1799,  when  he  was  employed  in  Hol- 
land ;  he  being  under  the  necessity  of  sign- 
ing a  disadvantageous  convention.  His 
o'.h'-p  of  t'ommnrill'-r  in  chief,  to  which 


he  was  appointed  in  1795,  he  resigned  in 
1809,  in  consequence  of  the  charges  which 
were  brought  against  him  by  Colonel 
Wardle.  He  was,  however,  reinstated  by 
the  prince  regent,  and  held  it  till  his  de- 
cease, on  the  5th  of  January,  1S27.  It  is 
but  justice  to  say  that  he  administered  it 
in  a  manner  which  was  highly  beneficial  to 
the  army. 
YORKE.  See  HARDWICKE. 


YOUNG,  EDWARD,  a  poet  and  miscel- 
laneous writer,  was  born,  in  1681,  or, 
according  to  some,  in  1679,  at  Upham,  in 
Hants,  and  was  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  and  at  New  College,  Oxford.  H« 
was  designed  for  the  law,  and  took  Ins 
degree  of  doctor,  but  he  at  length  chose 
the  clerical  profession,  and,  in  1723,  was 
ordained,  and  appointed  chaplain  to  the 
king.  His  poetical  reputation  he  had 
already  established  by  the  poems  of  The 
Last  Day,  The  Force  of  Religion,  and  The 
Love  of  Fame ;  and  the  tragedies  of  The 
Revenge,  and  Busiris.  In  1730  he  ob- 
tained the  living  of  Welwyn,  and  though 
for  several  years  he  (to  use  his  own  words) 
"besieged  court  favour,"  he  received  no 
further  church  promotion.  His  Night 
Thoughts  are  supposed  to  have  been 
prompted  by  the  death  of  his  wife,  whom 
he  lost  in  1741.  He  died  in  1765.  Hit 
poetical  and  prose  works  form  four  rol«. 


5-4 


ZAC 


YOUNG,  ARTHUR,  an  eminent  agri- 
cultural writer,  was  horn,  in  1741,  at  ISnul- 
lield,  in  Suffolk.  He  was  apprenticed  to 
i  wine  merchant,  at  Lynn,  in  Norfolk;  hut 
mulled  that  business  to  engage  in  farming. 
:n  furtherance  of  his  wish  to  improve  the 
husbandry  of  his  country,  he  not  only 
made  innumerable  experiments  on  his  own 
land,  hut  also  travelled  over  the  greatest 
part  of  the  British  islands,  and  in  France, 
Spain,  and  Italy.  In  1770  he  puhlished 
his  Fanner's  Calendar,  which  became  a 
popular  work;  and  in  1774  he  established 
The  Annals  of  Agriculture.  On  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  he 
was  appointed  secretary,  an  office  which 
he  held  till  his  decease  in  1820.  Among 
his  principal  works,  besides  those  already 
mentioned,  are  his  Tours  in  England,  Ire- 
land, and  France. 

YOUNG,  MATTHEW,  a  mathematician 
and  divine,  was  born,  in  1750,  in  the  coun- 
ty of  Roscommon ;  was  educated  at  Trini- 
ty College,  Dublin,  at  which,  in  17S6,  he 
hecame  professor  of  philosophy ;  was  rais- 
ed to  the  see  of  Clonfert  by  Marquis 
Cornwallis;  and  died  in  1SOO.  He  wrote 
An  Essay  on  Sounds;  An  Analysis  of  the 
Principles  of  Natural  Philosophy;  and 
The  Method  of  prime  and  ultimate  Ra- 
tios. 

YOUNG,  Sir  WILLIAM,  a  miscellane- 
ous writer,  was  born,  in  1750,  at  Charlton 
House,  near  Canterbury ;  was  educated  at 
Eton,  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge,  and  Uni- 
versity College,  Oxford ;  was  M.  P.  for  St. 
Mawes,  in  1783,  and  F.  R.  S.  in  1786; 
and  died,  in  1815,  governor  of  Tobago. 
His  principal  works  are,  The  History  of 
Athens;  and  The  West  India  Common 
Place  Book. 

YOUNG,  THOMAS,  an  eminent  philos- 
opher and  physician,  a  nephew  of  Dr. 
nrocklesby,  was  born  in  1774;  was  edu- 


ZAC 

coted  nt  Gottingcn  and  Edinburgh;  wa» 
physician  to  St.  George's  Hospital,  and 
foreign  secretary  of  the  Royal  Society; 
and  died  May  10,  1S2'.K  Besides  contri- 
buting a  great  number  of  valuable  papers 
to  the  Supplement  to  the  Encyclopedia 
Britannica,  and  to  many  scientific  periodi- 
cals, he  wrote  several  works,  of  which  the 
chief  are,  A  Course  of  Lectures  on  Natural 
Philosophy;  An  Introduction  to  Medical 
Literature ;  A  Practical  and  Historical 
Treatise  on  Consumptive  Disease;  and 
Elementary  Illustration  of  the  Celestial 
Mechanics  of  La  Place.  To  Dr.  Young 
belongs  the  merit,  which  has  been  claimed 
for  M.  Champollion,  of  having  discovered 
the  means  of  deciphering  the  Egyptian 
hieroglyphics. 

YPSILANTI,  Prince  ALEXANDER,  son 
of  Demetrius,  hospodar  of  Wallachia  in 
1802,  accompanied  his  father  when  he  took 
refuge  in  Russia.  He  entered  into  the 
Russian  army,  attained  the  rank  of  major- 
general,  and  was  made  aid-de-camp  to 
the  emperor.  When  the  Greek  revolution 
broke  out  he  was  chosen  to  hoist  the  stand- 
ard of  freedom  in  Wallachia  and  Moldavia. 
He  was,  however,  routed  by  the  Turks, 
and  was  forced  to  fly  into  Austria,  where 
he  was  long  held  captive  in  the  fortress 
of  Mongatz.  He  died  at  Vienna  in  1821. 
Ypsilanti  possessed  courage  and  military 
knowledge,  but  his  almost  insane  pride 
wholly  unfitted  him  for  being  the  leader 
of  an  insurrection. 

YRIARTE,  Don  THOMAS  DE,  an  emi- 
nent Spanish  poet,  was  born,  about  1750, 
at  Teneriffe ;  studied  at  Madrid  ;  held  office 
under  government,  and  was  made  editor 
of  the  Madrid  Mercury;  and  died  in  1791. 
Of  his  works,  which  form  eight  volumes,  the 
principal  are,  Comedies ;  Music,  a  poem ; 
Literary  Fables ;  Moral  Epistles ;  and  Mis* 
cellanies. 


ZABAGLIA,  NICHOLAS,  an    architect, 

as  born,  in  1674,  at  Rome,  and  died  there 

j  1750.     His  first  occupation  was  that  of 

i  carpenter  at  the  Vatican  ;  but  the  various 

masterly  mechanical  engines  which  he  in- 

ented,  and  the  abilities  which  he  display - 

»i,  caused  him  to  be  appointed  architect 

f  St.  Peter's.     Zabaglia  is  the   inventor 

jf  the  method  by  which  fresco  paintings 

ire  transferred  from  the  plaster  on  which 

tlu-v  were  originally  executed. 

ZACCARfA,  FRANCIS  ANTHONY,  a 
Jesuit,  was  born,  in  1714,  at  Venice  ;  suc- 
ceeded Muratori  as  librarian  at  Modena ; 
retired  to  Home  after  the  dissolution  of 
ki<«  ordw;  and  died  there,  in  1795.  pro- 


fesso'  ol  ecclesiastical  history  at  the  Sapj- 
enza  College.  Of  his  one  hundred  and  six 
printed  works,  the  most  important  arc, 
Literary  History  of  Italy,  sixteen  vols.; 
Literary  Annals  of  Italy  ;  Anecdotes  of  the 
Middle  Age  ;  and  Numismatic  Institutions. 
ZACHARIA,  JUSTI-S  FKEDERIC  WIL- 
LIAM, a  German  poet,  was  born,  in  1726, 
at  Frankenhausen,  in  Thuringia  ;  vas  edu- 
cated at  Leipsic;  was  appointed  professor 
of  poetry  in  the  Caroline  College  at  Bruns- 
wick ;  and  died  in  1777.  His  poems,  among 
the  best  of  which  are,  Phaeton,  the  Four 
Parts  of  the  Day,  and  Woman  in  the  Four 
Stages  of  her  Life,  form  nine  volumw 
octavo. 


I5EH 

7JIIONC2EK,  JOSEPH,  a  Polish  gen- 
eral, of  a  noble  but  poor  family,  was  born, 
in  1752,  at  Kamimeck,  and  entered  the 
military  service  at  an  early  period.  In 
ths  diets  from  1783  to  1792.  he  espoused 
the  cause  of  freedom,  and  for  that  cause 
he  fought  bravely  in  1792  and  1794.  It 
was  he  who  commanded  at  Praga  when 
that  unfortunate  suburb  of  Warsaw  was 
carried  by  assault,  and  on  that  occasion 
he  is  said  to  have  displayed  more  bravery 
than  military  skill.  Severely  wounded,  he 
sought  an  asylum  in  Moravia,  and  was 
sent  prisoner  to  the  fortress  of  JosephstadL 
where  he  remained  till  after  the  death  of 
Catherine  of  Russia.  On  his  being  libera- 
ted he  entered  into  the  service  of  France, 
and  fought  under  her  banners,  from  1797 
till  1812,  in  Italy,  Egypt,  Prussia,  Poland, 
and  Russia.  When  the  congress  of  Vienna 
assigned  Poland  to  the  Russian  emperor, 
that  monarch  conferred  on  the  Polish  gen- 
eral the  title  of  prince  and  the  office  of 
viceroy.  These  favours  were  fatal  to  the 
glory  of  Zaionczek.  He  forgot  all  his 
patriotism,  became  the  devoted  slave  of 
Russia,  and  died  universally  hated  by  his 
fellow  citizens,  July  23,  1826. 

ZARCO,  JOHN  GONZALES,  a  Portuguese 
navigator  of  the  fifteenth  century.  He 
discovered,  in  1417  and  1419,  the  islands 
of  Porto  Santo  and  Madeira.  In  1421  he 
was  made  governor  of  a  part  of  the  latter 
island,  and  founded  Funchal.  Zarco  is 
said  to  have  introduced  the  use  of  artillery 
in  ships. 

ZENDRINI,  BERNARD,  an  eminent 
Italian  mathematician,  but  especially  cele- 
brated for  his  skill  in  hydraulics,  was  born, 
in  1679,  at  Saviore;  studied  at  Padua; 
and  settled  at  Venice  as  a  physician.  His 
profound  knowledge  of  the  subject  caused 
him  to  be  appointed  chief  hydraulic  engi- 
neer at  Ferrara,  and  the  same  office,  with 
the  superintendence  of  all  the  waters, 
rivers,  and  ports,  was  afterwards  conferred 
on  him  by  the  Venetian  republic.  He 
was  also  employed  by  the  Austrian  govern- 
ment and  the  republic  of  Lucca.  Many 
works  of  great  importance  were  executed 
by  him.  He  died  in  1747. 

ZENO,  of  Elea,  a  philosopher,  was 
born,  about  B.  c.  463,  at  Elea,  in  Magna 
Graecia,  and  was  a  disciple  of  Parmenides. 
The  invention  of  dialectics  is  ascribed  to 
him.  His  native  city  having  fallen  under 
the  dominion  of  a  despot,  he  endeavoured 
to  deliver  it,  but  failed ;  and,  being  put  to 
the  torture,  he  is  said  to  have  bitten  off 
his  tongue,  and  spit  it  into  the  face  of  the 
tyrant. 

ZENO,  the  founder  of  the  sect  of  the 
Stoics,  was  born  about  B.  c.  362,  at  Citium, 
in  the  isle  of  Cyprus,  and  quitted  mercan- 
tile pursuits  to  become  a  philosopher.  After 
kavuig  received  the  lessons  of  Crates, 


tm  b^ 

Stilpo,  Xenocratet,  and  Polemon,  he  him- 
seli  opened  a  school  of  philosophy  in  the 
Stoa,  or  painted  portico,  whence  his  fol- 
lowers were  callea  Stoics.  He  taught  for 
nearly  fifty  years ;  was  highly  respected  by 
the  Athenians;  and  died  B.  c.  204. 

ZENO,  NICHOLAS  and  AKTHONY,  two 
brothers,  natives  of  Venice,  who,  about 
1388,  are  believed  to  have  discovered  the 
Feroe  islands,  Greenland,  tnd  Newfound- 
land. Their  voyages  were  first  published, 
in  1558,  by  Mercolmi. 

ZENO,  ApoaTOLO,  an  eminent  Italian 
writer,  was  born,  in  1668,  at  Venice.  In 
1691  he  founded  the  academy  "  degli 
Animosi,"  and  in  1710  he  began  The 
Literary  Journal,  of  which  the  first  twenty 
volumes  are  from  his  pen  ;  the  remainder 
being  the  composition  of  his  brother. 
Having  obtained  reputation  by  his  dra- 
matic compositions,  Charles  VI.,  in  1718, 
invited  him  to  Vienna,  and  appointed  him 
his  historiographer  and  laureat.  Zeno  re- 
sided for  eleven  years  at  the  imperial 
court,  and  produced  nearly  forty  pieces. 
He  returned  to  his  own  country  in  1731, 
and  died  in  1750.  His  theatrical  compo- 
sitions form  ten  volumes ;  and  his  Letters, 
and  other  prose  compositions,  nearly 
twenty. 

ZENOBIA,  SEPTIMA,  queen  of  Pal- 
myra. She  was  descended  from  the  Pto- 
lemys,  and  her  mind  was  cultivated  by 
trie  lessons  of  Longinus.  After  the  deatn 
of  Odenatus,  in  whose  labours  of  war  and 
government  she  had  participated,  she  as 
sumed  the  title  of  Queen  of  the  East 
pushed  her  conquests  in  various  directions 
and  rendered  Palmyra  one  of  the  most 
splendid  of  oriental  cities.  Aurelian  made 
war  against  her,  and,  after  having  gained 
two  battles,  laid  siege  to  Palmyra.  She 
was  taken  while  attempting  to  escape ; 
was  carried  to  Rome  to  grace  his  triumph ; 
and  died  there,  in  private  life,  about  A.  D. 
300. 

ZEUXIS,  a  celebrated  painter  of  antiq- 
uity, is  believed  to  have  been  born  about 
B.  c.  497,  and  to  have  died  about  B.  c. 
400.  He  was  a  native  of  Heraclea,  but 
of  which  of  the  cities  bearing  that  name 
is  not  known,  though  it  is  supposed  to 
be  the  Heraclea  of  Magna  Graecia.  He 
brought  to  perfection  the  management  of 
light  and  shade.  Of  his  own  merit  he 
had  a  sufficiently  lofty  idea  :  for,  having 
become  rich,  he  gave  away  his  pictures, 
on  the  ground  that  no  price  was  equal  to 
their  worth. 

ZIMMERMAN,  JOHN  GEORGE,  a 
physician  and  miscellaneous  writer,  was 
born,  in  1723,  at  Brug?,  in  the  canton  of 
Berne ;  studied  medicine  under  Hallor  in 
Gottin^en ;  practised  for  some  years  at 
his  native  place;  was  appointed,  in  1768, 
chief  physician  to  the  king  of  England  at 


J2f»  /OK 

Hanorer  ;  attended  Frederic  ot"  Prussia  ou 
his  death  bed ;  was  a  violent  literary  op- 


of  the  Illuminati  and  the  French 
^evolutionists  ;  and  died,  in  1795,  a  victim 
Jo  hypochondriac  disease.  Among  his 
works  are,  A  Treatise  on  Solitude  (once 
highly  popular) ;  An  Essay  on  National 
Pnde  ;  and  A  Treatise  on  the  Experience 
of  Medicine. 

ZINCKE,  CHRISTIAN  FREDERIC,  a 
German  painter,  was  born,  about  1684,  at 
Dresden  ;  studied  under  Boit ;  settled  in 
England  in  his  twenty-second  year ;  be- 
came justly  celebrated  for  the  beauty  of  his 
enamel  portraits  ;  and  died  in  1767. 

Z1NZENDORF,  NICHOLAS  Louis, 
Count,  the  restorer  of  the  Moravian  sect, 
fcas  born,  in  1700,  at  Dresden  ;  was  a  son 
ol  the  elector  of  Saxony's  chamberlain ; 
and  studied  at  Halle  and  Wittenberg.  He 
early  manifested  an  enthusiastic  turn  of 
mincl  with  respect  to  religious  concerns. 
In  1721,  having  given  an  asylum  on  his 
estate  to  some  of  the  persecuted  Moravian 
brethren,  he  espoused  their  doctrines,  and 
became  the  head  of  their  church.  To 
spread  those  doctrines,  and  procure  tole- 
ration for  the  professors  of  them,  he  tra- 
relled  over  a  large  part  of  Europe,  visited 
England,  and  even  made  two  voyages  to 
America.  He  died  in  1760.  The  Mora- 
vians, and  their  head,  were  long  the  subject 
of  many  gross  calumnies,  from  which,  how- 
ever, their  meritorious  conduct  has  amply 
findicated  them. 

ZISCA,  JOHN,  a  celebrated  Bohemian 
warrior,  was  born  about  1380,  of  a  noble 
family.  His  real  name  was  TROCH- 
ZNOW,  but  he  received  the  appellation 
of  Zisca,  or  one-eyed,  after  having  lost  an 
eye  in  battle.  When  the  Hussites  rose  in 
arms,  to  oppose  the  succession  of  Sigis- 
mund  to  the  crown  of  Bohemia,  they  placed 
Zisca  at  their  head,  and  he  justified  their 
choice  by  numerous  victories  over  the  ene- 
my. Though  he  lost  his  other  eye  during 
the  contest,  he  compelled  Sigis'mund  to 
submit  to  humiliating  terms  of  peace.  He 
died  in  1424. 

ZOEGA,  GEORGE,  an  eminent  Danish 
archaeologist,  wa*  born,  in  1758,  at  Dahler, 


7.1-K 

in  JutlaiKt ;  was  educated  at  AHuna  writ 
Uottingen;  resided  for  many  years  ai 
Rome,  as  consul  for  Denmark,  and  wax 
much  esteemed  by  Pius  VI. ;  anu  died  in 
1809.  Among  his  works  are,  a  treatise 
de  Origine  et  Usu  Obeliscorum ;  Ps'umi 
^Ecryptii ;  and  the  Ancient  Basso  Relievos 
of  Rome. 

ZOLLIKOFFER,  GEORGE  JOACHIM,  a 
Swiss  divine,  was  born,  in  1730,  at  Saint 
Gall ;  was  educated  at  Bremen  and  Utrecht ; 
was,  successively,  a  minister  in  the  Pays 
de  Vaud,  the  Grisons,  and  at  Loinsic ;  and 
died  in  1798.  Of  his  Sermons,  which  form 
fifteen  volumes,  a  part  have  been  translated 
into  English. 

ZOROASTER,  an  ancient  philosopher, 
of  whose  history  little  or  nothing  that  is 
authentic  is  known.  There  are  supposed 
to  -have  been  several  of  the  name.  The 
most  celebrated,  however,  the  Zerdusht  of 
the  Persians,  is  believed  to  have  been  the 
reformer  of  the  Magian  system  of  religion, 
and  the  author  of  the  Zendavesta,  which 
contains  the  doctrines  that  he  tauglit.  Irre- 
concileable  differences  exist  among  the 
learned  as  to  the  time  in  which  he  flou- 
rished. Volney  fixes  his  birth  B.  c.  1250. 

ZOUCH,  RICHARD,  a  distinguished  ci- 
vilian, was  born,  about  1590,  at  Anstey, 
in  Wiltshire  ;  was  educated  at  Winchester 
school,  and  at  New  College,  Oxford  ;  be- 
came  regius  professor  of  Inw  at  Oxford, 
principal  of  St.  Alban's  Hall,  warden  of 
the  cinque  ports,  and  judge  of  the  admi- 
ralty ;  and  died  in  1660.  His  numerous 
works  in  civil,  military,  and  maritime 
jurisprudence,  all  of  them  in  Latin,  are 
still  esteemed. 

ZOUCH,  THOMAS,  a  divine  and  bio- 
grapher, was  born,  in  1737,  at  Sandal,  in 
Yorkshire ;  was  educated  at  Trinity  Col- 
lege, Cambridge ;  and  died  in  1806,"  rector 
of  Scrayingham,  and  prebendary  of  Dur- 
ham. Late  in  life  the  bishopric  of  Carlisle 
was  offered  to  him,  but  ne  refused  it. 
Among  his  works  are,  Memoirs  of  Sir  P. 
Sidney,— of  Dean  Sudbury,— and  of  Sir 
George  Wheler;  An  Inquiry  into  the  pro- 
phetic Character  of  the  Romans  :  and  The 
Crucifixion,  a  Seatonian  prize  poem. 

ZUMBO,  GAETANO  JULIUS,  a  celebra- 
ted modeller  in  wax,  was  born,  in  1656, 
at  Syracuse,  in  Sicily ;  and  died  at  Paris 
in  1701.  For  the  grand  duke  of  Tuscany 
he  executed,  in  coloured  w^ax,  several  admi- 
rable works.  The  most  celebrated  of  these 
bears  the  name  of  the  Putrefaction.  It 
exhibits  five  figures — a  dying  person,  a 
dead  body,  a  corpse  in  a  state  of  incipient 
corruption,  one  half  corrupted,  and  another 
in  the  last  stage  of  corruption  and  a  prey 
to  worms.  His  masterpieces,  a  Nativity 
and  a  Descent  from  the  Cross,  arc  ai  Genoa. 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


FEB    3    1938 

jCV 

** 

J  *> 

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>4i'an'50HJ 

—   t    <-'-•••-'      \  !  Jl 

39 

LD  21-95m-7,'37 

